专八人文知识复习题总结1

美国概况

1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is 密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人“众河之父”Father of Waters)

2. A.

3.年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，20xx年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。

4. has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.

5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S.

Constitution?

A. He is the head of the state

B. He is the chief executive of the U. S.

C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces

D. 6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually

7. spirit.

8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.

9. Which of the following is NOT America’s newspaper?

A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today 英国《卫报》) D. The Milwaukee Journal

10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络(News and Cable Networks)

11. To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美国大陆东部则是大西洋。 13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States. 15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.

A. defense D. the regulation of foreign trade

16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was 17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.

18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner. 20. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.

21. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidential term is the longest. (12 years)

22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.

23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.

24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.

25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.

26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. (two for each state)

27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.

28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.

英国概况

1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?

A. England B. Scotland D. Wales

2. Modern football game began in England.

3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.

4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River.

5. The general election in Britain is held every five years.

6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain.

7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.

8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London.

9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.

10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.

11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.

12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.

13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.

14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party.

15. The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.

16. The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.

17. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

 

第二篇：专八人文知识复习总结

美国概况

1. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is the Mississippi River.(密西西比河也是美国最长最为重要的河流，被美国人“众河之父”Father of Waters)

2. Non-Hispanic white is the largest racial group in the whole population of U.S. A.

3. Before 20xx, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. 20xx年前美国黑人是美国人数最多的少数民族，20xx年后Hispanics/Latinos也就是拉丁裔的美国人成为美国人数最多的少数民族。

4. America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.

5. As to roles of American president, which is NOT precisely defined in the U. S. Constitution?

A. He is the head of the state

B. He is the chief executive of the U. S.

C. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces

D. He is the head of his political party

6. The economic problems caused by the depression in 1929 were eventually solved by the New Deal. (proposed by F. D. Roosevelt)

7. The New England region’s cultural character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.

8. California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.

9. Which of the following is NOT America’s newspaper?

A. Wall Street Journal B. USA today

C. Guardian (英国《卫报》) D. The Milwaukee Journal

10. ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, CNN, MTV, HBO等都是美国主要的新闻与有线电视网络(News and Cable Networks)

11. To the west of mainland America lies the Pacific Ocean. 美国大陆东部则是大西洋。

12. Detroit, a U. S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its automobile industry.

13. New York City is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.

14. Washington D. C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.

15. The U. S. Congress has the power to make these laws except of _______.

A. defense B. citizenship and naturalization C. marriage D. the regulation of foreign trade

16. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.

17. Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rhode Island.

18. The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.

19. The number of the Representatives from each American state depends on the population.

20. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.

21. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidential term is the longest. (12 years)

22. American Civil War broke out in 1861 and finished in 1865.

23. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.

24. In 31 October Halloween is celebrated.

25. The US was rated fourth in the world in terms of land area.

26. The seats in the Senate are allocated to different states equally. (two for each state)

27. Hollywood, the center of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angeles.

28. The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.

英国概况

1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain?

A. England B. Scotland C. Ireland D. Wales

2. Modern football game began in England.

3. In Britain education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.

4. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River.

5. The general election in Britain is held every five years.

6. “God Save the Queen” is the national anthem of Britain.

7. In 1588 the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada and established the supremacy over the sea.

8. Big Ben is a famous clock in London.

9. In 1066 William the Conqueror led the Norman army in invading and defeating England.

10. The Times is the British oldest daily newspaper.

11. The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.

12. Margaret Thatcher is the first female Prime Minister in the history of Great Britain.

13. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.

14. There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labor party.

15. The new agency Reuters（路透社）was founded in London.

16. The Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.

17. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.

18. The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

加拿大概况

1. Maples are always used to symbolize Canada.

2. Canada was originally one colony of England.

3. The official languages of Canada are English and French.

4. The largest city in Canada is Toronto.

5. Canada was rated second in the world in terms of land area.

澳大利亚概况

1. Australia, as the world’s smallest continent and largest island, has a small population in relation to its size.

2. The national day of Australia is January 26, the date of the first European settlement of the continent in January 26, 1788.

