中考语法总结

第一部分：词法

中考考点 一、名词

一、名词的复数：

1.名词变复数的规则形式

1).一般情况下直接加s book------books cup-----cups

2).以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es .

city-------cities family-----families

3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es .

bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------wathes

4).以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es .

tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes

5).以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es .

leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves

2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。

man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice

3.单数和复数形式相同。

deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese

4.某国人的复数。

1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese

2). 英、法变。 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen

3). 其余s加后面。 American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians

二、不可数名词：

1.不可数名词：

1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式

4).可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用“量词短语”表示

2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法： a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词

a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk

三、名词的所有格：

1. ’s 所有格。

1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.” This is ____________________(Mary and Lily) bedroom .

2). 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示各有关系时，这时分别在每个名词后加“’s.” These are ________________(Tom and Jack ) school bags .

3).以s结尾的名词，变所有格时在s后加“’”,不以s 结尾的复数名词，仍加“’s”

Teachers’ Day Children’s Day

4).表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加 ’s 代表全称。

at the doctor’s at the Bob’s

5).由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在else的后面。

This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .

6).表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加’s 来构成所有格。

an hour’s ride two weeks’ time China’s capital

2.of 所有格：

1).of 用来表示无生命的名词所有格。

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the map of China the door of the room

2).双重所有格：

of + 名词所有格 of + 名词性的物住代词

He is a friend of my _________(brother ) .

Is she a daughter of __________(you)?

四、名词作句子成分：

1.名词作主语

1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Two hours ________(be) enough for us to get there .

2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +?”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。

A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed .

Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .

3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with ??.）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。

The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill .

4).短语“neither?nor?、either?or?、not only?but also ?”连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。

Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman .

2.名词作定语：

1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。

There is a shoe factory near the school .

2).名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport )

The sports meeting will be held next week .

3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时，man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。

one man teacher two women teachers

中考考点二： 冠词的用法

考查重点

冠词的考查重点包括不定冠词a和an的用法，定冠词the的用法和零冠词的用法等。

一.a和an的区别

不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。

例如：a boy, a university, a European country; an hour, an honor, an island, an elephant, an umbrella, an honest man ,a useful book

不看字母看读音,不见原因(元音)别施恩(n)

二.不定冠词的用法

1.泛指某一类人、事或物；相当于any，这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。

A horst is an animal

2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。

A girl is waiting for you.

3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。

I have a computer.

4.表示“每一”，相当于every.

I go to school five days a week.我一周上五天课。

5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”，“再一”。

I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.

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6.用在某些固定词组中：

a lot(of), after a while ,a few ,a little ,at a time ,have a swim ,have a cold ,in a hurry ,for a long time,have a good time ,have a look

三.定冠词的用法

1.特指某(些)人或某(些)物，这是定冠词的基本用法。

The book on the desk is mine

2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。

Open the window, please.

3.指上文已经提到的人或事物。

I have a car. The car is red.

4.指世界上独一无二的事物。

Which is bigger, the sun or the earth?

5.用在序数词，形容词最高级前。

The first lesson is the easiest one in this book.

6.用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。

the Great Wall 长城，the United States 美国

7.用在某些形容词前，表示某一类人。

the poor穷人, the blind盲人

8用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。

the Greens 格林一家或格林夫妻俩

9.用在方位词前。

on the left在左边，in the middle of在中间

10.用在乐器名称前。

She plays the piano every day.

11.用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前。

the Black Sea黑海，the Yangzi River长江

12.用在某些固定词组中：

all the same仍然；all the time一直；at the moment此刻；at the same time同时；by the way顺便说；do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上；in the open air 在户外，在野外

四.零冠词的用法

1.棋类,球类,一日三餐名词前不用任何冠词

Play chess play football have supper

特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)

2.季节,月份,星期,节假日名词前不用任何冠词.

In July in summer on Monday on Teachers’ Day

3.人名,地名,国家名前不加冠词

Beijing is the capital of China

4.学科,语言,称呼,语职务名词前不用冠词

Math is hard to learn

5.复数名词表示类别时不加冠词

They are workers I like eating apples

6.名词前已有物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some，any等)及所有格限制时,不用冠词

my book(正)；my the book(误)

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7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。

No.25 Middle School

五.用与不用冠词的差异

in hospital住院 /in the hospital在医院里

in front of在?(外部的)前面 /in the front of在?(内部的)前面

at table进餐 /at the table在桌子旁

by sea乘船 /by the sea在海边

go to school(church?)上学(做礼拜?) /go to the school(church?)到学校(教堂?)去 two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)

next year明年 /the next year 第二年

a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)

/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

中考专题三：代词

一．人称代词：

单数

主格

第一人称

第二人称

第三人称 复数 宾格 主格 宾格 I me we us you you you you it/she/he it/her/him they them

1.主格作主语,宾格作动词或介词的宾语.

He teaches ______(we) Chinese .

2.三种人称代词并列时,顺序为:

单数:二,三,一 （You, she and I ） 复数:一,二,三 (we , you and they )

注:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)

She and I have been to Beijing .

Who broke the window ? I and Mike .

注：it 还有一些特别的用法。

1）用作形式主语,常用于 “It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中.

2) 用在句型: “It seems that ?”中.

3) 4) 5) 6) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中. 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中. 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that 从句”中. 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式. make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth .

第二人称 第三人称

复数

theirs 二.物主代词. 第一人称 单数 形容词性 复数 单数 复数 单数 my our your your its/his/her their yours its/his/hers 名词性 mineours yours

1. 形容词性的物主代词作定语放在名词前，不能单独使用。

2. 名词性的物主代词，后面不能加名词。名词性的物主代词常与of 连用。

Our classroom is as big as ______(they) .

This is a friend of ______(my).

注: 1)名词性的物主代词相当于形容词性的物主代词加一个名词.

（名词性的物主代词=形容词性的物主代词+ 名词）

2)形容词性的物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.

My own house = a house of my own

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三.反身代词

单数 复数

第一人称

第二人称 myself ourselves yourself yourselves

第三人称 himself/herself/itself themselves

记忆小窍门:

反身代词有规律,第三人称宾格加self.其余都要物主加self,复数ves来把f替.

反身代词的常用搭配:

enjoy oneself hurt oneself teach oneself = learn…by oneslf all by oneself

help oneself to … look after oneself leave sb by oneself lose oneself in

say to oneself for oneself dress oneself improve oneself see oneself in the mirror

四.指示代词

1.近指: this these 远指: that those

2.用法:

1)that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词.

The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai .

The books in that shop are cheaper than ______in this shop.

A.this B.that C.one D.those

2)this ,that 可代替句子或句子的一个部分,that代替前面提到的句子而this代替下面提到的句子. He had a bad cold ,that is why he didn’t come .

3)在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方.

This is Tom speaking . Who is that ?

五.不定代词的区别.

1.one与it 的区别

One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it代替上文中出现的某事物.

This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?

2.some与any 的区别

一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于否定,疑问句,条件句中.但在表建议的疑问句中,仍用some 代any. 常用于could / would / May 开头或what about /how about ?. 的句中。

May I have some water ?

He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any .

3.many与much的区别

Many+可数名词的复数 Much+不可数名词 都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词 注:a lot of 不能用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .

4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别

表否定(几乎没有) 表肯定(有一点/几个)

修饰可数名词 few a few

修饰不可数名词 little a little

The story is easy to read . there are _____ new words in it .

Hurry up ! There is _____ time left .

5.each / every 的区别

each 表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个.而every 表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.

There are trees and frowers on _____ side of the street .

______ student has read a story .

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注:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语.

Each of us _______(study )hard .

6.no one 与none 的区别

no one 表示没有人, 不能与of 连用. 而none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，谓语常用单数。. The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest .

7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别

都 都不 任何一个

两者之间 both neither either

三者或三者以上 all none any

There are many trees on ____ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all

注: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all的否定词是none.

2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数.

neither of作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.

Neither of the answers ______(be) right .

Both of my parents _______(be) workers.

3).词组

A) both ?and ?连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:not only ?but also ? 反义词组: neither ? nor ?

Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= ____ you _____ she like watching TV .= You like watching TV , _____ _____ she .

B) either ?or ? 或者??或者?? , neither?nor? 既不??也不?? 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则.

Neither you nor he ______ (be ) right .

One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _____ Lily _____Lucy _____ going to the park.

C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也”

D) neither 也可表示 “ 也不” 句型: neither ? sb 某人也不怎么样.

If you don’t go there , _____ _____ I . (我也不去)

4) how many /how much 的回答:用none回答.

Who 的回答:用no one 回答.

What 的回答:用nothing 回答.

How many students are there in the classroom ? __________.

Who can answer the question ? _______.

A. None B.No one C.Nothing

8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别

(空)后面没有名词 (空)后面有名词

有数量限制(特指) the others the other

没有数量限制(泛指) others other

注: 1) one ?the other ? 表示两者之间的一个??另一个??

2) some? others? 表示一些?? 一些??

3) another 表示三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.

但 another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词 表示 “ 另外几个??”

Would you like ______ apple ?

I have two brothers , one is a teacher , _________ is a worker .

Some are cleaning the classroom , ______ are sweeping the window .

There are 20 teachers in our school . Eight of them are men teachers ,and _____ are women teachers 6

everyone 每个，人人，大家 不与of 连用

every one 每个人、物 可与of 连用

9.

Every one of us has seen the film .

Everyone should do their best .

10.复合不定代词.

some any no every

anything nothing everything

everyone

anybody nobody everybody thing body something somebody one someone anyone no one

注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.

2.形容词修饰不定代词时, 形容词放在不定代词之后.

3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后.

4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,

1)指人的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they .

2)指物的不定代词, 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .

5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何??/任何物/任何人”

Everything ______(begin ) to grow in spring , _______ _______ ?

Is there ___________(一些有趣的事)in today’s newpaper ?

I want something ________ (eat ).

中考专题四：数词

基数词: 表示人或事物数量多少的词.

