体育学院毕业论文

浅析我校开展羽毛球运动存在的问题及对策

宜春学院 体育学院 体育教育专业 周建锋

指导老师：李学武

摘 要：羽毛球运动在高校深受大学生的青睐，课余时间打羽毛球是大学生时尚的体育项目之一。本文采用文献资料法、调查访问法等方法，主要就宜春学院羽毛球运动的开展与普及问题进行分析与探讨。文章认为我校羽毛球运动的开展与普及普遍滞后，并就滞后的原因进行了分析，认为开展与普及羽毛球运动对我校大学生健康发展具有重要意义，并就如何进一步开展与普及我校羽毛球运动提出了相应的对策与建议。

关键词：羽毛球运动；开展；普及；问题；对策

The brief analysis I the school develops the Badminton Movement existence the Question and the Countermeasure

Yichun University P.E.College P.E.Specialty Zhou Jian-feng

Instructs: Li Xue-wu

Abstract: The badminton movement in the university university student's favor, after school playing

badminton is deeply one of university student fashion sports projects.Recently a year my school badminton movement stimulated very much in the school university student's study enthusiasm. Based on this, the paper uses literature methods and so on material law, investigation visit law, mainly conducts the analysis research on the Ichun institute badminton movement development and the popularization question. The article thought my school badminton movement the development and the popularization universal lag, and has carried on the analysis on the lag reason, thought develops the badminton movement to have the vital significance to my school university student healthy development, and how further developed and popularizes my school badminton movement to propose the corresponding countermeasure and the suggestion.

Key words: badminton movement; development; popularization; question; countermeasure

羽毛球是一项有着广泛群众基础且十分有益于身心健康的体育运动项目，它具有娱乐性、简便性和锻炼性等特点，使得羽毛球运动为广大高校学生所青睐。全国羽毛球训练基地座落在美丽的宜春市,宜春学院作为唯一一所在宜春市的高校，开展羽毛球运动应该走在全国高校的前列，但事与愿违，我校在最近一年才开设羽毛球课程，在羽毛球运动开展与普及明显滞后于其他高校。鉴于该项运动的发展在我校受到一定程度的限制，文章就我校开展该项运动存在的问题进行了探讨分析，并从中提出相应的对策和建议。

1 羽毛球运动开展现状

1.1 我校已开设羽毛球选项课

20xx年至20xx年以来,随着体育教学新课标深入进行,我校把体育课按固定教学大纲进行教学的模式打破,开设选项课教学。由于羽毛球运动有其特殊的魅力,每个人可以根据自己水平、身体素质、运动能力的高低来进行练习,因此,选修羽毛球的学生越来越多,特别是非体育学院的学生更始达到开课的饱和状态。一时间羽毛球俱乐部、羽毛球协会等组织也随之成立。除上课之外,许多同学还利用课余时间进行提高训练,羽毛球运动已成为大学生业余生活的内容之一。

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体育学院毕业论文

1.2 羽毛球运动深受我校大学生的青睐

大学生喜爱的项目往往也是我国广泛开展的运动项目。虽然我校羽毛球选项课的学分只有1学分,暂时对非体育学院的学生开设一个人数为40人的教学班,但很多同学都认为这远远满足不了大家的兴致，来选羽毛球该项课程更不是简单的拿学分,更重要的是选择羽毛球运动能够更好的锻炼自己的身体，这反映出我校学生对羽毛球运动的热爱程度。

1.3 羽毛球运动的课外活动和竞赛

据对我校学生的调查(见表1)，除了体育选项课、选修课、羽毛球协会，课外体育活动中把羽毛球作为健身活动的学生在校园中占有很大比例。大部分学生是在馆内进行活动的，由于受场地条件的限制，很多同学还在草坪、空地上进行，主要是以高远球技术为主，而羽毛球比赛各学院是有定期举行的，很多竞赛规程由学校体育部制定，以院、系为单位组队参赛编排、组织由协会负责，裁判由各单位羽毛球运动爱好者担任（主要是体育学院的学生），学生羽毛球协会能较好地协助体育部搞好比赛，起到了应有的作用，此外也有以年级、班级或宿舍为单位的自发组织比赛形式出现。

表1 我校学生羽毛球健身活动调查统计表

序号 内容 结果/%

1 您是否喜欢羽毛球运动 喜欢(70%) 一般(28.2%) 不知道(1.8%)

2 您参加羽毛球运动的活动地点 室内(68%) 室外空地(6.5%) 前两者都有(25.5%) 3 您认为羽毛球健身场地 够用(20.8%) 不够用(79.2%)

[3]

