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药物滥用

Over-utilization of Pharmaceuticals

In the area of antibiotics alone, the most prominent problem has been the over-utilization of drugs. The Center for Disease Control, for instance, estimates that 1/3 of the antibiotics taken on an outpatient basis in the United States are unnecessary. Increasing use of antibiotics is linked to the increase of their resistance by bacteria; in the United States, 14,000 people die each year from drug-resistant infections picked up in hospitals. In terms of healthcare costs, the rising use of pharmaceuticals has profound consequences. From 1993 to 1998, for instance, annual drug expenditures in the U.S. nearly doubled from $50.6 billion to $93.4 billion, most of the expenses being borne by third-party payors. Total spending on prescription drugs doubled from 1995 to 2000 and tripled from 1990 to 2000, constituting one of the main factors driving up health care expenditures overall.

Eat less to live longer

If there were a drug that helped one live a long life, almost everybody would buy it. Indeed there is such a drug. It is moderate eating.

Some scientists have proved this by experiments on 200 monkeys on eating less. However why is it so? Here is a discussion.First, it relieves the gastric system of burdens of too much protein and fat. The burden may resides in intestines and gives way to toxin and ** substances. The substances harm the CNS and accelerate aging.Second, it prevents brain metabolic disorder caused by satiety. Satiety multiplies some cells that induce ~ and shorten supply of oxygen, and blood to the cortex, which in turn shorten one’s lifetime.Third, Satiety damages cells, which accelerates aging process. This is caused by too many free radicals that damage, cause ** etc and quicken aging.Fourth, long term satiety results in obesity, diabetes,** etc.

Actually, there were some theories and therapies on moderate eating, which should be advocated today.

To conclude, for our health and longevity, please eat less.

Drill Sample 1

With the increasing involvement of the public healthcare, health education is becoming more and more important increasingly. In some Western countries, vigorous, overall and multi-level health education has proved cost-effective in preventing and treating expensive and almost incurable chronic noninfectious diseases. It can improve the health all the citizens as a whole. Some scholars even claim that whoever master health education master their own health and destiny. Both WHO and China have prioritized nationwide health education and called for more public involvement in it.

What should China do for its health education? First, China’s health education suffers from little attention and investment, chaotic management and lack of teaching resources. Experts propose that to meet people's needs for health education, a rational nationwide health education network be soon established and such a specialty be opened in medical schools and more such teachers be trained. Second, China should establish its deplorable community health network and service. WHO proposes that everyone enjoy professional health care and education from birth to death. Besides, health education needs doctors’ cooperation. They should not only diagnose and prescribe but offer advices as health educators. Various health education services such as psychiatric centers, children problem centers, etc. should be put up.

To conclude, more attention, investment and people should be involved in China's health education.

Drill Sample 2 Trend in the 21th Century Medicine

In this essay, the writer sums up 6 trends in modern medicine in the 21th century predicted by scientists.

Molecular biology will lead medical disciplines. Biotech and biomedical engineering will become the leading medical technology, evoking more developments in other medical fields.

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Medicine will play a greater role in the society and become socialized instead of more specialized.

The medical mode will change its present biological mode to a biological- psychological- social mode.

The traditional purpose of medicine is only to treat and cure patients and prolong their lives. However, in the 21th century, the purpose of medicine will include prevention and healthcare, treatment and cure, remedy of pains and agonies of illness, prevention of early death and promotion of euthanasia.

There will be 10 breakthroughs in the 21th century medicine, including genetic engineering, successful transplant of most human organs, satisfactory treatment of 75% of cancers, longer lifespan, effective treatment of cardiovascular and genetic diseases, more preventive vaccines, optional gender conception and birth, better bionic artificial organs, breakthroughs in brain research and worldwide network of medical information.

Drill 3 Sample

Weather condition is one of the important factors that constitute our living environment. Weather condition and its changes can affect/influence not only human physiological health but also psychological health.

