英语论文的标准格式

扉页(英文)

Cultural Factors in Chinese & English

Proverbs Translation

(Times New Roman二号加粗 居中)

by

Li Hairong

Wang Zhiyun, Tutor

(Times New Roman小二 居中)

Registered No. 09301040126 Faculty of Foreign Languages Shanghai Business School

December, 2011

(Times New Roman小二)

论文摘要(英文)及关键词

Abstract

(Times New Roman二号,加粗,居中)

Proverbs reflect colorful national culture in (Times New Roman四号)……… …………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(空一行)

Key words: proverbs; translation; culture; differences(Times New Roman四号) 说明:

1.关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号隔开,除专有名词外,其他单词首字母不大写,最后一个词后面无标点符号。

2.“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容,摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。

论文摘要(中文)及关键词

摘要

谚语……………………………….................... ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (英文摘要的对应译文)

关键词:(宋体四号,加粗)谚语;翻译;文化;区别(宋体四号)

说明:

1.中文摘要的内容和关键词应与英文摘要相对应,关键词3-5个,词与词之间用分号隔开。

2.“摘要”下空一行写摘要内容,摘要内容与关键词之间空一行。

Contents

(Times New Roman小二号加粗,居中,目录占一或两页)

Statement (in Chinese) …………………………………………………..I Abstract (in English)…………………………………………………..…II Abstract (in Chinese)...………………………………………………….III I. Introduction ..…………………………………………….……..……1 (一级标题,Times New Roman四号,加粗,“……”与页码不加粗,后面页码应排齐,下同)

II. The Characteristics of Idioms………………………………………2

A. (二级标题,Times New Roman四号,不加粗)………………………………….2

B. …………………………………………………………………….3

III. The Translation of Idioms ……..…………………………………..4

A. Differences between Literal Translation and Free Translation .......4

1. (三级标题,Times New Roman四号,不加粗)………………………………5

2. ………………..…………………………………………..……5

2.1 (四级标题,Times New Roman四号,不加粗)............................................6

B. .........................................................................................................6

C. .........................................................................................................6

D. .........................................................................................................7 IV. Different Cultures in China and Western Countries ……………8

A. .........................................................................................................9

B. .........................................................................................................9

C. .......................................................................................................10

V. Conclusion .........................................................................................11

Bibliography...........................................................................................12

Acknowledgements ...............................................................................13

Cultural Factors in Chinese & English

Proverbs Translation

(标题用Times New Roman二号加粗,居中;一级标题用Times New Roman四号加粗;英文正文用Times New Roman小四;一级标题与上一段落间空一行, 每段首句空四个字母,单倍行距; 如出现四级标题,四级标题与段落首行之间为1.5倍行距。)

I. Introduction(Times New Roman四号加粗,下同)

Idioms are ………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

II. The Characteristics of Idioms

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A.(二级标题,Times New Roman四号)……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B. …………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

III. The Translation of Idioms

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A. Differences between Literal Translation and Free Translation

1. (三级标题,Times New Roman四号)……………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. ………………..…………………………

2.1. (四级标题,Times New Roman小四号) …………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

D. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV. Different Cultures in China and Western Countries

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

A. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C. .......................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

V. Conclusion

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(空一行,参考文献单独一页)

Bibliography

[1] Collis,H. 101 American English Proverbs [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language

Teaching and Research Press, 2003.

[2] Gass, S. “Integrating Research Areas: A Framework for Second Language

Studies” [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1988(9): 198-217.

[3] Brown, D. 2002, Nov 27. “Women make up half of HIV cases”. Washington Post,

/

[4] 蔡新芝.“从会话含义理论看英语幽默的产生” [J]. 《湖南广播电视大学学

报》,2003,(3).

[5] 蒋磊.《英汉习语的文化对照与对比》[M]. 武汉: 武汉大学出版社, 2000.

