翻译总结

一、定语从句

   1、前置法：当限定性定语从句较为简短时，把此从句翻译成“……的”的定语词组，放在修饰词之前。

2003 61 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。

2006 50They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.

他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。

   2、单独成句：当限定性定语从句很长或者是非限定性定语从句时，从句可以单独成句，此时可以重复先行词或翻译成“他们”。

2006 47 His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。

2003 64Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。

注：1）下划线的定语部分修饰的是整个的belief,art……and habits,因为这些名词是并列的。2）标点符号的形式可以保留。

2004 61 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

希腊人认为, 语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

注：which引导的非限定性定语从句修饰的是前边整个句子，翻译成“这个想法”“这一观点”等等。

二、插入语的翻译

翻译原则：前置，修饰谁就放在谁前边。

2003 65Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。

注：宾语过长时要宾语后置，这句话的正确语序是makes immense amounts of concrete research and understanding possible。

2006 46 I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.

我将他定义为一个个体。他把对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考的行为作为自己人生首要责任和快乐。

注：1）him为句外指代，应找出来翻译出来。Him指代intellectual知识分子。

2）此句为宾语后置，正确语序为who has elected the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems as his primary duty and pleasure in life。

三、被动句

   1、主宾颠倒：如果主语宾语的被动关系非常明显，可以主变宾，宾变主。

1997 73 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端, 它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅, 要么完全冷漠无情。

   2、直接翻译成主动句：主宾的被动关系不明显时

2000 73 Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

注：while的不同翻译1）while+doing 翻译成“当……时”2）while不加doing时，①while先加从句，再主句，表示让步，翻译成“尽管，虽然”②先主句，再while加从句表示因果，转折，翻译成“因此，然而”。此句中翻译成因此。

And的不同翻译：1）连接两个名词时翻译成“和”2）连接两个句子或者动词时，翻译成“而且”。

2000 74 in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.

在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程---伴随着随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革---持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。

注：翻译是破折号保留，一般不要改变句子的结构。

3、用汉语的被动结构来翻译：“受到”“得到”“加以”“为……所”“得以”

四、as的用法

  1、作为介词：意为“当做”，后边加名词

  2、作为连词：意为“像……一样”“当……得时候”“因为”，后边加句子。

  3、作为副词：意为“同……一样”，as……as……

      As well as 和，也，又        as for=as to=about关于

      Not so much A as B与其说是A，不如说是B

1999 71 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

五、比较结构

  1、rather than 而不是（肯前否后）

1997 75 When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

这种反应并不错, 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用, 这种本能应得到鼓励, 而不应遭到嘲弄。

注：注意被动部分的翻译。

   2、more than:加数词，表示“多于……以上”；加名词或动词，表示“不仅仅、不只是”；加形容词、副词、分词，表示“及其、非常”，eg.my teacher is more than strict with me.

   3、no more……than……=not……any more than和……一样都不……

Eg. A home without love is no more a home than a man without soul is a man.(后半句实为否定含义)

   A whale is not a fish any more than LiMing is a girl.(后半句实为否定)

   4、no more than最多  no less than至少

   5、less A than B主要是A，其次是B

1999 72Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。

注：翻译不通时可以加点东西，例如historical methods翻译成历史研究方法。要看出本句的结构less through……and more from……

  6、anything but根本不，绝不    nothing but 只不过是，仅仅

     Eg. The hotel is anything but cheap.不便宜。

        Nothing but a miracle can save her life.只有奇迹能救活她。

     all but 几乎=almost

     eg. The party was all but over when we arrived there.

     But for 要不是

     Eg. But for her help, I would not have succeeded.

六、倒装结构

1、only+状语/状语从句，主句倒装

2、具有否定意思的词放句首

3、so/such……that强调so/such与that之间的东西

2005 46Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.

电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。

注：never/not so……as是as……as……的否定

七、形式主语

1、固定搭配：