外研社高一英语1n2语法总结

外研社高一英语语法总结 (必修1&必修2)

一、语法综述:

---------段落--------篇章

单词(word)是英语这一门语言的基本单位。中学阶段英语语法主要研究单词(词法)和句子(句法)的正确使用。

1. 英语的词法主要是研究英语中的十大类词。也就是

必修一跟必修二这两本书中主要涉及到了前四个词类:“句子的心脏”(动词)、“语言的美化师”(形容词、副词)、“帽子词”(冠词)。

2. 英语的句法主要是研究句子的构成、排列顺序、以及使用的。 英语的句子按照用途划分四大类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 按照句子的繁简程度划分为三类:简单句、并列句、复杂句。

并列句:You are a student and I am a teacher.

You are a student but you learn English better than your teacher.

复杂句:I agreed with what you said.

The teacher who is serious and energetic is our English teacher. Because he is strict, we don’t like him.

必修一跟必修2中主要涉及到的句法为复杂句中的状语从句(其中主要提到:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句)

二、课本中具体语法知识点讲解

(一)动词

动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词(很多语法书上动词就是指谓语动词)(为什么这样划分?还记得吗?)

Ⅰ谓语动词

谓语动词是句子的“心脏”,在句子中谓语由不同的时态构成。“时态”就是谓语动词动作发生的时间和存在的状态(“时”为时间,“态”为状态)。 时间

----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------------> :

过去(past) 现在(present) 将来(future)

状态:进行/完成

(时态是如何一 一构成的?笔记!)

这两册书中主要学习了一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时。

1. 作发生的时间,与状态没有关系。例如:

2. 表示两方面的的含义:

a. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,并且可能一直持续下去。

b. 过去发生的动作,对现在造成的影响。(落脚点在现在,注意与一般过去时的区别)

3. (a). ----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------->

那时以前 那时(过去) 现在

e.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

He didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.

(b). 注意过去完成时跟后面学的从句联系起来(学会联系):

e.g. When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

I found the watch which I had lost.

(c). 过去完成时还可用在hardly … when …, no sooner … than …,

It was the 1st (2nd , etc) time (that)…(这是某人第几次干什么了)等固定句型中。

e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

(看笔记:这些半倒装句子还会变吗??相似的还有否定含义的频度副词:never,

关于用法,两条黄金原则:a. 非谓语动词不作谓语。

1. to do, doing 作宾语

(1)后面跟to do 作宾语的动词

hope, agree, dare, decide, determine||begin, start, refuse,

prepare,offer||manage,try, aim, forget, remember \choose||seem, pretend, learn, love, hate

(可记:希望同意敢决定,开始拒绝备提供,设法瞄准忘记选,似乎假装学爱憎。) e.g. We agreed _ to meet _ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. She pretended _ not to see _me when I passed by. (全国卷) (2)后面跟doing作宾语的动词 give up, enjoy, regret // insist on, practise , finish // put off, avoid , mind (可记: “放弃”“享受”可“后悔”, “坚持”“练习”必“完成”, “延期”“避免”非“介意” 动名介宾不能忘 掌握它们你必明。) e.g. Would you mind waiting a few minutes? They are looking forward to Mary’s coming 2. doing & done 作定语 (何为定语?“定”------“界定、限定”,也就是修饰限定名词的,名词在句子中作主语宾语,所以定语修饰主语或宾语)

(还记得吗?作定语时,单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前;若是分词短语则要放在所修饰的名词之后)

e.g.running water

Do you know the three children walking towards us

broken heart/ The heart broken by him is dead.

3. doing & done 作状语

(何为状语来?“状”------“状况”,也就是说明动作发生的状况,例如动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、条件、造成的结果等。也就是在句子中修饰谓语动词) (还记得吗?现在分词作状语有“一个中心,两个基本点”。一个中心:句子前后的逻辑主语要一致。两个基本点是:一般式&完成式。看笔记。)

e.g. Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. (为什么用现在式,会分析吗) Having finished the homework, he went home. (为什么用完成式,会分析吗) 注意:1)无论作什么成分,to do 一般表示将来,doing表示主动进行,done表示被动完成。

2)化来的):

例如上面例句:Do you know the three children walking towards us (会转化成定语从句吗)

(会转化成状语从句吗?试试看)

自己看看笔记)

词的帽子!也就是说冠词永远放在名词的前面,不能单独使用。在考试过程中,经常会考查定冠词和零冠词(不用冠词的地方)的用法。

1. 定冠词的常考用法

(1). 表示世界上独一无二的东西

the sun, the earth, the capital, the sky, the universe

(2) .

川、群岛的名词前。

the United States, the Communist Party of China, the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean,

the second story, the largest room, the third longest river

(4)用在方位名词前或某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。

on the left, in the east / west, in the morning, on the other hand, in the end

(5). 用在形容词或分词前表示一类人。

the poor / rich / dying / young / living / wounded

(6). The Smiths are sitting at the breakfast table

(7) . 弹奏国外乐器时,乐器名词前

Do you like to play the piano or the violin?