注释和参考文献规范说明:

1.应至少列入所参考过的主要文献5篇(本),罗列的顺序为:英文文献、电子文献、中文文献。

(1)姓名排序

英文文献采用“姓在前名在后”原则,根据作者姓氏的首字母顺序进行排列;作者多于一位的,第一作者之后加逗号,第二位作者起按英、美正常顺序,即名在前,姓在后,列出其他作者姓名,名字可以使用首字母缩写,最后一位作者之前不加逗号,但要加“&”。

(2) 中文文献根据作者姓名的汉语拼音顺序排列。

2.文献序号左对齐放在方括号中,如[1],[2]等,如有第二行,则与第一行首

个字对齐;每一参考文献条目的最后均以“.”结束;英文用Times New Roman小四,中文用宋体小四,1.5倍行距;英语和汉语论文篇名均用双引号;英语专著及英语期刊名用斜体;中文专著及中文期刊名用书名号,即“《》”。

3.文献编排格式举例:

(1)图书专著类格式:[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份. (如上面的[2]和[5])

(2)期刊类格式:[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号). (如上面的[1]和[4])

(3)电子文献格式:作者,时间,文章题目,期刊或报纸名称(用斜体标出),网址

(如上面的[3])

4.其他主要参考文献的类型及其标识:期刊论文标记为[J],图书专著为[M],论文集为[C],论文集收录的论文为[A],博士论文为[D],词典为[Z]。

(Times New Roman二号加粗,居中)

Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to (Times New Roman小二)...................................... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

说明:

致谢页通常包括对论文写作过程中提供帮助的人的感谢,其中包括论文指导老师及其他老师、个别提供帮助的同学、家人或专家等。

 

第二篇:标准格式英语论文 关于《宠儿》中黑人奴隶的生存问题

天津外国语大学

应用外语教学中心 英语双学位

英语阅读课 学期论文

中文题目:《宠儿》中美国黑人奴隶的生存 英文题目:The Survival Of African American

Slaves in Beloved

班级:

姓名:

学号:

摘要 《宠儿》(1987)是普利策奖得主托妮·莫里森的小说,一直被视为一部美国文学经典。《宠儿》说的是一个看似荒唐诡异的残暴故事:黑人女奴塞丝在逃跑的过程中亲手扼杀了自己的女儿,为了不让她继续奴隶悲惨的命运。十几年后,鬼婴还魂前来阳间索债。 《宠儿》的基调是苦的。它像黑人音乐一样根植于悲伤。

在《宠儿》中,通过三代人不同的成长经历展现了处于弱势地位的黑人妇女在种族主义和性别主义的双重压迫下艰难的心路历程。莫里森用她独特的视角讲述黑人妇女真实的处境,使人们可以强烈深刻地感受到黑人妇女的痛苦经历。

关键词:托尼?莫里森;《宠儿》;奴隶制;创伤;反抗;生存

1

Abstract Beloved (1987) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Toni Morrison. It has been regarded as a classic of American literature. Beloved tells a brutal story seems absurd weird. Black woman Sethe throttled his daughter in the way of escape, for not letting her daughter continue the tragic fate of slaves. Ten years later, the ghost of the infant came back to ask for debt. The tone in Beloved is bitter. It is the same as black music which is rooted in sorrow.

Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the difficult process of growth of three generations of the black women who are in a weak position and in both racist and sexist oppression. Morrison, with her unique perspective, tells about the real situation of black women so that people can feel the painful experiences of black women strongly and deeply.