序数词: 表示人或事物的顺序的词.

一. 基数词.

1.基数词的读法.

1)1---12 : one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve

2)13---19: 词尾加-teen :thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen

3)20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90 : 逢十词尾加-ty :twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety 4)21----99: 在十位与个位之间加连字符构成.

21--- twenty-one 99---ninety-nine

5)101---999 :先说几百, 再加and ,再加末尾两位数或个位数.

101---one hundred and one 238----two hundred and thirty-eight

6)1000以上的数:先将数字从右往左数,每三位数用一个逗号隔开, 从右往左第一个逗号表示 “千”读thousand 第二个逗号表示 “百万”读million 第三个逗号表示 “十亿”读billion

18,657,421---eighteen million ,six hundred and fifty-seven thousand ,four hundred and twenty-one.

二. 序数词

基数词变序数词

口诀: 基变序,有规律,词尾要加th .一二三,特殊记,词尾分别tdd(first second third )

八去t ,九去e,ve要用f替.ty变作tie,再加th莫忘记.

若遇几十几,只变个位就可以.

三. 数词的应用.

1.表编号.

结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词 = the +序数词 +名词

Lesson One = the first lesson

注：有些编号，一般仅用第一种表达法。

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Room 101 101号房间

2.序数词前一般加定冠词the 但序数词前与不定冠词a /an 连用时,表示 “又一,再一”

You’ve done it three times .Why not try ____fourth time ?

A.a B.an C.the D./

3.数词前加every ,表示每??/每隔?? .

every ten days =every ninth day 每十天(每隔九天)

注:every +基数词 +复数名词 = every + (序数词-1) +单数名词

4.基数词的复数形式表示年代和年龄

1)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数 在几世纪几十年代.

在十九世纪七十年代. _________________________.

2)表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数 表示在某人几十岁时

在他四十岁时: ___________________.

5.hundred / thousand /million /billion

1).若hundred / thousand /million /billion 前有基数词时,其后不加s,也不加of .若没有时 ,既加s 也要带of .

Every year _______ visitors come to China .

There are two _______ students in our school .

A.thousand B.thousands C.thousands of D.thousand of

2).若其前有a few 、many、several 修饰时，通常用复数，后接of.

3).若名词前有the修饰时，用单数，后接of

Two ______the students in our school are from the countryside .

A.hundred B. hundred of C.hundreds of D.hundreds

6.几个半的表达法:

基数词 + and + a half +名词复数 = 基数词 +名词(单数/复数) +and +a half

two and a half hours = two hours and a half

7.时刻表达法:

1)整点: 基数词 + o’clock

2)几点几分:

A).直接读法: 先读小时 ,后读分钟

3:25 ---- three twenty-five

B).间接读法:

a)≤30分钟. 分钟+ past + 小时

3：25 ----twenty-five past three

b)＞30分钟. ( 60-分钟 )+ to + (小时数+1)

3:55 ----- five to four

c) 30 分钟 = half 15分钟=a quarter 45分钟= three quarters

3:30 ---half past three 3:15----a quarter past three

3:45 ----a quarter to four

8.日期表达法:

结构: 1).月 日,年 (日用序数词,年用基数词)

注:年份的读法: 先读前两位数,再读后两位数. 读日时要加the.

1900---nineteen hundred 1807----eight and seven (eight o seven)

2008---two thousand eight

20xx年3月21日.--- March the twenty-first ,two thousand and seven.

2).日 月 年 (the +序数词+of +月, 年)

20xx年3月21日---the twenty-first of March ,two thousand and seven.

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9.分数词的表达法:

1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词.

b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.

3/4--- three fourths (three-fourths)

2).注意:

a).分数词的几种特殊形式.

1/3—one third = a third

1/4—one fourth = a quarter

1/2—one second = a half

3/4—three fourths = three quarters

b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.

Two fifths of the milk ______(be ) drunk by Tom .

One third of the students _______(be )girls .

中考专题五：介词

一．介词at/ in /on .

1.表示时间：

1).表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/ 年龄

at six o’clock at noon at that time

at the moment at the age of at night

2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时) in the morning/afternoon /evening

in spring /in 2007/in March

in the twenty-first century

in his fifties

3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.

On Monday on New Year’s Day

on Sunday morning on a rainy night

on the evening of April 1st ,2007

2表地点:

1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置

at the station at the cinema

2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.

in China in the classroom

3)on 指在某物体的表面上.

on the desk

注意:

写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可.

He lives at 270 DongChang’an Street.

二.介词in /on / to 表方位:

1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)

Tanwan is ____ the southeast of China .

2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)

Hubei is ____ the north of Hunan .

3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)

Japan is _____ the east of China .

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三. between / among 在??之间

1.between :指两者之间. 在??.之间.

2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在??之中.

You sit _____ him and me .

The song is popular ______ the students.

四.after / in 在??之后

1. after

1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时.

2)after 作介词. after doing sth

2.in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时. He came back ______ two days .

He will go home___finishing his homework .

He will come back _____ two days .

五.with / in / by 表示 “用??”

1.with 表示 “用?” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.

He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .

注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”

He came in _____ a big smile on his face .

2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式. Can you say it _____English ?

He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .

3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法

I study for a test _____ working with a group .

He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .

注意: 同义词组

1).by phone = on the phone

2).by car = in a car

3).in pen = with a pen = with pens

六.across / through / over / by 经过

1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.

2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.

3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.

4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.

Can you swim ______ the river ?

the elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .

I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence.

I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .

七.in front of / in the front of

1.in the front of 表示在??.内部的前面

2.in front of 表示在??外面的前面

There is a desk in _____ front of our classroom .

There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom.

八．其它介词的用法：

1.at的其它用法.

1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.

She is at work now = She is working now .

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2)at表示 “价格或速度”

The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .

2.in的其它用法:

1)in表示 “在??方面”

词组:do well in = be good at

be weak in

2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.

词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服

3)in作副词, “在家” = at home

3.like 的用法:

1).像/和??一样. 常与系动词连用.

词组: look like sound like

2).与what 连用, “是什么样子, 怎样”.

What is he like ? He is kind .

4.off的用法:

1).从??下来, 脱离某物体.

词组: fall off

2). “休假”通常放在时间名词之后.

词组: have +时间+ off

He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .

5.except / besides

1).except 除了??.之外, 都??. . 不包括在范围之内.

注: nothing but ? 除了??之外,什么也没有.

2).besdies除了??之外,还有?? . 包括在范围之内.

We all went swimming ______ Lucy .

There is _______ a letter in the box .

We study Japanese and French____ English .

6.with / without

1).with具有,含有 -----反义词: without 没有

词组: with the help of = with one’s help =because of = thanks to without one’s help

2).without 的用法:

A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物

B).without + doing sth .

He left here without____(say ) ―Goodbye‖to us

C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.

If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .

7.on the tree /in the tree

on the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 或物在树上.

There are some apples _____ the tree .

There is a boy ____ the tree.

8.since / for

注: since / for 用于现在完成时.

1).since :

a).since +时间点

11 人“外界的物体进入树中”

b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时

c).since +一段时间+ ago.

2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago

9.be made +介词的区别:

be made of 由?制成 (看得见原材料)

be made from由?制成 (看不见原材料)

be made in +地点 由哪儿生产

be made by sb. 由某人制造

10.表示 “数量的介词”

about , round around over

1). about , round around表示 “大约??”

2).over 表示 “超过”= more than.

11.inside / outside

Inside 在??里面 ------反义词:outside在?.外面

12.in the wall /on the wall

in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”

九.不用介词的情况:

1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词.

What are you going to do tonight ?

2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语.

He went to Wuhan last week .

3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词.

He has worked all day .

4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.

He met a bad man one cold morning .= He met a bad man on a cold morning .

中考考点六：连词

一．并列连词和连词短语

并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句。常见的连词有and ,but ,or ,so ,both?and , either?or ,neither?nor , not only? but also 等。

1. and

1).and 表示 “和、且”在肯定句中连接并列的成分。

He is laughing and talking .

2).祈使句+ and ?? , “and” 表示“那么”之意。= If??

Study hard , and you will succeed .= _____ _____ study hard , you will succeed .

3).adj / adv + and + adj /adv 表示“渐渐”。

He makes mistakes again and again .

2.but

表示转折关系的连词，意为“但是”

He is poor ,but honest .

3.or

1).or 有 “或”的意思，表示一种选择

Would you like tea or water ?

2). “祈使句??,or ?” or 表示否则。= If ?not ?, ??. .

Study hard , or you will fail. = _____ you _____study hard , you will fail .

3).or 用在否定句中表示并列关系。

He can’t read or write .

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4.both

1).both “两者都”, 后面的名词、动词都用复数。

Both the answers are right .

2).both of ….

Both of us are students .

3).both …and…

Both you and she are right .

5.either/ either …or

1).either “两者当中任何一个”,后有of 时接名词的复数形式，无of时接单数名词，动词用单数形式。

You may wear either of the hats.

2).either ?or? “不是??就是??,或者

??或者??.”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”.

Either you or he has to go = Either he or you have to go .

6.neither /neither …nor…

1).neither “两者当中都不”,后有of 时接名词的复数形式，无of时接单数名词，动词用单数形式。 Neither of the answers ______(be) right .

2).neither ?.nor? “既不??.也不??”动词与临近的主语保持一致。即 “就近原则”. Neither you nor I am right .= Neither I nor you are right .

二．从属连词

从属连词是引导从句的连词。

1.引导宾语从句的连词

1）.that 连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。

2).who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。

3).if/ whether 连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。

2.引导状语从句的连词

1).时间状语从句：when ,before ,after, until ,as soon as (主将从现)

2).条件状语从句：if , unless

3).原因状语从句：because

4).方式状语从句：than

5).结果状语从句：so? that ? ,such? that?

6).让步状语从句：though /although

7).目的状语从句：so that

3.不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。

1).because ,so 不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。

Because in our school knew him ,so we had no trouble in finding him.

