非谓语动词

一、非谓语动词的概念

非谓语形式有三种： 1.动词不定式：to do表示目的和将来

2、动词的ing(动名词) : doing表示主动和进行 3.动词的过去分词：done表示被动和完成

二、非谓语动词的时态和语态

一般式 完成式 进行式

不定式 主动 to do to have done to be doing

被动 to be done to have been done

ing 形式 主动 doing having done

被动 being done having been done

过去分词 被动 done

三、非谓语动词的做题步骤：

1、判定是否用非谓语形式。方法：看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了。

2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。方法：非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。

3、判断主被动关系。方法：非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。

4、判断时间关系。方法：分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing。

一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较

1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语：

1）. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。 动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如： ________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.

A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk

2）. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型： It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.

It’s important for us to learn English well. It’s kind of you to help us.

注意：下面几个句型是用动名词： It’s no good / use doing sth. There is no point（in）doing sth

2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较：

1）、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。如：

My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)

Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. （主，表语要用同一种形式）

2）、分词作表语：记住：一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。常用动词：surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失望)，move（感动）

如： The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.

3）、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。 如： He seemed (to be ) very happy.

二、不定式、动名词作宾语的比较

1、只能接不定式的动词：口诀： 决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。

decied(determine), learn, want, expect/hope/wish;

offer,promise,choose,plan; agree,ask/beg,help. refuse,manage,care,pretend;

2、只能接动名词的动词：口诀：

考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介

意准逃亡。

consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon; admit，delay, put off, fancy(想象，设想);

avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise; deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate; forbid, imagine, risk; can’t

help, mind, allow/peremit, escape

3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：

remember to do记得去做 remember doing记得做过; forget to do忘记去做 forget doing忘记做过

regret to do遗憾去做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do设法去做 try doing试着做,

go on to do做完某事接着做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事

mean to do打算做 mean doing意味着做 stop to do停下来去做 stop doing停止做

cant help (to) do 不能帮助做 can’t help doing 忍不住做

如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.

A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting

4.表示未实现的愿望的动词,即表示本打算，想做，但事实上没做。

这些动词plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , 用 had planned to do sth. / planned to have

done 来表示。 注：Would like / love 只用would like to have done

如：I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.

A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone

5、要接动名词的几个句型：

prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing ?(阻止?做) how about / what about doing spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在?花费或浪费时间或钱 have some difficulty / trouble /

problems( in )doing在做? 有困难 have a hard / good time in doing 做? 很艰难或做?很愉快

6、含介词to 的短语:

look forward to 盼望， devote?to 致力于、献身于， be / get used to 习惯于 lead to 导致，

get down to 着手做， pay attention to 注意 refer to 谈到、所指、参考，equal to 等于、能胜任，

belong to 属于

如: Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.

A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D. having set up

7.动词不定式but,other than后面时，如果介词前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不

带to；否则带to（即前有do后无to） 如：have no choice but to do sth. 没有别的选择，只好做?

Eg，Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.

A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit

另外,can’t choose/help but(只好); can’t but(只好); had better; would rather 后面的不定式也省to

Eg, He can’t choose but stay on. 他没办法只好待下去

8．permit / allow (允许)， forbid (禁止)，advise (建议)，有两种用法：一是后接动名词，二是后接

“sb. + to do sth”

9、need, want, require“需要”,主语是物时,need, want, require+ doing（用动词ing 主动形式表被动）

/ to be done / sb to be done

be worth(值得) +名词/doing be worthy+to be done/of being done

eg.① The window needs/wants/requires to be cleaned/cleaning. 窗户需要擦一下。

② The place is worth visiting. ＝ The place is worthy+ to be visited/of being visited.

三、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语的比较

1、不定式作宾语补足语，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作宾语，to do sth作宾补，宾语＋宾补＝复合宾语)

类似动词有：tell, want, encourage, advise, order, require, force, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid（禁止）,

warn（警告）, remind, teach, call on (号召)，depend on (指望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect,

hope（不带复合宾语) 注：help sb (to) do sth.

2、（1）使役动词后接不带to的不定式：let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常用：be made to do sth.

注：get sb to do sth. 译成“让某人做?（主动句中to不省略）

Eg，Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.

A. cry, to cry B. crying, crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry

（2）have句型： have sb do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 have sb/ sth doing使某人某物持续的做某事,

have sth done 表示两种意义：A.请别人做，而不是主语做； B.意外事故引起的,“使遭受…..” 如：He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.

A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair

如：Tom had his leg broken while playing football. 汤姆在踢足球时，伤了腿。

（3）get句型： get sb to do sth使/让/叫某人干某事 get sb/ sth doing使某人/物开始动起来

get sth done 使某事被做

如:He tried to get the car moving. 他尽力让车发动起来

（4）make oneself understood / heard / known 用过去分词作宾补

3、感官动词后作宾补的非谓语形式： 感官动词：feel, see, hear, watch, notice

用法：感官动词＋sb + do / doing / done/being done (分别表示全过程/正在发生/被动完成/正在发

生且表示被动)。 如：

1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.

A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow

2) The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play

3）I heard an English song _____by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.

