1.健康[health, energetic, vigorous,]和安全（safety, security）（营养[nutritious]／放松心情relax,缓解压力 release, relieve, refresh（振作，振奋）身体素质physical quality, physical condition, health condition/食品安全food safety／生活习惯habit／身体伤害hurt, physical hurt, injury, wound, ／体育锻炼exercise, physical exercise, sports, sporting activities, fitness activity／早操 do morning exercise／眼保健操eye exercise／游泳play ball games, ／球类／生命life／财产property, wealth, fortune,

Replace pressure

2.便利(人员，设施，分布，信息)convenient, convenience, have easy access to, facilities(便利的设施)［浪费waste, wasteful, time-wasting, time-consuming节省save时间time-saving, money-saving, power-saving, energy-saving］／时间灵活flexibility, flexible／交通（交通设施traffic facility（信号灯traffic light, signal, 斑马线zebra line，人行道pavement,

sidewalk，过街天桥flyover, overpass，【层次感，从便利，到交通，到交通设施，到安全等】），交通工具vehicles, traffic

means，subway, metro,交通通畅状况traffic jam, rush hour，交通意识，提供公共交通public transportantion的时间早晚）transportation, traffic／休闲recreation, diversion／娱乐

entertainment, entertaining, amusement／健身fitness activity／吃喝eating, drinking, dining, food.／购物（许多购物场所，质量保证，服务好，展开）shopping, purchasing／教育(许多教育的层次，可展开)education, schooling(学校教育), self-taught, life-long education, training／医疗，医疗人员doctors, nurse, medical staff的素质，医疗设施medical equipment, medical facility，医疗机构agency的分布密度，保健知识保健意识保健信息medical service, medical treatment, medical care With easy =easily have easy access to

Online shopping

3.经济economy, economic, economics, (节省的economical, thrifty),（资金money, fund, capital, investment, invest(用可以替换use)/就业employment, employment rate, unemployment, employment agency, (婚介dating agency）／职业profession, career,

vocation, occupation, work(不可数), job分类teacher, lawyer, doctor,／农业agriculture／工业industry／服务业service／工

资salary, wages(只能复数)，／收入income, earning,

revenue(机构，家庭)／支出expense, expenditure, cost,

payment, spending／效益profit, net interest, net profit(净利润), gross profit（毛利润）,／税收tax, collect tax, contribute tax任何行业都有税收，在投资／旅游业tourism比traveling更加专业事业/）

? 增加税收

1. 基础设施建设

2. 改善环境

3. 帮助需要帮助的人

4. 发展科技

? 旅游业

1. 提高就业率

2. 促进相关产业

3. 增加税收

4. 提高知名度

5. 促进文化交流

6.交流communication, 互动interact，interaction, social activity, 善于交际的sociable,交友技巧interactive skill,

community skill, (技巧)technique, social skill 网友net friend网上聊天（高科技，电脑，因特网，文化，商业，隐私，安全，信息）/交朋友make friends(只有复数) with somebody／交流的内容/集体活动(要注意拆开，就能显得详细，具体)picnic, barbeque, games, traveling, party, 交流的时间导致交流的深度和广度／风俗custom习惯 habit，是交流的目的，障碍，内容/和家人的交流／朋友／同学／同事colleague, co-worker, working partner ／领导?? 很多的交流活动/