2).though /although ,but不能同时出现在一个句子里，只用其中之一。但though 可以与yet，still 同时出现在一个句子中。

Though Australia is very large ,but the population is quite small.

4.必须用whether 的情况。

1).discuss 和介词后的宾语从句用whether .

We are discussing ____ we’ll hold a meeting.

I’m worried about ___she can come to the meeting

2).和不定式、or not 连用必须用whether .

I don’t know ______ to leave or not .

中考专题七：形容词 副词

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I.形容词

一、形容词的一般用法

1.作定语，一般放在所修饰词的前面。

It’s a cold and windy day.

2.作表语，放在系动词的后面。(look,feel,smell,sound?.)

He looks happy today.

3.形容词修饰something，anything，nothing，everything等复合不定代词时，须放在其后。 Would you like something hot to drink？

4.表示长、宽、高、深及年龄的形容词，应放在相应的名词之后。

How long is the river？ It’s about two hundred metres long.

5.只能作表语的形容词：afraid；alone；asleep；awake；alive；well健康的；ill；frightened The man is ill.（正）

The ill man is my uncle.（误）

6.只能作定语的形容词：little小的；only唯一的；wooden木质的；woolen羊毛质的；elder年长的 My elder brother is in Beijing.（正）

My brother is elder. （误）

7.貌似副词的形容词：lonely；friendly；lively；lovely

二、形容词常用句型

1.“It’s +adj.+of+sb.+不定式”表示“某人（做某事）怎么样”。=Sb +be +adj+to do sth

注意：这一句型中常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，如good，kind，nice，polite ，clever ，foolish ，lazy ，careful，careless，right（正确的），wrong等。

It’s very kind of you to help me.（=You are very kind to help me.）

2.“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+不定式”表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。=To do sth is adj for sb .

注意：这一句型中常用的形容词有important，necessary，difficult，easy，hard，dangerous，safe，useful，pleasant，interesting，impossible等。

It’s not easy for them to learn a foreign language.（=To learn a foreign language is not easy for them.）

3.表示感情或情绪的形容词，如glad，pleased，sad，thankful等常接不定式。

I’m very sad to hear the bad news.

4.表示能力和意志的形容词，如ready（乐意的，有准备的），able（有能力的），sure（一定），certain（一定）等常接不定式。

Lei Feng is always ready to help others.

He is sure to get to school on time.

Ⅱ副词

一、副词的分类

副词按词汇意义可分为：

方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly

程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite

地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home

时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently，still

频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never

否定副词：no，not，neither，nor

疑问副词：where，how，why

其他：also，too，only

二、副词的基本用法：

1).副词是用来修饰形容词、其他副词,一般放在被修饰词之前.

He plays the piano very well .

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2). 副词是用来修饰动词,常放在动词之后.

He got up quickly

3).enough 修饰adj /adv 时,放在其后.

He is old enough to go to school .

三、常见副词用法辨析

1.already与yet的区别

already用于肯定句句中，表示“已经”；yet用于否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示“已经”

He had_____left when I called.

Have you found your ruler______？

2 very，much和very much.的区别

very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；修饰动词要用very much.

John is ____ honest.

This garden is_____ bigger than that one.

Thank you _____.

3.so与such的区别

⑴so修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词，My brotherruns so fast that I can’t follow him.

He is such a boy.

⑵so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数

such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数

such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词

He is ___ clever a boy.=He is ____ a clever boy.

It is____cold weather.

They are _____good students.

⑶名词前有many ,much, few ,little (少量的) 用so 不用such .(多多少少仍用so)

但little 表示 “小的” 用such.

There are ___ little sheep on the hill .

4.also，too，as well与either 的区别

also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。

例如，My father is a teacher. My mother is ____a teacher.

=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher ______.

=My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher，_____.

I can’t speak French?? Jenny can’t speak French，_____.

5.sometime，sometimes，some time与some times的区别

sometime：表示将来的或过去的某一个不确定的时间。

sometimes：有时，不时的= at times

some time：一段时间

some times：几次，几倍

We’ll have a test ______next month.

_____ we are busy and sometimes we are not.

He stayed in Beijing for _____ last year.

I have been to Beijing ______.

6.ago与before的区别

ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。

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before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 I saw him ten minutes _______.

He told me that he had seen the film______.

7.now，just与just now的区别

now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”

just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚??”

just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”

Where does he live______？

We have _______ seen the film.

He was here______.

8.lonely / alone 的区别

1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.

2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与feel 连用。

3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语) He lives _____ on a _____ island .

He is _____ ,but he doesn’t feel ______.

9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别.

fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快

I’m leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so ______?

A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.early

Ⅲ、形容词，副词的比较级、最高级

一、规则变化

1.一般在词尾直接加er或est， tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest

2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st， nice-nicer-nicest

3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est， heavy-heavier-heaviest

4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est， big-bigger-biggest 注: 大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.（big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ）

5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级， beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful

注:表示否定意义在其前加less /least

important----less important----least important

English is more interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than English .

6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加more/ most

slowly---more slowly----most slowly；但early—earlier---earliest

二、不规则变化

原级 比较级 最高级

good/wellbetter best

many/much more most

little less least

old old / elder old /eldest

farthest /furthest bad/badly/ill worse worst far farther (距离)/further（程度）

下列单、双音节词只能加more和most

原级 比较级 最高级

like(想似的) more like most like

real(真的) more real most real

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tired more tired most tired

pleased more pleased most pleased

often more often most often

注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well ,fast, early, late ,straight

Ⅳ形容词，副词等级的用法

一、原级的用法

1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too

He is too tired to walk on.

My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.

2.原级常用的句型结构

（1）A= B-----A+ as +adj / adv的原级+ as +B

表示 “A和B一样”

Tom is as old as Kate.

Tom runs as fast as Mike.

（2）A＜B---A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A不如B?”

This room is not as/so big as that one.

He doesn’t walk as slowly as you.

二、比较级的用法

1.可以修饰比较级的词.

much，a lot，far，?的多a little，a bit，?一点儿even甚至，still仍然

Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before.

2.比较级常用的句型结构

“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙?”

Tom is taller than Kate.

I got up earlier than my mother this morning.

三.最高级的用法

1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点)

He is the tallest of all the boys

He works hardest in his class .

注:副词的最高级前the 可省掉

2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词

The Yellow River is the second longest river in China .

3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词

He is one of the cleverest students in our class.

4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。

Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer or autumn？

四.级别的转换

1).原级与比较级的转换

a). 倍数+ as ?as → (倍数-1)+比较级+than

This room is five times as big as that one =This room is___ ___bigger than that one .

b).not as?as 与比较级的转换

A +not as ?as + B → A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B →B+比较级+than+A

Mary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is _____ _____ Tom.

= Tom is ____ _____ Mary .

This book is not as expensive as that one = This book is _____ _____ than that one = That book is _____ 17

______than this one .

2).比较级与最高级的转换

a). the +最高级+ of / in ??

b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词

+the other +复数名词

+anyone else

+any of the other+复名

c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than ??

Tom is the tallest boy in our class .

Tom is taller than ____ ____ boy in our class.

Tom is taller than _____ ____ in our class.

_____ _____ is taller than Tom in our class.

五.级别的惯用法

1. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越??”。

He is getting taller and taller.

2. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越??，越??”。

The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.

3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+??”表示“甲是两者中较??的”。

(of the twins/parents…)

Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.

4.当adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the .

This is my best book of all.

5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.

My pencil is longer than ______(you).

6.比较时不能与自身相比

注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.

He is taller than _____ boy in his class.

He is taller than _____boy in our class .

A.any B.any other

7.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词，以避免重复。

The weather in Beijing is colder than ____ in Guangzhou in winter .

The boys in our class are more than _____ in your class .

中考考点八：动词时态

一、一般现在时：

1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间，条件状语从句中表将来时（主将从现）

2.时间状语：

always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：

①be动词；am/is/are ②行为动词 :动词原形、第三人称单数。

4.否定形式：

①am/is/are+not;② don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+??

5.一般疑问句：

①把be动词放于句首；② Do/Does +?+动词原形+??

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二、一般过去时：

1.概念：

过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：

ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning

3.基本结构：

①be动词；was/were ?

②行为动词 :动词的过去式

4.否定形式：

①was/were+not;② didn’t +动词原形

5.一般疑问句：

①was或were放于句首；② Did +?+动词原形???

三、现在进行时：

1.概念：

表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：

now, at this time, these days, look,listen ,can you see? Can’t you see ?之类的暗示语。

3.基本结构： am/is/are+doing

4.否定形式： am/is/are+not+doing.

5.一般疑问句： Is /Are ?+doing sth ?

四、过去进行时：

1.概念：

表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：

at this/that time yesterday, at that time ,at sixyesterday evening ,from eight o’clock to nine o’clock last night 或以when/while引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/ 一般过去时+while +过去进行时/过去进行时+while +过去进行时)。

3.基本结构： was/were+doing

4.否定形式： was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句： 把was或were放于句首。

五、现在完成时：

1.概念：

过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：

recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, so far ,once, twice etc.

3.基本结构： have/has + done

4.否定形式： have/has + not +done.

5.一般疑问句： 把have或has放于句首。

6.反义疑问句： 直接用has /have 进行反问

7.注意：

1).have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别

have been to +地点 表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。(once ,twice ?.)

have gone to +地点 表示人已去了某地，人还未返回。(where is sb ?)

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have been in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。（for?../ since ?..）

2).与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。

Come/go to ------ be at /in leave ----be away from buy ----have borrow /lend -----keep open ---be open close---be closed die---dead start/begin ----be on join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier become –be make friend ---be friend get up ---be up

fall asleep ---be asleep catch a cold – have a cold reach/get/arrive---stay/be

3).现在完成时的四种句型：

A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago

B).主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for?./since ?. ago .

C).It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式

D).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式

His grandfather died two years ago .

His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years.

