一生必看的文章大总结

下面都是精心总结后的好文章，保证让你一生都能受用，看完后如果觉得好大家可以随意转载，当然也希望您可以按下上面的分享，你们的支持是我整理帖子最大的动力，谢谢大家。。

手机好坏的秘密~很简单只要按几个键就知道(转)

英语写作万能公式----新东方英语的秘密

中国姓氏英文翻译-----终于被我找到了~~！！！

GRE满分女生学习秘笈：克服惰性!

中国人不可不知道的知识(怕以后找不到了~~)

这样做皮肤真的会彻底改变哦~

有个人，对你很重要(写的太好了,实在忍不住转了过来)

娶80后女孩必须要做的十件事

十大家常菜做法

中央直属企业名单(中国级别最高的169家企业）暑期社会实践报告写作规范

鸡蛋的30种经典吃法【不可不学】

银行卡异地存取款,你知道多少?

电脑旁不能放哪些东西？

每个大学生都应该知道的——大学生考证时间表关于86后大学生就业

[推荐]生活实用小秘方真的很不错(很实用)

等你大学毕业之后再读会后悔一辈子的23条忠告

美白的方法，效果很好！

如何在三个月内获得三年的工作经验------实际的很

十条终生受益的涉世忠告

达芬奇睡眠法（转）早睡早起身体好

你的衬衣穿对了吗？

女生一定要看的小常识

少女为什么会痛经

防蚊实用招

可口可乐零度（ZERO），建议大家尽量不要喝了！！！

各种鸡翅的做法(口水都流出来了)

电脑高手常用的快捷键，蛮好的！

长大了，你拿什么来养育父母

新东方强力推荐十大必背范文

你不知道的生活“隐形杀手”之“矿泉水瓶”！

带眼镜的一定要看！一个眼镜批发商的话

中国大学最差的17个专业

不为人知的24个生活小妙招

80~90年代，还记得我们作文的必杀句吗

令人肝肠胃寸断的感人爱情签名

情侣间的好习惯～

心疼女人的十三种方法

女生内调养颜经（送给女朋友的～～）珍贵资料啊～～

韩乔生自批“韩语录”

告诉每一个女孩

男女之间互送礼物的含义大全别送错了

安慰人的10大原则-当不知该说什么时

情侣间的好习惯～

心疼女人的十三种方法

盖茨本周退休首度曝光私人珍贵照片

每天看一遍，释怀所有难过

湖南方言大集合

上了大学才知道

未婚女性用什么方法避孕 [转帖]

请记住这个瞬间..看完我又哭了。真的太悲痛了。！

春天四种水果最好别吃

春季饮食关注食物相克

教你如何把衣服洗干净

个人都遇到过的三件科学无法解释的事

专家推荐健康夏日生活十招

只是忽然很想你（图）超级感人

成熟恋情必经的四个阶段

拒绝“看上去很美” 十八大家居健康秘笈

解决失眠的好办法

女生一定要看的小常识

减少粉刺之果菜汁

网络术语大全

22日

做一个温暖的女孩子

在大学里怎样才能被人刮目相看

大学生面试20个经典问题及回答思路

成熟恋情必经的四个阶段

小时候不插电的游戏

我的老婆就是这么色

我用宇宙大爆炸学说安慰了为体重而担忧

经典的71个做饭技巧，当你熟悉了

一个老色狼送给小色狼的40条忠告 [毕业之前奉献经验]

星座日期已经换喽,新增蛇夫座

山东没什么可NB的

十二星座：创业时最需克服的弱点

春天四种水果最好别吃

女孩子出生日期有说法～～～

一个北大毕业生对在校生和已毕业的朋友说的话（很精典）

全球500强成功的密码

在大学里怎样才能被人刮目相看

优雅交际100句：交际高手必知英文表达

大学生同居的利弊

形容长得丑的经典语句

If a baby can do,why can not you

老公劝老婆减肥的N种委婉说法～～各位

个人都遇到过的三件科学无法解释的事

请记住这个瞬间..看完我又哭了。真的太

新东方李玉技老师的734条高频词组笔记

女性要注意的日常健康男士也一定要看后转告给你关心的女人．．．．（转）

防 ~ 止 ~ 浪 ~ 费 ~ 时 ~ 间 ~ 的 ~ 窍 ~ 门

做这样的女孩

吃草莓时必须注意“三不”

