礼仪学论文

论韩国婚礼礼仪

11级旅游管理2班 20xx040101053 王丹丹

摘要:我们在看韩国电视剧时常会看到韩国人的传统婚礼。其实韩国人对婚姻很重视,把它视为人生中最重大的事情,所以韩国人的婚礼历来都是十分隆重的。而传统婚礼能充分的显示出韩国人对婚礼的重视。韩国传统婚礼习俗是有着非常繁琐的礼仪过程。

关键词:传统婚礼、婚谈、纳采、婚礼仪式、入洞房

正文:

公元13xx年,韩国建立了朝鲜王朝,又称李朝。那时中国的明朝建立刚满xx年,正是兴盛时期。李朝把中国的儒教作为新的理念倍加推崇,使之成为国教。此后5xx年间,儒学思想在韩国得到空前普及,渲染了民族生活的各个方面,也极大地影响和改变了韩国的传统婚俗。韩国的婚礼愈来愈繁琐。传统的韩国婚礼从婚谈开始到币帛礼,一共十个程序。按婚礼进程可分为三大部分。 一

一、婚前礼聘

(一)、婚谈

在韩国的传统婚礼举办前,男女双方家人都要通过媒人互相了解对方的家庭状况、学识以及人品等。互相同意结婚后,一般男方先把“请婚书”送给女方。女方如果有结婚的想法就把“许婚书”送给男方,然后议婚成立。现在通常的做法是男女双方的家长带着子女一起去会面商谈,谈妥之后就正式订婚。

(二)、纳采

收到许婚书,男方家会写上“纳采文”(对许婚的感谢文章和让对方选出结婚日期和时间的问候)和“四柱”(按着六十甲子的干支,纪录出生年月和出生时间的信),用红布裹装送给新娘家。收到“四柱”的新娘家就会认真参考将要举办婚礼的新郎和新娘的年月,选择婚礼的日期和时间,然后在白纸上写出“涓吉”(在传统婚礼上接受四柱单子的新娘家把择日单子送给新郎家的事,并请男方告诉女方在举行婚礼时新郎要穿的服装号码的信)再送给新郎家。

(三)纳币

新郎家从新娘家收到“涓吉”后,把新娘在婚礼时要穿的“采缎”(在纳币时新郎家送给新娘家的礼物,主要装有蓝色和红色的绸缎)和“婚书”(结婚时新郎家跟礼单一起送给新娘家的信)用婚书箱送到新娘家。其中,采缎一般是在婚礼前一个月送。举行婚礼之前把“币物”(送给新娘的礼物)和“婚书”以及“封采”(一般家庭条件富裕的话多装一些别的衣料)装在一起跟“物品目录”一起送去,这叫做“函”。新娘把和结婚时需要的物品以及费用一起收到的“婚书”、“纳采”和“四柱”会一辈子诚心的保管,表示自己对丈夫的一片丹心,直到人生走到尽头时,这些东西会陪伴她进棺材。

二、婚礼礼仪

(一)、醮子礼

准新郎按着传统对两家的礼节活动结束后,在举行婚礼的当天,新郎要早起床,如果有祠堂的话要先到那儿,如果没有的话要让父母坐定,郑重地给他们磕头。磕头结束后,新郎要跪在父母面前感谢父母养育之恩,并说要迎接新人(妻子)好好的认真生活,向父母的恩惠表示感谢,然后来到婚礼厅。准新娘也要在举行结婚的当天早晨向父母磕头表示感谢,然后去婚礼厅。

(二)、奠雁礼

新郎打理结束后,在家人的指引下前往新娘家举办婚礼仪式。“娶媳妇”时一般是步行前往新娘家,但也会有人让新郎乘坐马匹去新娘家。新郎到达新娘家的大门前时,新娘家的代表出来迎接客人,把他们引入家里。新郎进了大门时要跨越在院子里放着的“火”盆,这意味着赶走恶鬼的意思。新郎把带来的大雁放在桌上,然后磕头两次。这时丈母娘出来端着大雁桌走进屋里。大雁象征着白头偕老,表示一次结缘终生不变。过去用的是活的雁,现在使用的是木头做的雁。

(三)、交拜礼

新郎奠雁礼结束后,站在新娘家的大厅或者院子里已经准备好的大礼桌的婚礼厅东边。在屋里等待的新娘,从新郎进大门后开始在头上戴簇儿(也叫簇冠),为了喜庆的日子不让恶鬼接近新娘,新娘的左右脸上还要贴上用红纸做的胭脂,眉心也要贴上一个,然后准备去婚礼厅。新郎和新娘在婚礼厅见面,相见结束后新郎和新娘对拜,按着东方哲学宇宙观的阴阳原理,单数为阳,双数为阴,新为阳,新娘为阴,尤其是在“冠婚祭礼”的大礼时,要用双倍的数量磕头,因此新娘向新郎拜两次,新郎回拜一次,新娘新郎再重复一次。