_____two years _____ his grandfather ____.

Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____.

4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

现在完成时与现在有关的时态，他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关，若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时，只能用一般现在时。

Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.

When ____ he _____(return) it ?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon .

六、过去完成时：

1.概念：

以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：

1).before+过去时间，by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month?)

2).by the time +从句（一般过去时），主句（过去完成时）

3).用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。

过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时

一般过去时+after +过去完成时

4).用于宾语从句中。

3.基本结构：

had + done.

4.否定形式：

had + not + done.

5.一般疑问句：

把had放于句首。

七、一般将来时：

1.概念：

表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.时间状语：

tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段时间, by?,the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight

3.基本结构：

1).am/is/are/going to + do；

2).will/shall + do.

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3).用现在进行时表示将来，动词come, go ,start,leave ,fly,move ,begin ,get ?.

4).当主句为一般将来时，由if ,as soon as ,until, when ,before, after, unless 引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

4.否定形式：

①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：

①be放于句首；②will/shall提到句首。

八、过去将来时：

1.概念：

立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

2.时间状语：

the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…), by then ,

3.基本结构：

①was/were/going to + do；

②would/should + do.

4.否定形式：

①was/were/not + going to + do;

②would/should + not + do.

5.一般疑问句：

①was或were放于句首；

②would/should 提到句首。

中考考点九：被动语态

一．被动语态的时态：

1.一般现在时的被动语态：

am /is/ are +动词的过去分词

2.一般过去时的被动语态：

was /were +动词的过去分词

3.一般将来时的被动语态：

will be +动词的过去分词

4.现在进行时的被动语态：

am /is /are +being +动词的过去分词

5.现在完成时的被动语态：

have /has +been +动词的过去分词

6.情态动词的被动语态：

情态动词 + be +动词的过去分词

二．主动语态变被动语态的变法：

口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变be done ,时不变，数格必须随被变。

注：1.主动、被动的时态要一致。

2.主动、被动的句式要一致。

3.变成的被动语态的主语与谓语在单复数上保持一致。

三．特殊情况的被动语态：

1.带双宾语的被动语态：

动词+ sb(间宾) +sth(直宾)

口诀：如遇双宾语，一般变间宾，若把直宾变，to /for 间宾连。

1).give/pass /show 与介词to 搭配。

give sb sth —— sb +be given sth 或 sth +be given +to sb .

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2).buy/make/cook 与介词for 搭配。

buy sb sth —— sb +be bought + sth 或 sth +be bought +for sb

He gave me a book

I ______ ______ a book by him.

A book ____ ____ _____ me by him .

My mother made me a cake .

I ____ _____ a cake by my mother

A cake ____ ____ ____ me by my mother .

2.带省to 的不定式作宾补的被动语态：动词+ sb + do sth .

口诀：感使动词真叫怪，to来to去记心怀，主动语态to离去，被动语态to回来。

动词：make / let /have /see /hear /feel /watch

make sb do sth ----sb + be +made +to do sth

The boss made the workers work all day

The workers ____ ____ ____ work all day by the boss.

3.在see /hear /notice /keep +sb +doing sth 句型中变被动语态时，doing 不变。

I heard Tom singing just now

Tom _____ _____ _____ by me just now .

4.以动词短语作谓语的主动语态变被动语态时，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

We should take care of the old .

The old should ______ _____ _____ _____ .

四．注意事项：

1.有些及物动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态：

last ,have ,own …..belong to ,suit…fine ,

2.不及物动词是没有被动语态：

happen ,take place ,appear , hold (容纳)

3.系动词是没有被动语态：

Look, feel ,sound ,smell ,taste ….

The dish tastes good .

4.有些词组没有被动语态：

sell well , write well ,ride well ,drive well

This kind of skirt sells well.

5.need表示需要时，后面常接doing 形式表示被动意义，相当于to be done .

All the computers need repairing .=

All the computers need _____ _____ _____ .

6.在too?to?及enough to ?结构中有时表示被动意义。

The problem is too difficult to solve.

中考考点十：情态动词

一．情态动词的用法

1. can 用法

1）表示能力，与be able to同义，但can只用于现在时和过去时，be able to可用于各种时态。 Two eyes can see more than one.

注：Can you ? ? Yes, I can / No,I can’t.

2).表示允许、请求

用could比can 语气更加委婉客气，常用于could I /you ?..?句型中，若表示同意时，用can回答而不用could .

Could I borrow the book ? No, you can’t .

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3）。表示推测 “可能”常用于否定句或疑问句中。（can’t表示一定不是）

It can’t be true .

Can it be true ?

2. may 用法

1）表允许，请求= can

表示许可或征求对方的许可，常于第一人称连用。

注：May I ?.? Yes ,you may No, you can’t / mustn’t .

在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly.

2）表推测，可能、也许。常用于肯定句中。

Maybe he knows the news .=

He _____ _____ the news.

3. must

1）表示义务。意为“必须”（主观意志）。

We must do everything step by step.

注：Must I ?.? Yes, you must / No,you needn’t(don’t have to ).

--Must we hand in our exercise—books now?

--No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.

2）mustn’t 表禁止、不允许。

You mustn’t talk to her like that.

3）表示揣测。意为“想必、准是、一定”等，只用于肯定句。否定、疑问句中must改为can . He must be ill. He looks so pale.

She’s wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money.

注：must表推测时，其反义疑问句与must后面的动词一致。

There must be something wrong ,____ ____?

4.need的用法

need既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，主要否定句或疑问句中。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。

1).用作情态动词，用于否定句和疑问句中。

a).Need I ….? Yes , you must / No, you needn’t .

Need we finish the work today ?Yes you __?

A.need B.can C. may D.must

b).need + do sth . 变否定句：needn’t do sth

变疑问句：Need sb do sth ?

2).用作实义动词

a).need + to do sth . We need _______(buy) some school things .

变否定句：don’t /doesn’t /didn’t +need to do sth .

变疑问句：Do / Does /Did sb + need to sth ?

Yes , … do/ does / did No, sb don’t / doesn’t /didn’t .

You don’t need to do it yourself.

b).当主语是物时。Sth + need + doing sth = Sth +need to be done .

The table needs painting . =The table needs _____ _____ _____ .

5.had better 的用法

1). had better + 动词原形 = It’s best to do sth .

You had better ______ (stay )at home . = _____ ______ ______ stay at home .

2). Had better not +动词原形

We had better ________(not play ) the computer games .

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6.must 与have to

1).一般情况下，两者可互换。 must = have to

2).must “必须，应该”表示说话人的主观看法，即说话人认为必须干某事。（内在原因） have to “必须，不得不”强调客观需要，即外界因素迫使某人不得不干某事。（外界原因） I can’t stop playing the computer games . For your health ,I’m afraid you ______.

A.can B.may C.must D.had to

二．情态动词后跟完成式和进行式的用法

1.情态动词后跟完成式，表“原本应该干某事，而实际上没干”

I should have finished the work earlier.

He isn’t here. He must have missed the train.

2. 情态动词后跟进行式，表示“想必正在??”，“可能正在??”，“应当正在”等意。 It’s twelve o’clock. They must be having lunch.

They may be discussing this problem.

He can’t be telling the truth.

She shouldn’t be working like that. She’s still so weak.

三．情态动词的同义转换.

1.can = be able to

2.must = have to

3.needn’t = don’t have to

4.need do sth = need to do sth .

中考考点十一：非谓语动词

一、动词不定式

1.动词不定式作宾语。

1)在动词want ,hope,would like,decide,wish,

choose,try ,need等后常用动词不定式作宾语。

I hope ______(hear)from you soon .

2)think/find /feel /make it + adj + to do sth

He found it difficult _______(get) to sleep.

3).stop to do sth / stop doing sth

stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth 停止正在做的事。

After working for a long time , He has to stop _______(have ) a rest .

He was very tired , so he had to stop ______(work).

2.动词不定式作宾语补。

1).带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask / like /would like /teach /tell /want /help +sb +to do sth Please ask him _________(come) quickly.

2).省掉to的不定式作宾补的动词有：let /make / hear /see /notice /have/watch+sb +do sth 注：省掉to的不定式的句子变被动语态时，需要还原to .

He made the baby _______(stop) crying .

The baby was made ______ _____ crying.

3.动词不定式作主语

1).动词不定式常可用作句子的主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

2).常用it作形式主语，而将不定式放在句子后面。

To do sth +谓语动词+adj /n =

It +谓语动词+adj / n + to do sth

To get an injection is a little painful .

_____ a little painful ____ ____ an injection

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4.动词不定式作定语

动词不定式作定语放在被修饰词之后

名词或代词+to do(介词)

注：若构成的不定式的动词为不及物动词时，其后加上相应的介词。

I want a pen to write ______.

I want a piece of paper to write ______.

5.动词不定式与疑问词连用

疑问词+ to do sth

注：在宾语从句中，若主从句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+to do sth”.

Can you tell me how I can get to the hospital ?

Can you tell me _____ ____ ____ the hospital.

6.动词不定式可作状语

1).动词不定式可作目的状语

在come / go / leave 后面接动词不定式作目的状语。

He came here ______(get)his book.

2).动词不定式可作原因状语

表语形容词（sorry/sad/happy/ glad /afraid/ pleased）后与动词不定式连用作原因状语

He was glad _______(see) his wife.

3).动词不定式可作结果状语

在too?to ?, not ?enough to ?句型中的动词不定式作结果状语。

He was too tired _______(walk) on .

7.动词不定式作表语

be + to do sth

注：动词不定式作表语可以和主语的位置互换，且常表将来。

Her wish is _______(become) a doctor .

_____ _____ is her wish .

8.动词不定式的否定形式

在动词不定式的前面加not .

He told me _______(not stay) here .

9.动词不定式符号的省略和保留情况。

1).动词不定式符号的省略情况

若两个或两个以上的不定式并列时，第一个不定式符号不能省略，其余的省掉to .但两者有对比关系时，to都不能省略。

Edison’s mother taught him to write and read .