2 影响羽毛球运动开展的问题

2.1 羽毛球运动耗材大(属于“贵族运动”)，学生难以负担

当前，我校主要的消费群体是大学生，有了一定技术的同学当然想更好的进入下一步的学习,而在这过程中往往需要更多的练习,一旦练习就要消耗更多的羽毛球,而市场对好一点的羽毛球定价都在2元到3元之间,一堂课下来少的也需要两到三个羽毛球,日子久了这无疑是一笔较大的开销,对于在校没有收入的大学生群体来说无疑就增加了一种无形的负担,久而久之就不得不改变学习羽毛球的兴致甚至放弃学习。再者,一些羽毛球协会,俱乐部等对场馆还实行高额的收费租场服务,所有这些问题无疑将严重地阻碍我校羽毛球运动的广泛开展和深入普及。

2.2 对羽毛球进行健身活动的条件认识不足

羽毛球运动是一项深受广大师生喜爱的小型球类运动。由于运动器材简便，不受场地限制，两把拍子一只球，无论走到哪里或有无球网，无论室内、室外，只要有一小块空地，就能进行活动与锻炼，对特定的练习条件要求并不高，这正是羽毛球普及如此广泛的原因所在。由于受竞技比赛观念的影响，广大师生在开展羽毛球运动时，常常局限在正规的场地上进行，而且把室内场馆作为必备的条件，这是不利于羽毛球运动的开展。

2.3 羽毛球运动组织乏力

首先,我校羽毛球运动虽然有广泛的学生基础，但整体的运动水平都不高；其次，羽毛球运动或比赛的组织不够严密。我校羽毛球运动一般由学校羽毛球协会具体组织，但由于学校各方面条件因素的制约,每个协会一般控制在150人之间，这与喜欢羽毛球的大多数学生人数相比差距显著。另外,羽毛球协会毕竟是学生组织的，为此，依靠羽毛球协会开展与普及羽毛球运动是十分有限的。上面所说到的我校最常见的羽毛球比赛形式往往以年级、班级或宿舍为单位的组织形式出现。竞赛规程、编排、裁判由各单位羽毛球运动爱好者担任。无论规模还是效果都是及其有限的.而在这之前更是很少或几乎不组织这类比赛。这与学生的自发组织的羽毛球比赛就形成了强烈反差。显然这不但无益于我校羽毛球运动水平的提高,同时也在一定程度上影响和制约了我校羽毛球运动的开展和普及。

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体育学院毕业论文

2.4 学生羽毛球协会“名存实亡”，活动难以开展

学生羽毛球协会是学校团委下设的一个社团组织，由于缺乏与体育学院的沟通，协会也没有聘请体育教师进行指导，现有的场馆设施不能正常提供使用，场馆难以保证，由于缺乏组织和管理，除了校内的组织活动外，校外的活动更是少得可怜。

2.5 师资力量有待加强

对我校75名体育教师的调查发现:从事羽毛球教学的教师中，专业羽毛球教师没有，不少是兼职的，并未能真正把教学研究的重点放在羽毛球教学及普及上。在教学多元化的今天,由于羽毛球运动它不仅能较大地调动起广大学生加强身体锻炼的积极性，有效地提高身体素质，而且通过多种形式的组织与竞赛对加强学生团队精神和良好心理素质的培养都具有重要意义。羽毛球既然是我校学生所喜欢的体育项目，我们就应势诱导进一步抓好羽毛球运动的开展与普及工作。为此，针对我校羽毛球运动开展与普及所面对的问题与困难，我们必须进一步开展与普及羽毛球运动。 [4]

3 对策和建议

3.1 认真转变观念

我们必须切实扭转当前对羽毛球运动在校学生热学校冷的局面。作为学校老师，特别是学校领导应从培养身心健康的学生这一高度认识羽毛球运动开展与普及的重要意义。对体育项目开展不应有偏颇思想。无论是大球还是小球都要步调一致。必须切实树立起以人为本，以学生为本的办学理念，充分尊重学生的爱好与选择。我们只有真正转变了观念，重视起羽毛球运动，相关费用或设施才能及时到位，组织措施才会有力，学生参与才会更加积极和踊跃。进一步开展与普及羽毛球运动才不至于是一句空话。才不会失去体育运动真正的乐趣。

3.2 加大我校体育经费的投入

开展任何一项体育运动，都需要有一定经费的投入。因此，这就需要学校和上级主管部门在政策上和经费上给予支持，加大体育经费的投入,加快场地设施的建设,满足羽毛球教学和学生从事羽毛球运动的需要。

3.3 增建室外羽毛球场

受经济条件限制，可因地制宜，把目光从室内转向室外，利用校园较为避风的空地多建些室外球场，尽可能选择在学生生活区和教工生活区，提供师生课外活动锻炼时使用。

3.4 提高场馆的利用率

在确保正常教学的基础上，加强场馆的管理和使用，延长开放时间，形式上灵活多样，实行有偿健身，以馆养馆，形成良性循环。 在原有开放时间的基础上，建议早上晨练以及双休日实行有偿开放，满足参加健身活动的大学生。

