The reading describes a discovery of a fossil and states that researchers have proved the finding of actual animal tissues through study. The lecture in the listening, however, raises serious counterarguments against the statement in the reading, which, as the professor asserts, is very skeptical.

To begin with, the professor believes that the soft, flexible substance found in the fossilized leg bone is not necessary to be the residue of blood vessels. Instead, the organic material inside the channels can be something else. For example, bacteria are creatures that live inside fossilized bones. So, according to the professor, it is very likely that the substance is organic traces left by bacteria.

Moreover, being doubtful about the examination results from the microscopic study in the reading, the lecturer says that similar spheres with dark red centers were found in many ancient animals that lacked red cells. Since the fossil is 70 million years old, the origin of the spheres could be something else, such as reddish minerals, rather than red cells.

Thirdly, as for the suspicious finding of collagen depicted in the reading, the professor raises serious doubts against it. This is because collagen cannot last longer than one hundred thousand years whereas the age of the fossil is over millions of years. Even if the biochemical material was collagen, the source of the material could not be determined. It could be far more recent. For example, the researchers who examined the fossil might have left collagen of their skins on the bone. This is exactly one of the reasons why the speaker challenges the reading passage.

 

第二篇：TPO托福综合写作

In the lecture, the professor states that salvage logging is harmful to a damaged forest and to the economy which casts doubt on the main idea of the reading passage that salvage logging is beneficial to a damaged forest and economy.

TO begin with, the professor argues that removing the dead trees does not create the right condition for fresh growth which refutes the viewpoint presented in the article that salvage logging makes room for fresh growth immediately. According to the professor,

without the dead trees, the soil may does not have the nutrition for the growth of new trees. This directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates.

Furthermore, the author claims that salvage logging helps minimize the dangers of insect infestation and makes contribution to the death of the forest ,whereas the professor does not agree with it. In accordance with the professor, the dead trees can be used by birds and other helpful insects which make contribution to the growth of the forest. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally contrary to the belief in the passage that

salvage logging has economic benefits and create additional jobs for local people, the professor asserts that the benefit is small and not lasting long. In order to demonstrate his perspective, he provides us with the evidence that the jobs created are temperate and the workers need more training because they work outside.

TPO3

in the lecture, the professor states that the painting of a woman in indeed is a work of Rembrandt which casts doubts on the main idea of the passage that there are problems with the painting suggests that the paint could be not created by Rembrandt.

To begin with, the professor argues that the collar is not original of the painting because it is on the top of the painting. It is highly possible that people want to increase the value of the painting so they add the luxurious collar. This repudiates the viewpoint presented in the article that Rembrandt made a mistake of inconsistency of his painting.

Furthermore, the author claims that the light and the shadow of the painting are not perfectly fit, whereas the professor disputes it. In accordance with the professor, on the original painting, the woman

wears a light collar so it reflects the light in the painting. Exactly in the original painting, the light and the shadow are fit. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that the painting is on a panel which made of several pieces of wood glued together, the professor asserts that the original painting is on one panel. Besides the professors points out that the wood used for this painting is the same with another painting which is created by Rembrandt.(234) TPO4

In the lecture, the professor states that some scientists have some problems about the view that dinosaurs are endotherms which casts doubts on the main idea of the reading passage that dinosaurs are in fact endotherms.

To begin with, the professor argues that the polar region was much warmer than it is today which repudiates the viewpoint presented in the article that only animals that can maintain a temperature well above the temperate of the polar region could be active in such cold climates. According to the professor, dinosaur can live in the polar region because of the warmer climate. And even when the climate is too cold to make a live, the dinosaurs can immigrant to other warm places or hibernate.

Furthermore, the author claims the fact that the legs of dinosaurs are

under their bodies indicate they are endotherms, whereas the professor disputes it. In accordance with the professor, for dinosaurs it is not to run efficiently but to hold more weight to have legs underneath the body. So it is sensible for dinosaurs have legs underneath the body. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that the the presence of Haversian canals in bone shows that the animal is an endotherm, the professor asserts that dinosaurs have grow edges on their bones which indicates that dinosaurs don’t grow rapidly in all seasons. To demonstrate his perspective, the professor provides us the evidence that the narrow and wide edges on the bones show the slow and rapid growth of dinosaurs in different seasons. However the endotherms animals always grow rapidly even when in cold seasons.