3. The capital of Australia is Canberra.

4. The largest city in Australia is Sidney.

新西兰概况

1. The largest city in New Zealand is Auckland.

2. The Maori（毛利人）are the indigenous people of New Zealand, and have a rich and varied culture.

3. James Cook claimed that Australia and New Zealand belonged to Britain in 1770.

美国文学

1. Captain John Smith usually was regarded as the first American writer.

2. “God help those who help themselves” is a citation from the work of Benjamin Franklin.

3. As a philosophical and literary movement, Transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.

4. The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne.

5. The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism is Ralph Waldo Emerson.

6. The American Scholar written by Emerson was regarded as “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.

7. Emily Dickinson: famous female poet in the 19th century America

8. Captain, My Captain by Walt Whitman was written for Abraham Lincoln.

9. Washington Irving was the first man of letters from the US to win an international reputation.

10. Mark Twain: Local Colorism; famous novels: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

11. Theodore Dreiser: naturalism; famous novels: Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy

12. Jack London: Martin Eden (autobiographical); The Call of the Wild etc.

13. Ezra Pound: famous American poet in the 20th century, leader of the Imagist movement

14. Robert Lee Frost: famous American poet in the 20th century; famous poems: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, The Road Not Taken, Mending Wall

15. Ernest Hemingway: spokesman of Lost Generation; famous novels: The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms

16. F. Scott Fitzgerald: spokesman of the Jazz Age; famous novel: The Great Gatsby

17. William Faulkner: foremost southern writer of the 20th century; famous novel: The Sound and the Fury

18. Eugene O’Neil: leading playwright of the modern period in American literature 英国文学

1. Beowulf: national epic in old English

2. Geoffrey Chaucer: father of modern English poetry; The Canterbury Tales

3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: story about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table

4. Renaissance: it was an intellectual movement. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th

century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.

5. Thomas More: Utopia

6. William Shakespeare: Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, Othello He was also famous for his sonnets and love tragedy: Romeo and Juliet.

7. John Milton: Paradise Lost (great epic)

8. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe

9. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels

10. John Bunyan: Pilgrim’s Progress (It is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.)

11. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language

12. In the mid-18th century, a new literary trend called Romanticism came to Europe and then to England.

13. National poet of Scotland: Robert Burns

14. William Wordsworth: Lyrical Ballads (It marked the beginning of Romanticism in English poetry.)

15. George Gordon Byron: Don Juan

16. Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind

17. John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale

18. In the Victorian Age (1836 – 1901), romanticism gradually gave way to realism.

19. Charles Dickens: A Tale of Two Cities; David Copperfield; Oliver Twist

20. Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights

21. Thomas Hardy: Tess of D’Urbervilles

22. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fair

23. George Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion; Mrs Warren’s Profession (He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.)

24. John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga

25. James Joyce: “stream-of-consciousness”

语言学

1. The core of linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

2. The beginning of Modern linguistics: marked by the publication of F. de Saussure’s book Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.

3. Prescriptive vs. Descriptive规定性研究与描写性研究

Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.

4. Competence vs. performance 语言能力与语言运用: the distinction was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in 1965. The two terms are similar with Saussure’s langue and parole. However, Saussure took a sociological view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view.

5. Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.（语音学）

6. Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic

communication.（音位学）

7. 音位学与语音学的不同：语音学着重于语音的自然属性；音位学强调语音的社会功能。

8. Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.（形态学）

9. Morpheme: the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, the minimal unit of meaning.

10. Word-formation: the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships. They are compound and derivation.

11. Transformational-Generative grammar: proposed by Chomsky in 1957(转换生成语法)

12. hyponymy上下义关系，指一种意义包含关系，一个上义词一般会有许多下义词，比如flower与violet的关系即上下义关系。

13. antonymy反义关系：(1)Gradable antonyms两者并非绝对对立，而是相对hot-cold；（2）complementary antonyms互补，两者绝对对立，非此即彼，如dead-alive

（3）relational antonyms相反的，两个实体之间关系的相互颠倒buy-sell

14. Sociolinguistics: It is the sub-filed of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.社会语言学

15. Sapir-whorf hypothesis萨皮尔伍尔夫假说: according to Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences.此假说认为语言决定或影响人的思维方式和行为。

16. acquisition（习得）:it is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language, and it is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.

Learning（学习）: it is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.