中考英语语法点简要归纳

一、出现以下词，用do填空：

can , could, may, must, need, had better, why not, make, have to, let’s, see, hear, watch, notice, Will ( Would ) you please??

二、出现以下词，用to do 填空：

would like, want, begin, start, hope, decide, ask, wish, have something to do, tell, take time, it’s time, remember, forget, learn, teach, try, stop, plan, adj./疑问词后，take ,allow, encourage, warn, It’s +形容词＋to do something, discuss, know, refuse, invite , get order, like, offer, lend, make up one’s mind to do, set one’s mind to do, enough, need

三、出现以下词，用doing 填空：

finish, like, enjoy, mind, keep, be busy, there be, do some?, go doing, prevent, be worth, spend, practice, feel like, thank somebody for doing something ,stop, excuse somebody for doing something, can’t help, prefer?to?,look forward to?hate, mention, have fun doing,介词：at, in , on, of , from, for, about, with, without, ,make a contribution to, be used to, hear, see, watch, notice, listen,

四、基数词的特殊变化

one---first ; two---second; three---third; five---fifth; eight---eighth; nine---ninth; twelve---twelfth; twenty---twentieth; twenty-one---twenty-first

五、代词的变化：

主格―――宾格――所有格(adj.)――所有格（n.）―反身代词

I --------me--------my----------mine-------------myself

you------you--------your-------yours------------yourself

he-------him---------his-------his-------------himself

she------her----------her-------hers-----------herself

it-------it----------its--------its--------- itself

we-------us---------our---------ours------------ourselves

you------you--------your--------yours---------yourselves

they-----them------their--------theirs---------themselves

六、表示天气的词

1. sun—sunny 2. cloud—cloudy

3. rain—rainy 4. wind—windy

5. fog—foggy 6. mist—misty

7. snow—snowy 8. shower—showery

七、表示方向的词

1. east—eastern—easterner(s) 2south—southern—southerner(s)

3.west—western—westerner(s) 4.north—northern—northerner(s)

八、国家---国家的（人）

1.China—Chinese 2.Japan—Japanese

3.Germany--German 4.Canada—Canadian

5.Sweden—Swedish 6. Australia--stralian

7. Italy—Italian 8. India—Indian

9.France—French-renchman 10.America—American

九、一些特殊的名词复数及短语

1. leaf_________________ 2. life_________________

3. thief_________________ 4. knife_________________

5. shelf_________________ 6. half__________________

7.roof_________________ 8.German_______________

9.sheep________________ 10.deer_________________

11.child_________________ 12.woman teacher________

13.tooth_________________ 14.foot_________________

15.people_______________ 16.postman______________

19.boy________________ 20.key___________

21.story_______________ 22.family______________

23.century_____________ 24.baby_______________

26.tomato_______________ 27.potato________________

28.radio_________________ 29.zoo_________________

30.kilo_________________ 31.photo________________

32.businessman_________ 33.woman_______________

34.man__________________ 35.difficulty____________

36.monkey_____________ 37.mouse_______________

十一、不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级：

1.good—better—best 2.well—better—best 3.much—more—most

4.many—more—most 5.bad—worse—worst 6.badly—worse—worst

7.ill—worse—worst 8.far—farther—farthest 9.old—older—oldest

10. old—elder—eldest 11.little—less—least

十二、动词时态的句子结构及关键词：

一般现在时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be (am, is, are ) +其他

否定句主语＋be not +其他

疑问句 Be＋主语＋其他

或：肯定句主语＋动词原型＋其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加“s” ) 否定句主语＋don’t+动词原型＋其他（第三人称单数作主语don’t改为doesn’t）

疑问句 DO+主语＋动词原型＋其他（第三人称单数作主语do改为doess）

关键词：sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 o’clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等。注：在时间壮语从句、条件壮语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来时，这时一般从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时

现在进行时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be +动词的现在分词＋其他

否定句主语＋be not+动词的现在分词＋其他

疑问句 Be +主语＋动词的现在分词＋其他

关键词：now, right now, at the moment, It’s+几点钟等的句子。或look, listen,

keep quiet等提示语。

一般将来时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋will+动词原型＋其他

否定句主语＋will not +动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Will +主语＋动词原型＋其他

(will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall)

关键词：tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o’clock tomorrow evening, next year,

at ten o’clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 20xx, soon, in a few days’ time, in the future 等。一般过去时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be（was，were）＋其他

否定句主语＋be not＋其他

疑问句 Be＋主语＋其他

或：肯定句主语＋动词的过去式＋其他

否定句主语＋did not＋动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Did＋主语＋动词原型＋其他

关键词：yesterday，yesterday morning等，last week, last year, at the end of last term,

一段时间＋ago如：ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,20xx, in the 1980s等。