Key Words:Toni Morrison ; Beloved; Slavery; Trauma ; Resistance; Survival

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Introduction

In February 18, 1931, Toni Morrison was born in Cleveland, Ohio, near the town of Laurent. She is the second child in her family. She is the editor of The Black Book , which chronicles the history of African Americans of 300 years. From 1989, she worked as a professor at Princeton University and taught literature. Her main achievement is in the novel field. In 1993, the 62-year-old Morrison won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Toni Morrison is the only Afro-American woman writer who wins the Nobel Prize for literature. It confirms her renown and makes her one of the most influential writers in America history. She belongs to that era's best writers and is one of the most respected black women writers. She remains the same in modern era too. Her novel is famous for distinctive images, rich feelings and profound ideas. Her work has always represented the black women and filled with tragedy. From The Bluest Eye to Love, each of her fictions has exerted vibrating influence upon the literary world. In the fictions of Toni Morrison, there is a distinct and eternal theme which can be felt and touched clearly: the tragic life of the black people and the conflict between the white culture and the black culture. Swedish Academy‘s evaluation on her: "The novel gives the United States a very important aspect of the real dynamic with rich imagination and poetic expression. Beloved was recognized as Morrison's best work. In 2006, it was regarded as the best American novel in recent 25 years by "New York Times".

The novel Beloved is mainly about Sethe. When the black slave was pregnant, she went alone from the slave manor in Kentucky to Cincinnati in Ohio. The master chased her through the track. In order not let her children repeat their tragic fate of slaves, she resolutely killed his young daughter Beloved who could just crawl. 18 years later, Beloved resurrected back to earth and lived with Sethe, Sethe‘s daughter Dan Fu and the lover of Paul ? D. She had not only obtained extra love of her mother but also had lured Paul ? D. She did anything to disrupt and destroy the mother's life. The book is full of bitter poetry and tense suspense. Low status of blacks had been denied them even the right to become God's subjects. However, they don‘t break and

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don‘t t flex with the spirit of noble character who create their own God. Slavery and freedom, confinement and escape, this is all blacks‘ fate since slavery and racial discrimination has began. It is also the eternal theme of black literature. Beloved also reflects this theme. In 1998 the novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey. The analyses and studies of Beloved in previous years mainly focus on the analysis of the theme, the analysis of slavery and the study of writing skills. Each generation makes its own opinions concerning what the novel is and what it offers. My paper illustrates Sethe‘s rebellion against the slavery from different aspects in great details. We can see the persecution of slavery on their lives and their struggling life. My paper chiefly makes up of three chapters. Chapter one discusses black slaves‘ low status in American society. Chapter two researches the twisted motherly love. Chapter three analyzes rebellion against the slavery.

Chapter One Psychological Impact of Slavery

In the novel we can see the slaves‘ tragic life. Paul D, one of the slaves from Sweet Home, the plantation where Baby Suggs, Sethe, Halle, he, and many other slaves had worked in and either been freed or run away from, arrives at 124. He tries to bring a sense of reality into the house. He also tries to make the family move forward in time and leave the past behind.

Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery, most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past. This repression and dissociation from the past causes a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity. Sethe, Paul D. and Denver all experience this loss of self, which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. In a way Beloved serves to open these characters up to their repressed memories, eventually causing the reintegration of their selves. Slavery splits a person into a fragmented figure. The identity, consisting of painful memories and unspeakable past, denied and kept at bay, becomes a ?self that is no self.‘ To heal and humanize, one must constitute it in a language, reorganize the painful events and retell the painful

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memories. As a result of suffering, the ?self‘, subject to a violent practice of making and unmaking, once acknowledged by an audience becomes real. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs who all fall short of such realization, are unable to ?remake‘ their ?selves‘ by trying to keep their pasts at bay. The 'self' is located in a word, defined by others. The power lies in the audience, or more precisely, in the word - once the word changes, so does the identity. All of the characters in Beloved face the challenge of an unmade 'self', composed of their 'memories' and defined by perceptions and language. The barrier that keeps them from 'remaking' of the 'self' is the desire for an 'uncomplicated past' and the fear that remembering will lead them to 'a place they couldn't get back from'.