A.being sung B.singing C.sing D.to sing

4、with 的复合结构：with +宾+宾补（形容词、副词（in, out）,介词短语，非谓语形式），非谓语形

式有： to do 表示将来， doing 表示主动和进行， done表示被动和完成。

如： The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

5、find + 宾语 + 宾补（doing / done）, keep +宾+doing, catch sb + doing (撞见某人在做)，

smell sb +doing (察觉到某人在做)

如：He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passager.

A. put B. to be putting C . to put D. putting

She found a wallet lying on the ground. 她发现一只钱包在地上。 Both doors were found locked.

6.句型： It is said / reported / thought / known /believed that?. 可转化为：

sb / sth be said / reported/known/believed to have done sth.

如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying

7.不定式，分词作宾补的小窍门： 下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾补，但在被动语态中要加上to；他们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看（look at,see,watch,notice,observe）;3使(make,let,have); 2听（listen to,hear）1感觉 (feel)

以上动词还可以用现在分词作补语（5+3+2+1-2+4）：即以上动词除make,let外都可以用现在分词作补语；此外find,catch,keep,leave（+4）也可以用现在分词作补语。 如：

Leave sb doing 让某人一直做某事（宾语与宾补之间存在逻辑上的主动关系，表示动作正在进行） It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running. 你让机器一直开着是不对的。

四、三种非谓语形式作定语定语的比较：

*考点一：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、

工具等，不定式后有相应的介词。例如：

① The Browns have a comfortable house to live in。

② There is nothing to worry about.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。

He had no money and no place to live (in). We find a way to solve this problem (in). *考点二：区别下面两句话：

Have you anything to send?(不定式动作的执行者是“你”) “你有什么东西要寄吗？”

Have you anything to be send?（不定式的动作是“我或别人”） “你有什么要我或者别人寄得东西吗？”

*考点三：修饰序数词、最高级或no，all,any等词多有动词不定式。例如：

He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal *考点四：三个非谓语动词作定语的区别：（与中心词之间的关系）

? 动作表将来， 主动时用to do

? 动作表将来， 被动时用to be done 例如：the building to be built next year ? 动作正在进行，主动或不及物动词时用 doing

? 动作正在进行，被动时用? 动作已完成，表被动时用 done；不及物动词 只表动作完成 the building built last year 例：① The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16 th

century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written

② . The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B. C, did not include women players until 1912.

A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing

五、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的比较

1、不定式作目的、原因、结果状语

1）目的：eg. She had to shout to make herself heard. 常见于：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不用于句首)，可互换

2）原因：不定式常放在表示情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句首。 如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.

3）结果：常用 only to do?来表示末曾预料到或令人不快的情况，其动作发生在谓语动作之后。

另外，固定结构：too? to do, enough to do, so / such? as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。

4）.在形容词后作状语，只用不定式 如：

The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)

2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、方式、原因、结果.伴随状语，就不作目的状语。分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句 注：表示时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（一旦） though, although）

分词作状语时可分为以下几种形式：

* doing：用来表示主动，且前后动作同时进行。

* having done:表示主动,且动作发生在主句之前Having seen the film before, I decided not to see it again. * being done:表示被动,且前后动作同时进行 Being questioned by the police, he felt frightened.

* done:表示被动且完成 Destroyed in the storm, the house will be rebuilt.

* having been done: 用来表示被动，且动作发生在主句之前

Having been defeated three times, he had to give up.

如: ①Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistakes.

② The teaher came into he room,followed by many students.

③___ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player. A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given

3. 独立成分作状语：

有些分词或者不定式短语做状语，其形式上不受上下文的影响，不需要逻辑主语，无须依着动词形式;称作独立成分。 常见的不需要逻辑主语的动词-ing/-ed形式结构:

Considering (that)…/ Seeing (that)…考虑到…… supposing (that)…/ Proving/provided

(that)/…given (that)… 如果…… generally speaking 一般说来 frankly speaking 坦白说 Judging from… 从……判断 talking of 说到… Concerning… 关于……

to tell you the truth,…….. 实话实说 compared to/with 与…….相比

例：①. Frankly speaking, I don’t agree with what he said. 坦白地说，我不同意他说的话。 ②. Supposing he is ill, who will do the work? 假如他病了，谁来做这工作呢？ ③. Judging from his accent，he is from the south. 从他口音来看，他来自南方。

4. 独立主格结构：

1）概念：非谓语动词作状语时，他的逻辑主语应该和主句主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句中做状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不使用任何连接词。

2）独立主格结构的特点： ① 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 ②名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

③独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，由逗号与主句分开。

3）独立主格结构基本构成形式： 名词(代词)+现在分词；过去分词；名词；形容词；副词；不定式；介词短语

①. 名词(代词)+现在分词： 例如：

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你

②. 名词(代词)+过去分词： 例如：

The test finished（= When the test was finished ），we began our holiday.

③. 名词(代词)+不定式： 在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词

如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。 例如：Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

④. 名词(代词)+形容词：例如：

Computers very small, we can use them wide 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。 ⑤. 名词(代词)+副词： 例如： The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。

⑥. 名词(代词)+名词：例如：

His first shot failure，he fired again． 他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。

⑦. 名词(代词) +介词短语：例如：

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。 ⑧. There being +名词（代词）如：

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。

⑨. It being +名词（代词）如：

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。

4）with，without 引导的独立主格结构：

with ( without)+宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。 例如：

① The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. （without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）

② Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. （without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式） ③典型例题： The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

5） 5）区别：独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从

句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，

从句的主语与主句的主语一致。 例如：

If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

转换：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.