Just now，in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等。

过去进行时：

句子结构: 肯定句主语＋was/were+动词的现在分词＋其他

否定句主语＋was/were not ＋动词的现在分词＋其他

疑问句 Was/Were + 主语＋动词的现在分词＋其他

关键词：具体时间＋过去的时间壮语如：at ten o’clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等。

现在完成时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋have/has+动词的过去分词＋其他（第三人称单数用has）

否定句主语＋have/has not+动词的过去分词＋其他

疑问句 Have/Has + 主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他

关键词：already, yet, just, ever, never ，so far, for +一段时间，since＋过去的时间或过去时从句。或this year alone“今年以来”，these five years alone“这五年以来”，in the last ten years “在过去的十年中”等。过去将来时：

句子结构§ ：肯定句主语＋ would＋动词原型＋其他

否定句主语＋ would not + 动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Would+主语＋动词原型＋其他

(would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should) 过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中。

过去完成时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋had ＋动词的过去分词＋其他

否定句主语＋had not +动词的过去分词＋其他

疑问句 Had＋主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他

关键词：by＋过去某一时间点如：by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点如：by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句，或宾语从句中。

第二篇：中考英语语法点归纳1

中考英语语法点简要归纳

一、出现以下词，用do填空：

can , could, may, must, need, had better, why not, make, have to, let’s, see, hear, watch, notice, Will ( Would ) you please…?

二、出现以下词，用to do 填空：

三、出现以下词，用doing 填空：

finish, like, enjoy, mind, keep, be busy, there be, do some…, go doing, prevent, be worth, spend, practice, feel like, thank somebody for doing something ,stop, excuse somebody for doing something, can’t help, prefer…to…,look forward to…hate, mention, have fun doing,介词：at, in , on, of , from, for, about, with, without, ,make a contribution to, be used to, hear, see, watch, notice, listen,

四、基数词的特殊变化

one---first ; two---second; three---third; five---fifth; eight---eighth; nine---ninth; twelve---twelfth; twenty---twentieth; twenty-one---twenty-first

五、代词的变化：

主格―――宾格――所有格(adj.)――所有格（n.）―反身代词

I --------me--------my----------mine-------------myself

you------you--------your-------yours------------yourself

he-------him---------his-------his-------------himself

she------her----------her-------hers-----------herself

it-------it----------its--------its--------- itself

we-------us---------our---------ours------------ourselves

you------you--------your--------yours---------yourselves

they-----them------their--------theirs---------themselves

六、表示天气的词

1. sun—sunny 2. cloud—cloudy

3. rain—rainy 4. wind—windy

5. fog—foggy 6. mist—misty

7. snow—snowy 8. shower—showery

七、表示方向的词

1. east—eastern—easterner(s) 2south—southern—southerner(s) 3.west—western—westerner(s) 4.north—northern—northerner(s)

八、国家---国家的（人）

1.China—Chinese 2.Japan—Japanese

3.Germany--German 4.Canada—Canadian

5.Sweden—Swedish 6. Australia--stralian

7. Italy—Italian 8. India—Indian

9.France—French-renchman 10.America—American

九、一些特殊的名词复数及短语

1. leaf_________________ 2. life_________________

3. thief_________________ 4. knife_________________

5. shelf_________________ 6. half__________________

7.roof_________________ 8.German_______________

9.sheep________________ 10.deer_________________

11.child_________________ 12.woman teacher________

13.tooth_________________ 14.foot_________________

15.people_______________ 16.postman______________

19.boy________________ 20.key___________

21.story_______________ 22.family______________

23.century_____________ 24.baby_______________

26.tomato_______________ 27.potato________________

28.radio_________________ 29.zoo_________________

30.kilo_________________ 31.photo________________

32.businessman_________ 33.woman_______________

34.man__________________ 35.difficulty____________

36.monkey_____________ 37.mouse_______________

十、词型转换（200个）

1.work—worker

2.vent—inventor（人）--invention（物)

