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1） 紧扣最新趋势，将新托福写作技巧浓缩为综合写作3绝招、独立写作4大高分策略，胡敏教授亲自教你如何突破中西思维差异，轻松达到官方标准。

2） 精心挑选18套最新综合写作真题，并提供参考范文，高度还原、再现真实考场。

3） 完整收录新托福独立写作官方题库185题，按话题分类，易于掌握，考场遇到陌生话题零可能。

4） 美籍名师倾情撰写185篇原汁原味的经典范文，品味妙词佳句，让你尽尝托福作文的饕餮大餐，同步升级写作素材库。

内容推荐

360教育集团金牌留学顾问老师介绍，全书主要包含两大部分：

第一部分为新托福综合写作全攻略。首先介绍了托福综合写作的特点，并通过分析真实的考生作文帮助考生对综合写作的评分标准有一个透彻的了解，另外还教给考生攻克综合写作的3个绝招，让你在短时间内掌握写作技巧。此外，该部分还精心挑选收录了18套最新的综合写作真题，考生可以通过练习将所学的技巧转化为自身的技能。

第二大部分为托福独立写作完全攻略。通过分析考生的作文、介绍中西思维模式的差异，让考生做到知己知彼；另外，浓缩了托福写作技巧精华的独立写作4大高分策略则是考生制胜托福写作的法宝。此外，书中完整收录了新托福独立写作官方题库的185道题目，并按话题分为13大类，每道题目不仅提供了原汁原味的参考范文，而且还附有中文译文以及文中妙词佳句的赏析，考生可在学习模仿的同时，积累写作的素材库，从而真正在写作时做到有话可说，还能说得精妙。

作者简介

胡敏教授，著名教育专家、新航道国际教育集团总裁兼校长、留英学者，曾任国际关系学院英语系副主任、硕士生导师。20xx年创办新航道，他不仅是中国雅思培训产业化的开创者，同时，也是中国托福培训一代宗师和考研英语培训的领路人。被媒体尊称为“中国雅思之父”，学生们亲切地称他为“胡雅思”。由其开创的雅思、托福、SAT、考研英语和少儿英语等培训理念及教学模式在全国得到广泛应用，并曾多次应邀赴英联邦国家、日本、韩国等世界知名大学和国际语言培训机构进行访问和讲学。由其领导的国际化教育团队培训年轻学子逾百万，并在业内率先开发出大量拥有自主知识产权的培训教材和专著逾三百部，其中大部分被国内外知名培训机构奉为经典教材，是目前我国英语培训界出书立著最多的知名学者。 19xx年荣获北京市第五届哲学社会科学优秀成果二等奖；20xx年9月荣获教育部中国成人教育协会和陈香梅教科文奖办公室联合颁发的“中国民办教育创新与发展论坛暨陈香梅教科文奖表彰活动特殊贡献奖”；20xx年荣获“改革开放三十年北京教育功勋人物奖”；20xx年英国文化协会授予其全球“雅思考试20年20人”杰出贡献奖；20xx年荣获品牌中国（教育行业）年度人物大奖。

目录

第一部分 TOEFL 综合写作完全攻略

第一节 综合写作简介及高分技巧

1 综合写作简介

2 综合写作评分标准

3 综合写作应试策略

第二节 18 套2011-2010 年综合写作全真试题

Test 1 2011 年12 月10 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 2 2011 年10 月22 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 3 2011 年9 月25 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 4 2011 年9 月18 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 5 2011 年8 月28 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 6 2011 年8 月21 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 7 2011 年6 月25 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 8 2011 年6 月19 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 9 2011 年4 月9 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 10 2010 年9 月12 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 11 2010 年9 月11 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 12 2010 年8 月21 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 13 2010 年7 月24 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 14 2010 年7 月10 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 15 2010 年6 月12 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 Test 16 2010 年4 月24 日北美托福考试综合写作真题 Test 17 2010 年3 月6 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题

Test 18 2010 年1 月17 日托福iBT 考试综合写作真题 第二部分 TOEFL 独立写作完全攻略

第一节 独立写作简介及高分技巧

1 独立写作简介

2 独立写作评分标准

3 中国人与英美人语篇思维模式差异

4 独立写作题型及范文分析

5 独立写作实战技巧

6 独立写作高分策略

第二节 独立写作题库作文185 题

1 生活与健康

2 学校与教育

3 工作与成功

4 金钱与礼物

5 家乡与建设

6 家庭与孩子

7 娱乐与休闲

8 媒体与影视

9 企业与管理

10 发展与变化

11 动物与植物

12 土地与资源

13 其他

 