Chapter Two Twisted Motherly Love

In Beloved, Sethe has to kill her daughter, and undoubtedly that‘s a big tragedy. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself. She forces herself to be the murder of her daughter under the slavery although she is painful. Beloved herself is a tragedy. She comes to this world at a wrong time, and is killed by her mother. When she comes back, she is treated as an evil. At the end of the Beloved, Morrison writes:

Everybody knew what she was called, but nobody anywhere knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be lost because no one is looking for her, and even if they were, how can they call her if they know her name? Although she has claim, she id not claimed. In the place where long grass opens, the girl who waited to be loved and cry shame erupts into her separate parts, to make it easy for the chewing laughter to swallow her all away. (Morrison 274)

In Sethe‘s mind, children are her most precious part of life. She could strongly feel her rights and obligations as a mother. She has a deeper understanding of slaves‘ life with her own painful experiences. In order to protect her children, she alone escaped from Cincinnati. As a mother, she don‘t want her little girl to experience slave life. The only thing she wants to do is to end the

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baby‘s life. From beginning to the end, she thinks it‘s right. When Paul D, her boyfriend, knows the truth of the facts about Sethe‘s killing matter, he accuses her ―Your love is too thick‖. But she answers, ―Love is or it ain‘t. Thin love ain‘t love at all.‖ (Morrison 164) Here, a nationality which has lost their words for a long time find its own sounds and characters from a woman.

The maternal bonds that connect Sethe to her children inhibit her own individuation and prevent the development of her self. Sethe develops a dangerous maternal passion that results in the murder of one daughter, her own ―best self,‖ and the estrangement of the surviving daughter from the black community, both in an attempt to salvage her ―fantasy of the future,‖ her children, from a life in slavery. However, Sethe fails to recognize her daughter Denver‘s need for interaction with this community in order to enter into womanhood. Denver finally succeeds at the end of the novel in establishing her own self and embarking on her individuation with the help of Beloved. Contrary to Denver, Sethe only reaches individuation after Beloved‘s exorcism, at which point Sethe can fully accept the first relationship that is completely ―for her,‖ her relationship with Paul D. This relationship relieves Sethe from the ensuing destruction of her self that resulted from the maternal bonds controlling her life. Beloved and Sethe are both very much emotionally impaired as a result of Sethe‘s previous enslavement. Slavery creates a situation where a mother is separated from her child, which has devastating consequences for both parties. Often, mothers do not know themselves to be anything except a mother, so when they are unable to provide maternal care for their children, or their children are taken away from them, they feel a lost sense of self. Similarly, when a child is separated from his or her mother, he or she loses the familial identity associated with mother-child relationships. Sethe was never able to see her mother‘s true face (because her smile was distorted from having spent too much time ―with the bit‖) so she wasn‘t able to connect with her own mother, and therefore does not know how to connect to her own children, even though she longs to. Furthermore, the earliest need a child has is related to the mother: the baby needs milk from the mother. Sethe is traumatized by the experience of having her milk stolen because it means she cannot form the symbolic bond between herself and her daughter.

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Chapter Three Rebellion Against the Slavery

Morrison chooses the 124 house on Bluestone Road in Cincinnati as the scene of the story. The time is 1873. Although it was 18 years ago when she escaped from the Sweet Home and killed her daughter. It was still a strong memory in Sethe‘s mind. There is a motto of Irish Revolution – ―You should sally out by yourself if you want liberty‖ (詹妮特 467)—that‘s fit for the black women absolutely. The black women must fight by themselves to win the liberty and rights. And also, people always say that where there is oppression, there is resistance. The black women‘s situation is bad, but they never lose their faith. They are making unremitting efforts to find their ways to a better future. That‘s their strength and growth. Because of the slavery, grandma Baby Suggs was deprived of rights to be the others‘ friend, daughter, wife, mother and so on, and she had seven children, but was allowed only to leave her little son Halle by her side. This is her only chance to be a mother. But at that time, the children of the slave mothers don‘t belong to them; all of them are the private property of the slave owner, and like the tools of workers, they are treated equal to the livestock. Baby Suggs hates the Whites very much and she hopes there is a clear place left for her. But when the Whites break into the yard, she can do nothing, but just accept it, pondering color and waiting for death. Before she has been ransomed, she has no ideas about herself. After she gets freedom, she realizes that if the Blacks want to get liberty, they should know their own value, and learn to love themselves. So, in the woods, she appeals her compatriots for loving themselves:

