奥林匹克的三大体系

第四讲 奥林匹克运动的三大体系

《奥林匹克宪章》(Olympic Chater)是国际奥委会制定的关于奥林匹克运动的最高法律文件。宪章对奥林匹克运动的组织、宗旨、原则、成员资格、机构及其各自的职权范围和奥林匹克各种活动的基本程序等作了明确规定。这个法律文件是约束所有奥林匹克活动参与者行为的基本标准和各方进行合作的基础。

现行的《奥林匹克宪章》于20xx年9月1日开始生效,它对以前的宪章作了重大修改,对奥林匹克运动的思想、组织、活动和制度等方面作了明确的阐述。这也反映了国际奥委会对奥林匹克运动的认识进入了一个新的阶段

《奥林匹克宪章》是奥林匹克运动的基石,是管理这一运动的根本大法,是奥林匹克运动一切活动的准绳。

奥林匹克运动会

奥运会“是个人或团体竞赛项目中运动员之间的比赛,不是国家之间的比赛”。参赛运动员由国家奥委会选派、国际奥委会同意,并在有关国际单项体育联合会的技术指导下进行比赛。

第一节 奥林匹克思想体系

一、奥林匹克思想体系概述

奥林匹克主义

奥林匹克运动(奥林匹克主义)的宗旨

奥林匹克精神

奥林匹克格言

它们既相关又不同,相辅相成,成了一个完整的体系。其核心是奥林匹克主义。

二、奥林匹克思想体系的作用

奠基(奠定奥林匹克运动的思想基础)

导航(指导各项奥林匹克活动)

三、奥林匹克思想体系内容

(一)奥林匹克主义

“奥林匹克主义(Olympism)是将身、心和精神方面的各种品质均衡地结合起来,并使之得到提高的一种人生哲学。它将体育运动与文化和教育融为一体。奥林匹克主义所要建立的生活方式是以奋斗中所体验到的乐趣、优秀榜样的教育价值和对一般伦理基本原则的推崇为基础的。”

奥林匹克主义释义

1.奥林匹克主义的中心思想是人的和谐发展

? 以人的全面发展为目标

? 强调生活方式的改善

2.体育运动是实现人的和谐发展的重要途径

3.体育运动必须与教育、文化相结合

? 与教育融为一体,以坚持奥运的正确方向

? 与文化紧密结合,以保证身心的和谐发展

4.奥林匹克选手榜样的作用

(二)奥林匹克运动的宗旨

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《奥林匹克宪章》以明确的语言表述了这一运动的宗旨是“通过没有任何歧视、具有奥林匹克精神——以团结、友谊和公平精神互相了解——的体育活动来教育青年,从而为建立一个和平的更美好的世界作出贡献”。

奥林匹克运动宗旨释义

1. 奥运的社会价值在于促进人类社会的发展

2. 奥运是世界和平运动的组织部分

3. 奥运实现其目标的主要手段是体育活动

(三)奥林匹克精神

从事体育运动是人的权利,每一个人都应享有从事体育运动的可能性,而不受任何形式的歧视,并体现相互理解、友谊、团结和公平竞争的奥林匹克精神。

奥林匹克精神释义

? 奥林匹克活动的目的是团结与友谊

? 对文化差异的容忍和理解

? 竞技运动的公平与公平

(四)奥林匹克格言

Faster, Higher, Stronger

更快、更高、更强

奥林匹克格言释义

? 敢于斗争,敢于胜利

? 永不满足,超越自我

(五)“重在参与”的奥林匹克名言

“在奥运会上,重要的不是取胜,而是参与;在生活中,重要的不是征服,而是奋力拼搏。

第二节 奥林匹克运动的组织体系

一、国际奥委会

职责:

? 促进体育道德和教育;

? 促进体育运动和运动竞赛的协调、组织和发展;

? 保证奥运会正常举行;

? 与官方或民间主管组织和当局合作,努力使体育运动为人类服务,促进和平;加强

团结并维护奥林匹克运动的独立;

? 反对危害奥林匹克运动的任何歧视;

? 贯彻男女平等的原则,促进妇女在体育各层次及各种机构中取得进步;

? 领导体育运动中反对使用兴奋剂的斗争;

