初一语法知识小结(上)

1.there be 句型，“有”，“某地有某物”形式 ：there is, there are

例：There is some food in the fridge.

There are many books on the desk.

区分：there is 用于修饰单数名词和不可数名词 ，例如：a book , an egg, milk， ice-cream .......；there are 用来修饰可数名词复数。如果要表达某处没有某物 则要用there be 句型的否定形式，即在there be 后加not ,即 there be not

形式：

there is not (there isn't) there are not (there aren't) 例： There isn't any milk in a glass。

There aren't any vegetables in the fridge.

若表示是否有，则要用 there be 句型的疑问句 即把be 提前：Is there , Are there

例：Is there any milk in the glass?

Are there any vegetables in the fridge?

注意：这里涉及some、any 的用法。some 用于肯定句中，any 用于否定句和疑问句中。但是在表示请求的疑问句中，是想要得到肯定答复的，要用some。例：Would you like some milk?

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对于there be 疑问句的回答： Yes, there is\are.

No, there isn't\aren't.

2.have\has got 有,指某人有某物

例：I have a dog.

He has a sister and a brother.

区分：have用来修饰第一人称和第二人称和第三人称复数（I ，we ，they) ，has用来修饰第三人称单数（she, he , it ）

若表示某人没有某物，则要用否定形式，即在have\has got 后加not 即have not (haven't)got , has

not(hasn't)got.

例：I haven't got a sister but I have a brother. She hasn't got bright eyes and long hairs. 某人是否有某物则要用have\has got的疑问形式:

Have\Has +sb.\sth. + got

例：Have they got a picnic at weekends?

Has the dog got a host family ?（寄宿家庭）

寄宿制家庭，就是留学生住在当地人家了，有提供伙食或不提供两种，房租较高，适合高中生去寄宿！

回答：肯定：Yes, I\we \they have. Yes , she\ he \ it has.

否定：No ,I\ we \ they haven't. No, she \he \it 2

hasn't.

注意：there be 和 have got 的区别 两者虽都指"有"，但

侧重点不同。

例：<1> There are some food in the fridge.

<2>The fridge has got some food.

虽然都是“冰箱里有食物”但（1）句侧重于食物，（2）句侧重于冰箱。

3. 系动词be(am is are) 用法：

我用am，你用are，is连着她他它，单数用is，复数用are 例：I am a student. She is a beautiful girl.

He is a child. It is a dog.

You are my teacher. They are my friends.

The boys all are England.

be 的否定形式：直接加not 即 am not/are not/is not. 例：I am not an English. I am Chinese.

She isn't kind. They aren't my friends. 疑问形式把be提前 即 be+ 主语......？

例：Is he your father?

Are they going to have a party?

回答：肯定：Yes, I am. Yes, she \ he \it is.

Yes , you \ we \ they are.

否定： No, I am not. No, she \ he \ it isn't. 3

No , you \ we \ they aren't.

be的句式，所用情况：

1>be + 形容词 例：I am very happy.

2> be+ 名词 例：He is a boy.

3> be + 介词短语 例：She is in the school.

4> be＋形容词短语 例： Ｈe is only 11 years old.

5> be+ 副词 例：Class is over.

*4. 情态动词 can

can 可以、能够，表示某人能做某事。用法：can + v.原;

不能做某事，则用can 的否定形式：cannot (can't)+v.原. can没有人称和数的变化,因此谁能（不能）做某事都能用

can

若表示某人是否能做某事 则要用can 的疑问形式，

即can + sb.??？

例：I can speak Chinese. I can't speak English.

Can you speak English? Can she play the piano?

He can swim but he can't play football.

疑问句回答 ：肯定：Yes, I \she \ you \ he \they \ we

can.

否定：No, I \ she \ he \you \ we \ they can't.

注意：can 表示“能力”时，指现在的能力，并不指过去或

将来的能力。

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5 .情态动词would,想,主要用于 would you like to ...句型中，表示邀请。

例：Would you like to go to school with me ?

回答一般有两种形式：1 表示愿意：I'd like \ love to.

2 拒绝：Sorry, 原因。

注意：would like to 本身并不表示邀请， 而是想要。

例：I would like to some books.

另外，表示邀请还能说：Let's...... Shall we......

What \ How about.......

还要注意邀请时询问信息的表达方式：1）询问时间：When

is...

2) 询问地点： Where is....

*6．行为动词的一般现在时(根据其在句中的功能，动词可

分为四类：实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。行为

动词也叫实义动词，比如eat, sleep,行为动词后面只能

副词修饰,系动词比如seem，be动词，可以用形容词)

用法：

1.如果表示某人经常性或习惯性做某事，则要用行为动词的一般现在时：

He goes to school every day.

They eat dinner in the evening.

2.若表示某人现在的动态，也可用一般现在时。

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I know him very well. 我和他很熟。

He likes English very much. 他非常喜欢英语。

若表示否定意义，若主语是第一人称或第二人称或第三人称复数，只要在谓语动词后加not，即do not(don't)，若主语是第三人称单数，则要在谓语动词后加does not (doesn't)

例：I don't go to school every day.