? 无敌交流推论之人多人少（大公司，小公司，大城市，小城市，和导游，和自己，多人学习，单独学习等都是围绕人多，人少的）：

? 人多好：

1. 可以和很多人交流，锻炼自己的交流技巧

2. 人多交很多朋友，得到很多帮助，学到很多东西

3. 学到宽容，合作的精神，态度

? 人少好：

1. 更深入的交流，交到真朋友

2. 自由灵活，不用考虑别人的状况

3. 独立精神，越来越能干

? 推论交流多了：

1. 友谊就更加深厚了，友谊是人生幸福的源泉，人会更幸福

2. 交流多了，朋友多了，学到更多东西，得到更多帮助，成功就容易哦，为成功打下更多基础。

3. 交流多了，交流技巧就好，和谐的人际关系，有助于获得成功。

托福的许多推论的最终目标是成功和幸福。

但是在托福作文中只要推到万金油就可以了，把题目的论点推到这里的万金油方面，再进一步细化深入。

6.5 幸福happiness/情感, emotion, feeling, sentiment/激情

passion, passionate/兴趣interest, hobby, pastime, orientation/亲情affection, family relationship, family love/友情/爱情/乐趣joy, fun/好恶like and dislike, personal preference, personal choice, personal taste, personal style/

6.8成功success, succeed, make it/实现目标realize our dream, realize one's life goal, maximize the value of one's life， win the (fierce/ heated/ bloody/ 残酷的brutal/ )competition成就感 a sense of achievement /其他各种感觉，荣誉感，责任感，后悔感，内疚感，归属感，失落感a sense of honor， a sense of responsibility, a sense of

regret， a sense of guilt, a sense of belonging, a sense of loss, a sense of humor/

幽默感：放松压力，有利于被人交流，有利健康，自信confidence in, ，态度

竞争competition, competitive, compete,

动力motivation, motivate/压力stress, stressful, pressure, 动力和压力是互相转化的。/喜欢就是动力，不喜欢就是压力。（和优秀的人在一起，住大城市，住小城市，上大学，自己学习，和大家一起学，动力/压力）

7.万能理由 Career preparation/increase knowledge/new experiences

8.环保environmental protection 生态平衡the balance of ecology, the balance of nature, the ecological balance, the harmonious relationship between human and nature／沙漠化

desertification, the area covered by the desert is expending rapidly, crops and people are damaged more and more

seriously, ／砍伐森林deforest, the area covered by the forest is decreasing rapidly.／沙尘暴sand storm／烟雾smoke, fog, smog/干旱fraught／洪水flood, 厄尔尼诺现象El Nino／动植物的保护animals, plant, protect, 保护safeguard／环境污染pollute, pollution, contaminate, contamination：废弃物／水／空气／光／噪音noise／辐射radiation, 看电视，使用手机都有辐射／酸雨acid rain坏处：腐蚀建筑物/污染水源，鱼类死亡，藻类死亡，人类不健康/毁坏庄稼，农民收成减少，收入减少/臭氧层 Ozone layer/紫外线 ultraviolet ray

酸雨的危害：毁坏植物，尤其庄稼，农民利益受到损失，物价上涨。损坏建筑物，尤其文物，文化资料和信息丧失。破坏水源，影响人类健康。

9. 品格virtues, 有点merits, quality, characteristics,

personality/有经验的 experienced, skillful, veteran,

sophisticated, weathered,/没有经验的，新手freshman/能干capable, capable of doing, capability of doing, able, ability to do(注意后面接的动词形式), powerful, competent, ／聪明clever, smart, bright, brilliant, gifted, talented, quick-minded, sharp-minding, intelligent, wise, ingenious, 天才genius／合作

cooperate, cooperation, collaborate, collaboration, be full of team spirited写了一个词后，对主题句进行解释下。／坚韧不拔persevere, perseverance, 形persevering, persist, 形persistent, ／上进，有抱负aggressive, ambitious, enterprising/勤奋，形hard-working, 名hard work, Hard work leads to success. diligent, industrious, 工业的industrial／独立independent, self-reliant, rely on oneself／负责任responsible, have a strong sense of responsibility ／宽容tolerant, tolerance, tolerate／体贴considerate, consideration, thoughtful／谦虚modest, ／诚实honest, /乐观optimistic, optimist/悲观

pessimistic, pessimist/勇敢brave, courageous, gallant, bold, intrepid/善良kind, kind-hearted, good will.

