新东方戴云:托福写作圣经

The longer the better! 黄金规则一 ⑴ 每一个论点都要有理由

⑵ 每一个理由都要有例子

⑶ 每一个例子都要有细节

Best structure

Best sentences

Best words

Longest Possible

表我认为的词:

I feel/think/hold/claim/believe/deem/maintain/reckon/argue/assume that… In my opinion

From my point of view

From my perspective/angle

As far as I am concerned…

I hold/share the opinion/belief/position/standpoint/idea that…

As I see /view /perceive the problem/ question/ issue/ case/ discussion/ argument/

controversy…

My view point/belief/opinion is that...

Use same meaning to express same sentence:

1. The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated/denied/ignored/doubted

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. Nothing is more important to B than A B cannot live/develop/grow/survive without A A plays an important role/part in B A means a lot/a great deal/much to B A matters/counts to B A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper/water is to fish/the heart is to a human.

8.

9.

10.

11. A is of great/amazing/enormous importance/significance to B A is important to B A is everything/the whole world to B A is essential/significant/crucial/critical/vital/indispensable fundamental/basic/elementary/rudimentary/underlying to B

To expand a sentence

To augment a simple sentence, to add word around 15, 25, 35, try

harder to use different grammar structure, for instance, 同谓语,插入语,非谓语结构,各种从句,并列结构

Kinds of altering for each sentence

1.

2.

3.

4.

开头的变化( n. inf. Prep. P.p. v-ing. 代词 . 从句. 词组.) 结尾的变化 长短句的变化 主被动的变化

⑴观点选择 给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面,要求支持其中一个观点或者观点的一个方面。

Do you agree or disagree with the statements: parents are the best teachers

带有绝对性的题目,驳论更好写

⑵比较对比类 给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面,要求进行比较论述,并给出个人观点

It has been said,” Not everything that is learned is contained in books” compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?

⑶自定义类 考试频率最低、难度最大

You have the opportunity to visit a foreign country for two weeks. Which country would you like to visit? Use specific reasons and details to explain your choice.

给出一个范围或论题 要求自己确定观点并论述、正面反面都可以写

1. 比较对比类 30%

2. 观点选择类 70%

3. 自主定义类 0%

总结

1. 比较对比类的标志词汇:compare, discuss, than

由观点选择类转为比较对比类

1)增加论述客观性和说服力

2)减轻论述己方理由的压力

3)衬托出作者论点的优势

4)增加字数(开头、结尾和主体)

2008-12-01

1+1

支持面的理由两点充分论述

2+1 (A型)

支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到亮点简略论述

自己选室友还是学校决定?

1.

2. 可以选兴趣相同的,如喜欢打#9@k的 可以选习惯相同的,比如爱干净,环境会更好

3. 学校决定的不了解,会有冲突,需要时间沟通 2+1 (B型)

支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述 快速决定永远是错误的

1.

2.

3. 有些决定不需要长时间考虑 有些决定可以凭经验做出 有些时候必须快速决定

2-1 (吐血推荐)

2-1 ( A型)

支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述 例子:现场观看表演比看电视好

1.

2.

3.

2-1 (B型)

讨论点的优点两点充分论述+讨论点的缺点一到两点简略论述 看电视提供交流时间和场地

看电视提供交流素材

但是:

花费大量时间,影响交流

意见不合,影响情感,影响交流 电视风清楚:有讲解,有不同角度摄影,有精彩回放。 看电视费用低,更安全,更轻松。 虽然气氛好,可能见到明星,可能有偶遇。

20年后人们做饭时间会减少

正面因素:

虽然人们会压力更大,更忙(工作压力,学习压力) 高科技产品帮忙(冰箱微波炉)

负面因素:

更重视健康(营养,休闲)

更重视家庭(交流,团聚)

2-1方案

可以先写2, 也可以先写-1

建议:先写2, 再写-1

折中方案

在不同的阶段

在不同的年龄

对不同的人群

为不同的目的

例: 住在大城市还是小镇

年轻时——住在大城市(成功机会多、时尚、交通便利) 年迈时——住小镇(生活费用低、环境好、压力小)

住校内还是校外

自己学习还是跟老师\一群人一起学习?