3.5 改革考核制度

能客观根据学生学习体育态度，成绩提高情况，参加课外活动等情况来综合评定体育成绩。能让每个学生都能得到切合实际的评价。要充分利用体育考核的反馈调节作用调动学生的积极性。力求让学生体验体育的乐趣，解除学生考试之忧。

3.6 调整教学内容，培养学生终身体育与健康意识，养成锻炼的习惯。

现有的羽毛球教学内容和考试方法是以技术考核占80%和平时成绩占20%加起来算的。技术考核实际上是以发球考试为主,更加基本实用的动作（如扣杀）传授是非常有限,这对学生未来健身活动实效性并不强，如果在教学中多注重步法移动的练习和击打高远球技术的掌握，让学生了解在不规范的场地上如何开展健身活动，会更适合学生今后健身锻炼的需求，根据教学内容的安排，要注重培养学生的体育兴趣和爱好，充分发挥学生的主观能动性，树立终身体育思想 。

3.7 加强羽毛球协会的组织和管理

加强体育学院与协会的沟通合作，指定体育教师对协会进行指导，有计划有组织地提供学校现有场馆设施，扩大协会的规模，经常组织形式多样的竞赛活动，使协会的发展更趋完善，从中培养一些羽毛球爱好者来带动想学习羽毛球的同学，促进羽毛球运动的蓬勃开展，极大地丰富和活跃校

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体育学院毕业论文

园文化生活，使它成为联系和建立校际之间友谊的桥梁和纽带。

3.8 进一步加强教师的专业能力培养

体育老师是学校体育教学的灵魂，要提高一个项目的运动水平，就必须依靠一大批理论知识扎实、基础技术好、有着丰富教学经验和比赛经验的教师队伍，我们可以定期通过举办各种短期培训班，提高体育教师的专业知识及技术技能，加强互相学习交流，不断积累教学经验，力争多专多能尽快适应学校发展的需要，在有条件的情况下合理调配专业设置，尽可能改变现有师资专业结构比例。

参考文献:

[1] 陈占奎.怎样打羽毛球[M].北京：金盾出版社，2006.18—23.

[2] 李盛，乔婉.大众体育运动与健身[M].北京：军事谊文出版社，2006.12—15.

[3] 曾五一，顾俊杰，王晓春。南京市高校羽毛球运动开展现状与对策[J].南京体育学院学报，2002，

（5）:109—111.

[4] 冯秋明.我校开展羽毛球运动存在的问题及对策[J].五邑大学学报，2003，17(4):74-76.

[5] 翁林.高校羽毛球运动发展现状与对策[J].广西民族学院学报（自然科学版）,2005,11(3):99—101.

[6] 吴暄晔.普通高校羽毛球选项课现状调查及对策[J].科学教育论坛，2005，(4):174—175.

[7] 邓慧.对当前高校羽毛球运动开展与普及问题的思考[J].科学教育论坛，2005，(4):100—103.

[8] 贺泽江.羽毛球选项课的教学改革现状分析[J].体育科学研究，2004,8(3)：97—100.

谢辞:

感谢我的指导老师李学武副教授,他一丝不苟的作风是我工作学习中的榜样,他循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪;感谢担任羽毛球选项课的范叶飞老师对我的帮助和指点,没有他的帮助和提供资料,要想在短短几个月里学习到网络知识并完成毕业论文几乎是不可能的事情.在论文即将完成之际,我的心情无法平静,从开始进入毕业设计到论文的顺利完成,有多少可敬的师长,同学,朋友给予了我无言的帮助,在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!

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第二篇：英语专业毕业论文范文1

关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以 “选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。）

论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除）

请文学方向的参考范文2。

山东财经大学

本科毕业论文(设计)

范文1

题目： 论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用

学 院 外国语学院

专 业 英语

班 级 英语0802 （注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 学 号 2008110107

姓 名 刘 潇

指导教师 李文涛

山东财经大学教务处制

二Ｏ一二年五月

山东财经大学学士学位论文

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本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行

研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。

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学位论文作者签名：

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年 月 日 年 月 日

On Application of Conversion in English-Chinese Translation

by

Liu Xiao

Under the Supervision of

Li Wentao

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

School of Foreign Studies

Shandong University of Finance and Economics

May 2012

B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics

Acknowledgements

Upon the completion of the thesis, first of all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Li Wentao, for his enlightening guidance, incessant encouragement and careful modification throughout the process of writing this thesis. Without his patience and prudence, I could not have brought my thesis to its present form.

Besides, I am also greatly indebted to other beloved teachers in the School of Foreign Studies of Shandong University of Finance and Economics, for their valuable and informative courses which have benefited me a lot during my college years.

Last but not the least, I am also much obliged to all my friends who have helped me with my thesis.