Researchers have found that favorable weather can please and excite people and improve their efficiency whereas unfavorable weather can make people unhappy, gloomy, listless and even cause mental disorders. Studies show that hot, wet and rainy weather is unfavorable to man’s psychological health. A WHO report indicates that the EI Nino in 1982 and 1983 caused about 100000 cases of hypochondria and other mental disorders in the world and worse, more traffic accidents.

Although low temperature weather is good for the mind, man’s mental status might fluctuate and become abnormal when the temperature comes up. Rising temperature may even cause a rise in crime rates, said some reports.

Rainy season can make people lazy, listless and put them into low spirit. This is caused by rising secretion of certain chemicals in the body.

To conclude, weather condition has a significant effect on human being’s psychological health. This has caused the attention from psychologists, behaviorists and management experts and some precautions have been taken against its bad effects.

Drill 4 Sample

Personality, character in broad sense, includes temperament, quality, ability, aura, hobbies, etc. Modern science finds personality is closely related to health. This article is a brief discussion of this relationship.

Scientists discover that people with a competitive, quick temperament are likely to have cardiovascular diseases and those often pressing their anger are susceptible to hypertension, whereas some other people might suffer from ulcers. Simply speaking, people of different personalities are susceptible to different diseases.

Scientists also think that despite that genetic qualities form the basis of personality, the development of personality usually depends on later environment and education. Some inherently outward people might become introvert and depressed due to some strong excitement or defeats, or vice versa.

Actually, personality and health affect each other greatly. A healthy, cheerful and optimistic personality is good to health while a weak, pessimistic one might influence one’s personality.

In conclusion, as personality and health are closely related to each other, we should try to improve our personality to be a cheerful, optimistic and healthy one if we want to enjoy a better health.

Drill 5 Sample

Doctor-patient relationship in psychiatric therapy

Doctor-patient relationship in psychiatric therapy is unique. It is a brand new one, close and constructive. It can be helpful and contributive to the therapy.

Such a new connection is based on 3 basic demands. First, the doctor shouldn’t criticize the patient. Such an 2

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impartial attitude can help the psychiatrist understand what the patient whereas a condescending or critical approach can be harmful to the treatment. Second, don’t make choices and decisions for the patient. Otherwise, his independence, initiative and potential cannot be fully utilized. Third, the doctor must be impartial and keep a balanced distance from the patient and all the sides in their inner conflicts.

It also helps the doctor understand the patient if they are on good terms, this intimacy has to be maintained, which helps both the doctor and the patient in the long run.

The relationship is regarded as constructive in that it helps the doctor and the patient understand each other, strengthens the latter’s self-confidence and dignity, self-reliance and tap his potentials.

To conclude, for better effects, a new kind of relationship between the doctor and the patient should be established in psychiatric therapy, which should be intimate and constructive.

Drill 6 Sample

Behavioral Prescription, a new drug

It is said that one’s happiness is determined by his physical and psychological fitness. One’s state of mind or mood can be regulated/readjusted by bodily behaviors as some experts point out. This is called “behavioral prescription”, which involves laughter, crying, sports, dancing and singing. Here is a discussion of this prescription.

The method has been proved by modern science to be effective. It is found that crying can reduce psychological stress as it releases some harmful chemicals from the body. On the other hand, laughter can improve one’s immunity by increasing a favorable chemical in the body. Besides, when laughing, muscles in our internal organs move more actively. Scientists also find that dancing and gymnastic exercises can be more effective for some chronic diseases of the aged than medicinal therapy. The crazy stress from life and work of today can cause some psychologically abnormal behaviors and symptoms, which, can also be relieved by following behavioral prescription instead of instruments or medicine.

To conclude, behavioral prescription, a new medical concept, is more and more popular with both doctors and patients and will have a brighter future.

Drill 7 Sample

There has been a [psychological phenomenon almost everyone has had. It is called “conformity complex”. This article is a discussion of it

What is conformity complex then? It occurs when one is affected so much by others or peers that he gives up his own idea or opinion and conforms to other’ idea or behavior. People tend to do so when pressed by others. For example, it is easy to change one’s mind when shopping with friends or companions. The complex can be divided into two kinds: conformity to what others think and say, and the other is following suit. But both are somewhat blind. Here is an example. Once, one or two persons began to run for some reason of their own. Before long, others began to follow them and ran. Onlookers didn’t know what happened but they too began to run in the end, resulting in a running crowd.