I haven’t decided to go home or to go to the cinema.

2)省掉不定式而保留动词不定式符号to的情况。

Will you take a walk with me ? I’m glad to .

Would you like to join my birthday party ?

I would love to .

二、动名词

1.动名词相当于一个名词，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Reading in bed ______(be) bad for your eyes.

2.有些动词或动词短语后面，只能接动名词作宾语。

三、现在分词

1.现在分词常放在see, hear ,watch ,notice 等之后作宾补。

I saw the boy____(play)in the street just now .

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2.现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词之前，现在分词短语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。

A sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping .

Did you know the man talking to Mr Li?=

Did you know the man who was talking to Mr Li?

3.现在分词表伴随情况

He came into the classroom ,carrying a book.

四、过去分词

1.作宾补

have /get +sth +done 表示请别人干某事

I had my TV repaired last night .

2.作定语

单一的过去分词作定语，要放在被修饰词的前面，过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。

Have you ever read any books written by Luxun?

Have you ever read any books _____ _____ written by Luxun?

3.作表语 过去分词作表语已经形容词化

My cup is broken .

七年级至九年级的非谓语动词

一．接动词不定式 （ to do/ do sth ）

1.like to do sth 2.like sb to do sth 3.Let’s (not ) do sth 4.want to do sth

5.want sb to do sth 6.love to do sth 7.ask sb (not ) to do sth 8.stop to do sth

9.tell sb (not ) to do sth 10.watch sb do sth 11.It’s time (for sb) to do sth 12.help sb (to ) do sth

13.help do sth 14.make sb do sth 15.decide (not ) to do sth 16.find it +adj + to do sth 17.have to do sth 18.try (not ) to do sth 19.try one’s best to do sth

20.It’s +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth 21.plan to do sth 22.S.p.+be a good place to do sth

23.It takes sb +some time + to do sth 24.send sb to do sth 25.invite sb to do sth

26.forget to do sth 27.live to be +时间 28.be able to do sth 29.have sth to do

30.seem to do sth 31.get sb /sth to do sth 32.疑问词+ to do sth 33.need sth to do sth

34.use sth to do sth 35.follow sb to sth 36.need to do sth 37.a good time to do sth

38.the best time to do sth 39.the best way to do sth 40.be the first / last one to do sth

41.would like to do sth 42.be excited /surprised to do sth 43.be useful to do sth

44.be allowed to do sth 45.allow sb to do sth 46.It’s better to do sth 47.It’s best to do sth

48.take care (not) to do sth 49.see sb do sth 50.why not do sth ?51.have enough time to do sth

52.too… to do sth 53.not… enough to do sth 54.encourage sb to do sth 55.choose to sth

56.wait to do sth 57.be happy/glad/pleased to do sth 58.make it +adj + to do sth

59.be careful to do sth 60.be afraid to do sth 61.It’s our duty to do sth 62.used to do sth

63.can’t afford to do sth 64.make a decision to do sth 65.have an opportunity to do sth

66.wait for sb to do sth 67.would do sth rather than do sth 68.would rather do sth than do sth

69.hurry to do sth 70.refuse to do sth 71.agree to do sth 72.pretend to do sth

73.pretend to be doing sth 74.prefer to do sth 75.prefer not to do sth 76.prefer to do sth raher than do sth 77.be willing to do sth 78.volunteer +时间/ 钱 + to do sth 79.volunteer to do sth

80.offer to do sth 81.rush to do sth 82.in order (not ) to do sth 83.be certain to do sth

84.be sure to do sth 85.make plans to do sth 86.go out of their way to do sth 87.lead sb to do sth

88.It’s one’s job to do sth 89.It’s one’s turn to do sth 90.urge sb to do sth

91.Could /Would you please (not) do sth ? 92.be supposed to do sth 93.warn sb to do sth

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二、接动名词 （doing sth ）

1.like doing sth 2.enjoy doing sth 3.have fun doing sth 4.be interested in doing sth

5.Thanks for doing sth 6.look at sb doing sth 7.stop sb doing sth 8.stop sb from doing sth

9.go + v-ing 10.do the (some )+v-ing 11.What/How doing sth ? 12.practice doing sth

13.watch sb doing sth 14.find sb doing sth 15.mind (one’s ) doing sth 16.can’t stand doing sth

17.think about doing sth 18.spend … (in)doing sth 19.finish doing sth 20.be busy doing sth

21.keep doing sth 22.keep sb from doing sth 23.keep sb doing sth 24.be good at doing sth

25.hate doing sth 26.There be +名词+doing sth 27.make a living by doing sth

28.have a difficult time doing sth 29.feel like doing sth 30.allow doing sth 31.see sb doing sth

32.by doing sth 33.end up doing sth 34.do a survey about doing sth 35.be afraid of doing sth

36.be used to doing sth 37.be terrified of doing sth 38.give up doing sth

39.instead of doing sth 40.have nothing against doing sth 41.be serious about doing sth

42.have a chance of doing sth 43.before/ when /while +doing sth 44.start doing sth

45.have a lot of experience doing sth 46.prefer doing sth 47.consider doing sth

48.dream of / about doing sth 49.continue doing sth 50.put off doing sth

51.be used for doing sth =be used to do sth 52.prefer doing sth to doing sth 53.without doing sth

54.be comfortable doing sth 55.can’t stop/help doing sth 56.look forward to doing sth

57.be against doing sth 58.have trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth 59.suggest doing sth

60.be busy doing sth 61.be worth doing sth

第二部分：句法

中考考点十二：主谓一致

一．就近原则

1. 由并列结构或连词（either?or， neither?nor，not?but， not only?but also， or等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与较近的那个名词或代词保持一致。

Neither his parents nor Tom_____(be) at home.

2. 在倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。

There _____(be) a book and some pens on the desk.

There ______(come) the bus.

3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。

I know the man who_____(be) talking to my father.

4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。

It is Mary’s brother who_____(be) injured in the car accident yesterday.

二．意义一致原则

1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with， besides，except， but， including等短语时 ，谓语动词与第一个主语保持一致。

I along with my sister_____(be) going to Shanghai next month.

2. 由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。

What I want to say _____(be) just “ Take care!”.

3. “?+ (of) +名词”作主语时，若“of”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。

Most of the water here ______(be) clean.

80% cotton ______have) been sent to America.80%

Half of the apples ______(be) red.

6. 词组“a number of”作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；“the number of”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

A number of ancient buildings _____ (be) destroyed in the war.

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The number of the visitors _____ (have) decreased this year.

7. 英语的集体名词（family, public, group, team, class等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。

My family ____(be) very poor when I was a little girl

My family ______(be) all looking forward for your coming.

三．整体原则

1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词用单数。

When to leave _____(be) not been decided.

Watching TV too much _____(be) bad for your eyes.

注：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。

What he said and what he did _____(be) always different last night .

2. 如果两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主语时，谓语动词须用单数。

The novelist and poet _____(be) going to Europe next year.

The novelist and the poet_____(be) going to Europe next year.

3. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。

10 minutes is enough.

4.加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。

2 and 3 ______5.

5.“the +姓氏名词的复数”表示“一家人、?.夫妇”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

The Blacks ______(enjoy) working in China.

四．个体原则

1. every +?.and every +?..或each+?and each +?作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

Every man and every woman _____(be) busy at working.

2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，作代词充当主语，修饰名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Neither of us _____(have) been abroad. Neither answer _____(be) wrong .

3. 由some, any every, no构成的复合词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Somebody ______(be)waiting for you at the school gate.

4. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses，shoes，trousers，pants，gloves等）作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，但前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要与量词（pair, suit, piece ）在单复数上保持一致。

A pair of scissors_______(be) useful tool for a dressmaker.

Two pieces of paper ______(be ) on the desk .

5. 以复数形式出现，却表示单数意义（maths, physics, news ?）谓语用单数。

Maths_____(be) my favorite subject.

6.“the +形容词（old /young /rich /poor ）”表示“一类人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。

The young ______(like) listening to popular songs .

7.“the +姓氏的复数” 表示“某某夫妇，某某一家人”，作主语时，谓语用复数。

The Greens _______(be)having lunch now.

中考考点十三：倒装句

1. 当句首为副词here ，there 且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。

Here comes the bus !.

There goes the bell. !

2. only 修饰时间、地点、方式等状语时，应用部分倒装。

Only in this way can we solve the problem.

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Only when you told me did I know her name.

注意：如果 only 修饰的不是状语，则句子不倒装。

Only Uncle Li knows how it happened.

3. 表示对前者的陈述也适用后者时，肯定倒装用“ so + 助动词／情态动词 + 后者”，前句事否定，而后面的人也不怎么样时用“ neither / nor + 助动词 / 情态动词 + sb”。

He can speak English，so can I.

If she doesn’t go there tomorrow，neither / nor will I.

注意

1）“ so + 助动词 / 情态动词 + 主语” 表示前者的主语和后者的主语的情况一样，所谈到的是两个人，意为“??也是这样”；

2）“ so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词”表示前者和后者所指同一人时，说话者表示同意前者的观点，意为“的确如此”。

— Li Lei likes sports.

— So he does and so do I.

4. 由 not only ?? but also ?? 引起的并列句，若将 not only 置于句首时，该分句应部分倒装， but also 引导的分句不倒装。

Not only did he give me some advice，but also he lent me some money.

5.“ no matter +疑问词+从句” 或 “疑问词+ever+从句”

注：从句应用陈述句语序，时态用一般现在时。

However hard the problem is，I must work it out.

中考考点十四：感叹句

一、结构：

What/ How +被感叹的部分+ 主语+ 谓语！

What beautiful flowers they are !

二、变法：

一断， 二加 ，三调位。

一断表示在谓语动词的后面断开，二加表示在断开的两部分中间加what 或how ,三调位表示前后两部分对调位置。

They had a good time yesterday .

一断：They had / a good time yesterday .

二加：They had（what）a good time yesterday .