L. X.

(名字的第一个字母)

ii

B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics

ABSTRACT

On Application of Conversion

in English-Chinese Translation

Liu Xiao

Due to the great differences between English and Chinese in grammar and expression style, translators may adopt the approaches of changing the word classes and sentence components in English-Chinese (E-C) translation. As a frequently-used translation technique, conversion enables translators to achieve a natural, fluent and accurate translation that not only conveys the original text’s information but also fits the idiomatic usage of Chinese.

The thesis consists of three chapters. The first chapter examines the conversion of word classes in E-C translation such as conversion from English nouns or prepositions into Chinese verbs. The conversion of word classes usually results in the conversion of sentence components, so the second chapter discusses the conversion of sentence components. The third chapter explores the approaches of how to convert the English perspectives into the corresponding ones conforming to Chinese culture and thought pattern.

Key words: conversion; word classes; sentence components; perspectives; E-C translation

iii

B. A. Thesis of Shandong University of Finance and Economics

摘要

论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用

刘潇

由于英汉两种语言在语法或表达习惯上存在巨大差异, 在英汉翻译的过程中, 译者往往需要改变原文的词类或句子成分。作为英汉翻译中常用的翻译技巧，转换法可以使译文自然、流畅、准确，既传达原意又符合汉语的表达习惯。

本文共分三章。第一章介绍了英汉翻译过程中几种常见的词性转换方法，如原文中的名词或介词转换为译文中的动词。词性的转换通常会引起句子成分的改变，第二章分析了句子成分的转换现象。第三章讨论了如何将英语思维视角转换为相应的符合汉语文化和思维模式的视角。

关键词：转换法；词类；句子成分；视角；英译汉

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements…………………………………………………ii Abstract………………………………………………………….…iii Abstract in Chinese………………………………………………iv Introduction…………………………………………………………1 Chapter One Conversion of Word Classes…………...…………3

I. Conversion into Chinese Verbs…………………………………3 II. Conversion into Chinese Nouns………………………………5 III. Conversion into Chinese Adjectives…………………………6 IV. Conversion into Chinese Adverbs……………………………7

Chapter Two Conversion of Sentence Components…...………..9

I. Conversion into Chinese Subjects………………………………9 II. Conversion into Chinese Predicates…………………………10 III. Conversion into Chinese Objects……………………………11 IV. Conversion into Chinese Attributes…………………………11 V. Conversion into Chinese Complements…………………12 Chapter Three Conversion of Perspectives……………………14

I. Conversion of English Impersonal Subjects…………………14 II. Conversion from the Abstract into the Concrete…………….17 III. Conversion from the Stative into the Dynamic………………17

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IV. Conversion from the Passive into the Active………………18 V. Conversion between Negative and Affirmative………………18 Conclusion…………..……………………………….……………20 Works Cited……………………………………………………..…21

如有三级标题，可以i. ii. iii. iv. 编写，为简明，建议目录中尽量不要写三级标题，正文中可有三级标题。注意各级标题大小写，确保目录中的标题、页码与正文中的标题、页码保持对应。

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注意每段的首行缩进、行距、字体、字号等要保持全文一致

Introduction

In translation we may go through many procedures to translate the text to make it acceptable for the specific communicative situation. The translating process is explained as follows:

Translation is not the transcoding of words or sentences from one

language to another, but a complex form of action, whereby someone provides information on a text (source language material) in a new situation and under changed functional, cultural and linguistic conditions, preserving formal aspects as closely as possible. (Snell-Hornby 82) 注意引语段格式

According to the explanation, in translating, a translator’s task is to convey the content and spirit of the source text and rearrange them into the target text in a smooth and logical way under the new specific situations and conditions. Additionally, we should remember that “a natural style in translating is nevertheless essential to producing in the ultimate receptors a response similar to that of the original receptors” (Ma and Miao 17). Therefore, effective translation methods and techniques are undoubtedly indispensable in translating activities. 注意文内引文规范。每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。

Conversion, as a grammatical phenomenon, has been a hot subject in the field of linguistic research. Since source language and target language are quite different in nature and use, and the target text should convey the meaning of the source text in the closest natural manner, conversion becomes one of the most effective techniques to seek in the target language the equivalent information of the source language.

A clear and correct expression of the source text is what really matters in translation, for it is crucial in translation to seek equivalence in content or information, but not absolute formal correspondence. “For most people the informative function is predominantly the major role of language” (Hu 10). A good translator will therefore employ all possible means to reproduce the thought of the author faithfully in another

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language. “Conversion has long been accepted as one of the techniques essential to improving the quality of our version” (Zhong 98), by which the mechanical translation could be avoided; therefore it enables translators to achieve a natural and faithful translation which not only offers information of the source text but also keeps with the expression habits of the target language. In this way, contents of both source language and target language are in accordance with each other, though forms may be somewhat changed.

