Thomas Hardy as a Proto-Existentialist: A Study of His Novels of Character and Environment

（Times New Roman, 小二，黑体）

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May 18, 2011

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毕 业 论 文 开 题 报 告

汉 语 标 题（宋体, 4号, 黑体, 居中）

摘要：（小四号；黑体）

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Title (Times New Roman, 四号/14，黑体，居中)

Abstract：（小四号；黑体）

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Key Words: （小四号；黑体）

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….……… 1

2. Current Critical Views on Hardy………………………………………….……… 2

3. Naturalism Versus Existentialism………………………………………….……... 4

3.1 Materialism versus humanism…………………………..……..……...….…... 5 3.2 Determinism versus freedom……...…………………..……….….…………. 6 3.3 Pessimism versus optimism…………………….……………….….………... 8

4. Hardy as a Proto-Existentialist……………………………………….…………. 10

4.1 Absurdity and futility…………………………….……...……….………….. 10 4.2 Loneliness and dread…………………......…………………….….………... 12 4.3 Free choice……………………….………………..……………….……….. 14 4.4 The death symbol……………………………..………………….….……… 16

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………….……….……... 18

Works Cited………………………………………….……………………….……... 19

注：如果页码无法右对齐，可使用格式菜单中的“制表位”功能。

1. Introduction

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In this thesis, I intend to prove that Thomas Hardy is a proto-existentialist. If I can show that basic existentialist tenets are consistently demonstrated in Hardy’s novels of character and environment, his main contribution to literature as a novelist, that will reveal how far Hardy moves towards modernism and open up a new channel to interpret his novel.

Hardy is found with a different perspective of interpreting the tragic fate of Tess (Zhang and Wang 89).

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4. Hardy as a Proto-Existentialist

Thomas Hardy is much influenced by The Origin of Species, though he never shares Darwin’s sense of grandeur in a view of evolution which signifies the survival of the fittest at the expense of the weak. Compassionate by temperament, Hardy finds justification in evolutionary theory for extending (Gilbert 22).

Hardy’s thoughts of the human situation in the world shared many similarities with existentialism whose basic tenets and themes are constantly demonstrated in Hardy’s novels of character and environment.

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4.1 Absurdity and Futility

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Hardy articulates a world where man lives a futile life and is the “sport” of malevolent, or at least indifferent, forces which finally destroy their happiness, defeat their aspirations, and making a mockery of their life. To Hardy, the absurdity of the universe lies in its oppression of man’s desires and its opposition to man’s will. In this absurd universe, man cannot achieve anything and his fate is always against him, and thus man lives in an abyss of agony.

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While the budget cuts might go deeper than originally reported (Kinsley 42), there is no reason to believe that “throwing more taxpayers’ dollars into a bottomless pit” (Doggett 62) will do much to reform “one of the least productive job training programs ever devised by the federal government” (Will 28).

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Works Cited

Aldelman, Gary. Jude the Obscure: A Paradise of Despair. New York: Twayne,

1992.

Calvino, Italo. “Cybernetics and Ghosts.” The Uses of Literature: Essays. Trans.

Patrick Creagh. San Diego: Harcourt, 1982. 3-27.

Duke Ellington. 2002. Estate of Mercer K. Ellington. 3 June 2002 <http:// www. dukeellington.com>.

Gilber, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Atttic. New Haven: Yale

UP, 1999.

Vickery, Laurie. “The Politics of Abuse: The Traumatized Child in Toni Morrison

and Marguerite Duras.” Mosaic 29.2 (1996): 91-109.

郭宏，王熊，刘宗林． 英语委婉语研究．余立新编．《第三届全国社会语言学学

术报告会议论文集》． 北京：高教出版社，2008． 421-425.

霍小娟. 《华美文学视野中的汤亭亭》. 北京: 西苑出版社, 2006.

吴一安，刘润清. “中国英语本科素质调查报告.” 《外语教学与研究》. 1993

(57): 32-35.

许力生. “跨文化的交际能力问题探讨.” 《外语与外语教学》. 2000 (7):

17-21.

张伯香编. 《英国文学选读》. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1998.

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