3. use—useful-used 4.teach—teacher

5.conduct—conductor 6.care—careful--carefully

7. play—player 8.visit—visitor

9.careless—carelessly—carelessness

10. clean—cleaner 11.inspect-inspector

12 .wake--awake 13. speak--speaker

14.piano—pianist 15 .sleep—asleep

16.cook—cook（人）—cooker（物） 17.science—scientist

18.miss—missing 19.dance—dancer

20.art—artist 21.fish--fishing

22. drive—driver 23.tour—tourist

24.kind—kindness 25.farm—farmer

26.joural—jouralist 27 .nature--natural

28. mange—manger 29.library—librarian

30.cover—discover 31. foreign—foreigner

32.music--musician 33.feather--feathered 34 . help—helper

36.busy—business--businessman 37.follow--following

38.read—reader 39 .post—postman/postwoman

40.enter—entrance 41. write—writer

42.sit--seat 43.danger--dangerous

44. run—runner 45.wool--woollen

46.serve--service 47.win—winner

48.lose--lost 49.pride--proud

50. sing—singer 51.worry--worried

52.collect—collection 53.swim—swimmer

54.break--broken 55.produce--production

56.sleep—sleeper 57.fill—filled--full

58.contribute--contribution

59.travel—traveller—traveling

60.reward--rewarding 61.comfort--comfortable

62.climb—climber 63.turn--turning

64.instruct--instruction 65. keep—keeper

66.fly--flight 67.pollute--pollution

68.strange—stranger 69.please—pleased—pleasant--pleasure

70.move--moving 71. wait—waiter

72.know—knowledge 73.appear--appearance

74.jump—jumper 75.meet--meeting

76. disappear--disappearance

77.speak—speaker 78.thank--thankful

79.frighten--frightened 80. print—printer(物)

81.noise—noisy--noisily 82. life--lifetime

83.sell—seller 84.cross—across--crossing

85.frustrate--frustrated

86.dive—diver 87.ill—illness

88.fire—fireplace 89.own—owner

90.pain--painful 91.tradition--traditional

92. explore—explorer 93thank--thankful

94.decorate—decorator--decoration

95.surf—surfer—surfing

96.help--helpful 97 .confident--confidence

98.help—helper 99.wonder—wonderful--wonderfully

100.different--difference

101. begin—beginner 102. colour—colourful

103.importanrt--importance

104.paint—painter

105.beauty—beautiful—beautifully

106.good--goodness

107.rob—robber--robbery

108.forget--forgetful 109.person—personal

109.active—activity--actively

110.congratulate—congratulation

111.think—thought

112.decide—decision 113.breathe—breath

14.review—revision 115.describe—description 116.possible—impossible 117.late--later

118.discuss—discussion

119.celebrate—celebration 120.dry—drought

121.enjoy—enjoyable 122.air—airport 123.lone--lonely 124.fun—funny

125.live—lively--alive 126.train—training

127.educate—education

128.love—lovely 129.clear—clearly

130.slow—slowly 131.exact—exactly 132.final—finally

133.quick—quickly 134.happy—happily 135.heavy—heavily

136.near—nearly 137.real—really 138.sad—sadly--sadness

139.quiet—quietly 140.silent—silently 141.polite—politely 143.safe—safely—safety

144.luck—lucky—luckily—unlucky

145.usual—usually—unusual 146.health—healthy—healthily

147.success—successful—successfully 148.excite—excited—exciting

149.interest—interested—interesting 150.surprise—surprised—surprising

151.amaze—amazed—amazing 152.bore—boring

153.grate—grateful(近)thankful

154.dark—darkness

155.park—parking 156.treat—treatment 157.cross—across—crossing

158.boat—boating 159.salt—salty 160.home—homework

161.house—housework 163.check---check-out 164.begin—beginning

165.lie—lying 166.die—dying 167.friend—friendly—friendship

168.most—mostly 169.die—dead—death 170.especial—especially

171.fail—failure 172.probable—probably 173.realize—realization

174.rail—railway 175.shy—shyly—shyness 176.space—spaceship

177.high—highly—height 178.one—first—once 179.two—second—twice

180.bear—born—birth 181.relax—relaxed 182.true—truly—truth

183.name—named 184.call—called 185.bright—brightly

186.sudden—suddenly 187.direct—directly 188.wide—widely

189.volley—volleyball 190.foot—football 191.base—baseball

192.give—given 193.harm—harmful 194.neat—neatly

195.build—builder—building 196.deep—deeply 197.correct—correctly

198.hard—hardly 199.marry—married 200.mean--meaning

十一、不规则形容词和副词的比较级及最高级：

1.good—better—best 2.well—better—best 3.much—more—most 4.many—more—most 5.bad—worse—worst 6.badly—worse—worst

7.ill—worse—worst 8.far—farther—farthest 9.old—older—oldest

10.old—elder—eldest 11.little—less—least

十二、动词时态的句子结构及关键词：

一般现在时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be (am, is, are ) +其他

否定句主语＋be not +其他

疑问句 Be＋主语＋其他

或：肯定句主语＋动词原型＋其他 ( 第三人称单数作主语动词要加“s” )

否定句主语＋don’t+动词原型＋其他（第三人称单数作主语don’t改为doesn’t）

疑问句 DO+主语＋动词原型＋其他（第三人称单数作主语do改为doess）

关键词：sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, on Sunday afternoon, at 10 o’clockin the morning, five days a week, three times a month等。

