原文

Law Enforcement across National Boundaries

Traditionally, the jurisdiction of courts was local. That is, courts could only prosecute offences committed against local laws. There is, however, always the possibility that national governments will allow some crimes to be considered under extraterritorial jurisdiction. Some common examples include offences committed on the high seas and crimes committed by members of the defence forces.

In rare circumstances, a nation?s laws may apply to acts committed overseas by foreign nationals. Recent war crimes prosecutions in Australia involved defendants who were residing elsewhere at the time the alleged offences were committed. These circumstances are, to say the least, most unusual. But in a shrinking world where the financial burdens of extradition are growing, such situations may become more common. International telecommunications-related crime is one area of international law enforcement that will require concerted international cooperation. Past performance suggests that this cooperation is only likely to be forthcoming where there is widespread international consensus about the negative impacts of the activity in question such as child pornography. And the greater the cultural and ideological differences between the two nations involved, the more difficult extradition or any other form of cooperation is likely to be.

Even so, such a process assumes a seamless world system of stable sovereign states; such a system does not exist today, nor is it likely to exist in our lifetime. Law enforcement vacuums exist in some parts of the world, and in some countries the rule of law has effectively collapsed. And where there are strong national governments, the corruption of individual regimes can impede international cooperation.

译文

跨国执法

传统上，法院的司法权具有区域性。换句话说就是法院只能够起诉触犯当地法律的违法行为。但是，总是有些国外政府将罪犯置于治外法权的保护之下。一些普通的例子就包括在公海上的犯罪以及国防军成员的犯罪。

在某些罕见的情况下，一个国家的法律也许能够借外国侨民之手来裁决国外犯罪。在澳大利亚的近代战犯起诉中就牵扯到了被告人当时定居国外却被判定为嫌疑犯的情况。这些情况可说是非常罕见的。但是在一个逐渐缩小的世界之中，随着引渡的财务负担不断增长，这样的情况也许会变得更加普遍。国际电信相关的犯罪就是国际执法中需要协调的国际合作的领域之一。而两国间的文化和思想上的差异越大，则引渡或者任何其他形式的合作也就越困难。

虽然如此，这样的进程假定了一个由稳定的主权国家所构成的天衣无缝的世界体系。然而这样的体系如今不存在，可能在我们一生之中也不会存在。在世界的某些区域法律的实施出现了真空，而有些国家的法治实际上已经崩溃。而且有些强大的国家政府已沦落为个人政权妨碍着国际合作。

增词译法

? 英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时有可能要在词量上加以增减。增词法就是在翻译时按照意义上（或修辞上）和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺的表达原文的思想内容。

? 不是无中生有的随意增词，而是增加原文中虽无其词但有其意的词。

一、根据句法上的需要增词

（一）增补原文答句中的省略部分

1. Is this your book? Yes, it is.

这是你的书吗？是我的。

(Yes, it is. = Yes, it is mine.)

（二）增补原文句子中所省略的动词

1. He remembered the incident, as had his wife.

他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起来了。

2. An eagle and a fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the eagle at the summit of a high

tree, the fox in a hole at the foot of it.

一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好的住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

（三）增补原文比较句中的省略部分

1. The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.

仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。

（四）增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分

1. We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our few hopes.

我们并不认为越狱是不可能的。如果承认越狱不可能，那就等于把仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

二、根据意义上、修辞上或逻辑上的需要增词

（一）增加动词

1. In spite of yesterday’s rainstorm the crops lay lush and green in the early light.

尽管昨天遭受了暴风雨的袭击，庄稼在晨曦中还是显得郁郁葱葱。

（二）增加形容词

1. With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism!

中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

（三）增加副词

1. Poor people, when they are suffering from acute hunger and severe cold, are not unhappy than rich people: they are often much happier.

当穷人受着饥饿与严寒，他们并不见得比富人更不快乐。相反地，他们通常比富人快乐得多。

（四）增加名词

I. 在不及物动词后面增加名词

1. To wash before meal / to wash after getting up / to wash before going to bed

饭前洗手 / 起床后洗脸 / 睡前洗脚

II. 在形容词前增加名词

1. This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.

这部打字机真是价廉物美。

2. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention.