The thesis argues that, because of the great differences between English and Chinese in grammar and expression style, conversion becomes a frequently-used translation technique, which enables translators to achieve a natural, fluent and accurate translation. In addition to Introduction and Conclusion, the thesis consists of three parts. The first chapter discusses the conversion of word classes in English-Chinese (E-C) translation. The second chapter focuses on the conversion of sentence components, which is usually caused by the conversion of word classes. The third chapter explores the approaches of how to convert the English perspectives into the corresponding ones in Chinese.

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Chapter One

Conversion of Word Classes

In E-C translation, it is difficult to get an appropriate corresponding Chinese word for an English word of the same class all the time. If each word in one language is replaced with words of the same word classes in another, such expressions would sound very awkward or even unintelligible to the reader. Therefore, effective use of word class conversion is crucial and necessary in E-C translation.

I. Conversion into Chinese Verbs

Because one of the most remarkable differences between English and Chinese lies in the use of the verb, conversion into Chinese verbs has become the basic conversion technique used in E-C translation.

i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Verb

As for English, “it seems possible to express ideas with greater precision and adequacy by means of nouns than by means of the more pictorial verbs” (Jespersen 139). That is to say, “English is a language in which nouns are more widely used than those in Chinese, while in Chinese verbs are more frequently used and occupy a dominant position” (Zhou 391), therefore some English nouns are often converted into Chinese verbs in the practical translation. 注意文内引文规范。每个文献须在文末参考书目中出现。

Specifically, an English noun which possesses the property of a verb or was derived from a verb is often converted into a verb when translated into Chinese. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 1: 使用细菌武器显然违反国际法。

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ii. Converting English Preposition into Chinese Verb

It is known that “there are about 286 prepositions and prepositional phrases in English” (Lian 50). Prepositions or prepositional phrases are so widely and frequently used in English that English is sometimes called prepositional language. Prepositions in English, which are very rich and flexible in meaning, have a great power of expression; on the contrary, the Chinese language is verb-oriented, so it is not without reason that English prepositions or prepositional phrases are often converted into Chinese verbs or verbal phrases in E-C translation. There is an example below.

Example 2: 我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。

iii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese Verb

When meeting with such English adjectives that often indicate the human psychology or state of mind, such as one’s consciousness, emotional activities and desires, translators usually convert them into Chinese verbs. Here is an example to illustrate the point.

Example 3:

Advancing into the vastness of space, man is becoming fully of the smallness of his planet. 由于进入浩无涯际的太空，人类已充分意识到本星球的渺小。

iv. Converting English Adverb into Chinese Verb

Some English adverbs, which have an implied meaning of verbs, if necessary, are often converted into Chinese verbs. The following example illustrates this point.

Example 4: 他们发现班纳特先生还没有睡觉。

v. Converting English Gerund into Chinese Verb

Gerund, also called as a verbal noun, often serves functionally as a noun but retains some properties of a verb in the original text. However, there is no such linguistic form

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of -ing in Chinese, so English gerunds are generally converted into Chinese verbs in E-C translation. Here is an example.

Example 5: 把水加热不会改变水的化学成分。

II. Conversion into Chinese Nouns

Nouns account for an overwhelming part of the vocabulary not only in English but in Chinese. Some English words, for example, which are derived from nouns, can hardly be translated literally; they are usually converted into nouns.

i. Converting English Verb into Chinese Noun

Because some English verbs describing the characteristics or properties of the subject are difficult to express in exact corresponding Chinese verbs, they are often converted into Chinese nouns so as to achieve a satisfactory translation. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 6: 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

ii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese Noun

Sometimes English adjectives are also converted into Chinese nouns for the smoothness of translation. The following is one example:

Example 7:

Everyday experience shows us that ice is not as as water and it therefore floats. 日常经验告诉我们，冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。

Generally speaking, a “definite article (the) + adjective” construction indicates people of some kind or abstract concepts, so such adjectives are often converted into Chinese nouns.

Example 8:

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他总是梦想过富人一样的生活。

Here, “the rich” referring to people of some kind is converted into a Chinese noun. Example 9: 最重要的是分清是非。

Here, “the false” and “the truth” referring to abstract concepts are converted into Chinese nouns.

III. Conversion into Chinese Adjectives

i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Adjective

English nouns are much more frequently used and contain a more extended meaning than Chinese nouns, and some abstract nouns are very closely related to their corresponding adjectives in meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to convert such kind of nouns into Chinese adjectives. The following is an example.

Example 10: 我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题很困难。

Some abstract nouns, preceded by an indefinite article, are also usually converted into adjectives in translation for a more appropriate and natural effect. There is an example below.