注：在时间壮语从句、条件壮语从句中，常用一般现在时表示将来时，这时一般从句用一般现在时，主句用将来时

现在进行时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be +动词的现在分词＋其他

否定句主语＋be not+动词的现在分词＋其他

疑问句 Be +主语＋动词的现在分词＋其他

关键词：now, right now, at the moment, It’s+几点钟等的句子。或look, listen, keep quiet等提示语。

一般将来时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋will+动词原型＋其他

否定句主语＋will not +动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Will +主语＋动词原型＋其他

(will 可改为be going to ,当主语是第一人称时will可用shall)

关键词：tomorrow, tomorrow morning, at seven o’clock tomorrow evening, next year,

at ten o’clock next Sunday, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the year 2008, soon, in a few days’ time, in the future 等。

一般过去时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋be（was，were）＋其他

否定句主语＋be not＋其他

疑问句 Be＋主语＋其他

或：肯定句主语＋动词的过去式＋其他

否定句主语＋did not＋动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Did＋主语＋动词原型＋其他

关键词：yesterday，yesterday morning等，last week, last year, at the end of last term,

一段时间＋ago如：ten years ago, five hours ago, on January 1st,2004, in the 1980s等。

Just now，in the old days, long ago, a moment ago等。

过去进行时：

句子结构: 肯定句主语＋was/were+动词的现在分词＋其他

否定句主语＋was/were not ＋动词的现在分词＋其他

疑问句 Was/Were + 主语＋动词的现在分词＋其他

关键词：具体时间＋过去的时间壮语如：at ten o’clock yesterday morning, at this time last Sunday等。

现在完成时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋have/has+动词的过去分词＋其他（第三人称单数用has）

否定句主语＋have/has not+动词的过去分词＋其他

疑问句 Have/Has + 主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他

关键词：already, yet, just, ever, never ，so far, for +一段时间，since＋过去的时间或过去时从句。或this year alone“今年以来”，these five years alone“这五年以来”，in the last ten years “在过去的十年中”等。

过去将来时：

句子结构§ ：肯定句主语＋ would＋动词原型＋其他

否定句主语＋ would not + 动词原型＋其他

疑问句 Would+主语＋动词原型＋其他

(would可改为was/were going to ,主语第一人称时would可用should)

过去将来时主要用在宾语从句中。

过去完成时：

句子结构：肯定句主语＋had ＋动词的过去分词＋其他

否定句主语＋had not +动词的过去分词＋其他

疑问句 Had＋主语＋动词的过去分词＋其他

关键词：by＋过去某一时间点如：by last year, by the end of+过去某一时间点如：by the end of last year, before+过去某一时间点,by the time +从句，或宾语从句中。

第三篇：高中英语语法归纳总结

第01章名词性从句

第02章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

第03章高中英语语法中的省略现象

第04章主谓一致

第05章动词不定式

第06章倒装结构

第07章定语从句

第08章被动语态

第09章祈使句

第10章感叹句

第11章疑问句

第12章名词

第一章名词性从句

　　在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一．主语从句

　　主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.　我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.　谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d) It is John that broke the window.　是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构

(1) It is ＋名词＋从句

It is a fact that … 事实是…

It is an honor that …非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that …是常识

(2) It is ＋形容词＋从句

It is natural that… 很自然…

It is strange that… 奇怪的是…

(3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句

It seems that… 似乎…

It happened that… 碰巧…

It appears that… 似乎…

(4) It ＋过去分词＋从句

It is reported that… 据报道…

It has been proved that… 已证实…

It is said that… 据说…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.

错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.

（3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.

错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.

（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.

错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.

（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a) What you said yesterday is right.

b) That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语

(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army. 我听说他参军了。

(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：

a) She did not know what had happened.　她不知道发生了什么。

b) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.　我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.　她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2. 作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.　我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.　我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month. 我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.

错误表达：I admire that they won the match.

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.

错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.

7. 否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三. 表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：

1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.

2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people.

3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.

4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四. 同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.

2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：

1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

2. The manager came over and asked the customer how

A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about

C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about

3. Energy is makes thing work..

A. what B. something C. anything D. that

4. Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.

A. while B. that C. when D. as

5. This is the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.

A. there B. in which C. where D. when

6. They have no idea at all .

A. where he has gone B. where did he go

C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone

7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear he would die of the disease.

A. that B. which C. of which D. of that

8. The order said the soldiers the small village the next morning.

A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave

C. /; must leave D. when; should leave

9. is no possibility Bob can win the first prize in the match.

A. There; that B. It; that C. there; whether D. It; whether

10. The question came up at the meeting we had enough money for our research.

A. that B. which C. whether D. if

11. Is he said really true?

A. that B. what C. why D. whether

12. the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.

A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where

13. It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray.

A. while B. if C. that D. for

14. more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.