? 挑3-5个品格如何帮助我们成功，谁因为这个品格得到好处，怎

么才能培养品格

10.科技science and technology, 当动词有名词使用名词而不用动词的ing形式the development of science and technology（前面有the，后面没有the），教育与培训（科技的发展［电脑，电视，卫星man-made satellite, 机器人robot冰箱fridge,

icebox/手机mobile phone/微波炉microwave oven）/知识的积累accumulate, accumulation/效率efficient, efficiently, efficiency

? 高科技产品本身有什么好处，它是怎么影响我们人的生活 ? 卫星：天气预报，看电视，国土资源，国防，探测，通讯 ? 机器人：

1. 高新艰任务：快速计算，紧密仪器使用，实验，脑眼手术（紧密操作）

2. 重复的操作让机器人装配线上

3. 危险的工作：太空，海底，家务

4. amusement跳舞，娱乐

? 手机（功能可以移植：电脑，因特网，电视，从父母，书上，老师，朋友，学校）内容可移植性

1. 电话，短信，照相，音乐，录音，闹钟，笔记本，上网，游戏，字典

11.国家与文明 公益：慈善事业，志愿者 ，人与自然的和谐，文明的

词语替换

公司：company, business, enterprise, corporation, firm

建造：build, construct, establish

优势：advantage, merits, strengths,

劣势：drawback, weakness, defect, shortcoming

大：massive, enormous

宣称：claimed, declared, announced,

希望：want, hope, expect, anticipate

影响：impact, 名effect, affect,

环境：community, neighbor,

倾向：support doing, choose to do, favor doing, advocate doing, prefer to do A rather than driving, prefer doing A to doing B

短语替换：

支持：argue for, vote for, back up, be in favor of=support

反对：argue against, vote against, object to doing, be opposed of=oppose

点，方面：point, aspect, respect,

有益：benefit, beneficial,

破坏性的：destructive, devastating, jeopardize, catastrophic,

句子替换：建工厂有很多好处。

? To build a new factory near our communities has many advantages.

? The construction of a new factory near our neighborhood is enormously advantageous. (Disadvantageous)

? A company has announced that it wishes to build a large factory near the community.

? A large factory is supposed to be built near the community according to the announcement issued by the company.

用在开头：

construction our community.

我绝不嫁给你：

I will never marry you.

Never will I marry you.

Building a factory near our community is the last plan that I agree with.

Never will I agree to build a factory near our community.

I can suffer everything but the noise produced the factory near my community.

Under no circumstances, on no account, by no means, in no case, in no time, will I agree to build a factory near our community.

最常用句型集

举例

例子多

We may cite a common example of...

History abounds with examples of

To the already familiar evidence abundant further evidence may be added.

The case is not isolated, it is typical of dozens that I have encountered.

There is sufficient evidence that in favor of...

引用报告

One recent survey conducted by scientists reveals/indicates/demonstrates that...

According to a recent survey, it can be learned that...

According to the statistics released by a Hong Kong research institution,...

其他

We must accept the undeniable/indisputable fact that...

There is absolutely no reason for us to resist/reject that...

优缺点比较

The advantages of A carry more weight than those of...

The advantages of A outweigh any benefit we gain from A. Superior as A is, it brings its own problems too.

A enjoys enormous advantages...

When the advantages and disadvantages of... are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is self-evident.

They may be right about... but they seem【缓和绝对语气的好词】to neglect/fail to take into account the fact that...

观点比较

Contrary to generally accepted ideas, I argue that...

Although the commonly accepted belief is that... a recent survey indicates that...

It would be natural to think that... but it would be absurd【荒谬的】 to claim that...

开头句子：

类型一：

When it comes to..., quite a few people claim that..., but other

people regard this issue differently.

类型二：

There is a public debate nowadays about..., those who criticize/object to doing... argue that... They believe that..., but people who advocate/favor that..., on the other hand, argue that.... 类型二：

Recently, the issue of... has been brought into public attention. 类型三：

In recent years, there is a widespread concern about...

类型四：

According to a recent survey conducted by Hong Kong scientists,

结尾句子：

类型一：

From what has been discussed above, we can safely reach the conclusion that...

Considering all the factors above, we can...