(四)、合卺礼

交拜礼结束后合卺礼开始,新郎跪下新娘坐着,旁人在绕青丝、绕红丝的酒盏上斟酒,新娘弯腰揖礼。旁人把酒盏先端到大礼桌左边,再端到右边,然后才端到大礼桌上面给新郎,这时新郎要舔一舔酒再给新娘,最后把酒盏拿开。这时候的酒叫合欢酒,合卺礼结束后,客人们把放在大礼桌上的大枣、栗子都装在新郎的兜里,预示让小夫妻早生孩子。

(五)、新婚之夜

在新娘家结束婚礼仪式后,到了晚上安排他们住的房间叫“新在新娘家结束婚礼仪式后,到了晚上安排他们住的房间叫“新房”。他们过初夜时有一种风俗就是偷看新房。偷看新房的由来很多,其中一个是说:过去为了早点传宗接代,存在早婚的风俗,平时单相思新娘的人或者偷偷有交往的青年,在初夜时把新娘抢走,所以开始守护新房;还有一个说法是“好事多魔”,喜庆时怕恶鬼接近,因此守护新房。

三、婚后礼节

(一)、于归新行

在新娘家的婚姻仪式结束后,要留在新娘家逗留3天,然后新郎跟新娘一起回家,这叫于归或者新行。于归El之前,新娘家准备送给婆家的大枣和肉之类的币帛饮食(新娘首次相见公公婆婆时在桌上摆的大枣等的饮食)。新行时几乎所有的新娘都要坐上轿子去新郎家。到了新郎家后,人们出来撒大豆、小红豆、棉籽、盐等,并在大门里面燃起柴火,让新娘跨过去,这表示赶走杂鬼的意思,这些风俗现在也能看到。

(二)、币帛礼

从新娘家带来的饮食放在桌上,夫妻在公公婆婆面前行礼,并介绍家人和亲戚的顺序。这时只有新娘给家人磕头,新郎则站在桌子旁边给新娘介绍家人。如

果祖父祖母在的话会给他们另准备一桌,先给父母磕头后再给祖父祖母磕头,在给直系兄弟磕头后才会给叔叔以及家人磕头。

除此之外,还有一种东床礼也是传统婚礼中不可或缺的礼仪。这是女方家中的青年人捉弄新郎的打趣活动。大家向新郎提出一些难以回答的问题,然后不管新郎怎样回答都以没有答对为由用绳子把新郎的腿绑上,吊在房梁上,同时用棍棒击打新郎的脚底。当新郎忍受不住叫喊起来的时候,丈母娘就要出来劝解了,并且拿出好吃的食品来招待大家。纵观韩国婚礼史的发展,传统结婚形式在韩国一直延续到上个世纪xx年代。伴随着现代生活方式的影响日益加深,这种传统的婚俗才日趋简化。

四、总结:

有这样一句话,人无礼则不立,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。可见礼仪对于一个国家和社会的作用是多么重要。也可以这样理解礼仪,礼仪是整个社会文明的基础,是社会文明最直接最全面的表现方式。若是要创建和谐的社会必须先从礼仪开始。

五、参考文献:

[1] 戴庆厦.社会语言学概论[M].北京:商务印书馆,20xx.

[2] 高宣扬.流行文化社会学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,20xx.

[3] 何其亮,张晔.英释中国传统文化[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,20xx.

[4] 拉里·A·萨默瓦,理查德·E·波特.跨文化传播[M].闵惠泉,王纬,徐培喜译.中国人民大学出版社,20xx.

[5] 王恩铭.美国文化与社会[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,20xx.

[6] 云贵彬.非语言交际与文化[M].北京:中国传媒大学出版社,20xx.

[7] 庄晓东.文化传播:历史、理论与现实[M].北京:人民出版社,

 

第二篇:礼仪论文

讲文明,知礼仪

古人云:“不学礼,无以立。” ,“凡人之所以贵于禽兽者,以有礼也。”我国是历史悠久的文明古国,几千年来创造了灿烂的文化,形成了高尚的道德准则、完整的礼仪规范,被世人称为“文明古国,礼仪之邦”。

文明礼仪,简而言之,就是人们在社会生活中遵守的行为规范和准则。在当今社会,全球化,国际化,中国已与世界接轨,礼仪是必不可少的。中国礼仪文化的影响遍及东亚及东南亚地区,但现在中国这个礼仪之源却并不那么近人意。文明礼仪缺失的现象在当代中国人及中国社会中可谓屡见不鲜。