A. Whether B. This C. who D. If

15. he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.

A. What B. That C. Whether D. If

16. you don’t like him is none of my business.

A. What B. That C. Who D. Which

17. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded.

A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what

18. appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.

A. What B. It C. All that D. That

19. It is widely that smoking can cause cancer.

A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped

20. caused the accident is still a complete mystery.

A. What B. That C. How D. Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

　　一、It用作实词

　　表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象……

二、It用作形式主语

　　替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1. 代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1) It be adj. (for sb.) to do sth.

此处adj. 通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例 It is illegal (for a teenager) to drive a car without a license.

(2) It be adj. of sb. to do sth.

此处adj. 通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.

例 It's kind of you to help me with the problem.

(3) It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's (well)worth doing…

It's (well)worth one's while doing/to do…

It's (well)worth while doing/ to do

例 It's no use crying over spilt milk.

2. It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1) It is + n.+从句

例 It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.

(2) It is adj. + 从句

It's surprising that… (should)………竟然……

It's a pity/shame that…(should)………竟然……

例 It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3) It verb sb. + clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb. that…

例 It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4) It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例 It is said that the couple have gotten divorced.(=The couple are said to have gotten divorced.)

(5) It is v-ed that … (should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例 It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.

三、It作主语的句型

1. It takes sb. … to do…(=sb takes…to do…)某人用多长时间做某事

例 It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2. It's (just)(un)like sb. to do…（不）像某人做某事的风格

例 It was (just) like him to think of helping us.

3. It's (about/high) time that… should /v-ed…是该做某事的时候了

例 It's(about/high) time that we should take action.

4. It's the x-th time (that) … have v-ed…第几次做某事了

例 It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.

5. It is/has been… since …continuous v-ed(延续性动词) 某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例 It's 10 years that he lived here

6. It was(not)… before…过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例 It was not long before they arrived.

四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1. verb+ it+ adj./noun (for/of) to do/clause (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例 I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.

2. verb+it+adj./noun (one's) doing (adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words) (verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例 I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.

3. verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that … (should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例 I think it important that you (should) attendthe conference.

4. verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause (verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例 The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.

5. v. +it + prep. + that…

owe it to sb. that…把…归功于…

leave it to sb that…把…留给某人去做

take it for granted that …想当然

keep it in mind that…

例 Don't bother to arrange anything. Just leave it to me to sort out.

6. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.

7. It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例 I'm for it that you will follow their advice.

五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)… 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1. 请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例 When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2. 在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例 It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.

3. 在强调not … until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.

4. 注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例 It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.( 强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1. make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例 It's hard to make it to the top in show business.

(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例 —Shall we meet next week?

—OK. We just make it next Saturday.

2. as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是……”

例 We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.

(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例 Leave the table as it is.

3. as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例 He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.

4. if it weren't for…/if it hadn't been for…用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是……，要不是……”

例 If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.

5. that's it

(1). 相当于That's all. That's so much. 表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例 You can have one more sweet, and that's it.

(2). 相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”

例 — I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.

6. catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth. wrong. 表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例 We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.

7. have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例 Rumour has it that they are getting divorced.

(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例 I had it from John that she was going abroad.

8. have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例 You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.

9. so it seems / appears.

10. Keep at it! (Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例 My teacher asked me to keep at it.

11. Go it! (Go on!) 拼命干, 莽撞

12. Now you have done it! (You have done sth. wrong.)

13. Now you'll catch it! (You'll be punished.)

14. As it happened, … 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that…, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例 As it happened, they were out.

15. As it turned out,…在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例 As it turned out, his statement was false.

16. Such as it is(they are) 在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例 You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.

17. Take it/things easy. 相当于Don't worry or don't hurry. 用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例 Take it easy! He will do it well.

18. Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例 You can take it from me that he will make it this time.

19. For what it is worth…在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例 Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.

20. Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例 Don't hesitate about it! It's worth it.

21. Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例 Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.

22. Take it or leave it. v. 要么接受要么放弃

例 That is my last offer. You can take it or leave it.

23. It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例 —Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.

24. It's up to sb. 在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb. 表示“由……决定，由……负责，取决于……”

例 —Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.

“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1. Was it during the Second World War he died?

A.that B.while C.in which D.then (88)

2. Is necessary to complete the design before National Day?

A.this B.that C.it D.he (89)

3. I don't think possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

A.this B.that C.its D.it (91)

4.Does matter if he can't finish the job on time?

A.this B.that C.he D.it (91)

5. It was not she took off her glasses I realized she was a famous film star.

A.when , that B.until , that C.until , that D.when , then (92)

6. I was disappointed with the film. I had expected to be much better.

A.that B.this C.one D.it (93)

7. It was not until 1920 regular radio broadcasts began.

A.while B.which C.that D.since (94)

8. is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.