一种新型飞机正越来越引起人们的注意—这种飞机体积小，价格便宜，无人驾驶。 III. 在抽象名词后增加名词

1. The government was taking measures to improve the backwardness in that area.

政府正在采取措施改善那个地区的落后状态。

2. The teacher was trying hard to ease the students’ dissatisfaction.

那个老师正在努力安抚学生的不满情绪。

IV. 在具体名词后增加名词

1. He felt the patriot rise within his breast.

他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

（五）增加表示名词复数的词

1. Flowers bloom all over the yard.

朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

（六）增加概括词

1. The heads of the Soviet Union, the United States, England and France had a secret meeting last month.

苏、美、英、法四国首脑上个月进行了一次秘密会晤。

（七）增加解释性或修饰性的词语，使符合汉语表达习惯

1. Condit came out with his political smile.

康迪特走出来时，脸上带着政客惯有的笑容。

（八）增加反映背景情况或信息的词

1. He won the men’s singles at Wimbledon.

他赢得了温布尔登网球锦标赛的男子单打冠军。

减词译法

减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。

一、 从语法角度进行减省

英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如：

(1) I know my friends from the feel of their faces.

我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。

(2) Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water.

冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。

(3) John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.

约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。

(4) But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow.

但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。

(5) He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor?s thimble.

他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。

二、从修饰角度进行减省

有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、"文约而意丰"，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：

(1) I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.

我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(这里，如把 "sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky"直译为"睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌"，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。)

(2) Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.

她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(此句中有两个 "she was looking at him"，如不作省略而译为"她像平常那样望着她一样望着他"，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。)

(3) University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。

(4)There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.

天未下雪，但叶落草枯。

(5) There was not a sound in her---and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.

船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。

转性译法

一、转换成动词

（一）名词转换成动词

1. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.

火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

2. The sight of such a big plane filled the little boy with great curiosity.

看到这么大的飞机，那个小男孩充满了好奇。

3. A glance through his office window offers a panorama of the Washington Monument. 从他的办公室窗口一眼可以看到华盛顿纪念碑的全景。

4. The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries. （国际粮食短缺直接影响了科威特等贫瘠的沙漠国家。）

5.There has been a tremendous expansion of nurseries and kindergartens in both cities and villages. （城市和乡村都增加了大量的托儿所和幼儿园。）

（二）介词转换成动词

1. He worked long hours on meagre food, in cold cottage, by dim lamps.

他吃简陋的食物，住寒冷的茅草棚，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。

2. “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

“来啦！” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

3. He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. 他为人风趣，身材高大，好吃好喝又好色。

（三）形容词转换成动词 （表示感觉、直觉、欲望等心理状态的形容词）

1. They were certain that they could win the next game.

他们确定能够赢得下一场比赛。

2. He was afraid of being along in the darkness.

他害怕呆在黑暗中。

（四）副词转换成动词

1. As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.

他跑出去时忘了穿鞋子。

2. That day he was up before six o’clock.

那天他不到七点就起床了。

二、转换成名词

（一）动词转化为名词

1. Politeness has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系，一直有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2. The old man, who looked and talked like an American, is our president. 那位长相和谈吐都像美国人的老人是我们校长。

（二）形容词转化为名词

1. They hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.

他们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。

2. All the wounded were sent to the hospital right away.

所有伤员马上被送到了医院。

（三）副词转化为名词

1. He is physically weak.

他身体很弱。

2. They have not done so well ideologically as organizationally.

他们的思想工作没有组织工作做得好。

三、转换成形容词

（一）名词转换成形容词

1. The security and warmth of the basement made them feel relaxed. 地下室里既安全又温暖，他们松了一口气。

2. I realized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. 我意识到通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。

3. As he is a perfect stranger in this city, I hope you can give him some help. 他对这个城市完全陌生，我希望你给他一些帮助。

（二）副词转换成形容词

1. He was deeply impressed by the film.

那部电影给他留下了深刻的印象。

2. The President had prepared meticulously for his visit.

总统为这次访问作了周密的准备。

四、转换成副词

（一）名词转换成副词

1. When he saw a beggar at the corner of the street, his instinct is to give him some money.

当他看到街角的那个乞丐就本能地要给他钱。

2. Every time her mother bought her something new, she would fiddle with it in her clumsy impatience.

每次她妈妈给她买点什么新东西，她就会迫不及待地、笨手笨脚地摆弄一番。

（二）形容词转换成副词

1. Warm discussions arose everywhere as to his achievements.

到处都在热烈讨论他的成就。

2. We place high value on our friendly relations with developing countries.

我们高度重视同发展中国家的友好关系。

转态译法

一、译成汉语主动句。

1．保存原文主语。原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。

The meeting is scheduled for April 6th.