She doesn't goes to the shop every day.

You don’t sing very well.

若表示是否经常做某事 要用疑问意义，将do \ does 提前即可

例：Do you write a composition every day?

Does it smell good? 它闻起来很香吗？

注意：行为动词的一般现在时中涉及了频度副词，用法：用于行为动词之前，be动词之后.

常见的频度副词有：often，always，usually，never, seldom，sometimes等.

7.名词按其意义可分为专有名词和普通名词

普通名词又可分为类名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

1. 专有名词：是个别人、地以及专门机构或团体的名称。

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如：New York纽约 Clinton克林顿

2. 类名词：是一类人或物的个体的名称。

如：piano钢琴，doctor医生，ship舰船

3. 集体名词：是一些人或物的总称，作主语时可用复形谓语动词。

如：family家庭，army军队

4. 物质名词： 是无法分为个体的实物。

如：sugar糖，tea茶，air空气

5. 抽象名词： 是动作、状态、品质等抽象概念的名称。 如：work工作，honesty诚实，courage勇气

注：名词按其可数性分为可数名词和不可数名词。类名词皆可数，集体名词大都可数，专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词多不可数。

变法总结：名词变复数

（1）一般在词尾加-s 例词：bags，vegetables ，books，maps

（2）以s , x , ch , sh 结尾的加-es 例词: watches , boxes , buses, brushes，dishes , classes, matches

(3)以辅音o 结尾的加-es 例词：heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人

tomatoes 西红柿 potatoes 土豆 (注：某些外来词 以及以元音字母 o结尾的名词，直接加-s: pianos钢琴，photos 7

照片，kilos公斤;radios收音机，zoos 动物园)

(5) 以 辅音字母+y 结把y 变 i 加-es 例词：

baby——babies ，city——cities

(6)以 f 或 fe 结尾 ，把f 或 fe变成 ves 例词： life——lives

第三人称单数变化形式和名词变复数变化形式相同。

不规则变化：

1)变内部元音。

如： foot---feet脚 man---men 男人 tooth-teeth 牙齿 mouse---mice老鼠

2)词尾加 -en

如： child---children小孩 ox---oxen公牛

3)形式不变(即单复数一致)

如： deer----deer 鹿 fish---fish 鱼 sheep---sheep羊

复合名词的复数形式

由一个简单名词加一个或一个以上的词构成的名词叫复合名词(compound noun)。复合名词变复数时，有以下三种情况：

1. 把最后一个构成部分变为复数形式，

如： housewife → housewives家庭主妇 film-goer → film-goers爱看电影的人 gentleman → gentlemen先 8

生 schoolroom → schoolrooms教室

2. 将主要成分变为复数形式，

如： looker-on → lookers-on旁观者 sister-in-law → sisters-in-law嫂子;弟媳 passer-by → passers-by过路人 bride-to-be → brides-to-be即将做新娘的人

3. 将两个组成部分皆变为复数，这种复合名词第一个名词必须是man或woman,

如： man doctor → men doctors男医生 woman

teacher → women teachers女教师 man cook → men

cooks男厨师 woman singer → women singers女歌手

5.Go +doing 去干某事

go swimming 去游泳 go boating去划船

go skating 去溜冰 go walking去散步

go climbing 去登山 go dancing去跳舞

go hiking 去徒步远足 go sightseeing 去观光 go camping 去野营 go shopping 去买东西

go bike riding 骑自行车旅行 go fishing 去钓鱼

6. do some reading 读书

do some shopping 买东西 do some washing 洗衣服 do some cooking 作饭 do some reading 读书

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二、根据汉语意思写出单词

1.父亲或母亲_________________父亲和母亲__________________

2.电话________3.家庭______________4.在哪里_____________5.问题

_____________6.回答______7.被子_____________8.字典____________9.叔叔______________10.姑姑_________11.颜色_____________12.____________13.八_______________14.卡片________15棒球_______________16.手表

____________17.笔记本_____________18.戒指___19.打电话

_____________\___________20.学校________________21.女儿_______22.堂兄妹_____________23.朋友______________24.桌子__________25. .外祖父___

26.弟_______________27.姐________________28.祖父和祖母____________29.橡皮_____________30.钟表_______________31.上午_____________32.下午________33.晚上_________________34.这_____________35.那些

____________36.这些______37.那些________________7.男孩_________8.女孩__________

三、首字母填空（根据句义和首字母提示完成单词）

1.Good m_______________. 2.Good a___________________.

3.Please a________________(回答) the question.

4.Please l______________（看）at your book.

5. I like (喜欢)playing（玩）c____________________ games.

6.What’s the time (几点了)？ I don’t have(我没有) a w_____________。

7.Where is you pencil case? It’s in my b___________________.