A.There B.This C.That D.It (95)

9. It was only when I reread this poems recently I began to appreciate their beauty.

A.until B.that C.then D.so (97)

10. I hate when people talk with their mouths full.

A.it B.that C.these D.them (98)

11. It is the ability to do the job matters not where you come from or what you are.

A.one B.that C.what D.it (2000)

12.I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (2004)

A. this B. that C. it D. one

13. —Do you like here?

—Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.(全国卷)

A. this B. These C. That D. it

14. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made from some wood. (全国卷)

A. it B. One C. Himself D. another

15. The foreign Minister said, " our hope that the two sides will work towards peace."(2004北京)

A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

16. is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress. (2004北京)

A. It B. As C. That D. What

17. — How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)

— , but usually once a week.

A. Have no idea B. It depends C. As usual D. Generally speaking

18. We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite as planed. (2004浙江卷)

A. make out B. turn out C. go on D. come up

19. — What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.

— . Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

A. It just depends B. It's up to you C. All right D. Glad to hear that

20. It was back home after the experiment.

A. not until midnight did he go

B. until midnight that he didn't go

C. not until midnight that he went

D. until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第五章动词不定式

1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式

afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake

The driver failed to see the other car in time.　司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question.　我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2) 动词+不定式；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish

I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom.　我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom.　我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3) 动词+疑问词+ to

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell　　

Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。

注意

疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2. 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)

advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.　父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

Find 的特殊用法

Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。

I found him lying on the ground.

I found it important to learn.

I found that to learn English is important.

典型例题

The next morning she found the man in bed，dead.　

A. lying　 B. lie　 C. lay　 D. laying　　

答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。

acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find,　guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。

典型例题

Charles Babbage is generally considered　 the first computer.　

A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　

答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

3) to be +形容词

seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean

The book is believed to be uninteresting.　人们认为这本书没什么意思。

4) there be+不定式

believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand

We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。

注意

有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.

We regard Tom as our best teacher.　我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。

Mary took him as her father .　玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3. 不定式作主语

1) It's easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。

easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;

the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough

It's so nice to hear your voice.　听到你的声音真高兴。

It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。

kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)

It was silly of us to believe him.　我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。

It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.　他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。

注意

1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型

2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。

3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型

(对)To see is to believe.　百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.

It's for sb.和 It's of sb.

1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult,　 interesting, impossible等：

It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。

2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。

for 与of 的辨别方法

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.　(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.　(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

4. 不定式作表语

不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：

My work is to clean the room every day.

His dream is to be a doctor.

5. 不定式作定语

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：

I have a lot of work to do.　

So he made some candles to give light.

6. 不定式作状语

1) 目的状语　

To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.　他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

I come here only to say good-bye to you.　我来仅仅是向你告别。

2) 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

3) 表原因

I'm glad to see you.

典型例题

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to .　

A. sit　 B. sit on　 C. be seat　 D. be sat on

答案：B.　如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

用作介词的to

to 有两种用法：一为不定式+动词原形；一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于，be used to 习惯于，stick to 坚持，turn to开始，着手于，devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to

注意

省to 的动词不定式

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2) 使役动词 let, have, make：

3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意

在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.

4) would rather，had better：

5) Why… / why not…：

6) help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

7) but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.　他应该是个好人。举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例题

1) ---- I usually go there by train.　

---- Why not by boat for a change?　

A. to try going　 B.　trying to go　 C.　to try and go　 D.　try going　　

答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。

2) Paul doesn't have to be made . He always works hard.　

A. learn　 B. to learn　 C. learned　 D. learning

答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

动词不定式的否定式

Tell him not to shut the window…　

She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1) Tell him the window.　

A. to shut not　 B. not to shut　 C. to not shut　 D. not shut　

答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.

2)　She pretended me when I passed by.　

A.　not to see　 B. not seeing　　C. to not see　 D.　having not seen　

答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。

3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter after drinking.

A. never to drive　 B. to never driver　C. never driving　 D. never drive　

答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him .　

A. not to　　B. not to do　　C. not do it D. do not to

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。

5) The patient was warned oily food after the operation.

A. to eat no　 B. eating not　 C. not to eat　D. not eating

答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。

不定式的特殊句型too…to…

1) too…to　太…以至于…

He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。

---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?

---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.　不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为"不太"。

It's never too late to mend.　(谚语)　改过不嫌晚。

3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。

I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

不定式的特殊句型so as to

1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.　汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2) so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。

不定式的特殊句型Why not

"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"

例如：Why not take a holiday?　干吗不去度假?

不定式的时态和语态

时态\语态主动被动

一般式 to do to be done

进行式 to be doing

完成式 to have done to have been done

完成进行式 to have been doing

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

He seems to know this.