会议定于四月六日举行。

Water can be changed from a liquid into a solid.

水能从液体变成固体。

When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.

当锈形成的时候，就发生了化学变化。

2．主宾颠倒。原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。

Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.

这种化学反应能放出热和光。

Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us.

现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。

Communication satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country. 我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。

3．译成汉语判断句。带表语的主动句。

In the old society，women were looked down upon.

The movement to oppose racial discrimination was personally initiated and led by a famous Negro leader.

这场反对种族歧视的运动是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。

Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。

4．增加主语。含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。 以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。

The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.

人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。

She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed.

有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。

What we say here will not be long remembered, but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。然而我们在这儿所做的事，却能改变世界。

二、译成汉语被动句

为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。汉语中表达被动意义的语言手段主要包括使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等。

The minister was found to have appropriated government money.

部长被发现挪用公款。

He had been fired for refusing to obey orders from the head office.

他因拒绝接受总公司的命令而被解雇了。

The schoolboy was knocked down by a minibus when crossing the street.

那名男生在穿过街道时让一辆小公共汽车撞倒了。

三、译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句

The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。

The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。

By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew. 至傍晚，占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。

四、译成汉语无主句

Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.

已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。

Water can be shown as containing impurities.

可以证明，水含有杂质。

The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.

必须全部停止这种讨厌的噪声。

Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution.

必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。

褒贬译法

词汇按照语法中的词性可以分成名词、代词、动词，形容词、副词、介词和叹词等；词汇按照感情色彩可分为褒义、贬义和中性。在翻译过程中，词汇的词性并不是原封不动地从原文搬到译文，而要根据译文的语言习惯进行；词汇感情色彩的翻译一般应严格按照原文的精神来进行．而不是像词汇的词性翻译那样受译文的支配．也就是说，褒义词必须翻译成褒义词，贬义词必须译成贬义词，中性词也应译成中性词．让我们一起来看下面的例子。

1）The boy is appreciated by all his teacher for his carefulness in his homework.

这个男孩因功课做得仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。

2) In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work

事实上，正是因为他的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。

3）Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War.

她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员·

4) The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

那个莽撞的驾车人在这次车祸中丧生

5) These buys are big enough to be self-respecting.

这些男孩大了，应该有自尊心了

6) She is quite unpopular among her colleagues for she is so egotistic.

她在同事中间非常吃不开，因为她太自私自利了．

7) We need tough-minded soldiers in our army我们军队需要意志坚强的士兵

8) He did not yield in the face of the ruthless enemies

他在凶残的敌人面前没有屈服

9）He is respected by his people for his foresightedness.

他由于富于远见而受到了人们的尊敬．

10) I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him 我一向认为他这个人攻于心计又唯利是图，所以总是尽力设法避开他。

11) Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一

12) Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.

他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志

13) The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents ' advice

这个犟男孩不肯听父母的忠告

14) The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

侵略者遭到了当地人民顽强的抵抗

15）She is fidgety and restless. 她生性急躁好动．

一个褒义词或贬义词往往会给整个句子乃至更大的上下文带来感情色彩。因此．我们在使用褒贬译法时，不仅要注意感情色彩明显的词语，而且要对原文中某些并无感情色彩的词语也恰如其分地使用褒贬译法。例如上面第四个例句（The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.那个莽撞的驾车人在这次车祸中丧生。），其中reckless明显含有贬义，并给整个句子涂上了贬义色彩，表示说话人对这个莽撞驾车的人持否定态度。为了把整个句子的贬义色彩和说话人的否定口气表现出来，译文除了译出reckless的贬义以外，还把driver和died分别用贬义翻译成“驾车人”和“丧生”(没有用像“驾驶员”和“死于这次车祸”这样感情色彩更 为温和一些的中性词来翻译）。