就拿我们自己身边的事来说,作为一个大学生,你是否见到过在公交车或地铁的老弱病残孕专座上,很多身强力壮的年轻人心安理得的坐在那里,附近可能就有老弱妇孺呢?在地铁站,你是否听到广播里在一遍遍说着先下车后上车,可到最后大家却挤作一团,蜂拥而上呢?当你想去图书馆里学习的时候,是否发现过一个个空座上摆着一本书却迟迟不见有人来呢?当你终于占到一个座了,正想全心投入的时候,是否发现过有人在你旁边大吃大喝,而旁边就摆着一个标牌“请不要携带食品和饮料”呢?教室里崭新的桌椅,雪白的墙壁,你是否发现它们中有一些实在是“命途多舛”,被我们这些从小就被教育要爱护公物的“好孩子们”伤的体无完肤了呢?在我们的生活中,只要你是一个有心人,这种戏码时时刻刻都在上演。虽然只有一少部分人如此没有觉悟,不讲文明,不懂礼貌,但是对中国这个有13亿人口的大国来说,比例虽然小,人数却很多,由此带来的负面影响也很大。比如在上海这样一个国际性的大都市,各国友人齐聚,外国朋友和我们一起生活,一起工作,不讲礼仪,不懂礼仪的现象会严重影响到我们中国人的形象,甚至我们中国的形象。

学习礼仪,讲礼仪,是我们自身素质水平的一种体现,也是道德实践的一项重要内容。从个人角度来说,礼仪有助于提高我们的自身修养,美化自身、美化生活;有助于促进我们的社会交往,改善我们的人际关系;还有助于净化社会风气。从团体角度来说,礼仪是企业文化、企业精神的重要内容,是企业的主要附着点。对一个社会来说,礼仪更是一个国家文明程序、道德风尚和生活习惯的反应。“人无礼则不生,国无礼则不守” ,养成好的礼仪风范,不仅可以提高个人素质,形成和谐的人际关系,还能够塑造文明的社会风气,更好的进行社会主义精神文明建设。

学礼仪,知礼仪,做到“敬人,自律,适度,真诚” ,可以让我们的生活更美好,让社会更和谐。举一个刚发生在我身边的例子:我们大学(上海海洋大学)的元鼎计划在5

月份的时候组织食品学院参加此计划的学生们参与“高雅艺术进校园”活动,欣赏由美国犹他州韦伯大学师生带来的交响乐表演。在表演开始之前,校方一直在指导我们应该在何时鼓掌,他们教得认真,我们也学得很认真,最后音乐会顺利结束,双方都很高兴。这就说明礼仪的重要性,我们中的大多数人都没有参加过这种比较正式的音乐会,对方远来是客,我们虽然热情,但是不懂这方面的礼仪,按照各自的标准鼓起掌来,不仅干扰到他们的正常表演,还有可能让他们愤然离场,给人留下不好的印象,也会丢了学校的脸面。学好礼仪,可以让我们把事情处理得更得体,显示出自己的文化修养,也可以彰显出中国的大国风范,让生活更美好,交往更和谐。

在现代社会,随着国际交往的日益频繁,礼仪更加成为社会生活中不可缺少的内容。时刻按照礼仪的规范来要求自己,我们才能做到举止文明,处世得体,才能在生活中,工作中表现得更好,才能获得生活中的幸福和工作上的成功。随着生活水平的提高,个人文化水平也不断的提高,物质的享受已经不能使我们的心灵得到满足,人们开始追求精神财富,努力提高自身修养,充实自己的精神。因此学习礼仪,拥有良好的礼仪修养,不仅是这个社会的要求,也是在得到物质满足后人类自己内心的需求。

虽然在当今这个社会上,不懂礼仪,不讲文明的现象还是经常出现,但学习礼仪是历史的必然。礼仪不仅关系到个人的生活幸福和事业的发展,更关系到一个国家、一个民族的国民素质、精神风貌和繁荣昌盛。从个人做起,从生活中的小事做起,慢慢学习,按照礼仪规范来要求自己,相信我们这个社会上的文明礼仪缺失问题必然会一点一点的减少,从而形成更好的社会风气,更好的社会氛围,使我们中国在精神上,文化上也真正成为一个无懈可击的强国。

 

第三篇:英国文学论文——傲慢与偏见

Book Report on Pride and Prejudice

Abstract: Jane Austen (1775-1817), whose novels are highly prized not only for light irony, humor, and depiction of contemporary English country life, but also for their underlying serious qualities. Pride and Prejudice has shaped Elizabeth, an intelligent, quick-witted, sensible and brave female image.

Key words: summary; Elizabeth; character; writing style

Pride and Prejudice is one of the most popular novels of Jane Austen, whose works of romantic fiction have earned her a place as one of the most widely read and most beloved writers in English literature. And no doubt her Pride and Prejudice is a shining pearl be cherished forever.