要高新但长时间工作还是低薪但短时间工作的工作? 你愿意自己玩还是跟导游玩?

各种题型的框架

观点选择类——1+1, 2+1, 2-1, 折中

比较对比类——2-1, 折中,

自主定义类

人称

论证说理部分使用第三人称

涉及个人情况时使用第一人称

表达个人观点时使用第一人称

尽量使用复数形式的第三人称,避免he\she的出现 不要使用第二人称

主题句

必须是陈述句

必须表明观点

每段都有主题句

通常位于段首或段末

2008-12-05

段落的实现

例证法

⑴例证法 每个理由后面必须同时有例子 每篇文章至少两个例子

提出论点-列举事例-分析事例-得出结论-(重述论点)我认为-因为我觉得-比如说-你看

举例之后 一定要强调这样的例子不胜枚举?

Abraham Lincoln

口号4:例证法是万法之母

提出论点——列举例证——分析例证(给出细节)——得出结论——(重述论点)

注意:1. 时态和人称 2. 要简洁,扣紧主题

我们的口号5:每个论点都要有理由,每个理由都要有例子,每个例子都要有细节。

我认为。。。因为我觉得。。。比如说。。。你看。。。

例证法分两种:

1.

2.

OR

1.

2. 举事件为例 举物品为例 举一例进行详细分析 举多例进行简略分析

例子的功能:

1. 一例与多例一样

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 物例与事例一样 真例子和假例子一样 本人例子和别人例子一样 中国例子和外国例子一样 名人例子和普通人例子一样

例子:

1. 科技发展带来便利——比如:微波炉——使生活更便利

味道保存更好:更好享受美食

避免油烟:更健康,更环保

控制火势:适合不同食物的烹饪

热得快:节省时间

可以定时:腾出时间作别的事情,更安全

2. 科技发展带来好处——微波炉使做饭更健康,冰箱使食物保存得更新鲜,手机使我们联系更方便,电脑事我们获取更新资讯更及时,汽车使我们的出行更便捷——科技发展使生活更便利。

我们的口号6:要事实,更要雄辩!

引出事实和常识的套语

There is no doubt that…

There is much evidence that…

History\ our life \ our society abounds\ is filled with examples to demonstrate the

viewpoint that…

Everybody may find that…

Who is going to deny that…?

No one can deny that…

Obviously\ apparently\ clearly

It is obvious that…

As everybody may see\find(后面不可以加that)…

We are always aware that…

We may easily find that…

2008-12-10

引出事实和常识的套语

There is no doubt that…

There is much evidence that…

History\ our life\ our society abounds\ is filled with examples to demonstrate the viewpoint that…

因果法

提出论点——提出原因——分析条件(如果这样会有什么好、坏处,而这正是我们说需要、担心的)——得出结果

Lead to/result in

result from

Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of For 表示“因为”时不能放在句首

Because/for/since/as

As a result/outcome/consequence of

In consequence/in the end/consequently

Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副词)

So(连词)

给观点时间:为什么呢?

给事实时间:那有怎样呢?

※ 同意建工厂——有利人们生活便利——如果建工厂——人多——要购物吃饭——建商店和饭馆满足要求——当地人吃饭购物便利

※ 反对建工厂——噪音大,危害严重——如果建工厂——人员多,机器响,车辆鸣——噪音大——学生不能学习,科研人员不能思考,老人不能休息,病人不能康复——危害很大

※ 工业发展坏处明显——不利健康——工业发展需要大量氟利昂——导致臭氧层被破坏——人体被紫外线直射——容易得皮肤癌——健康受损

分类法/并列法/拆分法

总论点

1. 分论点一

1)在a方面

2)在b方面

3)在c方面

2. 分论点二

3. 分论点三

1. 医疗

医疗人员素质

医疗设施

医疗机构分布密度

保健知识、意识和资讯

2. 交通

交通设施(信号灯、斑马线、人行道、过街天桥)

交通工具(汽车、地铁、的事、火车、飞机、汽车、自行车)交通通畅状况和交通意识

公共交通发达

3. 科技发展带来好处

在工作方面(教师、医生、商人、科研人员、工业、农业、服务业)在学习方面(学外语、学历史、学生物、学地理)

在日常生活方面(衣食住行)

比较对照法(整体、分项比较)

整体比较:A: a1, b1,c1 B: a2,b2,c2

分项比较:a1,b1 a2,b2 a3,b3

整体比较的好处:写起来容易 整体印象完整 缺点:两者对比不鲜明 分项比较的好处:两者对比特别鲜明 缺点:零碎的印象,大量的重复 Interweave 交织.