9.We (我们)call (称呼) father’s father g_________________

10.father or(或者) mother is p_______________

11. father and mother are p_______________

11.This book is red, my ruler is w_________________>

四、写出下列短语

1.姓氏______________2.名_________________3.谢谢你____________

4.电话号码_________________5.身份证________________6.学生证

_____________

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9.铅笔刀_________________10.请原谅___________________11.计算机游戏________________________________12.拨----（号码）给某人打电话

________________________________________13.失物招领

____________________

14.在失物招领盒里________________________________

16.一张---的照片___________________________17.文具_______________22.一个红色的铅笔______________________23.一把黄色的尺子

___________________24.三个黑色的钢笔__________________________

五、句型变换

1.This is a pen.(变成复数句) _________ ______ _______.

2.That is a ruler. (变成复数句) _________ ______ _______.

3.This is a book.(变成一般疑问句)____ ____ ___ _________?

4.This is my book. (变成一般疑问句)______ ______ _____ ________?

5.That is my ruler.(变成否定句)_______ ________ _____ _____ ______. (变成一般疑问句)______ ______ _____ ________? 肯定回答：________, ____ _______.否定回答:_____, _____ _____.

6.These are my erasers. (变成否定句)_______ _____ ______

_____ __________.

(变成一般疑问句)______ ______ _____ ________?

肯定回答：________, ____ _______.否定回答:_____, _____ _____.

7.Those are my oranges. (变成否定句)_______ _____ ______

_____ __________.

(变成一般疑问句)______ ______ _____ ________?

肯定回答：________, ____ _______.否定回答:_____, _____ _____.

8. I am Li Ping. (变成一般疑问句)_______ _____ _______ ______?

9. I’m Gina.(变成同义句)______ ______ _____ ________.

10.He is Tony. (变成同义句)______ ______ _____ ________.

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11.She is Jeeny.(变成同义句)______ ______ _____ ________. 12.My name is Tom.________ _____ ______ __________?(划线提问) 13.His name is Tony.______________ __________ ___________?(划线提问) 14.Her name is Gina._____ _____ _____ _____________?(划线提问)

15.My telephone number is 110. ______ ___ ______ _______ _______?(划线提问) 16.His phone number is 120 _______ _____ ______ __________?（划线提问） 17.My book is red. (划线提问)________ _______ _______ _______ _________?

18.These pencil sharpeners are yellow.(划线提问)

______ _______ ____ _____ ____ ______________________?

19. I’m fine .(划线提问) ______ _______ ______________/

20.Are those his parents. (变成肯定句)______ _________ _________ _________.

六、be的适当形式填空

1.I _________ a teacher.(老师)

2.He______ my friend.

3._____ this your ruler? Yes, it _______. / No, it _________.

4.This ______ a book.

5._______ those your quilts? Yes, they _________./ No, they _________.

6.My books ________ｂｌｕｅ．

7._______ his rulers white? Yes, they ________ / No,they _________.

9.What ____ this in English ? It _______ an English book.

10.What _______ that? It ___________ an ID card.

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11.What ______ these? They _________ school ID card.

12.Where _____ your book? It _____ on the desk.

13.Where ________ your books? They ______ on the desk.

七、选择填空：

1.This is my sister.____ name is Jane. A.your B.Her C.His D.She

2.Is that your brother?- __.It’s his brother.

A.Yes B.Yes,it is C. No ,it isn’t D.No, it is

3.These are my _______.A.brother B.cousin C.sister D.uncles

4.Is that your sister? _____

Ａ．Yes ,he is B.Yes,she is C.yes, it is D.B and C

5.Are these your parents? _____.

A.Yes, they’re. B.yes ,are C.No,they’re not D.Not

6.Is he your brother?___

A.Yes, he is B.Yes,he’s C.Yes, he isn’t D.No,he is

7. Grandmother is _____mother.

A.mother’s B.sister’s C.father’s D.Aand C

8.His name is _____ A.Peter B.Linda C.Mary D.Jane

九、用a / an / the/ x 填空

1.What’s this ?------- It’s ____ quilt, and ______ quilt is on the floor.

2.What’s that? --- It’s ___ book, and ____ book is ____ English book

3.This is ____ ID card.

4.What are these? They are______ rulers, and _____ rulers are long. 13

1. is , your , what , name (?)

2. good , to , you , morning (.)

3. name , is , Green , my , Mr. (.)

4. to , too , nice , you , meet (.)

5. that , English , is , in , what (?)

6. school , this , No. , middle , 14 , is (?)

7. see , can , your , please , I , licence , car (?)

8. that , is , his , her , pen , pen , or (?)

9. isn’t , today , who , school , at (?)

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14 not , this , the , bike , is , twin’s (.) mother’s , light , is , my , green , sweater (.) woman , in , who , blue , the , is (?) the , color , flowers , please , orange (.) many , kites , there , how , sky , in , the , are (?) color , are , what , Mrs. , Green’s , sweaters (?) shoes , are , whose , they (?) must , your , look , you , after , new , clothes (.) picture , is , very , this , nice , a (.) boats , any , river , on , there , the , are (?) be , no , there , here , cat (.) tree , be , there , many , how (?)