? 支持旨在防止危及运动员健康的措施;

? 反对将体育运动和运动员滥用于任何政治及商业目的;支持体育组织和政府当局为

运动员社会的和职业的未来做出的努力;

? 支持大众体育的发展;

? 促进对于环境问题的责任感,促进体育运动中的可持续发展并要求以此原则举办奥

运会;

? 促进奥运会为举办城市和国家留下有益的遗产;

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? 支持将体育运动与文化和教育结合的创新;

? 支持国际奥林匹克学院及其他致力于奥林匹克教育的机构的活动。

“逆向代表制”

国际奥委会全会(国际奥委会全体委员会议),是国际奥委会的最高权力机构。 国际奥委会总部:瑞士洛桑

二、国际单项体育联合会在奥运中的作用

? 制订并推行本运动项目的规则并保证该项目在全世界的开展;

? 制定奥运会参赛标准;

? 负责本项目的技术监督和指导。

国家奥林匹克委员会(National Olympic Committees,NOC)

简称国家奥委会,是按照《奥林匹克宪章》的规定建立起来,并得到国际奥委会承认的负责在一个国家或地区开展奥林匹克运动的组织,目前有202个。

非洲53、亚洲44、欧洲48、美洲42、大洋洲15。

职责:

? 保证《奥林匹克宪章》在本地得到遵守;

? 促进运动技术水平以及群众体育的发展;

? 培训体育管理人员,保证这些培训有助于传播奥林匹克主义的基本原则;

? 维护体育道德;

? 选定适于举办奥运会的城市,组织和领导各自代表团参加奥运会和国际奥委会赞助

的地区、洲或世界性的综合运动会。

目前得到国际奥委会承认的国际单项体育联合会共有64个,其中列入奥运会项目的国际单项体育联合会有35个。

国际奥委会与国际单项体育联合会和国家奥委会之间的关系

? 简言之,国际奥委会是指挥首脑;国际单项体育联合会进行技术辅助,国家奥委会

是开展各种活动的基本单位,三者缺一不可。

? 三大支柱合作关系的特点

? 权利高度集中于IOC

? 在三大支柱组织中保持必要的人员重复

? 在IOC握有最高权力的前提下加强协调

? 利益分享

? 三者形成了互相配合又互相制约的合作关系。这种合作关系的特点是,在权力高度

集中于国际奥委会的前提下,各司其职,协商互惠。

都是非官方的组织,它们之间不存在领导与披领导的关系,只有互相配合、协作的关系。

第二节 奥林匹克运动的内容体系

一、奥林匹克运动会

二、国际奥委会承认的大型综合运动会

三、奥林匹克大众体育活动

四、奥林匹克教育与科学及文化活动

五、奥林匹克奖

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奥运会分为夏季奥运会(Games of the Olympiad)和冬季奥运会(Olympic Winter Games),19xx年前,在同一年举办。自19xx年开始,夏季奥运会依然在每个奥林匹克周期的第一年举办,冬季奥运会则改为在奥林匹克周期的第3年举办。奥运会主要有下列活动内容。

(二) 奥林匹克仪式

奥林匹克仪式,如圣火传递、开幕式、闭幕式、发奖仪式等,不仅给奥运会以浓烈的节日气氛,而且大大提高了奥运会的境界,使它既轻松活泼又庄严神圣。这些仪式是奥运会的重要组成部分。

? 圣火点燃

? 每届奥运会的圣火怎样点燃?由谁来点燃?——总是一个世界级的谜语。各届奥运

会都将之视为最高机密。每一次的点燃都是一次创意的刷新和覆盖,也都不可能被再次重复。如何使圣火点燃更有创意,更有画龙点睛之妙,是一件极其艰难的劳动,是开幕式策划者面临的一个重要课题,往往令其绞尽脑汁,苦思冥想。

开、闭幕式

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第二篇:奥林匹克篇改

奥林匹克篇

奥林匹克精神- the Olympic spirit requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play.