Love your hands! Love them. Raise them up and kiss them. Touch others with them, pat them together, stroke them on yours face‘ cause they don‘t

love that either. You got to love it, you! And all your inside parts that

they‘d just as soon slop for hogs, you got to love them. The dark,

dark—love it, love it, and the beat and beating heart, love that too. More

than eyes or feet. More than lungs that have yet to draw free air. More than

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your life-holding womb and your life-giving private parts, hear me now, love your heart. For this is the prize. (Morrison 89) In fact, the black women are never yield to the outside. When Sethe gets to know that the schoolteacher and his nephews are doing research about black slaves and put Sethe‘s ―human characteristics on the left; her animal ones on the right,‖ (Morrison 193) She is shocked and swears that she would never allow her child‘s characteristics to be put on the animal‘s side. So, when her husband Halle and Sixo‘s first escape plan fails, she resolutely decides to escape alone and then she does it. In this sense, Sethe‘s escape is the demonstration of her strength and self-growth. When she kills her daughter, her intense maternal love is driven to extremes. That means that a slave firstly dominates her own life. Undoubtedly, she uses her courage and strength to challenge the society. When the schoolteacher is coming, Sethe decides to kill her children to exchange their lasting freedom. When she cuts the baby‘s throat, she believes that she has the right to exchange her life for freedom. At that moment, Sethe has already begun to find some ways to get liberty and determine her children‘s destiny herself.

And for Denver, at the end of the Beloved, she finally realizes the only way to protect her mother is ―She would have to leave the yard, step off the edge of the world, leave the two behind and go ask somebody for help‖ (Morrison 243) ―Know it, and go on out the yard. Go on.‖(Morrison 244) With the encouragement of her passed grandma, Denver finally has the courage to go out the yard, and found her first job, then the second, and the third. When Paul D wants to express his opinion about Beloved, she stops him, ―I have my own.‖(Morrison 267) Denver goes out of the yard with self-confidence, she knows who she is, and finally she has found her identity.

Conclusion

Through Beloved, Toni Morrison shows the process of growth of three

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generations of the black women. The old generation realized their miseries, but they do not know how to change the situation, so they just accept them; the second generation is unwilling to be oppressed, so they try to find a way out. At the end of the fiction, the third generation finally finds their own identity, and then begins to build up a better future.

However, they do not and will not stop their resistance if there is still unequal treatment or discrimination. It is safe to say that the revolution of the black women is like a ―glass ceiling‖. They can see their prospect clearly but they still have a long-time fight and need to make great efforts. Fortunately, they gradually grow up and build very strong strength to make themselves accepted by others. In fact, the black women have great strength and are full of hope, and they are following the way of Baby Suggs, Sethe, and Denver, and making their future more wonderful.

When Martin Luther King Jr. said that he had a dream that his children would not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of their character, it was understood that equal rights for African-Americans would be good for all Americans. Likewise, when the black women have equal rights with others and when laws support the practice of that equality, people will live in a better America, and also in a better world. That is, undoubtedly, the reason why Toni Morrison deliberately demonstrates the tragedy and growth of the black women through the story of Beloved.

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Works Cited

1. ―What Is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?‖The New York Times .May 21, 2006.

2.韩昱馨.《宠儿》中塞丝重获自我的实现 [J]. 佳木斯大学社会科学学报,2006.

3.屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚力 [J]. 四川外国语学院学报,2005.

4.王守仁,吴新云. 性别?种族?文化―托尼?莫里森与二十世纪美国黑人文学

[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,1999.

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