如何实现对比:

I. 因果推论可以对比

不同条件导出不同结果

II. 例证可以对比

i. 物例可以对比,有它没它结果不同

ii. 事例可以对比,同一个人的不同做法

iii. 结果不同,不同人的不同做法,结果不同

定义法

衔接手段

使用连接词和短语(表示并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例)使用代词

使用语意粘连

2008-12-18

口号7:一切皆可拆,无所不能拆!

常用的词汇和结构

表示第一项:

First, to begin\ start with, first of all, in the first place; on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost

表示另一项:

Secondly, in the second place, on the other hand, besides, furthermore, additionally, in addition, moreover, equally important is, also, too, another 表示最后一项:

Last but not the least, most important of all, finally, thirdly, another point\ reason that we shall never forget is, in the end

段落框架

主题句——分论点一——例证(解释)——分论点二——例证(解释)——分论点三——例证(解释)——结论

主题句(解释)——举例——分析例子——对比反面情况——结论 论点的确立

答案:好(分)论点=符合基本社会规范+自己有把握比较特长的+容易展开的

(分)论点不能触及政治敏感点。

(分)论点不能脱离实际生活。

(分)论点不能涉及宗教争端。

“万金由” 黄金规则二

健康和安全(营养、放松心情、缓解压力、食品安全、生活习惯、身体伤害、体育锻炼:早操、眼保健操、游泳、球类;生命、财产)

健康:Keep healthy\ keep fit\ in shine\ in facial conditional\ robust\ energetic\ vigorous

身体:Health

安全:security\ safety

营养:Nutrition

放松心情:Relax

缓解压力:release\ relive\ reduce(看电视、电影、睡觉、锻炼、玩游戏、旅游、跟家人交流、养鱼)

食品安全:Food safety

生活习惯: Life style\ habit

身体伤害: hurt\ injure\ injury

体育锻炼:Physical exercise\ sports\ fitness activities

早操:Morning exercise

眼保健操:Eye exercise

游泳:Swimming

球类:Ball games

生命:

财产:fortuning\ worthy\ property

便利(节省(浪费)时间、时间灵活、交通、休闲、娱乐、健身、吃喝、购物、教育、医疗)

便利:convenient\ convenience\ easy\ have easy access to

节省(浪费):Save (waste)

时间灵活:flexibility\

交通:Transportation

休闲:Recreation

娱乐:Entertainment\ amuse\ funny

健身:Fitness activity

吃喝:Eating

购物:shopping\ purchases\ window shopping\ online shopping\ on sale 医疗:Medical service\ treatment

教育:education\ training

经济(就业、失业、职业、农业、工业、服务业、工资、收入、支出、效益、税收、旅游)

经济:economy\ economic\economical

就业:employment\ job hunting\ job hop跳槽

失业:Out of job\

职业:career\ profession\ vocation\job\ work

农业:agriculture\ farming

工业:industry\ mine\ manufacturer

服务业:Service

工资:wages\ salary

收入:Income

支出:expenditure\ spending\ expense

效益:profit\ gross

税收:tax\ contribute tax缴税\ collect tax收税

国家收税作用:1.基础设施建设 2.保护环境、植树造林 3.发展文化、教育事业 4.帮助弱势群体

旅游:tourism(1.提高就业率 2.促进相关产业发展:餐饮业、旅馆业、手工业、运输业 3.增加税收 4.提高知名度,吸引投资 5.促进文化交流)

Traveling (1.减轻压力,放松心情,振奋精神 2.career preparation 3. Increased knowledge 4.new experience)