正反译法

英语正面表达指的是不带否定词no, not, never等的句子,或不带含否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子,汉语正面表达是指不带 “不,没,非,未,否,无,莫,勿,别,”等否定词的句子,否则则是反面表达。翻译时，原则上首选对应译法，但亦应视详细情况而灵活采用正说反译或反说正译法来处理。

正说反译：原文从正面表达的词或句子，译文从反面来表达；

反说正译：原文从反面表达的词或句子，译文从正面来表达。

一. 原文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。

动词： When can we take off？ If the weather holds a couple of days。

什么时候起飞？要是天气三两天内保持不变，就可以。

副词： The subversion attempts proved predictably futile。

不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无结果。

形容词： It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out。

甚至有一点风声泄漏出去，结果就不堪设想。

介词： I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.

我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。

短语： Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity。 双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。

句子：As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary

new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.

作为居住的地方, 这里有许多不足之处。但作为完全新型飞机秘密训练基地却是非常理想的. 它地处边陲,,人们不易了解其中的活动。

二． 原文从反面表达，译文从正面表达。

英语中带有IM，UN，LESS 的词就是从反面表达的词。

Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably。

许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。

He is an indecisive sort of person and always capricious。

他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。

It was side that someone had sown discord among them。

据说有人有他们中间挑拨离间。

The significance of these incidents wasn?t lost on me。

这些事件引起了我们的注意。

Such fights couldn?t long escape notice。

这类飞行迟早会被人发觉。

汉译英中正说与反说。

一．汉英两种语言的习惯用法不同。

如果没有他的帮助，我早就失败了。

But for his help， I should have failed。

在收据尚未签字以前不得付款。

Before the receipt has been signed， the money must not be paid。

二，为了加强语气以便获得较好的修辞效果。

解放区的巩固工作仍应注意。

The consolidation of the Liberated Areas must not be neglected。

党的十五大充分表明我们党兴旺发达，后继有人。

The 15th Party Congress fully demonstrates that our Party is flourishing and has no lack of successors。

这个惨痛的教训我们一定要永远记住。

None of us must ever forget this bitter lesson。

三，为了更加确切的表达原文的含义。

正如没经历过大事的人一样，他是经不起成功也经不起失败的。

Like those of little experience，he was easily elated by success and deflated by failure。 在此句中，“经不起”一语转换成正说而且具体化了。

王同志这几年一直全勤。

Comrade Wang has never missed a day?s work for years。

他只顾自己不顾别人使得大家都很生气。

His lack of considerations for the feelings of others angered everyone present。

她没有同伴，只一个人坐在车厢角落动也不动。

Traveling alone，she was sitting still in the corner of the carriage。

分句译法

分句译法又称之为“拆句法”，就是把英文中比较长的句子译成汉语中较短的句子。从结构上看，英语的句子好比参天大树，树叶横生。一个主谓结构（主句）带有从句，或短语（分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语等等）；而汉语的句子则如万顷碧波，层层推进，即一个个短句子，从意义上一层一层地说明意思。换言之，英语的句子结构注重形合（hypotaxis），而汉语的句子注重意合（parataxis）。

一、将单词分译成汉语的句子 直译：她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。 改译：她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是情有可原的。 直译：这个问题是北大西洋公约组织的问题，任何评论都应合情合理来自这个组织本身。 改译：这个问题是北大西洋公约组织的问题，因此，任何关于这一问题的评论都应来自这个组织本身（应由组织自己提出），这样做才是合乎情理的。

3. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed. 古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。 译为：美国战俘被允许接受国际红十字会送来的食品包裹，还可以写一些必须经过检查的信。（不清楚）

改译：允许美国战俘接受国际红十字会送来的食品包裹，还可以写信，但是信件必须接受检查。 我上二年级的时候，给我们演过一场暴雨成灾的电影，非常可怕。

二、将词组或短语译成汉语的句子 试译：这种担心并非像它看起来那样不可能没有根据。（很别扭） 改译：这种担心看起来似乎没有根据，其实不然。

2. I?m surprised 直译：我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。 改译：我听说（得知）他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。 有时，他获准到查尔斯顿港以外去走动走动，对此他心中暗喜。 临到紧急关头的切身之事太多了，这简直使他不能处之泰然。 我敢说，我宁愿呆在一百里以外，也不愿听到我所听到的话。

三、将从句分译成句子（长句的分译法）

1. They seemed to enjoy those rewards which they had purchased by a course of unremitting fatigue and by victories which almost exceeded belief.

