PS个人自述写作要点总结(本科)

PS写作要点

美国大学申请,有些学校要求写几篇命题Essay,而有些学校则直接要求提供一篇PS。PS的要求也没有做出特别明确的规定,但是一般情况下,都会要求包括:为什么选择该学校、为什么选择该专业、你的学术背景、重要经历、兴趣爱好、职业目标等等。所以写美国PS的时候也不完全是自由发挥,即使没有硬性规定,也最好能够涵括以上几个方面。

要研究如何写 PS ,我们就要首先了解为什么美国大学要求你提供PS 。原因很简单,美国大学本科教育的目标是培养健全的“ 人” ,而不是中国传统意义上的功用性的“ 人才 ”。因此,除了通过你的高中成绩和SAT分数了解你的学习能力外,学校还需要了解你作为一个社会公民的思想、价值观、独特经历以及未来规划。这一点,对于一些有着自身教育使命和价值观的学校,显得更加重要。毫无疑问PS给申请人提供了一个最好的展示自我的机会,也是申请人和录取委员会的所有成员进行深度沟通的唯一渠道。

在写PS前,有必要到学校官方网站了解所要申请的专业 (包括入学要求、课程设置和职业目标等)。下面就PS的写作要点归纳如下:

? PS的长度:

在欧美,PS归为ESSAY(漫谈)类,是一种短小精悍的文体。欧美出版的优秀PS文选,无不短小精悍,内容却非常丰满,文笔优美。

一般来说一篇PS的长度,尤其是申请本科的PS的正常长度为600—800英文单词(1000中文字左右),而相当多的中国申请人的PS超长。很多中国申请人试图把自己的方方面面的优点和成绩展示出来,须知PS不是简历的详细补充,许多信息可以通过其它文件展示,(如学习成绩等)。美国大学的招生人员曾谈到:在留学申请旺季时,面对堆堆积如山的文件,一般他们审查一个PS的时间只有2,3分钟,那种长篇大论类的PS只能让人心生厌烦。

? PS和其它文件的关系:

PS,推荐信,简历等文件构成一整套申请文件系统,既需要相互应证,也需要这些文件各有侧重点。因此在写作这些文件之前必须总体构思安排文章的布局和每个文件突出的重点。许多申请人将本该由简历或推荐信突出的内容放在PS中,这样不但造成信息的无效重复,同时弱化了PS应起的作用。 所以,PS中的内容应该是推荐信中没有提到,简历中不方便提或是没法详细阐述的内容。其中包括自身的特点、引以为傲的兴趣特长、学术成就、与专业相关的重要经历等等。

? 精辟的开场白:

一篇成功的个人自述应有一段精彩的开端,这可以是申请者对专业的,对事业的,对时事的,或对个人情况的感想和评述,但应注意与所申请的课程和专业相关,而且必须简练,几句话概括即可。

同样,开头也可以是申请者的职业规划,甚至是对自己的综合评述。具体以个人PS的整体安排和个人写作习惯而定。

? 对教育背景的介绍:

申请者应用叙述的笔法,将个人的教育背景勾勒出来,并强调其中的重点部分,并应避免枯燥和对个

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人简历的简单复制。对于申请本科的学生,高中和初中时期的经历比较重要,当然,少儿时期的成就,若是对随后的学术道路产生了重大的影响, 也可以提.但切忌提到诸如政治观点、宗教信仰和其它一切容易引起争议的不同寻常的话题。

? PS的主线:

PS写作中比较好把握的主线是以时间为纵轴,讲述你的某一兴趣爱好(如果专业明确,则选择对专业)的发展过程。中间穿插你的教育经历以及相关的专业经验。而且能体现你的成长过程。

除此之外,可以选择另一种写法,即描述近年来发生在你身上或是身边的某个重大事件,由此引出你对该事件的看法,该事件对你的影响,勾勒出你目标或理想的形成,这种写法无需明确的时间轨迹。

第三种写法,不太好掌控,用得也比较少,即以议论抒情为主。对生活或是社会的某个方面发表自己的看法,或是以一系列排比句段表明自己的观点或抒发自己的感情。这类写法要么就会趋于平淡,变成长篇大论,要么就会写得很出彩,引人赞叹。重点是语言的功底。

? PS语言特点:

中国人自己读得很顺的英语往往是按中文的语言逻辑写成的中式英语,不但会大大削弱想表达的意思,产生误解,而且会让招生人员看起来很枯燥无味(DULL)。 有些申请人,特别是考过GRE的申请人,用词句式过于夸张,古怪,不符合英语的思维习惯和文风。这种中国学院英语,其实经常让外国教授难以理解或是看后笑得前仰后合。