第二篇：免费留学 新托福阅读指代题解析

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本类题目考察对于文章之中的一些细节内容（文句）的了解程度

Paragraph 3: The fossil consists of a complete skull of an archaeocyte, an extinct group of ancestors of modern cetaceans. Although limited to a skull, the Pakicetus fossil provides precious details on the origins of cetaceans. The skull is cetacean-like but its jawbones lack the enlarged space that is filled with fat or oil and used for receiving underwater sound in modern whales. Pakicetus probably detected sound through the ear opening as in land mammals. The skull also lacks a blowhole, another cetacean adaptation for diving. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans. It has been suggested that Pakicetus fed on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.

1. The word it in the passage refers to

○Pakicetus

○Fish

○Life

○ocean

Paragraph 6: With the advent of projection, the viewer‘s relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public-an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the life-size proportions of 6 or 9 feet.

2. The word it in the passage refers to

○The advent of projection

○The viewer’s relationship with the image

○A similar machine

○Celluloid

Paragraph 5: The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents‘ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “steam engines.” By holding in rather than venting “steam,” we set the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

3. The word they in the passage refers to

○Future explosions

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○Pent-up aggressive impulses

○Outlets

○Indirect ways

Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

4. The word them in the passage refers to

○Workers

○Political patty loyalties

○Disagreements over tactics

○Agents of opportunity

Paragraph 3: Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

5. The word they in the passage refers to

○Qualities

○Fins

○Grooves

○Depressions

Paragraph 2: Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were

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permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

6. The word them in the passage refers to

○Emotions

○People

○Photographs

○Cultures

Paragraph 6: Under very cold conditions, rocks can be shattered by ice and frost. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris. In dry areas the wind is the principal agent of erosion. It carries fine particles of sand, which bombard exposed rock surfaces, thereby wearing them into yet more sand. Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes. Tree roots force their way into cracks in rocks and, in so doing, speed their splitting. In contrast, the roots of grasses and other small plants may help to hold loose soil fragments together, thereby helping to prevent erosion by the wind.

7. The word them in the passage refers to

○Cold areas

○Masses of ice

○Valleys

○Rock debris

Paragraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.

8. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to

○Fast rivers

○Glaciers

○The huge volumes of water created by glacial melting

○The particles carried in water from melting glaciers.

Paragraph ２:Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its

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conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

9. The word “this” in the passage refers to

○The acting out of rites

○The divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society

○The separation of myths from rites

○The celebration of supernatural forces

Paragraph 1: Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one’s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

10. The word none in the passage refers to

○ Food

○ Plant or animal

○ Energy

○ Big body

Paragraph 1 In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.

11. The word others in the passage refers to

○Chambers

○Paintings

○Beasts

○Parades

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Paragraph 5: Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem. Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wind turbines is dwarfed by birds killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of entire bird species from possible global warming. Recorded deaths of birds of prey and other birds in wind farms in the United States currently amount to no more than 300 per year. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.

12. The phrase this problem in the passage refers to

○Interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas

○Building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines

○The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines

○Meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

Paragraph 1: Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.” Approaching crafts from the point of view of function, we can divide them into simple categories: containers, shelters and supports. There is no way around the fact that containers, shelters, and supports must be functional. The applied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics, which pertain to both the materials used in their making and the substances and things to be contained, supported, and sheltered. These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If a pot has no bottom or has large openings in its sides, it could hardly be considered a container in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. Buildings without roofs, for example, are unusual because they depart from the norm. However, not all functional objects are exactly alike; that is why we recognize a Shang Dynasty vase as being different from an Inca vase. What varies is not the basic form but the incidental details that do not obstruct the object‘s primary function.

13. The word they in the passage refers to

○Applied-art objects

○The laws of physics

○Containers

○The sides of pots

参考答案：

1. ○Pakicetus

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2. ○The viewer’s relationship with the image

3. ○pent-up aggressive impulses

4.○Workers

5.○Fins

6.○Photographs

7.○Masses of ice

8.○The particles carried in water from melting glaciers.

9.○The separation of myths from rites

10. ○Energy

11. ○Beasts

12. ○The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines

13. ○applied-art objects