三调位：What a good time they had yesterday.

三、what引导的感叹句：

1.what + a / an +adj + 单数名词 （+主语+ 谓语）！

_______ a clever boy he is !

2.what + adj + 复数名词 （+主语+ 谓语）！

_______ heavy boxes they are !

3.what + adj + 不可数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！

_______ bad weather !

四、how引导的感叹句：

1.How + adj / adv + 主语+ 谓语！

_________ hard they are working !

2.How + adj + a / an + 单数名词（+主语+ 谓语）！

How tall a boy he is !

3.How + adj / adv + the + 名词+ 谓语！

________ heavily the rain is falling!

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五、what 与how引导的感叹句之间的转换：

1.What a beautiful girl she is !=

______ beautiful the girl is !

2.How delicious the food is !=

______ delicious food it is !

六、几个常见的感叹句：

1.______ great fun it is !

2.______ important information !

3.______ good news !

4.______ good advice / music !

5.______ a heavy rain !

6.______a strong wind !

七、感叹句中常见的不可数名词：

food , work , weather , fun , music , information , news , advice ,

中考考点十五：反意疑问句

一、结构：

陈述句 + 附加疑问句？

It’s hot today ,isn’t it ?

二、原则：

1.前肯后否，前否后肯

2.前名后代

3.时态一致

三、变法：

一疑、二否、三连、四省、五转换(名变代)。

四、特殊的附加疑问句：

1.I’m …… , aren’t I ?

I’m right , ______ ______ ?

2.There be …… , ______ there ?

There will be fewer buses in the future ,____ ______?

3.句中有反义词的句子的反意疑问句，仍把它作为肯定形式。

He is unhappy , _____ ______ ?

4.Let’s 的反意疑问句为 shall we ?

Let’s go to the movie together ,_____ _____ ?

5.祈使句的反意疑问句为 will you ?

Don’t miss it ,_____ _____ ?

6.若陈述句部分含有never , few , little , hardly ,no ,seldom ,nobody ,nothing ?否定词、半否定词时，附加疑问句用肯定形式。

He can hardly understand it , _____ ______ ?

7.陈述句的主语为不定代词时：

1).主语为指人的不定代词时，附加疑问句的主语用he / they .

No one was hurt , ______ _______ ?

2).主语为指物的不定代词时，附加疑问句的主语用 it.

Nothing is serious , _______ _______ ?

8.表推测的情态动词的附加疑问句，其附加疑问句与情态动词后的动词一致。

He must be at school , ______ ______ ?

9.陈述句的主语是this , that , these , those 时，附加疑问句的主语分别为 it , they .

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This is a new computer , ______ ______ ?

Those aren’t banana tees , ______ _______ ?

10.当陈述句是主从复合句时， 其附加疑问句应与主句保持一致。若主句为I think / believe /suppose /imagine /expect 时，其附加疑问句应与从句保持一致。

He said that he would leave here tomorrow , _______ _______ ?

I don’t think you can do these exercises alone , _______ _______ ?

11.陈述句中有has / have / had 时，一定要注意。

1).若句中是 has to / have to / had to ,表 “不得不” 附加疑问句的谓语用doesn’t / don’t / didn’t 进行反问.

They had to leave early , ______ ______ ?

2).若句中是has / have / had 表“有 ”， 其附加疑问句的谓语用do/ does / did 进行反问。 He has few friends in the new school , ______ ______?

3).若句中是has/ have / had +过去分词时，其反义疑问句的谓语用has/have/had进行反问。 He has never been to Beijing , _____ _____?

She had studied a few English songs by the end of last month. ,______ ______?

五、反义疑问句的回答：

反义疑问句的回答要根据事实作答，若事实是肯定的，就用yes , +肯定形式。若事实是否定的，就用No, +否定形式。

注意：在前否后肯的句子中，yes表示“不”而No表示“是的”。

She didn’t come to school yesterday, did she ?

_________, though she was not feeling well.

A.No, she didn’t B.No , she did C.Yes , she didn’t D.Yes , she did

考点归纳十六：状语从句

一、引导词的选择：

1.时间状语从句

1).由when 、 while、as（当??时候）引导的时间状语从句。

When jack got home , his mother was cooking .

2).由after/ before (在?.之后/ 前)引导的时间状语从句。

The football match played after school was over .

3).由as soon as (一?..就??)引导的时间状语从句。

I’ll ring you as soon as I reach Beijing .

4).由not?.until（直到?..才?..）引导的时间状语从句。

They didn’t stop until they finished the work .

2.原因状语从句

由because 、since 、as（因为、既然、由于）引导的原因状语从句。

Since you have known about that , please tell us what to do .

3.地点状语从句

由wherever（无论在哪儿） 引导的地点状语从句。

Wherever he goes , he always brings his pet dog .

4.目的状语从句

由so that (以便、为的是)引导目的状语从句。

He got up very early so that he could catch the early bus .

5.条件状语从句

由if或unless 引导条件状语从句。

I won’t go to his party unless I am invited .

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6.比较状语从句

由than、 as?as、not as??as 引导比较状语从句。

There are more students in our class than in theirs .

7.让步状语从句

由though 、even though/ if 、although引导让步状语从句。

Although he didn’t pass the exam ,his father didn’t get angry with him .

8.方式状语从句

由as if (好像)引导方式状语从句。

He talked about that as if he knew everything .

9.结果状语从句

由so?that?、such?.that?（如此?..以致于?）引导结果状语从句。

It was raining so hard that we couldn’t see the road .

二、状语从句与主句的时态问题

1.时间状语从句、条件状语从句与主句的时态不一致。（主句用将来时，而时间、条件状语从句用一般现在时）

If it ________(not rain) tomorrow ,we______(go) to climb the hill .

He ________ (become) a sodier when he ______(grow) up .

2.since引导的时间状语从句。 It is + 时间+ since + 一般过去时

It_____(be) ten years since we ________(leave) that city .

3.由when、while引导的时间状语从句的时态：

主句（过去进行时）+when +从句（一般过去时）

主句（一般过去时）+when +从句（过去进行时）

主句（一般过去时）+while +从句（过去进行时）

主句（过去进行时）+while +从句（过去进行时）

注意：看动词为短暂性动词用一般过去时，动词为延续性动词则用过去进行时。

Mother _______(cook)supper when I ______(get)home yesterday.

Last Sunday I_______(meet)Lin Hong when I _______(walk)in the street .

While Han Meimei _______(sweep)the floor , Lucy _______(carry) water.

When the students ________(have)a meeting, the teacher _______(come) in .

4.由when、after、before、by the time引导的时间状语从句的时态：

主、从句的谓语动作都以完成，则先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。 When they _______(get) to the cinema last light , the film ________(start) .

I _________(go) out with my friends after I _______(finish) all the homework last night .

中考考点十七：宾语从句

一、直接引语变间接引语

1.人称的变化：一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新。

1). “一随主”指若直接引语中的主语为第一人称时,变间接引语时应与主句的主语人称一致. She said ―I like playing basketball‖.

She said that _____ _____ playing basketball .

2). “二随宾”指若直接宾语中的主语为第二人称时,变间接宾语时应与主句的宾语人称一致. She asked Tom ―Can I have a look at your picture‖.

She asked Tom if ______ could have a look at ______ picture .

3). “第三人称不更新”指若直接宾语中的主语为第三人称时,变间接宾语时人称保持不变. She said to me ―They want to help me‖.

She told me that _____ _____ to help me .

2.指示代词，时间、地点状语的变化

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直接引语 间接引语

指示代词 this that

that those

时间状语 now then

today that day this morning that morning three days ago three days before Last week the week before tomorrow the next /

following day

next year the next year

地点

状语 here there

动词 come go

二. 宾语从句的考查

宾语从句在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

1.考查宾语从句的语序：

宾语从句的语序用陈述句语序。即 “主语+谓语+??

Do you know when __________?

A.does the next train leave B.the next train leaves

C.will the next train leave D.the next train will leave

注：若从句时疑问句，但语序不变的有：

1).who在从句中作主语。

Can you tell me _________?(谁将来这儿)

2).what’s wrong / the matter ?

He asked what was the matter with me .

3).what happened

I don’t know what happened yesterday .

4).which is the way to ….?

Can you tell me which is the way to the park ?

2.考查宾语从句的引导词

1).若宾语从句时陈述句时，引导词用that 且that 可省掉。

She said ―I’m gald to see you‖ = She said _____ _____ ______ gald to see me .

2).宾语从句时一般疑问句时，引导词用if 或whether . 一般情况下if /whether 可互换，但后有or not / or 、动词不定式或介词的后面时，只能用whether .

He saked me ―Are you going to Wuhan ?‖ = He asked me ______ _____ _____ going to Wuhan. I’m thinking about ______ to go there .

A.if B.whether C.that

3).宾语从句时特殊疑问句时，引导词用特殊疑问词。

Do you know ________? I’m not sure ,Maybe he is a businessman .

A.who he is B.who is he C.what he does D.what does he do

4).若宾语从句时肯定祈使句时，就改为ask /tell sb to do sth .若为否定祈使句，就改为ask /tell sb not to sth .

“Don’t open the door‖ The teacher said . = The teacher told me _____ ____ ___ the door .

3.宾语从句的时态

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1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。

Can you tell me _________? He is a doctor .

A.what is he B.what he was C.what he is D.what was he

2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时， 过去进行时， 过去将来时，过去完成时）。

He asked ____________.

A.what time it is B.what time is it C.what time it was D.what time was it

He told me that he ______ for the sports meet.

A.is preparing B.was preparing C.will prepare D.has prepared

注：1) 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。

Our teacher said that January_____(be) the first month of the year.

Our teacher said that the earth ___(go) around the sun.

2).若主句为could you ?..?表示请求客气的语气，从句的时态仍然不变。

Could you tell me _______?

