八年级说明文写作方法

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说明文写作训练(一)

设计者:杜成武

设计者单位:南郑县阳春初级中学

设计日期:20xx年8月30日

说明文的两种类型:说明事物 、 阐明事理

说明文的文体要点:说明对象、说明顺序、说明方法、说明语言

写作训练步骤:第三单元——说明事物(训练一)

第四单元——阐明事理(训练二)

第三单元——说明事物(训练一)

写作题目:介绍一种文具

写作要求:恰当安排说明的顺序

[训练目的]

1、掌握说明文写作的一些基本顺序,在言之有物的基础上做到言之有序。

2、理解说明顺序的安排取决于说明对象的特征。

[训练重点]用各种说明顺序合理地结构文章。

[训练难点]根据说明对象的特征,合理安排说明顺序。

相关知识点:

1、说明事物为什么要合理安排说明顺序?

明确:让人易于明白,条理清楚,事物特征鲜明。

2、合理地安排说明的顺序的依据是什么?

明确:根据说明需要,符合事物特点,体现事理联系,遵循事物规律。

3、常见说明顺序有哪些?

明确:说明顺序主要有空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序三种。

逻辑顺序又叫事理顺序,又可分为从原因到结果、从主要到次要、

从整体到部分、从概括到具体、从现象到本质、从特点到用途等。逻辑顺

序多用于介绍事物的性质、种类、原理、功用和解释事理的本质。

空间顺序多用于说明实体事物的形状和建筑的构造,如各类建筑和

名胜古迹等;

时间顺序多用于说明事物发展演变过程、产品的生产过程、实体事

物的建造过程。

一篇说明文说明顺序以一种顺序为主、可兼用其他顺序。如何安排

好说明顺序,应依据说明对象及其特征来确定。

4、如何安排好各种说明顺序?

zhwq Page 2 4/13/2013 - 2明确:要合理安排说明顺序必须在了解各种说明顺序的特点的基础上,遇

到什么样类型说明文就可以对应的采用什么样的说明顺序,万万不可牛头

不对马嘴。此外,还要适当地选择与各种顺序相关的语言因素来表现。例

如,空间顺序就应按空间层次关系来安排,一些有关的方位词和立足点(定

点和散点)就要特别突现出来;时间顺序,就应按时间先后次序安排,一

些有关时间记号(直接表明时间的词或间接表明时间的词)就要特别提示

出来;逻辑顺序,就应按逻辑推理来安排,一些有关正常思维的关联词就

要特别表现出来。

学生范文:

我有一只笔,笔有很多种形状,其中有常常见的是自己手上写的笔。

笔有大概5厘米左右,有的笔大是尘的,有的是许多种。笔都是可以来给

我们写字,做笔记等,我们不可以没有笔来写字,我们都要用到笔。

笔是我们常见的笔,笔也是我们重要的一象。

[omix 刨笔机

[omix刨笔机表面浅蓝色,表面布满彩虹和糖果装饰。把手把一拉便

看到插笔处有一把尖利的小圆刀,便于快速削笔。手把灵活,有利于转动

方便削笔。在底端还有1个非常利用空间的小储藏盒,它会把削下来的铅

笔碎收集在一起,便于清理也很干净。

它对比于其他小型手动削笔机,方便,干净。平时小型手动削笔机只是

有一把小刀附着在小小的机身上,机身太小,不便于拿起来,使力方向不

便,清洁不方便。

所以[omix刨笔机方便,干净,灵活小巧! ( 李珊 )

范文二:

我们的教室

史 红

我们的教室宽敞、明亮。站在门口,就可以看到六排课桌整齐地排列.......

着,每排有九张桌子。课桌前面是老师讲课用的讲台。

走进教室,坐在位子上抬头看,是一块乌亮的大黑板。它的上方,是

一只喇叭,它总会在适当的时候,播送学校的通知,播送眼保健操音乐,

有时也播送歌曲,丰富了我们的生活。

教室的后墙上也是一块大黑板,上面是同学们出的墙报《火炬》,刊

登优秀作文选、周记、世界之窗、智力游戏、“每周背”、猜谜语等,真

是丰富多彩。黑板的上方是一排大字标语:“遵守社会主义公德,立志成

为四有新人”,它体现了党和人民对我们的要求。

zhwq Page 3 4/13/2013 - 3站在这块黑板前看教室的两边,一排排窗户洁净明亮。窗与窗之间的墙上

张贴着四张宣传画,其中分别张贴着科学家哥白尼和达尔文的画像,激励

我们脚踏实地学习真知报效祖国。

抬头看,六盏四十瓦的日光灯悬挂在天花板上,即使遇到阴暗的天色,

我们也照常可以上课、自修。如果你再仔细一些,一定会发现,教室的东

北角还有一个报夹子,有《中学时事政治报》《中学生学习报》等报纸,

让我们了解国内外的大事,让我们认识到我们的学习是和祖国的小康建设、

世界形势联系在一起的。

教室的周围是一片葱绿的树林。北边隔着操场,与东红楼相望,南边

是“门”字形科学楼的另一翼,仪器设备齐全的理化实验室跟我们隔路相

对。

走出教室,就可以看到一方池塘,它叫碧霞池。傍晚,火红的晚霞倒

映在碧波荡漾的水面上,真是美丽极了。池的南面是景色优美的道士山。

我们站在道士山山顶上,俯视我们的教室,看着那洁净的玻璃窗和雪白的

墙壁,不禁产生联想:在这个教室里,曾经培养出多少建设祖国的人材;