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.　我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。

He seems to be eating something.

4) 完成进行时：

She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.

动名词与不定式

1) 动名词与不定式的区别：

动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的

不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的

2) 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。

3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：

stop to do stop doing

forget to do forget doing

remember to do remember doing

cease to do cease doing

try to do try doing

go on to do go on doing

afraid to do afraid doing

interested to do interested doing

mean to do mean doing

regret to do regret doing

begin/start to do begin/start doing

特殊词精讲

stop doing/to do

stop to do　停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。

stop doing　停止做某事。

They stop to smoke a cigarette.　他们停下来，抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped 　on a big rock by the side of the path.　

A. to have rested　B. resting　 C. to rest　D. rest

答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

stop doing/to do

forget doing/to do

forget to do　忘记要去做某事。　(未做)

forget doing　忘记做过某事。　　(已做)

The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)

He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)

Don't forget to come tomorrow. 别忘了明天来。(to come动作未做)

典型例题

---- The light in the office is still on.

---- Oh, I forgot .　　　　　　　　　　

A. turning it off　 B. turn it off　 C. to turn it off　 D. having turned it off

答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.

而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。

remember doing/to do

remember to do 记得去做某事　　　　 (未做)

remember doing　记得做过某事　　　 (已做)

Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

regret doing/to do

regret to do　对要做的事遗憾。　(未做)

regret doing　对做过的事遗憾、后悔。　(已做)

I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。

I don't regret telling her what I thought.　我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。

典型例题

---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

---Well, now I regret that.

A. to do　 B. to be doing　 C.　to have done　 D.　having done

答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。

cease doing/to do

cease to do　长时间，甚至永远停做某事。

cease doing　短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。

That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个部门已不复存在。

The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.　姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

try doing/to do

try to do　　努力，企图做某事。

try doing　试验，试着做某事。

You must try to be more careful.　你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

go on doing/to do

go on to do　做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。

go on doing　继续做原来做的事。

After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。

Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习

be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do　不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"；

be afraid of doing　担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。

She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。

She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

be interested doing/to do

interested to do　　对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。

interested in doing　对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。

I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)

I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?　 (一种想法)

mean to doing/to do

mean to do　打算、想

mean doing　意味着

I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

begin(start) doing/to do

begin / start to do sth

begin / start doing sth.

1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.

How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？

2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do

I was beginning to get angry.　我开始生起气来。

3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。

I begin to understand the truth.　我开始明白真相。

4) 物作主语时

It began to melt.

感官动词 + doing/to do

感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do　表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

典型例题

1) They knew her very well. They had seen her up from childhood.　

A. grow　 B. grew　 C. was growing　 D. to grow

答案：A. 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。

2) The missing boy was last seen near the river.　

A. playing　 B. to be playing　　C. play　　D. to play

答案：A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。

第七章定语从句

　　定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。

　　被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。

　　关系副词有：when, where, why, how。

　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。

　　定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。

　　定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

1 、关系代词引导的定语从句

1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：　

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　

3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语)

关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：

不用that的情况：

a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b) 介词后不能用

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

c) 多用who 的情况

①关系代词在从句中做主语

A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend.

②先行词为those, people 时

Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.

③先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时

One who doesn't work hard will never succeed in his work.

④在There be句型中

There is a stranger who wants to see you.

⑤在被分隔的定语从句中

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.

⑥在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。

The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.

There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

All that is needed is a supply of oil.

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　

b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时，只用that。　

He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.

c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。

The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twin.

d)先行词既有人，又有物时。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.

e)当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate.

f)关系代词在从句中做表语

He is not the man that he used to be.

2 、关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.　

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.　　

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?　

I'm surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem.

注意：

①在非限制性定语从句中，"介词+ which"结构不能代替关系副词。

如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.

②含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开，介词仍放在动词后面。

Is this the book which (that) she was looking for?

3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句

She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.

There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.

There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.

4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差别

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　

as可引导非限制性从句，常带有“正如”的意思。

As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

用法区别：

(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

As we all know, he never smokes.

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。

(3)非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时。

She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.

(4)As 的用法 the same… as; such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

I should like to use the same tool as is used here.

We should have such a dictionary as he is using.

定语从句语法专项练习习题精选

用适当的关系词填空：

1. I still remember the night I first came to the house.

2. I'll never forget the day we met each other last week.

3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, is the best season there.

4. I will never forget the days I spent with your family.

5. I'll never forget the last day we spent together.

6. This is the school I used to study.　

7. Do you still remember the place we visited last week?

8. Do you still remember the place we visited the painting exhibition?

9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou, is famous for the West Lake?

10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, lies the West Lake?