2. 零冠词的用法

(1). 专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前

China , America, John,

Air is a matter.

Failure is the mother of success.

(2). 季节、月份、星期、节日、一日三餐名称前

spring, summer, autumn / fall, winter, Sunday, October, National Day

(3) 表示头衔的名词作表语、宾语补足语及同位语时

He was made monitor.

George W. Bush is president of the USA.

(4). 学科名词,球类、棋类名词前

Do you study mathematics?

He likes playing football / chess.

(5). 在与by连用的交通工具名称前

by car( bus, train, water, air, land) (三)形容词&副词(语言的美化师)

Ⅰ 形容词

1. : ①主语+be+倍数+as+形容词/副词+ as

②主语+be+倍数+比较级+than

③主语+be+倍数+the+名词(size, width, length, height,

depth…)+of

e.g. My room is three times as big as his.=My room is three times the size of his.=My room is three times bigger than his.

2. e.g. He became taller and taller.

e.g. 1) The sooner, the better. 越快越好。

Ⅱ 副词的用法

1. 定义: 副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。

2. 分类

1) 时间副词: now, then, soon, today, sometimes, yesterday, tomorrow, ago等。

e.g. We are leaving for Beijing soon. (注意位置)

2) 频度副词: often, always, usually, never, ever, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally等。

e.g. He seldom goes to the cinema.

He had never been there before.

(否定副词位于句首呢?试着变化一下)

3) 程度副词: quite, so, little, much, very, rather, almost, nearly等。

e.g. He quite likes pop music.

(五)状语从句

(回忆1:从句=引导词+句子; XX从句就是“跟班句子”在大家庭里面起到XX作用。(认真看笔记,自己弄明白 ) (回忆2:老师说过,考查从句主要考查什么来?) 状语从句,当然就是跟班句子在另一个大句子里面作状语。课本中主要讲解了时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句. Ⅰ时间状语从句 引导词有哪几类,还记得吗? ① when, while, as (学会区分辨别) ② as soon as, the moment, hardly…when, no sooner…than (还记后两个怎么用吗?) ③ before, after(before 往往翻译成什么?) ④ by the time (注意前后时态对应) e.g. By the time they get here, we'll have finished the work. (此时主句还可用将来时,还记得吗)

By the time we got there, the movie had begun .

Ⅱ原因状语从句 (动作发生的原因)

引导词主要学习了哪几个?会区分吗?(看笔记)

Because, as, since, for, now that (for 跟其它几个有什么不同---for虽然表原因,但引导的并不是原因状语从句,因为它是并列连词)

Ⅲ 目的状语从句 (动作的目的)

引导词:so as to, in order to ,so that

E.g. I worked hard so as to I can pass the exam.

Ⅳ 结果状语从句 (动作造成的结果)

引导词:so ….that; such…that “如此。。。以至于”

e.g. I worked so hard that I passed the exam.

注意:(1)为什么so 后面要跟形容词、副词呢?such后要跟名次呢?(还记得吗,看笔记)

(2)so 和such谓语句首的话呢?(半倒装,注意与前面所有半倒装的联系起来)

So hard did I work that I passed the exam.

 

第二篇:高一英语重点语法总结

直接引语和间接引语

1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的调整。

eg: He said :"I broke your CD player." (一般过去时改成过去完成时)

He told me he had broken my CD player.

Jenny said, "I have lost a book."

(现在完成时改成过去完成时)

Jenny said she had lost a book.

Mum said,"I'll go to see a friend."

(一般将来时改成过去将来时)

Mum said she would go to see a friend.

过去完成时保留原有的时态

He said, "We hadn't finished our homework."

He said they hadn't finished their homework.

注意 直接引语是客观真理,过去进行时,时态不变。

2. 在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如:

Mary said, :"My brother is an engineer."

Mary said her brother was and engineer.

3. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如:

He said,"Can you run, Mike?"

He asked Mike whether/if he could run.

4. 直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) + (not) to do sth."句型。如: "pass me the water, please."said he.

He asked him to pass her the water.

5. 直接引语如果是以"Let's"开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,通常用"suggest+动名词或从句"的结构。如:

She said, "Let's go to the cinema."

She suggested going to the cinema.

或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.

现在进行时表将来的动作

现在进行时表将来的动作,谓语通常为瞬间动词。如:come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。

(1)用现在进行时表示将来,指的是近期的,按计划或安排要发生的动作。

(2)现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于:前者通常用瞬间动词(有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如:do)如:go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。

He is reading a novel.

他在看小说。

The train is arriving soon.

火车就要进站了。

(3)用现在进行时表示将来的时间,在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。

(4)现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于:前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的,而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情,因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。

What are you doing next Friday?

下星期五你们打算干什么?

The plane takes off at 7:30 tonight.