现在,又一批人才正在茁壮成长。

简评:作者按照空间顺序来组织材料,先总后分,由前到后,从下到上,

从内到外。以“走进教室”、“抬头看”、“后面墙上”、“教室的两边”、

“天花板”、“东北角”、“教室的周围”、“走出教室”、“站在道山

顶上”等着眼,表明了空间转移的走向。在说明过程中,还注意详略得当,

突出重点。

入格训练:

我们的课室

我们的课室是的课室,无论你从哪个角度看,都会爱上它的。

你看,

(宽敞明亮)

你瞧,

(整洁美丽)我爱我们的课室。

 

第二篇:说明文的三种写作方法与练习

说明文的三种写作方法与练习

说明文的写作方法有好几种,如:分类法、解释法、举例法、定义法、比较法和因果法等等,现以前三种为例加以说明。

A.分类法

分类法就是按一定的标准把要说明的对象分成若干类,分别加以说明。

分类法的写作步骤:

段首句点明主题→分别列举内容→得出合理的结论。

分类法的写作要领:

①被说明的对象必须是同属不同类或同类不同种的事物,不同属、不同类的事物不能用分类法。

②分类标准必须统一,不可中途变更标准。

分类法常用的关键词:

firstly, secondly, finally (lastly), kind, sort, variety, include, involve, exclude, class, classify, contain, likewise, in addition, furthermore, besides, conclusion...

请看下面一则短文:

Typewriters

Whether you work at home or run a small business, or do personal correspondence, the latest development in office equipments will prove useful and convenient. With so many different typewriters to choose from these days, you can easily find a proper one.

The basic form of typewriter is the manual typewriter. Most of them are lightweight machines with few moving parts to go wrong, and they are reasonably inexpensive. Perfectly adequate for most household purposes, manual typewriters are especially useful for students and beginners.

Unlike manual machines, an electric typewriter has an electric motor. This means you can get characters regardless of the pressure with which you strike the keys. These machines are more convenient than the manual ones.

The most advanced typewriter, the multi-printer, is hardly recognized as a typewriter. It is a lightweight, silently operating machine which produces high quality printing by means of small dots. It is a highly adaptable machine with the capacity for many functions besides that of simple typing. This, together with its reliability, can make it extremely useful in the business situation. However, in choosing a typewriter, first, the machine should meet your needs, and second, you should pay more attention to which one best suits you.

分析:

本文在第一段点明主题:在很多种打字机中选择适合自己的一种是很重要的,在接下来的三段里,分别说明了手动打字机(the manual typewriter )、电动打字机(the electric typewriter)和多功能打字机(the multi-printer)的性能和特点。最后一段得出结论:根据自己的实际需要选择合适的打字机。整个文章的思路明确、条理清晰。

B.解释法

简单地说,解释法就是说明"如何做某事,某事物如何工作"的一种说明方法。 解释法的写作步骤:过程第一步→第二步→第三步……

解释法的写作要领:在写作的过程中,应按照解释说明的顺序,一环扣一环地安排资料,不要节外生枝,插入其它细节,以保持整个过程的连贯性。

解释法常用的关键词:

①The first step→the second step→the third step→finally...

②To begin with→then→finally...

③Start→until→then→finally...

请看下面的短文:

Making Bread

There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast(酵母) with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of the prepared flour. The resultant batter(面团) mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with sugar and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading(揉成团) of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins. In the final stage the bread is baked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread-making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on racks.

从这则短文中,可以看出"制作面包"的整个过程:第一步是用酵母和好面,第二步在"发了的面"(the risen batter mixture)里加进面粉、糖和油,然后揉成团,让它再次"发"起来,第三步把面团做成面包状,然后放进面包烤模(bread tin)里,最后一步是把它们放在烤箱内加热,然后拿出来放到架子上,使它们变凉。整个过程清楚明了,即使从来也没有做过面包的人也可以动手试一试了。

C.举例法

举例法就是用举例的方式来说明复杂的事物,这类作文的题目往往是:怎样理解……,为什么说……,试举例说明……,其要说明的内容往往是社会生活中人们对某些事物或现象的看法。

举例法的写作步骤:

给出主题句→用举例的方式来说明→结尾重述主题。

举例法常用关键词:

for example, for instance, such as, namely, that is to say, frequently, especially, in general, in particular, to illustrate...

请看短文:

The Older, the Weaker Mind?

Many of us believe that a person's mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Jarvik, professor of Psychiatry at the University of California. She has studied the mental functions of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerned 136 pairs of identical twins, who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s, their minds did not generally decline as people thought.

However, there was some decline in their psycho-motor speed. This means that it takes them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not considered to be a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarvik's studies have shown that there was no decline in knowledge or power of reasoning. This is true not only with those in their 30s and 40s, but with those in their 60s and 70s.

It is true that older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call "loss of memory" is not that at all. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble in hearing and seeing, or was trying to learn the new thing at a fast pace. Although their mind seems to decline, it is not necessarily a sign of decline due to old

age. Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional state.

分析:

第一段引出话题:人的脑力与年龄无关,第二段利用博士的研究实例进行了说明,最后一段得出结论:脑力的变化与年龄无关,完全是人的情感影响所至。

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