A.what he was doing B.what was he doing

C.what he is doing D.what is he doing

4.if /when 引导状语从句和宾语从句这两种从句。从句的时态的确定。

if When if/when从句的时态

条件/时间状语从句 如果、假如 当?的时候 一般现在时

宾语从句 是否 什么时候 一般将来时

Can you guess if they___ to play football with us ? I think they will come if they ____free.

A. come , are B. will come , will be C. will come , are D. come , will be

Can you tell me when he____here tomorrow ? When he _____ here , please call me .

A. comes , comes B. will come , will come C. will come ,comes D. comes, will come

5.宾语从句的简化：

1).宾语从句是陈述句时，且主、从句的主语一致，可简化为“动词+ to do sth”.

I hope I can meet you again .

I hope _____ _____ you again .

2).宾语从句是疑问句时，且主、从句的主语一致，或从句的主语与主句的宾语一致。可简化为“疑问词+ to do sth”.

I don’t know what I should do next .

I don’t know ____ ____ _____ next .

Could you tell me how I can get there ?

Could you tell me ____ ____ _____ there ?

John didn’t decide which shirt he would buy .

John didn’t decide _____ ____ _____ _____ .

3).hear / see / find + that + 从句 ，可改为“hear / see / find + sb (要用宾格) + doing sth”.

I heard that they were singing in the next room.=

I heard _____ _____ in the next room .

We found that she was playing with the cat under the tree .

We found _____ _____ with the cat under the tree.

考点归纳十八：定语从句

一、定语从句（一）：

1.定语从句的概念：

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

2.先行词：

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被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

3.关系词：

引导定语从句的连词叫关系词。如that、which、who、whom、whose、where、when等。

4.由that、which、who、whom、whose引导的定语从句。

关系词 指代 在定语从句中的作用

that 既指人也指物 作主语、宾语

which 指物 作主语、宾语

who 指人 作主语

whom

whose 指人 作宾语 既指人也指物 作定语

二、定语从句（二）

1.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下，只能用that不用which。

1).当先行词为指物的不定代词，如all、everything、something、anything、nothing、none、the one等时，只能用that。

There is nothing ______ I can do for you .

2).当先行词被the only、the very 、the last、all、no、little等词修饰时，只能用that。

This is the very book ______ I’m looking for .

3).先行词被序数词修饰时，只能用that 。

This is the first nextbook ______ I studied in the middle school .

4).先行词为最高级或被最高级修饰时，只能用that。

This is the most beautiful mountain ______ I have ever seen .=

I have _____ seen _____ a beautiful mountian .

5).先行词既有人也有物时，只能that 。

He told us many interesting things and persons _______ we had .

2.先行词是物时，一般情况既可用that也可用which.但下列情况下，只能用which不用that。

1).关系代词前有介词时，关系词只能用which 。

This is the building in ______ he lives .

2).先行词本身是that时，关系词只能用which 。

The clock is that _____ tells the time .

3).引导非限定性的定语从句（先行词是物且先行词与关系词用逗号隔开），关系词用which。 His book , ______ was lost last week , has been found now.

3.先行词是人时，一般情况下既可用who 也可用that 。但以下情况下，只能用who。

1).当先行词为those、one、ones、anyone且作主语时，一般用who 。

Those ______ are singing are all my classmates .

2).在there be 句型中，先行词指人时，只能用who。指物时用that。

There is a girl ______ expects to see you .

3).当先行词是I、you、he、they等时，只能用who 。

He ______ plays with fire gets burned .

三、定语从句（三）。

由关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句。

where = in / at +which when = in / on / at +which why = for + which

1.由where引导的定语从句。

1).先行词是表示地点的名词 2).在定语从句中作地点状语

Is this the house ______ you lived ?= Is this the house _____ _____ you lived ?

= Is this the house _____ you lived in ?

2.由when引导的定语从句。

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1).先行词是表示时间的名词 2).在定语从句中作时间状语

I will never forget the days ______ I met him .= I will never forget the days ____ ____ I met him. 注：先行词是the last time 时，when 可省略。

When was the last time you saw the parrot ?

3.由why引导的定语从句。

先行词为reason 时，一般用why 。 why在句中作原因状语。

We don’t know the reason ______ they didn’t come .

四、注意事项：

1.关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

The story _____ he told was very popular .

A.who B.whom C.whose D. /

2.that、who、which在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。 I loves singers who _______(write) their own songs .

She is one of the girls who ______(study) hard .

3.在定语从句中不能出现代替先行词的人称代词。

Will you please show me the book ______ yesterday?

A. which you bought B. that you bought it C. you bought D. you bought it

4.定语从句中whose 的确定：

无论先行词是人或物，在定语从句中做定语用whose。

判断：看定语从句的主语前有无限定词（my、your、Jim’s等），若没有，则用whose 。 The girl _____ parents work in Beijing is Kate .

A. who B. whose C. which D. that

I know the boy . His handwriting is very good .= I know the boy ____ handwriting is very good.

五、定语从句的简化

把定语从句简化为形容词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语。

1.She reveived a box which was full of presents .

She reveived a box _____ _____ presents .

2.He likes reading books that was written by Luxun.

He likes reading booking _____ ____ Luxun .

3.I like Chinese tea which has nothing in it .

I like Chinese tea ______ _____ in it .

4.Do you know the girl who is wearing a red dress .

Do you know the girl ______ a red dress .

第三部分：补全对话

考点1.打电话用语：

一、拨电话方的交际用语：

1.Could /May/Can I speak to ?,please ? 请找?接电话，好吗？

2.Who’s that (speaking) ? 你是哪一位呀？

3.This is ?(speaking)./This is ?here./ ?here speaking .我是??.

4.Could you ask him / her to call me back ? 你能让他、她给我回电话吗？

5.I’m calling to ask / tell you to ? .我打电话给你是想告诉你去??.

6.That’s very kind of you ( to help me ) . 你能帮助我真是太好了。

二、接电话方的交际用语：

1.Hello! 6098724. 你好！这里是6098724.

2.This is ?..(speaking). 我就是??

3.Who’s that (speaking )? 请问你是哪位 ？

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4.Yes, it is . 是的，我就是。

No, this is ?.. 不， 我是??

5.Hold on (for a moment ), please . / One moment ,please . 请稍后，别挂机。

6.I’m sorry / afraid he’s /she’s out at the moment / right now . 对不起，他/她现在不在。

7.Can I take a message ( for you ) ? 我能替你稍话吗？

8.I’ll leave a message on his / her desk . 我会在他/她的桌上留个便条。

9.What’s your telephone number ? 你的电话是多少？

10.I’ll give / take her the message . 我会稍信给她的。

考点2.购物用语：

一、营业员常用的交际用语：

1.Can I help you ? What can I do for you ? 你要买什么？

2.Which would you like ? 你喜欢哪一个？

3.How many / much ?. Do you want ? 你要多少？

4.Is that all ? 就买这些吗？

5.What about this one ? 这件怎么样？

6.Do you like ?. ? 你喜欢??吗?

7.What color/ size / kind do you like / want ? 你喜欢/想要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的？

8.Which one / color do you like / want ? 你喜欢/想要哪个/哪种颜色？

9.I’m afraid we haven’t got any ? In that size at the moment .恐怕我们现在没有那个尺寸的?

10.I’m sorry , we have sold out the ?. In your size . 对不起，你要的尺寸我们已经卖完了。

11.Here you are . 给你。

12.No hurry . 别着急。

13.please take your time . 慢慢来。

14.Let me see , twenty yuan, please . 我看一下，20元。

15.You haven’t paid for it yet . 你还没有付钱。

16.That’s the cheapest / most expensive one we have , I’m afraid . 恐怕这是我们最便宜/最贵的

二、顾客常用的交际用语：

1.I want / would like to buy some ?.(for ?.). 我想买一些?..

2.I’ll have a look at the ?. 我想看看?..

3.Thank you ,that’s all . 谢谢你。就这些吧。

4.I like the color , but it’s/they’re too ?. 我喜欢这颜色，但它/ 他们太?..

5.It’s great ,but it’s not ?. enough . 不错，但它不够?..

6.No, the color is too ?.. 不，颜色太?..

7.I prefer ?.but this ?.is too?. 我喜欢?.,但这个?.太?..

8.That’s too light 太浅了。

9.Yes, that’s just right . 好的，这个正合适。

10.Have you got any other kind / color /size ? 你有其他种类/ 颜色/ 尺寸的吗？

11.That looks nice /great . 看起来不错。

12.Have you got anything cheaper ? 你有更便宜点的吗？

13.That’s a bit expensive . I’ll think about it . 有点贵，我要考虑一下。

14.How much does it cost ? /How much do they cost ?/How much are these things ? 多少钱。

15.That’s much too expensive .I’m afraid . 恐怕太贵了。

16.That’s (quite) cheap /dear . 这不算贵/ 这相当贵。

17.I like it ,but it costs too much . 我喜欢它，但是太贵了。

18.I can’t decide . 我决定不了。

19.That’s fine .I’ll take it / them . 不错，我买了。

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20.Can / May I try them / it on ,please ? 我能试一试吗？

21.I don’t think I’ll take it . 我觉得不会买。

22.Here is the money . 买单。

考点3问路及应答的用语：

一、问路的交际用语：

1.Excuse me ,where’s ??.? 劳驾，??在哪儿？

2.How can I get to ??.? 我怎么去??.?