飞机今晚七点半起飞。

限定性定语从句

1、定义:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who ( 宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when,关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,

同时又作定语从句的一个成份。

The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我的隔壁的人是卖菜的。

在该句中the man 是先行词,who 是关系代词,引导定语从句who lives next to us.在定语从句中,who 作主语。

2、由关系代词who, whom, which, that引导的限定性定语从句。

1)如果先行词是人,则用关系代词who/that; 如果先行词是物,则用关系代词which/that。 The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

无家可归的人多达25万。

It sounded like a train that was going under my house.

它听起来就像是在我的房子下行驶的一列火车。

2)关系代词who, whom, which, that既起联系作用,引导定语从句,使之同它句中的某个名词/代词发生关系,同时又充当定语从句的一个成份。(如作从句中的主语或宾语)。当它们在从句中作宾语时,常可以省略。

The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.

我们昨天见到的那个男孩是约翰的兄弟。

The car (which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.

我叔叔刚买的那辆汽车在地震上毁坏了。

说明:

关系代词whom用来指人,是宾格,常用在书面语中作定语从句的宾语。在口语和非正式文体中,常用who/that来代替whom或省略,如例句4。

3)当关系代词that或which修饰事物,作介词宾语时,如果介词位于关系代词之前,则用which(不能省)而不用that。

The tool with which he is working is called a saw = The tool(that/which)he is working with is called a saw.他干活的那个工具叫锯子(不说"with that")

The factory in which his father used to work was closed last month = the factory

(that/which) his father used to work in was closed last month.

他父亲以前工作过的那家工厂上个月关闭了。

说明:含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。

Is this the watch (which/that)you are looking for? 这是你正在找的那块手表吗?

The babies(whom/that)the nurses are looking after are very healthy.

那些护士正在照顾的宝宝们非常健康。

定语从句 (the Attributive Clause)

1. 描述特定时间的特征 ---- 由when或介词+which引导定语从句:

This was the moment when / at which Spielberg's career really took off.

2. 描述特定地点的特征 ---- 由where或介词+which引导定语从句:

Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island where / on which there are no people.

3. 描述特定原因或理由的内容 ---- 由why或介词+which引导定语从句:

The reason why / for which Steven Spielberg could not go to the Film Academy was that his grades were too low.

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,归纳起来,二者有以下几点不同:

一、作用不同

限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切,是先行词不可缺少的定语,它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或物 如果删去,全句的意思就会变得不明确。而非限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词的一个附加修饰语,对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用;若把它去掉,全句意思仍然清楚。例如:

The girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister.

刚才站在角落里的那个姑娘是我的妹妹。

Mary Smith,who is in the corner, wants to meet you.

玛丽·史密斯在那个角落里,她想见你。

第一个例句中的定语从句指明作为主语的“姑娘”不是任何一个,而是在角落的那个。如果去掉定语从句,表达的意思就不明确。第二个例句已经表明主语是谁,定语从句只不过是补充说明一点情况而已。若去掉从句,句子意思仍然完整。

二、形式不同

非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号 而限制性定语从句与先行词之间则无逗号。例如:

He’s the man who lives next door.

他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(从句不可少,从句前无逗号。)

His wife,whom you met at my house,is a teacher.

他的妻子是一位老师,你在我家曾见过她。(从句可有可无,从句前有逗号。)

三、含义不同

限制性定语从句有涉他性;非限制性定语从句有唯一性。例如:

In the class there are ten students who speak English very well.

这个班上有十名英语说得好的学生。(暗示班上不只是十个学生。)

In the class there are ten students,who speak English very well.

这个班上有十名学生,他们英语说得很好。

(非限制性定语从句,表明班上只有十个学生。)

四、 译法不同

在把限制性定语从句译成汉语时,通常在从句的末尾加?°的?±字,放在它所修饰名词的前边。而在把非限制性定语从句译成汉语时,一般译成一个单独的句子。请看下面例句: The film that we saw yesterday was very interesting.

我们昨天看的电影非常有趣。

Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.

北京是中国的首都,它是一座非常美丽的城市。

被动语态

结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.

be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.

一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词

一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词

一般将来时 will +be +及物动词的过去分词

现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词

2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词

否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成

疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.

被动语态主要的用法

1)我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁(这时 都不带由by引起的短语)。 The book is written for teachers. 这种书是为教师写的。

2)动作的承受者是谈话的中心(这时可带有by引起的短语)。

The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。

3)出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者 是谁。

It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。

4)被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。

Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.刘德华在台上出现,观众给予了热烈的掌声。

5)在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的,有些带有?°被?±、 ?°受?±、?°由?±等词,译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。

¢ù他被选为我班班长。He was elected monitor of our class.

但在更多情况下却不带这类标记,这种情况值得特别注意。

运动会什么时候开? When will the sports meet be held?

注 意 点:1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.

2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等

eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.

3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有

be covered with be surprised at

be interested in be worried about

be made of/from be known to

4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.

5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系

主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

(动作执行者) (动作承受者)

被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者

(动作承受者)

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