In a word, conformity complex is an act of following suit blindly and without independent thinking. It has both negative and positive sides of its own. If we can overcome its negative aspect and rationally utilize its positive aspect, we can improve our social morale and customs for better social order.

Drill 8 Sample

What should we be cautious about after SARS

With the SARS epidemic ebbing, people are becoming less afraid of it. However, isn’t there anything we should be cautious about to prevent crisis like this? An expert with Peking University pointed out that there are many diehard unhealthy habits we should get rid of for this purpose.

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First, get rid of our stubborn unhealthy habits. For example, we should learn to wash hands after going to restroom, shopping, counting money, etc. At dinner, we should have a separate portion of food instead of sharing from common dishes to avoid contacting each other’s saliva. We should protect wild animals rather than eat them. A lesson from the SARS is that abuse of wild animals may result in human contraction of bacteria or viruses from wild animals.

Second, public healthy morality and ethics should be strongly advocated. People should refrain from smoking in public, littering, spitting, etc. SARS epidemic indicates that insecurity in public health has endangered our health and life.

Third, health education should be promoted on a large scale, especially among farmers. It can distribute health knowledge, help improve the population’s physical constitution and help prevent diseases and especially infectious diseases by strengthening cooperation between health educational agencies and hospitals.

Conclusively, it is urgent that we get rid of our old and bad sanitary habits and form new and healthy habits to prevent the spreading of infectious disease like SARS.

Drill 9 Sample

Since 1960s, despite rapid advances in medical therapies and technologies, man’s total death rate hasn’t decreased/dropped. Instead, it has somehow risen. Researchers think this is due to our bad/unhealthy life style.

Studies found that bad life style includes habits such as smoking, drinking, drug abuse, overeating, etc. deaths caused by diseases related to these habits account for 48% of all the deaths. Therefore, it is very important to live in a healthy manner/style/way. Besides, self-health-care, health education, etc. should be promoted all over the country.

There is one mistaken idea among people about medical care. That is the over-dependence on doctors for people’s health while ignoring their own role in healthcare.

In conclusion, in this age of life style, people should depend more on themselves, a healthy life style and self-healthcare than on doctors for a long, happy and healthy life.

Drill 10 Sample

It has long been discovered that colors can affect mental and physical health of human beings and have some curative effects on diseases. Medical experts have long been trying to use colors in clinical treatment and have made some remarkable progress.

Modern scientists have revealed that colors can affect human beings psychologically, physiologically, chemically and physically. For example, the color blue can have a calming/sedating effect, and orange, a warm color, a pleasing effect. More importantly, green is good for the nerves of the eye. It can also be used to lower one’s skin temperature, slow down heartbeat and blood circulation, to name just a few. Some doctors have applied white to lower/decrease blood pressure, and amber to create an ideal curative environment for patients with mental disorder, and brown to help post-operative patients heal/recover more quickly.

Colors have been proven to be useful clinically by many doctors and are being applied by more and more doctors.

Drill 11 Sample

In this essay, the importance of humanistic spirit to community health service is discussed. A humanistic and patient-oriented rather than doctor-oriented approach should be adopted by community health service, general practitioners and hospitals, which can help improve their medical service quality.

Actually, all the health-care reforms should also be carried out in the holistic, social and humanistic way of community health service. Doctors and general practitioners should not de-individualize their relationship with patients. Instead, they should take their patients as individual human beings rather than objects, showing real concern and responsibility. In this way, some common mistakes made by doctors could have been avoided. In fact, some 4

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diseases can be treated by doctors’ heartfelt and human concern instead of nonchalantly prescribed medication. In this aspect, general practitioners in Japan and the United States have set a good example of real concern over their patients. Their painstaking effort has brought about remarkable drop in disease mortality, incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, etc.

To be short, a humanistic spirit should be carried out throughout medical education and community health-care system. In this way, we can cure not only bodily defects but also mental and behavioral disorders and thus eventually improve people’s health to a greater extent.