TPO5

In the lecture, the professor states that none of the theories about how the buildings were used were convincing, which cast doubt on the main idea of the passage.

To begin with, the professor points out that even if the outside of the building were much like the apartment, however the inside of the buildings indicates they were not used as residential because there were not enough fireplace for cooking. If there were people living in the

buildings , there had to be fireplace. Even in the largest room, the fireplace was only enough for ten families. This repudiate the viewpoint in the reading passage that the buildings were used as residential.

Furthermore, the writer argues that the buildings could be used to store food, however the professor dispute with it. In accordance with the professor, from the excavation there were no remains of maize or containers. If the buildings were used to store maize, there should have remains of maize and containers. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that the buildings could be used as ceremony centers, the professor asserts that the evidence was not supportive. According to the professor, there were many other material left such as the sand, stone, construction tools which were used to build the buildings, so the pots could also be used to build the building. Beside the professor says that the pots could be left after they were used by construction workers.

TPO6

In the lecture, the professor disagrees with the main ideas of the passage.

To begin with, the professor argues that it is impossible to find any material without errors on line. Besides even the traditional

encyclopedias have mistakes which casts doubt on the idea of the passage that Traditional encyclopedias are no mistakes.

Furthermore, the writer points out that unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers fabricate, delete, and corrupt information in the encyclopedia, whereas the professor disputes it. To demonstrate his perspective, the professor gives two ways the deal with the problem. Firstly, the format the information gives others no change to change it. Secondly, there are special editors who monitor the change of the information and illuminate the mistakes. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that the communal encyclopedias focus on trivial and popular topics, the professor asserts that it is because there are enough space to put various kinds of topics. In the past, there is no enough space, so the traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

TPO7

The reading passage mainly wood companies in the United States are not likely to adopt this new, and ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification. However the professor states that the reasons in the passage are somewhat unconvincing. He casts

doubt on the passage’s ideas for the following aspects.

To begin with, it is said in the passage that Americans would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label because they are exposed to so much advertising. However the professor asserts that Americans don’t treat all advertisement the same. They distinguish between the advertisements claimed by company itself and those claimed by independent agencies because they have confidence in the independent agencies. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Furthermore, contrary to the belief in the passage that customers would not like to buy the eco-certified wood because of they are more expensive, the professor argues that price will be one of the factors affecting people’s purchase behavior only when the price between different products is huge. However the price between eco-certified wood and normal wood is small, so customers will buy the eco-certified wood. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally, the reading says that American wood companies sell most of their products in the United States so it is not necessary for them to keep up with the rest of the world. However the professor points out that since customers are willing to buy eco-certified wood, if American companies don’t provide them with eco-certified wood,

many foreign wood companies would flood into the market of America to offer this kind of eco-certified wood.

TPO8

The reading passage raises doubts about the accuracy of the memoir written by Chevalier. However the professor states that the memoir is accurate and reliable which casts doubt on the main ideas of the passages.

To begin with, it is said in the passage that Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant so he could not be rich. However the professor asserts that it is not true. According to the professor, Chevalier spent a lot of money on parties and gambling. He had to sell first to get money. It took days to convert his assess into money. This is the first place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

Furthermore, contrary to the belief in the passage that memoir cannot possibly capture conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred, the professor argues that Chevalier kept notes of the details of the conversation. He referred to his notes when writing the memoir. So it is quite possible to remember exact phrases from conversations held many years earlier. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Finally, the reading passage says that it is likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. On the contrast, the professor points out that according the document of the prison, they repaired the cell after Chevaliers escaped from it. If Chevaliers didn’t escape by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof, why bother to repair the cell?