Example 11: 那个园会真是圆满极了。

ii. Converting English Adverb into Chinese Adjective

As a result of the conversion from some English verbs into Chinese nouns, the adverbs which modify the English verbs are naturally converted into Chinese adjectives to modify the Chinese nouns. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 12:

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他的演讲给听众留下了很深的印象。

IV. Conversion into Chinese Adverbs

There are occasions when some parts of speech in English may be converted into adverbs in Chinese in order to make the Chinese version more expressive.

i. Converting English Noun into Chinese Adverb

The conversion of English nouns into Chinese adverbs is far from being a universal phenomenon in translation. However, some good translations, as illustrated by the following one, demonstrate that the conversion of English nouns into Chinese adverbs makes a more natural and smooth translation in certain context.

Example 13: 他好心地给我指路。

ii. Converting English Adjective into Chinese Adverb

Since the English nouns may have been converted into Chinese verbs, English adjectives which modify the nouns are accordingly converted into Chinese adverbs to modify the verbs in the translated version. Here is an example.

Example 14: 我们高度地珍视同发展中国家的友好关系。

A few adjectives which modify or emphasize some nouns, if translated into Chinese, are always converted into adverbs, although this conversion is not caused by the result of conversion from English nouns into Chinese verbs. Illustrative examples are as follows:

Example 15: 你的青蛙变成王子的故事完全是胡说。

Example 16:

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他拨错了电话号码。

The above discussion reveals that the conversion of word classes is frequently used to achieve accuracy and expressiveness in E-C translation. Through conversion, English words are often translated into Chinese words similar in meaning but different in word classes. In addition, the conversion of word classes often requires the conversion of sentence components, which will be discussed in the next chapter.

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Chapter Two

Conversion of Sentence Components

It is discussed in the previous chapter that an English word is not necessarily changed into a Chinese word of the same word class in E-C translation. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximal expressiveness, conversion of word classes has become a matter of common occurrence in translation, which often results in the conversion of sentence components. This chapter will discuss the conversion of sentence components in E-C translation.

I. Conversion into Chinese Subjects

i. English Object Converted into Chinese Subject

As some objects of verbs in English are subjects of the sentences in the logical sense, they may usually be converted into subjects in Chinese so as to give prominence to the objects in English. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 17: 这种石头的相对密度是2.7。

ii. English Prepositional Object Converted into Chinese Subject

This is actually a branch of general objects which are converted into Chinese subjects. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, which is called the object of the preposition and they are often converted into Chinese subjects. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 18: 引进了新方法，产品的成本降低了。

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iii. English Predicative Converted into Chinese Subject

In English, the predicative, especially the nominal one, may be in line with the subject in terms of content. Therefore, when rendered into Chinese, such kind of English predicative is often changed into the subject in the target language so that the translation coherence is ensured or the importance of the predicative is effectively stressed. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 19: 黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。

II. Conversion into Chinese Predicates

i. English Attribute Converted into Chinese Predicate

In English, adjectives themselves can not serve as predicates; however, in Chinese, they could. Therefore, the adjective attributes in English can be changed into predicates in Chinese; accordingly, in some circumstances, the core word in the adjective phrase is turned into subject in Chinese so that the translation is smooth and idiomatic. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 20: 我方盼望与贵方工厂的交易额日益提高。

ii. English Object Converted into Chinese Predicate

In certain cases, an English verb can not be translated into the corresponding Chinese verb, while the English object conveys the meaning of action, such object or the object together with the verb may usually be converted into the predicate in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 21: 10

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物理变化不会形成新的物质，也不会改变物质的成分。

iii. English Subject Converted into Chinese Predicate

Some nouns, which serve functionally as the subjects of the sentence in the original English text but retain some properties of verbs, are often converted into Chinese predicate. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 21:

through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。

III. Conversion into Chinese Objects

Actually this kind of conversion is closely related to the passive habit in English, which is further elaborated in the next chapter. As “a kind of changed verb forms in English,” passive voice “expresses the logical verb-object relationships between predicate verb and its subject,” and its subject is “actually the receiver of the predicate-verb action” (Yan 116-119). What’s more, “the passive is especially used in English sentences where it is unnecessary or undesirable to mention the agent” (Zandvoort 53). Because sentences using the passive voice are not so common in Chinese, English subjects are generally converted into Chinese objects. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 22: 火柴燃烧时发出光和热。

IV. Conversion into Chinese Attributes

i. English Subject Converted into Chinese Attribute

Since there may be close relationship between subject and object, or the object itself is part of the subject, the subject in the source language is occasionally converted into an attribute for the sake of naturalness of Chinese. Therefore, it can be coherent in

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meaning as well as in logic despite the change in the word order. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 23: 各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。

Here, the sentence construction of the rendered version is different from that of the original, but it conveys the exact meaning in English.

ii. English Adverbial Converted into Chinese Attribute

Certain prepositional phrases, mostly adverbials of place and time, serve as adverbials in the form, but they are actually connected closely with certain nouns. Such adverbials may be converted into attributes in Chinese. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 24: 全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。

V. Conversion into Chinese Complements

It is known that, in English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases to modify verbs. However, Chinese sentences are typically concerned with the result and direction of a verb, which is sometimes referred to by Western texts as double verbs. The active verb of a sentence is followed by a second verb which indicates either the result of the first action, or the direction in which it takes the subject.