Drill 12 Sample Traditional Chinese Medicine Excels Itself

Faced with increasing incidence of AIDS and number of HIV carriers in China, the combat against AIDS, h*** plagued by lack of medicine for AIDS and the high cost of treatment. It is in this difficult combat with the epide***. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has excelled itself.

Since 1990s, China has established many TCM institutes and projects on AIDS. Recent years see TCM outpatient *** specialized in AIDS and some clinical diagnostic kits and techniques have been developed and applied clinically. TCM servic*** treatment are provided for high-risk AIDS areas and for poor people there. Besides, more TCM professionals have joined the a*** against AIDS and some research and discoveries have been made.

More importantly, some pharmacological discoveries have been made. About 70 TCM drugs have been developed that can inhibit HIV to some extent. Some TCM patent medicines, clinically verified, can activate T cells, NK cells and improve immune functions and inhibit HIV directly.

Conclusively, TCM treatment of AIDS is effective for AIDS and has many advantages but little side effects. If further and greatly supported by the government, the society and all walks of life, TCM will contribute more to the curb of the spreading of AIDS in China.

Drill 13 Sample 老人健康饮食为先

Aging usually brings about many functional recessions such as indigestion, hypertension, arteriosclerosis and other metabolic dysfunctions. However, scientists find that these hypofunctions are actually caused by irrational diets or eating habits. This article discusses this problem and solution to it.

First, balanced diet with more vegetables than animal food is especially good for the old people. Second, ess staple food and less salt in food should be suggested for the aged because over-consumption of these two can lead to cardiovascular diseases. Third, more bean food can replace proteins such as eggs and fat as sources of protein. Fourth, light food should be taken in instead of fat and oily foods which usually contribute to cardiovascular diseases. Finally, doctors always advise people eat more fruit to regulate their digestion, metabolism and cardiovascular balance.

In a word, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.

Drill 14 Sample

Do you know that sound, light and colors affect us emotionally? They do, health experts say.

First, sound affects us. Long presence in a soundless environment causes gloom, depression, and dysphoria whereas a noisy and raucous environment causes stress, frustration and anxiety. Melodious and beautiful music calm and relax upset patients, especially pregnant women and joyous and exciting music cheer up gloomy patients.

Second, light affects us too. Dim light causes cachexia and absent-mindedness. In winter, with short daylight, it is easy to become dispirited and absent-minded. A survey found that traffic accidents happen more frequently between 6 and 8pm than in other parts of the day, probably because the dim illumination distracts people. In bright light, people tend to be concentrated, cheerful and thus less accident happens.

Third, so does color. Red excites people, blue calms, black displeases and threatens. A bridge in London used to 5

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claim many people killing themselves by jumping from it. After an investigation, a scientist thought the black color of the bridge was to blame. But his advice was ignored until ten years later when government painted the bridge blue. Miracle happened. The number of suicides on it promptly dropped by 56.4%.

Obviously, sound, light and color do affect people’s feelings greatly.

Drill 15 Sample

Nowadays, more city people are becoming aware of “subhealth”. The problem is characterized by panic, short breath, listlessness, dizziness, headache, insomnia, etc. But it’s hard to find anything wrong by instruments in these cases. If you have these problems, you are subhealthy, or have Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Surveys indicate that many white-collar workers or intellectuals have various subhealth symptoms. Some clinics have been established in some Chinese cities, which are devoted to psychiatric massage for patients in subhealth.

Subhealth is usually caused by overloaded social information which causes chronic excitement and thus subhealth pathological basis. Obviously, it is a gray condition between healthy and unhealthy conditions, a disorder of the body and mind. Experts think the high risk factors causing subhealthy conditions are related to the unhealthy life style and behaviors of the modern people, such as high tempo of life, stress, smoking, drinking, lack of exercise, etc.

Since females are more susceptible to CFS than males, doctors suggest that they keep calm. Prevent constipation, speak less and keep warm in cold seasons.

