新托福写作总结
1.认识题目:形式和本质,题库的设计原则和分类以及测试的语言技能
articulate complex ideas clearly and effectively
examine claims and accompanying evidence
support ideas with relevant reasons and examples
sustain a well-focused, coherent discussion
control the elements of standard written English
1)陈述问题和现象的语言能力
2)表达观点
3)对观点进行支持,否定,综合评价的语言技能,包括对推理过程和逻辑的分析
4)分析现象存在的原因
5)表达一件事物或事件的利弊和综合影响的多元化思维和表达能力
6)考生观点不作为评判依据,但是提出观点的视角以及分析问题的能力是语言表达的前提基础,所以是训练的重点,也是考试测试的重点
2.理解宗旨;托福写作考试的目的——逻辑和论证
3.写作的评分体系
作文考试的形式
1.阅读+听记+写作 20分钟 字数 150-225
阅读材料为给定的观点加上对观点的支持信息,比如使用事实事例或者逻辑的分析,而听力内容是对阅读材料进行支持或者否定,否定批驳为主,考生需要把握听力中话语人对阅读材料的切入点,以及话语人如何表达怀疑,否定等。作为测试的评分重点在于
1)听力内容所有重点信息的全面与否
2)阅读内容信息和听力内容的相关联
3)语言表达的准确
2.独立写作论文 30分钟 字数最少300单词
独立写作的入手方式(阅读官方指南287页)
1.题目中关键词语的定义予以质疑和分析
2.按照命题给定的二分体系论证
3.总体抽象的入局
4.细节和个性的处理
5.对命题给定的纷争予以具体界定,提出综合多元思维
The task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might
1)agree absolutely with the claim,
2)disagree completely,
3)or agree with some parts and not others
4)question the assumptions the statement seems to be making
5)qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue
6)point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others
7)evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective
8)develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example
作文的评分体系
官方指南288页阅读,提出要点
1)detailed discussion
2)unified
3)coherent
4)varied sentence structure
5)not high-level vocabulary but word choice is correct
6)minor errors
7)the flow of meanings
讲解:
1.300单词(大约15-20句子)的篇章结构布局
2.何谓on-topic /off-topic
3.句子的衔接技术和艺术
4.句法结构的变化和复杂程度
5.小词的理念 (OG280页173题 借钱和友谊——如何使用高中词汇写出满分作文?)
6.思维的艺术和美的探索
什么是完美的篇章结构布局?
Introduction 导入段落的功能和内容
得分印象形成的关键
常见的错误(现场写作269页第29题:人类活动和地球争论)
应该写什么内容?
多少句子,多少单词?(1-3个句子,字数在30-80左右)
常用的容易掌握的写作开头方式学习:
1)问题 + 观点
2)观点
3)正反观点+选择
4)现象+问题+观点
5)观点+ 反驳
6)观点+ 支持
main body
2-4段落
每段字数和句子数量 100-150 单词左右, 大概5-8个句子
段落的节本结构:三层次理论
段落内部的衔接技术
段落的总分结构体系
段落内部的句法转变
词的选择
段落写作学习的方法:
conclusion
1-3个句子
写作训练的基本方法:
1.上我的课
2. 翻译
3.背诵
4.写日记
开头例文:
地球也许并不是为了人类生存才存在并且也许它原本不是今天这个样子的。人类在地球迄今为止上的所有活动无不对地球的健康产生了影响。至于这些影响到底是使地球变得更适于生存还是对地球造成了破坏则是一个永恒无法绝对回答的争议。
The earth perhaps does not exist for human beings to survive and thrive on it and it was, surely, not what it is today. (24words) All human activities on the earth have changed the landscape and exerted impacts on the health of the earth. Have the human activities harmed the earth? Or have the earth has changed a better place to live? The answers to these questions will vary considerably as time goes on and on.
总计75 words, 如果去掉首句24单词,文章开头依然成立,并且不失分。则构成典型的
(现象+ 问题 + 观点)开头风格。 文章中作者的观点非常明确,属于典型的中立写作布局开。 280页173道题目:借钱和友谊的论证
小词的价值
To borrow money from a friend has little to do with the maintenance of friendship because friendship depends less on money than on the love, honesty, and understanding between them. That is to say to borrow money will make the friendship stronger and closer if they love and understand each other. In this case, friendship will go on and on and on. However, without the love and mutual understanding friendship will be one day gone with the wind. Therefore it is clear that love and understanding is the very basis (foundation) of friendship which has been (figuratively) described as the light on the earth and the salt in the world. Money, on the contrary, is no.
段落内部的衔接分析 下文选自大英百科
Social resources are similarly an indispensable prerequisite to a successful innovation. Many inventions have foundered because the social resources vital for their realization—the capital, materials, and skilled personnel—were not available. The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci are full of ideas for helicopters, submarines, and airplanes, but few of these reached even the model stage because resources of one sort or another were lacking. The resource of capital involves the existence of surplus productivity and an organization capable of directing the available wealth into channels in which the inventor can use it. The resource of materials involves the availability of appropriate metallurgical, ceramic, plastic, or textile substances that can perform whatever functions a new invention requires of them. The resource of skilled personnel implies the presence of technicians capable of constructing new artifacts and devising novel processes. A society, in short, has to be well primed with suitable resources in order to sustain technological innovation
段落的学习:翻译练习 作业 下文选自大英百科
OG273页81题 关于人和技术
The technological dilemma
二分法思维训练 on the one hand?on the other hand
正反训练rather
因果关系 and so?
Whatever the responses to modern technology, there can be no doubt that it presents
contemporary society with a number of immediate problems that take the form of a traditional choice
of evils, so that it is appropriate to regard them as constituting a “technological dilemma.” This is the dilemma between, on the one hand, the overdependence of life in the advanced industrial countries on technology, and, on the other hand, the threat that technology will destroy the quality of life in modern society and even endanger society itself. Technology thus confronts Western civilization with the need to make a decision, or rather, a series of decisions, about how to use the enormous power available to society constructively rather than destructively. The need to control the development of technology, and so to resolve the dilemma, by regulating its application to creative social objectives, makes it ever more necessary to define these objectives while the problems presented by rapid technological growth can still be solved.
总分结构的训练
These problems, and the social objectives related to them, may be considered under three broad headings. First is the problem of controlling the application of nuclear technology. Second is the population problem, which is twofold: it seems necessary to find ways of controlling the dramatic rise in the number of human beings and, at the same time, to provide food and care for the people already living on the Earth. Third, there is the ecological problem, whereby the products and wastes of technical processes have polluted the environment and disturbed the balance of natural forces of regeneration. When these basic problems have been reviewed it will be possible, finally, to consider the effect of technology on life in town and countryside, and to determine the sort of judgments about technology and society to which a study of the history of technology leads.
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