整个个人自述应避免太过冗长,并应注意使用学术英语,充分展示个人的英语能力,但忌讳用浮华且无实际价值的语言雕饰太过。写自述绝对不能一蹴而就,写好后需反复修改,清除罗嗦多余的部分,增加与申请学校和专业相对应的内容,密切注意句与句之间、段落之间、及整篇文章意思的逻辑联系。做到文章中不存在任何文法、语法或拼写上的错误。

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第二篇:四六级写作要点总结

四六级写作要点总结

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时间:20xx-12-20 16:51 | 分类:学习笔记 -

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四六级写作要点总结

一.写作评分标准

写作满分为15分,分5个等级:2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。

各分段评分具体标准如下:

2分——条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子有错,且多数为严重错误。

5分——基本切题。表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。

8分——基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯。语言错误较多,其中有少量的严重错误。

11分——切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。

14分——切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性较好,基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错。

二、过渡词语的运用

英语写作中,要做到行文连贯自然,很少有不用过渡词语的。而实际情况是,由于受汉语影响,很多学生只注重意义的连贯而忽视形式上的接应,结果造成英语句子连绵不断,病句很多且逻辑关系不明确。因此,平时练习时,应有意识地运用包括连词在内的过渡词语。现将常见过渡词句总结如下:

★常见于文章开头的词句

(1) With the development (progress, growth, etc.) of society (science, technology, economy, etc.), … has become more important than ever before in daily life.

(2) Recently, the problem of … has become the world’s focus.

★常见于文章结尾的词句

(1) In conclusion; In short; In summary; In brief; In a word; To conclude; To sum up; To end up等

(2) It’s only when one works hard enough that his success can be secured. ★表示先后次序的词句

first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), ...; to begin with..., moreover..., finally...; first of all, next, then, eventually; meanwhile; in the mean time; in due time; since then; shortly after等。

★表示因果关系的词句

because of; due to; owing to; thanks to; as a result; for this reason; consequently; accordingly; thus; hence; therefore; in this way等。

★表示比较和对比的词句

unlike; in contrast; on the contrary; despite; in spite of; on the other hand; otherwise; while; whereas; nevertheless; although; but; yet; still; likewise; in like manner; similarly; in the same way; just as等。

★表示附加的词句

again; in addition; and; also; furthermore; moreover; what’s more; not only... but also; besides; apart from等。

★表层进关系

additionally, in addition, also, besides, likewise, not only...but also, further, furthermore, in other words, moreover, equally important, for one thing...for another, what’s more, on the one hand...on the other hand, as well, last but not least. ★表举例

for example, for instance, a case in point, to illustrate, as an illustration, just as, take...for example, as follows.

★表让步/转折关系

though, although, as, while, despite, in spite of, regardless of, even though, for all that, but, yet, however, in contrast, still, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, at the same time.

★表解释同位关系

that is (to say), ...roughly means, in other words, by definition, namely, as a matter of fact, as...suggests, as regards, with regard to, concerning, as for, in terms of.

★表条件关系

if, in case (of), so long as, on condition that, assuming that, lest, while. ★表选择关系

or, or rather, alternatively, instead (of), rather than, whether...or, either...or, neither...nor, not...but.

★表总结关系

all in all, in all, briefly, in brief, altogether, to conclude, in conclusion, in one word, in short, in summary, to sum up, to summarize, on the whole, in sum, as has been mentioned (above).

三、常用句型

(1) 用于句首提出论题或现象的句型

① Recently, ...has become the focus of the society.

② ...has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life ③ Nowadays there is a growing concern for...

④ Nowadays it is common to hear/see...

⑤ ...has become a common occurrence in our daily life.

⑥ Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of...

⑦ It is only during the last/past few years that man has become generally aware that...

⑧ There is an old/popular saying/proverb which says/goes...

⑨ In recent years, there is a general tendency...

⑩ Nowadays...has become a problem we have to face.

(2) 用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型

① Some people like/prefer..., while others are/feel inclined to...

② There are different opinions among people as to...

③ Some people claim that...is superior to...Others, however, disagree with it. ④ Some people believe...Others maintain...Still others claim...

⑤ Some people suggest...Others, however, hold the opposite opinion. ⑥ On the one hand, people tend to...On the other hand, they feel...

⑦ Some people argue that...Others, in contrast, believe that...

⑧ Although more and more people come to believe...there are still others who insist that...

⑨ On the contrary, there are people in favor of...

⑩ There are some people who hold different opinions about...