Simply put, subhealth is not a disease but a physical and mental disorder, caused by too much work pressure, hurried pace of life and sedentary life. To overcome it, relax yourself and live in a healthy and active style.

Writing Drill 3 A Blind Zone in Child-Nutrition (97年题)

This article reveals a mistaken idea in child-raising which deserves correcting. Most parents take it for granted that children should eat more animal foods such as chicken, meat and fish than grain food because the former are far more expensive and the more expensive the food is the more nutritious it is. However, this is, in fact, a mistaken idea which has led to malnutrition among many city kids. This is indicated in a survey recently made in Shanghai.

What parents don’t know is that carbohydrate in grains, starch and sugar, the main and most inexpensive nutrient for energy supply, is of equal importance in metabolism. The energy it supplies is the main source of calories in human bodies, about 60% of the total amount of calories. If there is a lack of calories provided by carbohydrate, protein and fat will be used up to provided the heat and thus can’t play their original roles in the body. Consequently, it results in a retarded development in the children and even malnutrition.

Apparently, the solution to the problem is to provide kids with a well-balanced food containing protein, carbohydrate and many other nutrient, none of which can be done without.

Writing Drill 4 (98 FATMD)

In the past several years, many Chinese college students have come to accept psychological consultation (PC) they used to reject. In 1994, many students didn’t care to think about consultation while in 1996, over 90% of 2132 students in a survey answered the related questionnaires carefully. Pc is now gradually accepted by college students in china.

Surveys indicate that 70-80% college students have psychological problems and 20.3% have such obstacles. There have been reported on many severe cases resulting from misunderstanding and lack of PC. In view of this, many universities in Nanjing have set up psychological healthcare service for students. Many students have corrected their misunderstandings about PC and bravely asked the consultants for help, which has greatly helped them overcome their mental obstacles. Even some military cadets have begun to consult experts for advice. Experts point out that prompt consultation can prevent mental problems from developing into obstacles, mental illnesses and even suicide.

University psychological consultation, young as it is, has made remarkable progress and grown into a unique 6

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course in universities. Though it contributed to students’ healthy grown, it still has a long way to go to be fully understood and appreciated by both students and faculties.

Writing Drill 6

Recently, more attention has been paid to a behavioral prescription for various mental and physical diseases. It includes laughter, sports, dancing and even crying. These methods have different functions.

Laughter activates over 80 muscles. In laughing, smooth muscles in organs contract and help improve digestion. Crying can give vent to harmful chemicals in the body accumulated by stress. Sports and dancing can relieve chronic illness such as bronchitis, back pain, diabetes, etc. that medication alone can’t do.

Many diseases of today are caused by bad mental conditions, work and stress, family problems, etc. Medication doesn’t usually effect in these cases because it doesn’t treat the cause of the ailments. Behavioral prescription, with its physical and mental massage like sports and dancing, can help patients stay off the cause of their diseases. Therefore, it as advocated by many doctors and health experts.

It is expected that behavioral prescription will applied more widely as an effective therapy in the near future.

Writing Drill 7 Smoking and Health

It is not until recently that smoking has been firmly proved to be hazardous to health. It irritates the throat and respiratory passages. It sometimes leads to poor appetite, nausea, short breath, and irregular heartbeat. More importantly, smoking is associated with chronic and fatal diseases of respiratory tract. Evidence shows that smokers are more likely than nonsmoker to develop cancer of the lung, throat, tongue, and jaw, emphysema and bronchitis as well. As a result, many nations have made enormous efforts to warn people of the dangers of smoking.

While smoking, particles of tobacco tar and smoke slow down the work of cilia. The tar collected in the lung can cause cancer. Moreover, nicotine in tobacco can be stimulating by affecting various centers on the medulla oblongata region of the brain. It can affect other physiological processes that in turn affect the respiratory center in the brain. It can also influence other centers that slow down the action of the heart, constrict the arteries, and cause vomiting.

In brief, smoking does nothing but harm to people’s health. Therefore, smokers of any age or kind should try to give it up.

Writing Drill 9 Handwashing and Health

Hospital infection is one of the causes of morbidity and mortality. The risk of transmitting pathogens by the hands of health care workers (HCWs) is increasing big today. A simple and effective way of prevention is handwashing.