第二篇：文选总结

? The English Renaissance (1485-1660)

? Renaissance

1. General Info Time Span: Spreading:

2. Humanism The ideal of Renaissance was Humanism, which emphasized the welfare of human beings: According to Humanism:

a. It was against the human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for after-life happiness.

b. People should enjoy full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.

c. In religion, reformation of church demanded.

d. In art and literature, in praise of men instead of God and churches, and their pursuit of happiness in this life.

3. Characteristics

Characteristics of literature of this period:

1. In praise of man, not God or churches (yet it was the mainstream in the previous Middle Age.)

2. Pursuit of happiness of this life (against any abstinence)

3. Education advocated (against ignorance and the practice of obscurantism)

4. Realistic methods accepted (abstract way of writing given up)

? Renaissance in England

1. The Oxford Reformers (15th c.)

2. Representative Writers

1. Thomas More (1478-1535) Thomas More (1478-1535):

humanistic leader of early 16th century, Lord Chancellor to Henry

Ⅷ, who gave up his life rather than bow to Henry as head of the

English Church. Masterpiece: Utopia

2. Wyatt & Howard Sir Thomas Wyatt (-1542): He introduced the

Italian sonnet into England from Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374)

Petrarchan sonnets influenced the Elizabethan Age greatly. Henry

Howard(-1574), Earl of Surrey, friend and disciple of Wyatt. Two

poets of importance before the Elizabethan Age:

? The Elizabethan Age (or the Age of Shakespeare)

1. Literary Span

2. Social Coditions-- Reformation in England

1. Firm Control of Churches

2. Religious Reformation

3. Prosperity Under Elizabeth

3. Great Names

1. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)—poetry

Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)--poetry

greatest non-dramatic poet of the age, first master of English verse, he made the natural music of his voice. follower of Chaucer.

masterpiece: Faerie Queene—an allegory

Spenserian Stanza:

? a nine-line stanza;

? the first 8 lines are iambic pentameter lines and the ninth line has two more syllables;

? rhyming ababbcbcc.

? Later, it was followed by Thomson, Keats, Shelley, and Byron.

2. Christopher Marlowe (1564-1595)& The University Wits

– Drama

Marlowe (1564-1595):

Marlowe: the greatest predecessor of Shakespeare and the greatest

pioneer of English drama.

His achievements :

He made blank verse the principle instrument of English drama

University Wits

They studied at Universities of Oxford or Cambridge

they set up as professional writers, selling their learning and wits to the

London public of playgoers, and to the reading public as well. they wrote for the popular playhouse.

3. Ben Jonson (1562-1637)

Ben Jonson (1562-1637):

Shakespeare's most formidable rival and most well-known successor.

4. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) --- prose

5. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

William Shakespeare

1. Status:

? The most influential figure in western literature, as Homer

and Dante.

2. Works:

I. works

? His Major Achievements in Literature:

37 plays

Besides, 2 narrative poems

(Venus and Adonis:1592; Lucrece:1592-1593) and 154 sonnets (1593-1598)

? Four Great Tragedies:

Hamlet(1601)

Othello (1604)

King Lear (1605)

Macbeth (1605)

II. Characteristics of his works

? wide Variety of themes:

? Character Portrayal:

? Play's Structure:

Well-arranged according to the requirements of the theme and content.free development of the story from the restriction of the classical unities (action, place and time)

Poetry: Blank verse: 'end closed'-'run on'

3. Chosen Piece

? ? Questions:

a. Possible theme of the poem? ?

b. Rhetorical methods used?