A complement of result usually indicates either an absolute outcome or a possible outcome. To illustrate, in the expression 听得懂 (“to be able to understand something you hear”), the verb听 (“to listen”) will serve as the active verb, and 懂 (“to understand”) will serve as the complement of result. Another illustrative example is as follows.

Example 25: 12

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分子间的吸引力小得可以忽略不计。

To illustrate the complements of direction, we may take as examples the two simple directional complements, 去 (“to go”) and 来 (“to come”), which may be placed at the end of a verb to indicate that it moves somehow away or towards the speaker, respectively.

Example 26: 他走上来了。

The above discussion shows that, along with the conversion of word classes, the conversion of sentence components can help achieve the naturalness and accuracy in E-C translation. Translators should be flexible in changing the sentence components. Actually, conversion of word classes and sentence components are subject to not only differences in linguistics factors but also differences in cultural perspectives, which will be analyzed in the following chapter.

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Chapter Three

Conversion of Perspectives

As discussed in the previous chapters, it is not difficult to find that conversion of word classes and conversion of sentence components are actually subject to the vast differences between English and Chinese, which often produce barriers for intercultural communication. At times people from different cultures approach the same thing from different perspectives, so it is necessary to explore the translation technique of conversion by focusing on different perspectives in English and Chinese.

I. Conversion of English Impersonal Subjects

It is asserted that “formal written English language often goes with an impersonal style, i.e., one in which the speaker does not refer directly to himself or his reader, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we” (Leech and Svartvik 25). This phenomenon is also vividly described by some scholars as “the writer and the readers are out of the picture, hiding them behind the impersonal language” (Lian 76). While Chinese are actually going with the personal style, it is necessary in the E-C translation to convert the English impersonal style into the Chinese personal one.

i. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Personal or Other Subjects

There are more impersonal subjects in English than in Chinese. Although English sentences with impersonal subjects sound objective and fair, they are often rhetorically flavored with personification or euphemism; therefore, converting English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal or other subjects is necessary in the E-C translation.

Example 27: 我兴奋地什么话也说不出来。

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Example 28: started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22000-student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match. 星期五那天，中国乒乓球队一早就到安亚伯附近去参观拥有22000名学生的密歇根大学现代校园。他们和该校学生在校内自助餐厅一起排队取午餐，然后举行了一场表演赛。

ii. Converting Impersonal Subjects and Split English Simple Sentences into Chinese Complex Sentences

In English, impersonal subjects and simple sentences are very common, but in Chinese there are fewer simple sentences. Furthermore, sometimes “English modifiers are too long to be placed before the word being modified in the Chinese version” (Xu 164), so it is necessary to convert impersonal subjects and split English simple sentences into Chinese complex sentences. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 29:

The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.

顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来，一股脑儿连人带车都冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。

iii. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Chinese Adverbials or Prepositional Phrases

Impersonal subjects lend simplicity and vividness to the English sentence. Nouns indicating time, place or natural phenomenon are often used in this kind of sentences, serving as the impersonal subjects.

Example 30: 19xx年3月，我在一家小型建筑公司工作。

Here, the subject in the original English sentence is converted into the Chinese adverbial. The form of the Chinese version is quite different from that of the English one, but the translation fully conveys the content of the source language and expresses it

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in a legible way in the target language.

Example 31: 在美国国土上，没有一座城市曾经遭受过如此严重的破坏。

Here, the subject in the original English sentence is converted into the Chinese prepositional phrase, which provides information about the place where the event happened. Thus a successful translation is achieved through the reorganization of the sentence.

iv. Converting Impersonal Subjects and Split English Sentences, Simple or Complex, into Chinese Compound or Run-on Sentences

As we know, a compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences. Additionally, a run-on sentence in Chinese refers to running together of two independent clauses without a conjunction or even punctuation, though the so-called run-on sentences are considered as incorrect forms in English. “As Mr. Lv Shuxiang indicates, there are many run-on sentences in Chinese spoken language, with one small sentence after another, and even many parts can be broken” (Wang 141). Therefore, by means of conversion, we may convert English impersonal subjects into Chinese personal ones and split English sentences, simple or complex, into Chinese compound or run-on sentences.

Example 32:

The happiness — the superior advantages of the young woman round about her, gave Rebacca inexpressible pangs of envy. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)

丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么福气，享受种种优越的权利，却又说不出的眼红。 v. Converting Impersonal Subjects into Chinese “Extra-position Elements” In Chinese, sometimes, two words or phrases which mean the same are put apart in two places, with one as the sentence composition and the other outside the sentence, and the outside one is often a pronoun called extra-position. Nevertheless, this phenomenon is not frequently seen in English. Therefore, some elements of English sentences are usually converted into the extra-position in Chinese, as is shown in the following

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example.