交流(交友、集体活动、与家人、朋友、同学、同时、领导等交流) 交流:communicate\ sociable\ social skill

交友:Make friends

集体活动:Group activities

同事:Colleague

人多人少都不错

人多——交友多,会交际

人多——力量大,成功易

人多——合作精神,宽容精神

人少——多交流,交真朋友

人少——自由灵活——便利

人少——独立精神,能干

2008-12-22

幸福与情感(激情、兴趣、亲情、友情、爱情、乐趣、好恶)

幸福:

情感:Feeling

激情:Passion

兴趣:hobby\ interest

亲情:

乐趣:

好恶:favor\ like dislike

成功(成就感、荣誉感、财富、自信、竞争、潜力、动力、压力) 成功:success\ successful\ made it\ get it\ materialize\ worth\ value\ 成就感:Sense of achieve

荣誉感:Sense of horror

财富:property\ wealth

自信:confidence\ build\increase\establish confidence 建立自信 竞争:compete\ competitive\

潜力:Potential

动力:motivation\ motivate

压力:pressure (动力和压力同时存在,互相转换)

环保(生态平衡:沙漠化,砍伐森林、沙尘暴,干旱、洪水)、动植物的保护、环境污染:废弃物、水、空气、光、噪音、辐射、酸雨)

生态平衡:Balance of ecology

沙漠化:Desertification

砍伐森林:deforest\ the forest area is decreasing\ reducing\ declining\ shrinking 沙尘暴:Sand storm

干旱:Drought

保护: protect\ safeguard

废弃物:waste\ rubbish\ garbage

辐射:Radiation

酸雨:acid rain(酸雨的危害:1.损毁植物,尤其庄稼,农民利益受损,物价上涨 2.损坏建筑物,尤其文物,文化资料和信息丧失 3.破坏水源,影响人畜健康)

品格:(能干、聪明、合作、坚忍不拔、勤奋、独立、负责任、宽容、体贴、谦虚、诚实)

品格:Character

能干:able\ competent

聪明:clever\ smart\ intelligent\

合作:cooperate\ work tighter\ collaborate

坚忍不拔:persevere\ perseverance\ hold on\ persist

勤奋:diligent\ hard work\ working hard

负责任:Responsibility

宽容:Tolerate

体贴:Considerate\

谦虚:Modest

国家与文明(公益:慈善事业,志愿者、人与自然的和谐、文明的传承和发扬)

国家:Nation

公益:public

黄金规则三 重述语意的技巧

⑴使用同义词进行替换

⑵使用同根词进行替换

Oppose-opposition

Build-building

Announce-announcement

Explain-explanation

⑶使用短语进行替换

(Support) argue for/vote for/be in favor of

(Oppose) argue against/vote against/object to/be opposed to ⑷使用全新的表达法进行替换A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community.

------A large factory is supposed to built near the community according to the announcement issued by a company.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this new influence on your

community.

------There is a growing awareness of both the positive and negative influences that the construction plan brings to our community.

黄金规则四 黄金句型 priceless sentence patterns

超酷超炫超难句型大比拼

注意:主题句 尽可能2-1格式 细节提升

每个段落开头

1.强调句(1-2)

2.

The more?the more (1-2)

The more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmonious the relationship in the family between us is. (只要涉及交流都可以用)

3.倒装句(2-3)

①So?that?. 以至于

so big is the classroom that it may hold ten thousand people. So fast does he run that the train could n’t catch up with him. ② As?as(more?than?) 比较结构

I run as fast as he did-----I run as fast as did he.

③表示地点、位置、范围、处所的状语或表语提前至句首

My sister is among those students.----Among those students is my sister.

④分词或形容词短语提前至句首

主语(+定语)+be+形容词/过去分词/不及物动词现在分词+介词+名词 主语(+定语)+be+及物动词现在分词+n.

E.g. Contrary to/coincident with the opinion of many people is my heartfelt (忠心的) objection to/agreement with the idea that students should study together with classmates. Those people/parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success are satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job. ------------Satisfied with/contented with/interested in/worried about/opposed to their children finding a high-paying and long-working job are those people/parents who hold the opinion that money is the only symbol of success

Arguing for those students living outside the campus are those people who hold the opinion that independence is the most critical characteristic of a university student

⑤形容词+though/as+主语+谓语+主句

Rich though he is, he is unhappy.