The novel is about the Bennet family and set in 18th century England. The Bennet family consists of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet and their five unmarried daughters. At that time, we know that a poor woman must marry a wealthy husband to have luxurious lives. That’s why Mrs. Bennet is so excited about the coming of Mr. Bingley, a wealthy young gentleman. To help all her daughters get married is the most important thing of her life.

Elizabeth is the second daughter in the Bennet family, and Mr. Darcy is unpopular because of his extremely aloof and proud attitude and is generally thought to be very disagreeable. This two is the main part of the novel. However, Darcy finds he has been attracted not only by Elizabeth’s physical beauty, but also by her sharp intelligence and witty observations gradually. He proposes marriage to her but is refused. Later Elizabeth finds how foolish she was when she knew the truth about

everything Darcy did for her family. The series of events which they both experience give them the opportunities to understand one another and the time to reconcile their feelings for each other, for the pride and prejudice. Finally, they are together.

Throughout the book, I love Elizabeth most. She is outstanding and totally different from other women around her. She dares to speak as well as act. In addition, no flattering to the rich. She is like a red rose, beautiful with throne. Actually she is the main heroine in the novel. Sensible, intelligent, humorous, has sharp mind and her own mind. From the beginning of the novel, we know that Mr. Bennet adores his Elizabeth more, because “she has something more of quickness than her sisters”. Though she is young and having been confined in the rural society, Elizabeth always has deep insight and watch things from her knowledge, which makes her distinctive. Also we cannot neglect her conversations are full of wit and humor. Her language is very concise and penetrating, especially in her dialogues with Darcy. It’s interesting to read their talks, which is like a “battle” but in a wit and intelligent way. Here is a description:

"Oh!" said she, "I heard you before; but I could not immediately determine what to say in reply. You wanted me, I know, to say "Yes," that you might

have the pleasure of despising my taste; but I always delight in

overthrowing those kind of schemes, and cheating a person of their

premeditated contempt. I have therefore made up my mind to tell you that I

do not want to dance a reel at all -- and now despise me if you dare."

This passage perfectly demonstrates Elizabeth is quick-witted and sensible. Her

sense and skillful words come from her ability to use knowledge as well as her self-confidence. It is the inner beauty of Elizabeth that has attracted Darcy rather than her appearance.

She is definitely brave and believes in love, she want to find a man she really loves. It is a precious character of Elizabeth I appreciate. She is determined and strong-minded, and she will do anything she thinks right rather than do everything according to social norms. She shows her mock towards some social rules. When Mr. Collins tells Elizabeth he wants to marry her so that she can take possession of her father’s legacies, and it’s good for both sides. Without hesitating, Elizabeth refuses him immediately. It’s beyond imagination at that time, especially under the pressure of her mother and the family house. I think the strongest rebellion Elizabeth has made against the social custom is that she marries Darcy despite that her family background is inferior to Darcy’s. Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage is not admitted by the social norms. When Catherine comes to Elizabeth’s home to blame her for the engagement with her nephew Darcy, she is brave enough to negotiate with her. In the hierarchical society, she does not feel inferior. Instead, she is confidant and brilliant. We know in Jane Austen’s society, obedience is supposed to be the most important virtue of a woman. In a male-dominating society, women are supposed to behave like Jane in Pride and Prejudice, who is gentle, mild, pleasing and obedient. Women are imprisoned and constrained by the dominant ideologies of womanhood, and they are restrained in expressing their passion or telling the feelings about their experience. Men do not want women to have independent characters, because once women

become spirit-independent and powerful, they will threat the social structure in which men are masters of everything.

Jane Austen’s capability of writing subtle discrimination and her shrewd perceptiveness are showed in Pride and Prejudice; she is able to convey such a complex message using a simple and witty style. The e first sentence of the novel: "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife." In this statement, Austen has declared that the main subject of the novel will be courtship and marriage, and then she has established the humorous tone of the novel by taking a simple subject and she has told the reader that in the novel, either a husband in search of a wife, or a woman in pursuit of a husband. And the sentence also defines Austen's book as a piece of literature that connects itself to the 18th century period. Pride and Prejudice is 18th century because of the emphasis on man in his social environment rather than in his individual conditions. The use of satire and wit is a common form of 18th century literature, also make it belongs to18th century.

Jane Austen’s writing is from the experience of her own life, so she can describe a picture of life of her time vividly with her forceful insight and gentle wit. She is skillful in the interesting plot and quick-witted language of the novel, she also presents her attitude toward the society which seriously discriminates against women. Her attitude is ironic and critical. Elizabeth represents her to revolt against the tradition and convention, so we must aware that Jane Austen is one of the challengers of the male dominant tradition in the awakening of feminist

consciousness.

Works Cited:

Edward Corpland & Juliet Mcmaster, The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen, 上海:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx.

Susan M. Shaw and Janet Lee, Women’s Voices, Feminist Visions, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 20xx.

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