Example 33: reached at Helsinki has earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people everywhere. 他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内侵犯基本人权，这已受到各地热爱自由的人们的谴责。

II. Conversion from the Abstract into the Concrete

“An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of the verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and insensibly induce a habit abstraction, generalization and vagueness” (Gowers 79). English people are good at abstract thinking, and therefore, abstract nouns are more frequently used. Chinese people, however, pay more attention to image; so a large number of concrete images are used to illustrate abstract concepts.

Just as noted by Flesch, “while English people fill their talk with masses of empty syllables and words, Chinese keep their feet on the ground and says everything in the most concrete, specific words. They have to; there are no other words in Chinese” (15-16). Therefore, conversion from the English abstract into the Chinese concrete often seems necessary. Here is an illustrative example.

Example 34: 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。

III. Conversion from the Stative into the Dynamic

Chinese tends to use verbs in the case of activity. On the contrary, English is more prone to employ more nouns, especially abstract nouns, prepositions, adjectives, gerunds and some other means to replace verbs and express the meaning of action.

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Broadly speaking, nouns can be characterized naturally as “stative” in that

they refer to entities that are regarded as stable, whether these are concrete or abstract. At the opposite pole, verbs can be equally naturally characterized as “dynamic”: they are fitted to indicate action, activity and temporary or changing conditions. (Quirk 48)

Actually, this section can be regarded as another examination over the contents of the first section in chapter one, which analyzes the conversion from other English word classes into Chinese verbs. Another representative example is given here.

Example 35:

The originality of these buildings lies in the of advanced building techniques. 这些建筑的创新之处在于使用了先进的建筑技术。

IV. Conversion from the Passive into the Active

Although active and passive voices are used in both Chinese and English, the frequencies they present themselves in the two languages are quite different. “Our massed, scientific, and bureaucratic society is so addicted to the passive voice that you must constantly alert yourself against its drowsy, impersonal pomp” (Baker 121).

The passive voice is quite common in English, but not in Chinese. Chinese language carries with it a strong personal consciousness. Action in a sentence is done by the subject “man,” while “things” or “objects” generally do not take the place of the doer or the agent. The third section of chapter two has illustrated that the conversion from English subjects into Chinese objects is closely related to the passive habit in English. Another illustrative example is as follows:

Example 36: 有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。

V. Conversion between Negative and Affirmative

It is often seen that what is affirmative in English may correspond with something negative in Chinese, and vice versa. Native speakers of English have their own way of

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expressing negative implications, which is quite different from that of the Chinese. In E-C translation, one has to base the translation on the source text and produce the idiomatic target one.

i. English Negative Converted into Chinese Affirmative

The negative form is more common in English than in Chinese. The main function of negative sentence is to strengthen the positive expression. Here is an example to illustrate this point.

Example 37: 虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。

There is another special branch of English negative form — double negation. “Double negations make one affirmative. Negatives such as no, not together with no, but, without, unless, until and so like illustrate an affirmative meaning” (Li and Peng 100). The following is one example:

Example 38: 任何规则都有例外。

ii. English Affirmative Converted into Chinese Negative

Such cases are also found in a relatively wide range of expressions, in which what is affirmative in form in English means something negative in Chinese.

Example 39: 他们的思想和感情不外露。

The above analysis shows how the conversion of perspectives works in E-C translation. Conversion of perspectives, which reflects different thinking patterns and cultural backgrounds, is one of the most important techniques leading to adequate translation. It can be seen as one of the most effective measures to seek the equivalent information of the source language in the target language. In this way, a faithful translation is achieved by focusing primarily on accurate conveying of ideas rather than mechanical change of linguistic forms.

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Conclusion

It is stressed that “translation theory’s main concern is to determine appropriate translation methods” (Newmark 19), and this thesis has made a relatively comprehensive study of the major translation technique — conversion. Analysis and examples in the above chapters show convincingly that, the greatest enemy to an appropriate and readable target text in E-C translation is the rigid adherence to the syntax of the original language. Various kinds of conversion methods, such as conversion of word classes, conversion of sentence components and conversion of perspectives, are eventually aimed at the accuracy and expressiveness of the target text.

A good translator aims to make the source text’s meaning accurately understood by the target readers. Therefore, the effective transfer of the original content or spirit should be prior to that of the original form or structure. Conversion, as one of the most fundamental and crucial translation techniques, can help translators break away from the rigid bound of the source language, avoid mechanical and unacceptable translation, and achieve a natural and accurate translation which not only conveys the source language’s information but also fits the expression habits of the target language.

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Works Cited

Baker, Sheridan. The Practical Stylist. 6th ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

Flesch, Rudolf. The Art of Plain Talk. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946.

Gowers, Ernest. The Complete Plain Words. London: Penguin Books, 1987.

Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam: John

Benjamins, 1987.

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