But it is found that HCWs don’t always wash their hands before and after patients contacts. Semmelweis, a Viennese doctor in 1847, believed that high puerperal fever rate in some wards was caused by the hands of some medical students. He ordered that all students wash their hands with chlorinated lime before and between all patients contacts. As a result, the rate fell sharply. His method was used by some other hospital but his beliefs were ignored largely at that time.

I the 1980s, a government health organization recommended that handwashing be imposed. But it has not been well complied, even in ICUs, despite some efforts to improve compliance. The traditional handwashing practice has not been changed yet.

HCWs have their own excuses for the resistance, such as no time, skin irritation, etc. Some say they have done it but surveys prove otherwise. With more multidrug-resistant pathogens on the increase, HCWs have to know that handwashing means health. HCWs wash your hands before or between patients contacts.

Writing Drill 10 Dangerous Factors in Maturing

On their way to adulthood, adolescents are faced with many dangerous factors. These may include sexual 7

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encounters with HIV carriers, violence, mental and sexual abuse, drug abuse, smoking, as well as the negligence from the adults.

What can doctors do to make the teenagers’ world a safer place? Perhaps we should first call for attention from the medical profession to the long ignored needs of teenagers. Some critics suggest that adolescent medicine become a medical subspecialty for more and proper attention to teenagers’ needs. Of course, there are some difficulties such as policymakers’ focus on more general practitioners whereas adolescents are poorly served by the medical community.

Adolescent care is lacking because the medical community feels uncomfortable about treating teenagers. Medical researchers have also neglected adolescents, even in AIDS research. Nor has adolescent medicine assumed its rightful pace in medical schools. Even in pediatric training and academic journals, teenagers’ problems and needs are often neglected.

Adolescents deserve primary care that is attentive to their special needs. The best way is to encourage policymakers to be interested in adolescent medicine. One of the ways for this is to require most medical students and trainees to master the skills needed to treat teenagers.

Writing Drill 14 Psychological Care of Medical Patients

There are more and more physically ill people accompanied by psychiatric morbidity, which can be physically and mentally harmful if not treated promptly and properly.

However, there is a lack of psychological care of these patients, which has to be addressed in no time. There are some cost-effective treatments for psychiatric disorder in physically ill people. But few hospitals arrange formal services for these patients, which may not be efficient in the future. Some health service reforms have also affected the formerly cooperative relationship between psychiatrists and general hospital doctors. Pressure on beds in both psychiatry and general medicine makes the already difficult task of caring for patients with coexisting mental and physical illness harder. Besides, increased consumerism and heightened awareness of coexistence of mental and physical illness adds to demand for relevant services.

In view of this situation, some British psychiatrists and physicians suggested that doctors and nurses learn to identify mental problems in their patients and offer psychological care and refer for psychiatric help. In their report, they also provided some relevant knowledge and approaches to treatment and psychiatric services.

Writing Drill 16 Alcohol and Hypertension

Doctors in the past used to wonder whether alcohol is associated with blood pressure. Since 1915, many studies have firmly documented that excessive alcohol may induce hypertension.

Acute intake causes a slight increase in cardiac output whereas chronic excessive intake increases blood pressure. The pressor effect of alcohol is intensified in fat and old people and those who are introverted or under high stress. It usually develops within a few days of excessive intake and recedes within a few days of abstinence. Statistics show that alcohol is associated with 5%-11% and 33% of hypertension in developed and less developed countries respectively.

People who drink a little a day have a lower rate of cardiovascular disease. Conversely, heavier drinkers usually have a higher rate of hemorrhagic stoke. If 1 or 2 drinks a day does no good, don’t drink beyond that level or reduce the intake. Alcohol-induces hypertension can usually recede within a few days if alcohol intake is reduced.

Moderate drinkers don’t have to stay away from alcohol. But since excessive intake usually causes hypertension, abuser should reduce it. By doing so, they can probably improve their hypertension; at least, they will be protected from other effects of excessive intake.

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