3.Which is the way to the ??? 去?..是哪一条路？

4.Can you tell me the way to the ??? 你能告诉我去?..的路吗？

5.Could you tell me how to get to the ??? 你能告诉我怎样去?..吗？

6.Could you tell me how I can get to the ?..? 你能告诉我怎样去?.吗？

7.Which bus can take me to the ?? ? 哪路公共汽车可以带我去??？

8.Which bus can I catch to the ??.? 我可以乘几路公共汽车去??？

9.Which number do I need ? 我需要乘几路车？

10.Is it far from here ? 离这儿远吗？

11.How far is it ? 有多远？

12.Thank you ./ Thank you all the same . 谢谢。

二、指路的交际用语：

1.It’s over there . It’s over there on the left / right .在那儿左边/右边

2.It’s next to the ?./ in front of the ?./ behind the ?../outside the ?.它在?的旁边/前面/后面/外边

3.It’s between ?. And ?..它在?.和?之间。

4.It’s at the end of the street . 在街尾。

5.Walk /Go along/ down the road/ the street , and take the second turning on the left/ right .沿这条路/街，然后在第二个转弯处朝左/右拐。

6.It’s about a hundred meters along on the left / right . 大约在前方100米处左/右。

7.It’s about 4 kilometres away . 大约有4，000米远。

8.You had better take / catch a bus . 你最好乘坐公共汽车。

9.Go down this street until you reach the second traffic lights .沿着这条街一直走到第二个交通灯那儿。

10.At the end of the road you’ll see the ?.. 至路尾你就会看到??

11.It will take you about half an hour . 大约要花半个小时到那儿。

12.Go across the bridge . 从桥上走过去。

13.Go up this road to the end . 沿着这条路走到尽头。

14.Turn left / right at the second crossing . 在第二个十字路口朝左/右拐。

15.Take the No.3 bus and it will take you straight there . 乘3路公共汽车，会把你直接带到那儿

16.The No.72 bus will take you there . 72路公共汽车会把你带到那儿。

17.You’d better take No.10 bus to the hospital. 你最好乘坐10路公共汽车去医院。

18.You can’t miss it . 你不会错过的。

19.It’s about 15 minutes’ walk . 步行大约15分钟。

考点4.看病的用语：

一、医生常用的交际用语：

1.What’s wrong with you ? What’s the matter ? 你怎么哪？

2.How long have you been like this ? 你像这样有多久？

3.Have you taken your temperature ? 你量过体温吗？

4.Do you sleep very well ? 睡觉好吗？

5.What do eat for your meals ? 你三餐吃过什么？

6.Have you had anything to eat this morning ? 早晨吃过什么？

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7.Have you got/ had a headache / cough ? 你头痛/咳嗽吗？

8.Maybe you have caught a bit of a cold ? 也许你有点感冒。

9.There is nothing serious . 不严重。

10.You’d better have more/ less food and take some exercise . 你最好多/少吃食物并且参加一些锻炼。

11.Take this medicine and stay in bed for a few days . 吃这个药并卧床休息几天。

12.Take this medicine every four hours and drink more hot water . 每4小时吃一次这个药并多喝开水。

13.Do you smoke ? You’d better stop smoking . 你抽烟吗？ 最好戒烟。

14.You will get better soon . You will be all right /well soon . 你会很快好起来的。

二、病人常用的交际用语：

1.I have got a headache / cough . 我头痛/咳嗽。

2.I’ve got a pain here . 我这儿痛。

3.I’m not feeling well . I don’t feel very well .I feel terrible . 我感觉不舒服。

4.Is it serious ? 严重吗？

5.I’ve been like this ever since last night . 我从昨天晚上起一直这样。

6.There’s something wrong with ?.. 我?..不舒服。

7.This place hurts . 这儿疼。

考点5.问候的交际用语：

1.Hello! Hi ! 2.Good morning/ afternoon / evening 3.How do you do !

4.How are you ? Fine ,thank you .And you ? 5.How is your father /mother ?

6.How is everything ? How is it going ?

考点6.介绍的交际用语：

1.What’s your name ? 2.May I know your name ? 3.My name is Jones .

4.What’s your first name ? 5.Nice to meet you . 6.I’m pleased /happy /glad to meet you .

考点7.告别的交际用语：

1.Goodbye ! Bye-bye ! 2.Good night ! 3.I’m afraid I have to go now . It’s getting late .

4.Let’s get together soon ! 5.See you soon /later /tomorrow . 6.We had a good time .

7.Thank you for having us . 8.It’s a pleasure . 9.Take care !

考点8.感谢和应答的交际用语：

1.Thank you /Thank you very much . 2.It’s very kind of you .

3.Not at all /That’s OK /That’s all right /You’re welcome /It’s a pleasure /My pleasure .

考点9.祝愿、祝贺和应答的交际用语：

1.Good luck to you !. 2.Merry Christmas! 3.Happy New Year ! 4.Happy birthday !

5.Enjoy yourself ! 6.Have fun ! 7.Have a good time ! 8.Congratulations !

9.Thank you , and you too ! 10.The same to you !

考点10.意愿及应答的交际用语：

1.I’m ging to pick some apples . 2.I’d like you to meet my parents , too .

3.I want to take some books to the classroom . 4.I hope to see you soon .

5.I hope you have a good time . 6.Thank you 7.I’m sorry I can’t 8.I’m afraid I can’t .

考点11.道歉与应答的交际用语：

1.I’m sorry. 2. I’m sorry for …. 3.Never mind 4.It doesn’t matter 5.Forget it

考点12.遗憾和同情的交际用语：

1.I’m sorry to hear that . 2.I know how you feel . 3.Don’t worry about it

4.oh ,come on .Cheer up . 5.That’s too bad 6. What a pity !

考点13.邀请与应答的交际用语：

1.Do you want to …..? 2.Would you like to ….? 3.That sounds great .

4.That sounds like fun 5.I’m afraid I can’t come to your party . 6.Maybe some other day

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考点14.提供（帮助）和应答的交际用语：

1.Can I help you ? 2.What can I do for you ? 3.Let me help you

4.Thanks .That would be nice 5.That’s very kind of you 6.Thanks for your help

7.Would you like some …..? 8.Yes, please / No, thanks

考点15.请求允许和应答的交际用语：

1.Can / Could /May I ….? 2.Yes ./ certaily / Yes , do please ./ Of course / Ok ? All right .

3.I’m sorry , but ….. / You’d better not ….

考点16.表示同意和不同意的交际用语：

1.Certainly / Sure ? Of course 2.Yes, please 3.Yes, I think so . 4.All right / Ok .

5.That’s a good idea . 6.I agree (with you ). 7.No ,I don't think so 8.I’m afraid not

9.I disagree (with you )

考点17.表示肯定和不肯定的交际用语：

1.I’m sure . 2.I’m sure that ….. 3.I’m not sure . 4.I’m not sure if ……

5.Maybe . / Perhaps .

考点18.喜欢和厌恶的交际用语：

1.Do you like ….? 2.Which do you like better , …or …? I like … better than ….

3.Which do you like best , …,….or ….? I like …best . 4.I like/ love ….a lot /very much /a little .

5.I don’t like …at all 6.I hate …. 7.I preper to…rather than ….

考点19.谈论天气的交际用语：

1.What’s the weather like today ? 2.How is the weather ? 3.It’s fine / cloudy /windy /rainy

4.It’s rather warm / cold / hot , isn’t it ? 5.Lovely weather , isn’t it ? 6.What a heavy rain !

7.What a strong wind !

考点20.询问时间或日期和应答的交际用语：

1.What day is it today ? 2.What’s the date today ? 3.What time is it ?/ What’s the time ?

4.It’s Monday 5.It’s July 1st 6.It’s six o’clock / half pass six /a quarter to eight .

7.It’s time for ….. / It’s time to do sth .

考点21.请求的交际用语：

1.Can /Could you ….. for me ? 2.Will you please ……? 3.May I have …?

4.Please give /pass me …. 5.Please wait (here/ a moment ) 6.Please hurry .

考点22.劝告和建议的交际用语：

1.You’d better ask the man . 2.Why don’t you go to the park ? 3.How /What going out for a walk ?

4.All right . thanks 5.Right . I’ll do that 6.That’s a good idea .Thank you

7.You are right 8.Shall we play together ? 9.You shouldn’t stay up too late .

10.I don’t mind .

考点23.禁止和警告的交际用语：

1.You can’t do that 2.If you don’t get up , you’ll be late for school . 3.Be careful / Take care

4.Make sure you lock the door when you leave . 5.Don’t walk there . The floor is wet .

考点24.表示感情的交际用语：

1.I’m glad /pleased /happy to meet you . 2.That’s nice 3.That’s wonderful/ great .

4.She’s worried . 5.Oh, what should I do ? 6.Really ? 7.Oh, dear ! 8.Is that so ?

考点25.就餐的交际用语：

1.What would you like to have ? 2.Would you like something to eat/ drink ?

3.I’d like a cup of coffee . 4.Help yourself to some fish . 5.Thankyou ,I’ve full enough.

6.Just a little ,please !

考点26.约会的交际用语：

1.Are you free this aftrenoon / evening ? 2.How about tomorrow morning /aftrenoon/evening?

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3.Shall we meet at 4:30 at the school gate ? 4.Let’s make it six o’clock tomorrow .

5.Yes, I’ll be free then . 6.No, I won’t be free then 7.All right . See you then .

8.It doesn’t matter . We can make it some time next week . 9.When can you make it ?

考点27.传递信息的交际用语：

1.Will you please give this note/ message to Kate ? 2.He asked me to give you note .

3.Thanks for the message .

考点28.求助的交际用语：

1.Help ! / Fire ! Thief ! 2.What’s the matter ? 3.Could you give me a hand ?

4.Would you help me ? 5.Do you mind helping me with my English ？

考点29.处理交际中的障碍：

1.Pardon . 请再说一遍。 2.Please say that again / more slowly .

3.I’m sorry I can’t follow you 4.I’m sorry I know only a little English .

5.What do you mean by ….?

考点30.常见的标志和说明：

1.BUSINESS HOURS 2.OFFICE HOURS 3.OPEN 4.CLOSED 5.PULL

6.PUSH 7.NO SMOKING 8.NO PHOTO 9.NO PARKING 10.DANGER 11.ON

12.OFF 13.PLAY 14.ENTRANCE 15.EXIT 16.PAUSE 17.SHUT

18.MEN’S (WOMEN’S) 19.SOS 20.EMS 21.VACANT 22.OCCUPIED

23.NO ADMITTANCE 24.BATHING PROHIBITED

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