他们对这些酬劳看来是很得意的，这些酬劳是他们历经千辛万苦，通过取得许可多次令人难以置信的胜利得来的。

2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

3. On behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。 转序译法

换序译法，又称顺序调整法，即将原句中的某一部分（词、词组、短句、从句）进行位置变动，使之更符合译句目标语的语言习惯，最大程度上做到译句语言通顺。由于汉语和英语在表达模式上的差异，两种语言互译时，有时需要相应的变换顺序，以迎合另一种语言的惯用表达模式。汉语的一般表达模式为“主语＋状语＋谓语＋宾语（定语前置）”，英语的一般表达模式为“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋状语（定语可能前置或后置）”。由此可见，两种语言表达模式的主要差异在定语和状语的位置上。当然，也有其他特殊语序变化的情况。英译汉中的换序译法

英语中常习惯用前置性陈述，先果后因；而汉语则相反，一般先因后果，层层递进，最后总结归纳，点出主题。所以，处理因果倒装的英语句子时，通常采用前置法，将原本位于句子后部的原因提前（除非原因部分实在太长，不适合放在译句前部）。这种方法可以使汉语译句语意紧凑，结构鲜明。

在实践中，英译汉的换序译法包括以下几种：

1. 主语或主语从句换序

主语换序常见于被动语态的句型中，翻译时常把主语后置。

主语从句换序常见于“It is / was / has been / had been … that”的句型中，其中it 做从句的形式主语，也就是说从句才是真正的逻辑主语，翻译时应将主语从句前置。

About 1840, a canal was constructed across the meadows of the Marsh Farm. 大约在1840年，横穿马什农场的草地开凿了一条新的运河。（主语后置）

2. 宾语或宾语从句换序

宾语或宾语从句换序主要用于宾语或宾语从句过长的情况，由于与主语、谓语部分形成明显头重脚轻的对比，因此将宾语或宾语从句前置，令译句的结构更加清晰。

The project budget sustains both the existence of graduate students and the fiscal solvency of the university. 研究生的存在、大学的资金偿还能力，这些都依靠项目预算。（宾语前置）

3. 定语或定语从句[i]换序

定语或定语从句换序比较常见的情况是将其前置，但当定语部分过于冗长时，亦可考虑将其后置。

People of good will① in the Arab countries② are struggling against the aggression. 阿拉伯国家②善良的①人们正在为反抗侵略而斗争。（定语前置）

4. 状语或状语从句[ii]换序

状语或状语从句换序时，如状语或状语从句位于句首，一般将其后置；如位于句中或句末，一般将其前置。一句中含多个状语时，需根据汉语表达习惯，重新编排语序，使表达通畅。 On and on Byron talked. 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。（状语后置）

5. 表语或表语从句[iii]换序

表语或表语从句一般位于句子的后半部分，当表语或表语从句过长时，可以考虑以前置的方法进行换序。（Chris TAO 于20xx年10月13日归纳总结并存手稿。）

Perhaps the factor that makes a positive outcome most likely is the clear recognition by the

government and business community that there is an overriding need for innovation. 政府和企业社团清楚地认识到革新是压倒一切的需要，这也许才是最有可能产生积极结果的因素。（表语前置）

6. 同位语或同位语从句[iv]换序

同位语或同位语从句换序，一般是将其移动至其同位成分之后。如同位语或同位语从句仅对其同位成分做补充说明，可用逗号将其与其同位成分隔开，或直接将同位语或同位语从句加括号，置于其同位成分之后。（This article is hand written and concluded by Chris TAO on Oct.13, 2012）

Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师。（同位语后置）

7. 插入语或插入句[v]换序

插入语或插入句换序，通常是前置至整个句子的开头。

If he answered honestly, it seemed to Tom, his father would be more angry. 汤姆觉得，如果他如实回答，他父亲会更生气。（插入语前置）