Though the advantages (that owning a business enjoys/leads to/results

in) are considerable/wonderful/numerous, they cannot compete with the benefits (that working for others brings about/causes), when/if responsibility is taken into consideration/deliberation/account. Though the advantages that living in outside the campus enjoys are considerable, they cannot compete with the benefits that living in inside the campus brings about, when safety is taken into consideration. (通常用在第一段的最后一句话提出文章论点和理由,2-1文章的承上启下部分或文章的结尾) ---------------------------- considerable though the advantages that living in outside the campus enjoys are, they can not compete with the benefits that living in inside the campus brings about, when safety is taken into consideration.

⑥表示否定的副词或短语+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分 No/not/never/Neither/nor/ (全部否定)

seldom/rarely/barely/scarcely/hardly(部分否定)

In the first place,in addition

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

On the contrary, in contrast

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

to my joy\delight\satisfaction\ surprise\astonishment\amazement\ regret \disappointment,

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

of course,

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

for instance\example,

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

in fact, as a matter of fact

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

To be sure, to sum up, to tell the truth,

新东方戴云托福写作圣经

to start with,

I am sure, I believe\wonder\suppose, it seems, as I see it, what is important (serious) , I’m afraid, it is said

语言的雕琢

聪明的 clever brilliant smart intelligent wise genius bright talented gifted quick-witted quick-minded ingenious

非常 very extremely extraordinarily highly unusually pretty considerably remarkably amazingly astonishingly surprisingly impressively noticeable

notably

著名的 well-known famed noted celebrated renowned eminent Enjoy a nation-wide/world-wide fame/name/recognition/

Celebrity/eminence /reputation be widely recognized acknowledged 关于 regarding concerning involving as regards relating to with respect to with regard to with reference to with relation to E.g.: Concerning this issue, as far as I am concerned,

I think you are very famous and clever

From my point of view, you are extraordinarily well-known and intelligent.

文章中禁止使用的项目

About ,get ,famous, clever, very, lovely, good, bad, big, many, important

在每个名词前,试图加上一个形容词;在每个形容词前,试图加上一个副词

词汇选择的标准

Understandable

Acceptable

Correct

e.g. a slim/ample opportunity

take care of yourself

Playwright(剧作家)

Gain/obtain/accumulate/acquire knowledge(获得知识)

Appropriate

Exact

Idiomatic (合乎语言习惯的)

Interesting

如何审题:

确定题目的类别(题材/题型)

确定切入点,寻找绝对词汇(never/only/anything/best)和其他带有限制性含义的词语(形容词、介词短语)

列提纲时间短于两分钟

简短提纲=观点+理由+闪现的句子和名言

开头1

背景+论题+各方观点和理由+作者论点和理由

具体方式:

(背景)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过渡+作者观点+作者理由 开头段写理由的好处

使作者清楚文章的框架,便于预期和理解

加深读者对文章内容的记忆

限制作者的思维,使作者能深入思考理由和例证

显示语言变化能力

增加数字(黄一)

怎么写背景

提出一种普遍现象或值得关注的现象(紧扣论题)作为背景; 官方、权威数据,调查研究结果

过渡表达方法集锦

On the contrary\ in (by) contrast

Nevertheless\ nonetheless\ however

开头2

事例+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者观点和理由

1. 媒体(电视,电台,报纸,杂志和网络)的报道

2. 朋友,邻居,同事的故事

开头3

问题+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者论点和理由

把背景用问题方式提出;

连续提问(煽情式提问)。

开头4

引语+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者论点和理由

主题句

必须是陈述句 必须表面观点 不要直接写事实 由观点到事实! 态度必须坚决 每段都要有主题句 通常位于段首或段末 结尾

总结全文(论题和各方观点)

+重述论点和理由

+提出建议、解决问题、深化意义

把对方的优点移植到己方,把己方的优点移植到己方,把己方的缺点消灭掉,提出实施方案和注意事项

深化意义=展望未来+对国家社会的好处

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