奥林匹克精神:相互了解,友谊,团结和公平竞争

奥林匹克格言——Citius, Altius, Fortius,

Faster(Swifter), Higher, Stronger

芬兰Citius,Altius,Fortius,

更快,更高,(更强)

奥林匹克信条——Olympic Creed

“The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph, but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered, but to have fought well”

在奥林匹克中最重要的事情不是取胜而是参与,正如生活中最重要的不是胜利,而是奋斗。重要的不是打客服,而是打的不错。

网球的规则 Draw 抽签

The process by which matches are arranged and scheduled for a tournament. Generally, seeded players are given byes or scheduled before the draw, and names of the other entrants are then randomly selected to determine match-ups and order of play.

Seed 种子

Before a tournament, certain players are ranked, based on their ability and recent performances. The process is called “seeding”, the rankings are called “seeds”, and the top-ranked player is called “the top seed”. Matches are then arranged so that the top-seeded players will not meet until the later rounds of the tournament. Bye 轮空

The right to advance to the next round of a tournament without playing a match. Top-seeded players are often given byes in the first round.

Wild card 外卡

A special “invitation” given to players ,regardless of ranking, to compete in a tournament. Often given to top players who have missed the entry deadline and young players who have demonstrated outstanding potential.

Open tournament 公开赛

In the early days of tennis, clubs held two types of tournament: “closed”, to which only club members were admitted, and “open”, which non-members could also enter. With the advent of professionalism, “open” came to mean a tournament that could be entered by amateurs and professional alike. Today, all major tournaments are open.

网球

满贯

网球裁判有哪些

四大

一场正规的网球比赛中有12名裁判: 一名主裁判,一名副裁判,4名边裁,2个底线裁判,2个发球中线裁判,2个发球线裁判,另外还有六个球童。除主裁判以外,场上所有裁判和球童每小时换一次,确保他们得以休息,准确裁决。 主裁判 Tennis referee

副裁判 Tennis deputy referees 边裁 Tennis linesman

底线裁判 Bottom line tennis referee

发球线裁判 Tennis half-way between the referee

奥林匹克篇改

发球中线裁判 Tennis center line for the referee

发球区中线 His tennis court Central Line

球童 The tennis ball boy

电子裁判 Tennis electronic referee

排球的规则

发球: serve 救球 dig 拦网 block 一传 pass 二传 set 扣球 spike

Setter — the second passer whose job is to position a pass to the hitter.

Libero — a substitute defensive player especially adept at digging.

Antenna 标志杆 Vertical poles attached to the outside edge of the net, that extend 80 centimeters above the net and delineate where the ball has to crass the net. The antemma is considered part of the net and is out of bounds.

Attack line (three meters line) 进攻线

A line 3 meters from, and parallel to, the net. A back-row player cannot legally attack the ball above the net unless he takes off on his jump from behind this line.

排球比赛中每方六个队员,每个人都是有自己位置的,从1号位到6号位(以前没有自由人)。2到4号在前排,其余在后排。前排与后排以三米线来区分。进攻时位置在后排的队员不许在三米线上或前面起跳扣球,否则犯规。从三米线后起跳扣球就是后排进攻了。

Crossing space 过网区

The zone above the net and between two antennae through which the ball must pass during a rally.

Center line

End line

Side line

Front zone

Area abound the court (free zone ) 无障碍区

The free zone surrounds the court with a recommended minimum width of 3 meters.

Service zone 发球区

The service zone is a 9 meters wide area behind each end line, it is laterally limited by two short lines, each 15cm long, drawn 20 cm behind the end line as an extension of the sidelines. Both short lines are included in the width of the service zone. In depth , the service zone extends to the end of the free zone.

发球区宽9米,位置在端线后(不包括端线)。两条端线后各画一条长15厘米、垂直并距离端线20厘米的短线,两条短线之间的区域为发球区,短线宽度包括在发球区之内。发球区的深度延至无障碍区的终端。

Ready position --- The flexed, yet comfortable posture a player assumes before moving to the point of contact.

Forearm Pass – sometimes referred to as the “bump” or “dig”. Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. Introduced in the late 1940’s as a desperation play, the forearm pass is now rated by many as the most important fundamentals in volleyball.

Overhand pass--- a pass with both hands open, and controlled by the fingers with the face below the ball. A ball-handling skill using both hands simultaneously to contact the ball above the head and direct it to the intended target.