8. 倒装句和否定句换序

倒装句的目的是对倒装部分加以强调，换序时只需将其恢复至原来的顺序即可，有时也可考虑是否需要将否定(句)改为肯定(句)，或将肯定(句)改为否定(句)。

All the glitters is not gold. 并不是所有闪光的都是金子。（倒装部分前置）

9. 无生命主语句换序

无生命主语句：主语是动作的执行者，且主语表示的是无生命的事物。这类句子通常将主语和宾语互换位置来翻译。

Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。

汉译英中的换序译法

为了迎合英语习惯用前置性陈述的语法特征，汉译英时，往往也需要用换序译法来处理汉语原句。

1. 主语或主语从句换序

在那场战争中，这道城墙开始出现许多裂痕。 Many cracks began to appear on the city wall during that war.（主语后置）

2. 谓语换序（Chris TAO 于20xx年10月13日归纳总结并存手稿。）

她认真热情，一字不漏地记下了所说的话。 Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said.（谓语前置）（Chris TAO 于20xx年10月13日归纳总结并存手稿。）

3. 定语换序

定语较长时，可考虑将其后置；对于有多个定语的复杂句，则需根据英语表达习惯，重新编排语序，使表达通畅。（This article is hand written and concluded by Chris TAO on Oct.13, 2012） 一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。The pupils that had been watching started to applaud. （定语后置）

4. 状语换序

她每天早上教我们学法语。She teaches us French every morning. （时间状语后置）

5. 表语换序

东西越小，地心引力对它的吸力就越小，重量也就越轻。 The smaller the thing the less the pull of gravity on it and the less the weight.（表语前置）

6. 同位语换序（This article is hand written and concluded by Chris TAO on Oct.13, 2012） 她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一步步催人奋进的小说。

重复译法

1. In our department, Mr. Wang takes up teaching rhetoric, Mr. Li, linguistics and Mr. Huang, translation.

在我们系，王先生教修辞学，李先生教语言学，黄先生教翻译课。

2. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.

我们来修订安全规则和卫生规则吧。

3. The story of Jane is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine.

简的故事是一篇充满呻吟和泪水的故事，是资本主义工业机器摧残不幸人们的故事。

4. We see, therefore, how the modern bourgeoisie is itself: the product of a long course of development, of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.

由此可见，现代资产阶级本身是一个长期发展过程的产物，是生产方式和交换方式的一系列变革的产物。

5. The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.

小学徒对老板尤其怕的要死，老板经常整他而且整的很重，简直把他整瘪了。

6. It was a bright September afternoon, and the streets of New York were brilliant with Moving men.

这是九月的一个晴朗的下午，纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。

7. All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess ultimate prize.

所有这些安排都只是这次舞会的序曲，舞会才是女主人的最终目的。

8. We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding-machine.

我们说,长征是历史上的第一次,长征是宣传书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。

9. Each country has its own customs.

各国有各国的风俗。

10. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized.

谁犯了纪律，谁就应该受到批评。

11. Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free

你们什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。

12. You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best.

我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本，你就可以借哪一本。

13. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other---of everything but our host and hostess.

我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况---谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。