(3) 用于陈述个人观点/想法的常用句型

① My own experience tells me that...

② In my opinion, we should attack more importance to...

③ As for my own idea about...I believe...

④ As far as I am concerned, I plan to...

⑤ Personally, I prefer...

⑥ In my view, both sides are partly right in that...

⑦ But for me, I would rather...

⑧ My own point of view is that...

⑨ In conclusion, I support the statement that...

⑩ As for me, I tend to choose...

(4) 用于结尾的常用句型

① From what has been discussed/mentioned above, we may conclude that... ② Therefore, it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that... ③ It is high time that something was done about...

④ From all the reasons/consideration above, it is evident/clear/obvious that... ⑤ Taking into account all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that... ⑥ Given the reasons/consideration I have just outlined/discussed/presented, I strongly recommend that...

⑦ It is clear, therefore, that...

⑧ All in all, what really matters is, in fact, to...

⑨ It is essential that effective measure be taken to...

⑩ From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that...

In conclusion, the most important is...

On the whole, it is high time that every one...

As a result, we should take some effective steps to...

Judging by the figures/statistics, it is not difficult to see that...

Only in this way/in so doing, can be really...

(5) 用于书信写作的常用句型

①申请信/求职信

I’m writing to apply for admittance to your university/college as a visiting scholar/research assistant.

I’m writing to explore the possibility of spending one or two years working /studying in your institute/laboratory/company.

I would like to apply for admission to your department/university for study in... Please send me an application form for admission to your graduate program. According to this morning’s Times/China Daily/Beijing Youth Daily, you want an experienced efficient secretary.

Your advertisement in this morning’s transcript/Business Weekly... appeals to me because ... I offer my qualifications in the hope that you will consider me for the job.

I understand from Mr... that there is an opening for a reporter on the staff of the New York Sun.

My former associates/employers will tell you that I am neat, accurate and painstaking in my work, that I am tactful and courteous, and that I am resourceful, loyal to the job, and of pleasing personality.

They will tell you that I am conscientious, that I have an agreeable personality and appearance, and that I get along well with everyone.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Look forward to hearing from you soon.

I am looking forward to the pleasure of a personal interview.

②邀请信及答复

It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting.

It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition.

Will you and Mrs. Green give me the pleasure of dining with us at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, Oct 10th, at eight o’clock?

John and I would be very happy if you and Mr. Latimer could come to dinner on Saturday the nineteenth at seven o’clock. We do hope you can join us. John and I are wondering if you can dine with us on Tuesday, the fifteenth, at half-past six. Afterwards, we plan to hear the University Glee Club at Auditorium.

Mrs Green and I are delighted to accept your kind invitation to dine with you at the Beijing Hotel on Sunday, at eight o’clock, and are looking forward to that evening with great pleasure.

It is very kind of you to ask us to dinner this coming Saturday evening, but, to our regret, we cannot accept it.

I am sorry not be able to accept your kind invitation to lunch on the fourteenth. Unfortunately my plans have been changed, and I will be returning to Troy on Monday.

③批评、抱怨、投诉

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at...

I am writing to complain about...

I think it’s high time you realized...

To improve the situation/solve the above problem, it is advisable for you to take the following measures.

We know that you are not generally careless, but we would like your assurance that this will not happen again.

I wish to refer you to an incident which occurred...calling for some remedial action.

I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal action.

To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any longer.

There are some problems with the (flat) that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing, there is...For another, ...

④感谢信

Thank you very much for the kindness you have given me during my stay in Paris. I have really enjoyed my visit there.

I warmly appreciate your hospitality.

I don’t know how to thank you for your kindness to me.

I inform you with gratitude that your parcel reached me.

We are indebted to you for your help.

It was thoughtful and generous of you to send me such a beautiful and fancy gift.

With deepest gratitude I write you here a few lines.

I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely time we had at your party last night.

I find an ordinary “thank you” entirely inadequate to tell you how grateful I am for your wonderful present.

(6)用于图表作文的常见句型

① As the graph/chart/table shows/ depicts, ...

② As is clearly shown in the graph/chart/table, …

③ The graph/ chart/ table shows/indicates/ reveals that…

④ It can be seen /concluded from the graph/ chart/ table/picture that …

⑤ From the cartoon/picture, we can see that...

⑥ Accordingly to the statistics shown in the first/second graph,… ⑦ Why are there such great changes /a sharp contrast during the past 20 years?

⑧ Two main factors contribute to this.

⑨ Three possible reasons contribute to/ can explain this phenomenon. ⑩ There are mainly two reasons explaining these changes.

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