Spike—also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team who intend to terminate the ball on the opponent’s floor or off the opponent’s blocker.

Block --- a defensive player by one or more front row players meant to intercept a spiked ball. The combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands.

Team starting line-up

There must always be six players per team in play. The team’s starting line-up, i.e. the players’ serving order, indicates the rotational order of the players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the set.

Attacker – also hitter or spiker. A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team’s favor.

Main attacker, ace spiker

Second spike, side player

排球翻译

There are normally three outside hitters on the court who function as the primary passers and are among the top defensive players. They hit the ball from the left or right side of the court, including the back row and are essential to an effective offence.

The serve can be made from anywhere behind the end line, although players can land inside the

court if jumping to serve.

得一分:

成功地让球接触到对方的场地

或是对手失误

或是对手受到处罚。

赢得一局:

先赢得25分并至少领先两分时赢得一局(决胜局,第五局除外)。如出现24平,比赛继续直到一方领先2分。

赢得比赛:

先赢得3局的队伍获得比赛胜利。如出现2平决胜的第五局采用15分制,也要至少领先两分。

Scores a point:

-by successfully grounding the ball on the opponent’s playing court;

-when the opponent team commits a fault

-when the opponent team receives a penalty

Win a set:

A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the team which firt scores 25 points with a minimum lead of two points. In the case of 24-24 tie, play is continued until a two point lead is achieved.

Win a match:

The match is won by the team that wins three sets. In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th)is played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points.

篮球:

(slam) dunk:(强力)灌篮

bank shot:擦板球

double pump:拉杆式投篮

fade-away shot:后仰式跳投

hook shot:钩射投篮

jump shot:跳投

layup:带球上篮

perimeter shot:中距离投篮

set shot:立定投篮

three-point shot:三分球

assist:助功

block shot:阻攻,盖火锅儿

defensive rebound:防守篮板球

field goal percentage:投球命中率

field goal:投球命中

free throw percentage:罚球命中率

free throw:罚球

offensive rebound:进攻篮板球

rebound:篮板球

scoring:得分

steal:抄截/抢断

three-point shot percentage:三分球命中率

turnover:失误

backboard:篮板

back court:后场

freethrow lane:罚球圈,禁区

freethrow line:罚球线

front court:前场

game clock:比赛用时钟

halftime:中场休息时间

hoop:篮框,篮圈

mid-court:中场

net:篮网

painted area:罚球圈,禁区

restricted area near the basket:禁区内篮框下的小圆圈区域

rim:篮框,篮圈

scoring table:记录台,记分台

shot clock:时限钟(进攻方在24秒内必须投篮,并且球必须触及篮框,否则即 违例)

three-point line:三分(球)线

top of the circle:靠近禁区顶端之三分(球)线附近

wing:(左、右两边)底线区域

blocking foul:阻挡犯规

charging foul:(带球)撞人(犯规)

defensive basket interference:防守方干扰投篮得分

delay of game:阻碍比赛之正常进行

disqualification:犯满离场,"毕业"

ejection:驱逐出场

expiration (of game, first half…):全场比赛

first half:上半场

first (second, third, fourth) period:比赛的第一(第二,第三,第四)节

flagrant foul:恶性犯规

foul:犯规

foul trouble:快要犯满离场,"领到一张准毕业证书"

held ball:持球(双方均持球不放)

illegal defense:防守违例

illegal offense:进攻违例(见isolation)

isolation:四位进攻球员在一边,而由第五位球员单吃对方防守球员

jump ball:争球,跳球

out of bound:球出界线(千万不要说outside)

overtime:加时赛,延长赛

referee:裁判

second half:下半场

shot clock violation:违反24秒内必须投篮(并且球必须触及篮框)时限之规定 substitute:换人(上场、下场)

technical foul:技术犯规

three-second violation:(篮下)3秒钟之违例

throw in:发球入场

traveling:(带球)走步 walking:(带球)走步

动作篇

(throw a) baseball pass:(快攻时)长传

behind-the-back dribble:背后(换手)运球

cross-leg dribble:胯下运球

dribble:运球

driving to the hoop:带球上篮

four-point play:投进3分球后因被犯规再罚进一分

hacking:打手犯规 holding:拉手犯规

make the basket:投篮得分 make the hoop:投篮得分

nothing but the net/swish:空心球(入篮)

shoot behind the arc:投三分球

score a basket:投篮得分 three-point play:投进2分球后因被犯规再罚进一分

球队球员篇

backcourt:后卫组(包括控球后卫及得分后卫)

backup:后备(替换,支持)球员

bench:(指全体)后备(替换,支持)球员

center中锋(又称5号位置球员)

coach:教练

frontline:锋线(包括大前锋,小前锋,中锋)