14. He supplied his works not only with biographies, but with portraits of their supposed authors.

他不仅在他的作品上提供作者传记，而且还提供假想作者的画像。

15. The senator picked up his hat and his courage.

参议员捡起帽子，鼓起了勇气。

16. He was proficient both as a flyer and as a navigator.

他既精于飞行，又善于导航。

17. He demanded total loyalty, not loyalty in the traditional sense, not positive loyalty.

他要求的是绝对忠诚，不是传统意义的忠诚，也不是一般的忠诚，而是绝对的忠诚。

18. They had to stand there in that heat, watching me go in, come out, come out, go in and never saying anything.

他们在那大热天里站着，一言不发，眼巴巴看我进去出来，出来进去。

19. But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.

可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。

20. They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations

as an American. 他们想要确定，他是否履行了受雇条件，是否履行了作为美国公民所应尽的职责。

合句译法

合句译法（又称：并句译法），从技术上说，是与断句译法相反的操作，即把原文中内容关系密切的两个或多个句子合成一个句子。严格来说，合句译法和缩句译法都属于一种压缩：合句译法是压缩原文的两个或多个句子，合为一个句子（缩句为句）；缩句译法是压缩原文的短句或单句，合为一个句子的组成部分（缩句为词）。 我们知道，英语句子一般都要比汉语句子长，其容量也远比汉语句子大得多。汉译英时，往往必须先找出隐藏或模糊的主谓结构与框架，树起主干，然后将各种关系词、短语（介词短语、名词短语）、附加成分（同位语、插入语）、分词结构、从句（定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句）等添加到主干，使树木枝繁叶茂，形成所谓的“树式结构”。翻译汉语的多个分句时，注意分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，确定好主从关系，并采用恰当的方式进行连接。 因此，合句译法对于汉译英而言意义非凡。当然，在英译汉时，对于比较口语化的英语短句，我们也可以考虑用合句译法，将其翻译成一个汉语句子。在使用得当的情况下，合句译法和缩句译法都能有效调整句子长度，使译文词句简练、逻辑关系清晰、语气连贯、一气呵成。

英译汉中的合句译法

1. 并列关系合句

— 汉语译句通常以“和”、“并”、“及”、“而”、“且”、“也”、“还”、“同时”、“（既）又（要）…，又（要）…”、“（一）边…（一）边…”等表示并列关系的连接词连接。

He was very clean. // His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。

2. 转折关系合句

— 汉语译句通常以“但”、“却”、“可是”、“不过”、“然而”、“尽管…（但/但是）…”等表示转折关系的连接词连接。

Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. // It did not shake his will to go to the front. 夜幕降临，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。

3. 因果关系合句

— 汉语译句通常以“因为”、“所以”、“因此”、“结果”、“因而”、“最终”、“终于”等表示因果关系的连接词连接。

He has been ill for many years. // He died in loneliness finally. 他病了很多年，最终在孤独中死去。

4. 从属关系合句

— 后句所述为前句的某个状态，或依附于前句发生或存在。汉语译句的表现形式更为灵活，通常不需要特别的连接词，直接用逗号，以短句形式合并。

Qin walked through the forest. // She was in a good mood and went on her way, headshaking and singing. 琴穿过树林，摇着头，哼着曲，继续赶路。

汉译英中的合句译法

1. 并列关系合句

— 前后句具有并列关系；此类句子通常具有相同的主语，或虽无相同主语但在时间和顺序上具有连贯发生性，或说明同一事物的两个方面。英语译句通常以”and”, “while”等表示并列关系的连接词连接。

新航线和公交公司不断涌现，// 竞争降低了旅游成本。New airlines and bus companies have emerged, and competition has cut the cost of travel.

2. 转折关系合句

— 前后句所述情况相反或矛盾统一。英语译句通常以”though”, “although”, “but”, “however”, “yet”等表示转折关系的连接词连接。

夜幕降临。// 顺子还没有回家。Night began to fall, but Shunzi hadn?t come back.

3. 因果关系合句

— 英语译句通常以”because (of)”, “as”, “for”, “finally”, “until (the time when)…”, “as a result”, “due to”等表示因果关系的连接词连接。

每去一次，我的药量就减少一些，// 最后医生告诉我说，不必再服药了。With each visit, the dose of medicine prescribed to me would be progressively reduced, until the time came when the doctor said that I would no longer need them.

4. 从属关系合句(This article is hand written and concluded by Chris TAO on Oct.18, 2012) — 通常后一句是对前一句的主语、宾语或其他成分做进一步地说明或描述，因此可用定语（从句）、状语（从句）、同位语（从句）或其他从属（从句）形式来处理。

思想动向问题，我们应当抓住。// 这里当作第一个问题提出来。We should keep tabs on ideological trends, which I am taking up here as the first question. 【用定语从句合句】

我遇到了一个问题。// 当我就要出席会议时，这个间题越发明显了。I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just as I was to appear at the meeting. 【用定语从句合句】

年满十八岁的公民，都有选举权和被选举权。// 依照法律被剥夺选举权和被选举权的人除外。All citizens who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote and to stand for election, with the exception of persons deprived of these rights by law. 【用伴随状语合句】