TPO9

The reading passage mainly talks about advantages of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine and why it can replace the internal-combustion engines. However, the professor does agree with that internal-combustion engines do have the problems stated in the passage, but the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine is not a solution. To begin with, it is said in the passage that hydrogen is easily available and renewable and cannot be easily be used up, while the internal-combustion engine depends on the petroleum which we will run out. However the professor asserts that water is not the form the hydrogen can be used. It has to be purified from water. It is quite difficult to purify hydrogen from water and to store it. It has to be kept in cool places which use a lot of energy. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates

Furthermore, contrary to the belief in the passage that hydrogen can

deal with the pollution problem, the professor argues that it takes a large amount of energy to purify the hydrogen from water and this purifying process in which the coal or oil is burned produces a lot of carbon dioxide and other toxic chemicals. This is another place where the professor disagree with the writer.

Finally, the reading passage says that hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine is much more efficient that internal-combustion engine, so people will spend less money to operate it. On the contrast, the professor points out that the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine is very expensive because it needs a kind of rare and expensive metal. And the research on the substance to replace this metal is not quite successful till now. TPO10

The reading passage says that pollution hypothesis may more likely account for the reason why otter is declining. However the professor states that predator is the main cause which casts doubts on the passage’s view.

To begin with, it is said in the passage that oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemicals were found along the Alaskan coast which indicates pollution is the main cause. However the professor asserts that there is no dead otter ever found in the sea. If the otter is killed by the pollution, there should be some dead otter. This phenomenon can explain why the predator is the main cause because predator will definitely take the otter

after they kill it.

Furthermore, the reading passage says that the fact that seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicates pollution is the main cause because it always affect the whole ecosystem. However the professor points out that there are only small animals available there if the number if otter is declining, they have to change their diet. It is highly possible that the declining of otter results in the decreasing number of other animals.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter declining, the professor argues that the location the predators live in can also explain this phenomenon. She says that the predators are not likely to be in shallow and rocky regions, and in those regions, the population of otter does not change.

TPO11

The reading passage mainly talks about the disadvantages of people reading less literature. However the professor states the views in the passage are somewhat unconvincing and casts doubts on it for the following aspects.

To begin with, it is said in the passage that nothing else provides the intellectual stimulation that literature does. However the professor argues that science books, history, and political analysis is also of high

quality and they can be as creative as novels and cam stimulate people’s imagination. Don’t assume someone who is not reading literature is not reading a good book. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Furthermore, contrary to the belief in the passage that diverting time previously spent in reading literature to trivial forms of entertainment has lowered the level of culture in general, the professor argues that there is plenty of cultural material is written. Music and films are important to our lives. Non-literature form does not mean low cultural standard because the cultural is changing into many forms and some can impress us more directly than literature does.

Finally, the reading passage says that there are lots of outstanding writers at this time and poor standards of today's readers lead publishers to invest less in literature. On the contrast, the professor points out that the readers should not be blamed for this but sometimes it is the writer’s fault because the literature nowadays tends to be too difficult for readers to understand. There is not much reason to suppose the early reader will read much today’s literature. This is another place where the professor disagrees with the writer.

TPO12

The reading passage mainly talks about Jane was the subject in a full-length portrait of a teenage girl. However, the professor states that

the ideas in the passage are not at all convincing and the evidence can hardly support the view that Jane was the subject.

To begin with, it is said in the passage that Austen’s family used the portrait as an illustration in an edition of Jane’s letters and claimed the girl in the portrait was just Jane. However, the professor asserts that the letters were published in 1882 and it was 17 years after Jane’s death. The Austen’s family don’t see Jane themselves and they don’t know for certain whether the teenage in the portrait was Jane or not. This directly contradicts what the passage shows.

Furthermore, the reading passage says that face in the portrait clearly resembles the one in the Cassandra’s sketch which indicates Jane was the subject. On the contrast, the professor points out that the Austen’s family was pretty large, and many of Jane’s cousins were teenagers around the relative time. Some of these teenagers can resemble Jane. In fact many experts believe that the true subject was one of the relatives. This is another place there the professor disagrees with the writer.

Finally, contrary to the belief in the passage that the style of the portrait was another indication, the professor argues that the samples underneath the portrait show the pieces of wood on which the portrait was painted on was sold by William. According to the professor, William didn’t sell that in London when Jane was in his teenage.