MVP:最有价值球员

one-guard:控球后卫

point guard:控球后卫

power forward:大前锋(又称4号位置球员)

rookie:第二年球员,菜鸟(球员)

shooting guard:得分后卫

sixth man:第六人

small forward:小前锋(又称3号位置球员)

starter:(指个人)先发球员

starting lineup:(指全体)先发球员

比赛篇

away game:客场比赛 home game:主场比赛

final:总决赛

first round:首轮比赛

guest team:客队 home team:主队 home court:主场

home court advantage:主场优势

losing streak:连败场数,连败纪录

post season:季后赛

赛事: NBA(National Basketball Association)

世界篮球锦标赛:Basketball World Cup

NCAA:National Collegiate Athletic Association

1.In a basketball game, teams constantly trade possession of the ball. At any given movement, the offense is the team that has the ball, and the defense is the team without the ball. For the offensive team, its success depends on its members playing together. On offense, only one player handles the ball at a time, but the other players are always moving and positioning themselves to try to create scoring opportunities, either for the ball handler for themselves.

翻译:在篮球比赛中,两支队伍不断地交换持球权。在任何一场比赛中,进攻方拥有持球权,而防守方没有持球权。对于进攻的一方,他们的胜利取决于队员们一起的表现。每次进攻时,只有一个运动员持球,其他队友通过不断移动自己的位置试着为持球者或者自己创造得分机会。

2.Play big

Bigger players can force their way closer to the basket, creating shorter shots for themselves and opening up space for the guards on the perimeter to hit jump shots. Playing big also gives a team an advantage in rebounding, the disadvantage of playing big is that smaller, quicker opponents may use their speed to play a fast-break game.

翻译:大块头的运动员。大块头的运动员们能强势往前冲使自己更靠近篮板,为他们自己创造更近的(篮下的)投篮得分机会,在禁区内为防守队员打开空间创造跳投得分的机会。大块头的队友也给自己队伍的篮板球带来很大的优势,但是他们的劣势在于对方小个子、速度快的队员会利用他们的速度打出快攻。

3.A team’s three-point game certainly depends on having excellent shooter, but it also depends on players setting good, solid screens that get shooters open and on players using the wings of the court(and thus forcing the defense to cover more area) . It also depends on having a strong inside game that prevents the defense from concentrating too much on the outside shooters.

翻译:一个队伍的三分球命中率一定是取决于他们拥有一个杰出的投手,但同时也取决于队友形成的良好的、坚固的掩护来让投手有更广阔的发挥空间(因此迫使对方防守队员不得不把防守面积覆盖的更大)。这也要依靠有一个强大的内线来牵扯对面的防守队员的精力,使他们不能投入更多到外线的投手身上。

4.Blocking out and rebounding are keys for a successful offense, because the team gains second or third opportunities to score on missed shots. However, blocking out and rebounding are generally more difficult for the offensive team than for the defensive team, because the defenders are usually playing closer to the basket than the offensive players.

翻译:外线阻挡和篮板球是一次成功防守的关键,因为第一次投失球的队伍能有第二次、第三次机会去投进。但是,外线阻挡和篮板通常对于进攻的一方来说通常更难,因为防守的一

方通常离篮板更近一些。

5. An important element of man-to-man defense is matching up properly, so that players defend opponents who play the same position and are roughly the same size and skill level. The defense thus ensures that the offense does not create mismatches.

翻译:在一对一的防守中,有一点至关重要,就是要尽可能的匹配(协调),也就是说运动员与对面的防守队员要在相同的位置上,并且有着差不多的体型和球技。这样的防守就保证了在进攻中不会出现不匹配的现象。

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