第一类:无规律变化
1. foot → feet , goose → geese, tooth---teeth,child → children, ox → oxen, louse → lice, woman → women, man → men, mouse → mice 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
第二类:单复数同形:sheep, deer, fish, cattle, Chinese, Japanese,audience
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
第三类:以O结尾的单词。
A、有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加“S”;
B、以元音字母加O结尾的单词只加“s”
piano,photo,zero,radio,bamboo,tobacco,solo,cuckoo,dynamo,cameo,soprano。
如果以o结尾的名词有生命力,则该词汇一般加-es。如:
Hero,tomato,potato,Negro(黑人)[简记;黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。] 第四类:以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加“es”,如:
family——families , city——cities
若y前面是元音字母只加“S”,如:key——keys boy——boys play——plays toy——toys
第五类: 以f,fe结尾的名词,变f,fe为v 加es,如:calf——calves, knife——knives
A.下列名词直接加“S”
roof(房顶) reef(暗礁) chief(首领) cliff(悬崖) grief(悲痛) turf(草皮) belief(信仰) gulf(港湾) dwarf(侏儒) safe(保险箱) sheriff(长官) tariff(关税)
B. scarf(头巾) whart(码头) staff(全体职员) handkerchief(手帕) hoof(蹄)既可直接加“s”,又可变f为v加es。
第六类:复合名词复数形式
1、中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数;
bookshelf——bookshelves handful——handfuls
2、man和 woman构成的复合名词,二者均变为复数。
Man servant——men servants woman teacher——women teachers
3、中间有连字符的合成词,在主体词(中心意义的词)末尾变为复数。 Sister-in-law——sisters-in-law looker-on——lookers-on
editor-in-chief——editors-in-chief
4、下列合成名词在后一个词上变化;
sit-in——sit-ins grown-up——grown-ups stand-by——stant-bys touch-me-not——touch-me-nots go-between——go-betweens
第七类:集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。
如: The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 第八类:以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是19xx年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book.
<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
第九类:表示由两部分构成的东西
如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes
若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
第十类 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
第十一类:外来词.
一些英语外来词的复数形式:crisis→crises 危机,analysis→analyses 分析,oasis→oases 绿洲,parenthesis→parentheses 括号 ,axis→axes 轴心 ,ellipsis→ellipses日蚀 ,hypothesis→hypotheses 假定,synopsis→synopses 内容提要 ,erratum→errata 勘误误表,
addendum→addenda 补遗、附录, medium→media 媒体
高中英语动词不规则变化分类
I.三态同形(17个)
bid(投标) bid bid broadcast(广播)broadcast broadcast burst(迸发) burst burst cast(抛掷) cast cast
cost(花费) cost cost cut(剪切) cut cut
forecast(预报) forecast forecast hit(撞击) hit hit
hurt(伤害) hurt hurt let(让) let let
put(放置) put put quit(退下) quit quit
read(读) read read set(安放) set set
shut(关) shut shut spread(传播) spread spread
upset(不安) upset upset
II.两态同形(64个)
become(成为) became become come(来) came come
run(跑) ran run beat(打击) beat beaten
bend(弯曲) bent bent bleed(流血) bled bled
bring(带来) brought brought build(建立) built built
burn(燃烧) burnt burnt buy(买) bought bought
catch(抓捕) caught caught deal(处理) dealt dealt
dig(挖) dug dug dream(梦见) dreamt dreamt feed(喂养) fed fed feel(感觉) felt felt
fight(战斗) fought fought find(发现) found found fleed(逃离) fled fled hang(悬挂) hung hung
have(有) had had hear(听见) heard heard
hold(握住) held held keep(保持) kept kept
lay(放下) laid laid lead(领导) led led
lean(倾斜) leant leant learn(学会) learnt learnt
leave(离开) left left lend(借出) lent lent
light(电亮) lit lit lose(失去) lost lost
make(制作) made made mean(意思是) meant meant meet(遇见) met met mislead(误导) misled misled
misunderstand(误解)misunderstood misunderstood pay(付费)paid paid rebuild(重建) rebuilt rebuilt retell(重述) retold retold
say(说) said said seek(追求) sought sought
sell(卖) sold sold send(派送) sent sent
shine(照耀) shone shone shoot(射击) shot shot
sit(坐) sat sat sleep(睡觉) slept slept
smell(闻嗅) smelt smelt speed(加速) sped sped
spell(拼写) spelt spelt spend(度过) spent spent
spill(溅出) spilt spilt spit(吐痰) spat spat
spoil(惯坏) spoilt spoilt stand(站立) stood stood
stick(粘住) stuck stuck sweep(打扫) swept swept teach(教) taught taught tell(告诉) told told
think(思想) thought thought understand(懂得 understood understood weep(哭泣) wept wept win(战胜) won won
III.三态不同形(52个)
arise(起来) arose arisen be(是) was/were been
bear(生育、忍受)bore born/borne begin(开始) began begun bite(叮、咬) bit bitten blow(吹) blew blown
break(打破) broke broken choose(选择) chose chosen crow(啼叫) crew crown do(做) did done
draw(绘画、拉) drew drawn drink(喝) drank drunk/drunken drive(开车、驱赶) drove driven eat(吃) ate eaten
fall(倒下) fell fallen fly(飞) flew flown
forbid(禁止) forbade forbidden forget(忘记) forgot forgotten forgive(宽谅) forgave forgiven freeze(结冰) froze frozen get(得到) got got/gotten give(给予) gave given
go(去、走) went gone grow(成长) grew grown hide(躲藏) hid hidden know(知道) knew known
lie(躺) lay lain mistake(弄错) mistook mistaken ride(骑) rode ridden ring(响铃) rang rung
rise (升起) rose risen see(看见) saw seen
sew(缝纫) sewed sewn shake(摇动) shook shaken show(显示) showed/shew shown sing(唱歌) sang sung
sink(下沉) sank sunk/sunken sow(播种) sowed sown
speak(说话) spoke spoken spring(跳跃) sprang sprung
steal(偷) stole stolen strike(打击) struck stricken/struck swear(起誓) swore sworn swim(游泳) swam swum
tear(撕扯) tore torn take(拿去) took taken
throw(扔、抛弃)threw thrown undertake(从事) undertook undertaken wear(穿、戴) wore worn weave(编织) wove woven wake(醒来) woke waken/woke write(写) wrote written
IV.其它(4个)
can(能够) could may(可能) might
will(将会、愿意) would shall(将要、应该) should
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