11. Tom will go to Shanghai, live his two brothers.

12. I live in Beijing, is the capital of China.

13. There was a time there were slaves in the USA.

14. It is the third time you have made the same mistake.

15. It was in the street I met John yesterday.

16. It was about 600 years ago the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.

17. The moment I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.

18. This is the very novel about we've talked so much.

19. This is the way he did it.

20. Who is the student was late for school today?

21. Who knows him wants to make friends with him?

22. What else was there in my brother you didn't like?

23. He lives in the room window faces to the south.

24. He lives in the room, the window faces to the south.

25. This is Mr. John for son I brought a book yesterday.

26. This is Mr. John for I bought a book yesterday.

27. This is the hour the place is always full of women and children.

28. And there is one point I'd like your advice.

29. Winter is the time of year the days are short and nights are long.

30. I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place you may spend your weekend.

KEYS:

1. when 2. when 3. which 4. that/which 5. that

6. where 7. that/which 8. where 9. which 10. where

11. where 12. which 13. when 14. that 15. that

16. that 17. (that) 18. which 19. (that/in which) 20.that

21.that 22 that 23.whose 24. of which 25. whose

26. whom 27. when 28. that 29. that 30. where

第十章感叹句

　　。

　　感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用"what"和"how"引导，"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。

感叹词修饰对象感叹部分主语谓语+其他！

How（副词）修饰形容词 How nice

How nice a girl the girl

she is!

is!

修饰副词 How well

How hard the boy

the workers Is swimming!

are working!

修饰动词 How

=what the flowers

How

=how fast She

she

he Loves the flowers!

loves!

runs!

What（形容词）修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl

=How nice a girl Jenny

Jenny Was!

was!

修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!

修饰不可数名词 What fine weather

what dirty water It

he Is!

drank!

感叹句的特殊形式

　　感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如：

There was no face showing!

He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!

Isn’t it snowing heavily!

Wonderful!

Nonsense!

Happy New Year to you!

Cheer!

第十一章疑问句

疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）：

　　定义：表达疑问（亦即发问）或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：

　　Is he a friend of your brother's?

　　（他是你哥哥的朋友吗？——发问）

　　Can you do this for me?

　　（你能替我做这件事吗？——请求）

　　疑问句的句末必须使用问号（Question mark）“？”来标示问句的结束。

　　疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。

种类特征语调举例回答

一般疑问句系+主+表+？

助动词+主+动+？升调 Are you from London?

Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑问句疑问词+系+表+？

疑问词+助+主+动+？降调 How are you feeling?

When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no

选择疑问句一般问句：系+主+表+…or…？

助+主+动+…or…？ Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short?

Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, no

特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+…or…？第一部分用降调，第二部分or 前升调，or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon?

Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, no

反意疑问句陈述部分肯定：陈述，助（系）+not+主？陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it?

You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用no

陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助（系）+主+？如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it?

They haven’t come, have they?

否定疑问句系+not+主+表？

助+not+主+动+？表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful?

Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章名词

在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况构成方法读音例词

一般情况加 -s　 1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/; book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词

加 -es 读 /iz/　 bus-buses watch-watches

以ce,se,ze,

(d)ge等结尾的词加 -s 读 /iz/　 license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾的词　变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。　

　如：　two Marys　the Henrys monkey---monkeys　

holiday---holidays　　

比较：层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

　　a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　piano---pianos

　　　　　　　　 radio---radios　　zoo---zoos；

　　b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes

　　c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes　

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

　　a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs

　　　　　　　　 safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs；

　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves　　

　　　knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves

　　　wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；

　　c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法

1）物质名词

　　a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

　　　比较：Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)

　　b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

　　　This factory produces steel.　(不可数) We need various steels.　(可数)

　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

　　　Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

　　　我国因茶叶而闻名。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

　　four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化

　　物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

　　如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice　一条建议

4.定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。

　1) 用复数作定语。如：

sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室　 talks table 谈判桌　　

the foreign languages school外语学校

　2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

　　如：men workers　　women teachers　gentlemen officials

　3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goods train (货车) arms produce　武器生产

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

　　如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋）　

a ten-mile walk 十里路　

　　　　 two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan.　一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数

名称总称(谓语用复数) 一个人　两个人　

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

瑞士人 the Swiss　 a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians　 an　 Australian two Australians

意大利人 the Italians an Italian　 two Italians

希腊人　　　　　　　　 the Greek a Greek two Greeks

法国人　　　　　　 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen

日本人　　　　 the Japanese a Japanese　 two Japanese

美国人　　　　 the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人　　　 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

印度人　　　　　　 the Indians an Indian two Indians

英国人　　　　　 the English an Englishman two Englishmen

瑞典人　　　　　　　 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

德国人　　　　　　 the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。

3）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4）在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

　　如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）

6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如：

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