类型二：

Obviously, all the evidence above confirms the unshakable conclusion that...

让步开头句：

Admittedly,

It is true that...

To be sure, but...

Superior as computers are, they bring their own problems too.

原因

One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of...

One may attribute the phenomenon to...

One may ascribe the failure to...

The increase in my social communication skill partly arises from the use of computer.

Another contributory factor of the destruction of ozone layer is... Also playing apart is...

The reason for people to success is complicated and probably it may lie in the fact that they are diligent and self-discipline.

数字

The number shot up by 15 percent.

The figure has almost doubled (compared with) (as much as) that of last year.

It account for ten percent of the total...

There is a significant proportion of teenagers, who...

句子表达练习题目

科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松地学习知识。

? The development of science and technology promises

people to accumulate their knowledge more conveniencely. ? With the development of science and techknowledge, now

people could obtain the knowledge far more conveniencely. ? People now was able to gain knowledge more easily on

account of/ due to/ owing to/ as a result of/ the development of S&T.

? The development of S&T leads to the phenomenon that

people spending less effort in acquiring new knowledge.

? S&T develop at an increasing speed, as a consequence,

people now could acquire knowledge more easily.

越来越多的人意识到环境保护的重要性。

? There is a growing awareness of the importance of

environment protection.

? A increasing number of people realize the importance of

environment protection.

? Now it is commonly accepted that environment protection is

of significant importance.

我认为在我们社区建工厂是不好的。

As far as I am converned, it is unfavorable to build a new factory near our community.

I argue against building a new factory near our community. I oppose the building of a new factory near our community. I am in favo of building a new factory near our community.

The plan of bulding a new factory near our community is absured to me.

由于年龄的关系,父母亲对孩子的了解有时还不如他们的同伴。

? Owing to the difference of ages, parents sometimes

understand their children less, compared with children's companions.

? When it comes to the understanding of the children, parents

sometime perform even worse than children's friends, which can be ascribed to the age difference.

要是团队里的每个人都竭尽全力,他们的工作效率会有很大提高。 ? If everyone in the team exert themselves, as a consequence,

their work efficiency will be improved drastically.

? As long as everyone in the team tries their best, there will be

an evident improvement in their work effeciency.

语言环境对外语学习的影响是很大的。

? Language environment exerts a remarkable influence on the

learning of a foreign language.

? The influence of language environment on learning a foreign

language is considerable.

? The efficience of learning a foreign language can be largely

ascribed to the language environment.

我们要象保护自己的亲人那样保护野生动物。

We should protect wild animals as much as we protect our family. Wild animals deserve as much protection from us as our family. 我们从电视上学会了好多有用的东西。

? TV teaches us a large amount of knowledge.

? We obtain enormous knowledge from TV.

? Abundant knowledge is acquired by us through TV.

我赞成政府花钱进行外太空探索.如果人们愿意在太空探索上面多花一些钱,人们就会在不久的将来更多地享受高科技给我们的生活带来的便利。

I am in favor of the government's plan on investing in outer space exploration. If they are willing to spend more money on this, as a consequence, in the near future people could enjoy more convience in their life resulted from high technology.

强健的体魄是实现伟大理想的前提。

? Robust bodies are the precondition for realizing our dreams. ? Robust bodies promises the achievement of our goals. ? Only with robust bodies can we accomplish our aims.

? On no account can we reach our dreams without robust

bodies.

偶尔的失败有时候会有助于日后的成功。

? Occasional failure is sometimes conducive to future success. ? Success sometimes can be ascribed to the previous

occasional failure.

黄金句型：

The more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmonious the relationship between us is.

So that 就可以用倒装句。

So beautiful is the girl that remains single today.

So great is the passion for success that many young people decide to study aboard.

修辞问句一定要有啊:

凡是写我们应该，一律改成难道我们不应该吗？

We should do=====Isn’t it necessary that we (should) do【原型】 beings enjoy the convenience brought by automobiles, we give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those people who have been severely injured, or even died in the car accidents.

插入语前后都要加逗号。