? Sonnet :

? The sonnet is a complete lyric consisting of fourteen iambic-pentameter lines with a fixed rhyming scheme.

It includes two distinct types:

? the Italian or Petrarchan

? the English or Shakespearean.

? Classification:

? ? The rhyme scheme of the Italian sonnet is abba abba

cde cde, or the sestet may rhyme cdc dcd.

? The octave usually proposes a question, develops a

narrative, or delineates an idea. The accompanying sestet

will answer the question, comment on the story, or

countermand the ideas.

The thought-division is often signaled by an enjambement

in line 9.

? ? It also consists of 14 iambic pentameter lines, divided into 3 quatrains followed by a couplet.

? The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.

? In the Shakespearean sonnet each quatrain deals with a different aspect of the subject and the couplet either summarizes the theme or makes a final, sometimes contradictory, comment.

? Edmund Spenser's original sonnet rhyme scheme has been passed down also, although it has not been commonly used by any other one but Spenser. ? Spenser followed the English thought-division of three quatrains and a couplet.

? However, he altered the rhyme scheme to abab bcbc cdcd ee, thus linking the quatrains, and called Spenserian sonnet

? foot ：

A foot of poetry generally consists of an accented syllable and one or more unaccented syllables arranged in a variety of patterns.

? The four standard feet distinguished in English poetry are:

? Iamb (iambic 抑扬格, 短长格):

? Trochee (trochaic (英诗的)扬抑格, 长短格):

? Anapaest (anapaestic <美>抑抑扬格, 短短长格):

? Dactyl (dactylic 扬抑抑格):

? Amphibrach ([语]短长短格): Two other feet, occur only as occasional variants from standard feet;

? Spondee(spondaic [韵]强强格, 扬扬格):

? Pyrrhic(pyrrhic [韵]抑抑格):

trimetre -- a metrical line containing three feet.

tetrameter -- a metrical line containing four feet.

pentameter -- a metrical line containing five feet.

抑扬格一音步 iambic monometer

扬抑格二音步 trochaic dimeter

抑抑扬格三音音步 anapaestic trimeter

抑扬格四音步 iambic tetrameter

抑扬格五音步 iambic pentameter

抑扬格六音步 iambic hexameter

? Neoclassicism (1660-1798)

? 1660-1784(1798)

The period extended from 1660 when Restoration was conducted to about

1784 when the last writer and advocate of Neoclassicism Samuel Johnson died, or rather 1798 when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical

Ballads, marking the commencement of the Romanticism.

? Status Quo of the Period

1. Deism became a religious force in the late 17th century.

Deists believed in a Supreme Being or God as the Creator of the world of nature, but they glorified reason and rejected the so-called revealedness by God and the super-natural doctrine of Christianity. The influence of Deism was shown in the works of Pope.

2. Age of Reason

1. Background Info

2. Enlightenment

18th Century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe known as the Enlightenment, It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th century.

The movement was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.

With England, it was for the clearing of feudal remnants still left after the Puritan Revolution and replacement of them with a liberal bourgeois ideology; With France, for the coming French bourgeois Revolution.

Enlighteners believed in the betterment of the society through enlightenment and education of the people. Most of the enlightenment thinkers believed that social problem could not be solved by church doctrine or by the power of God but should be solved with human intelligence: Age of Reason.

Most of the writers of the 18th century belonged to the Enlightenment with their works criticizing aspects of contemporary society, discussing social problems, defending the interest of the exploited working class. Literature of Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers.

3. Development

1. Expanding of British Empire

Industrial Revolution

Sir Issac Newton's (1642-1727) discovery of the laws of gravitation and motion in 1678

James Watt's (1736-1819) invention of steam engine in 1769; other inventions: textile machines

Enclosure incurred

? Stages of Neoclassicism: Restoration Literature

1st stage of Neoclassicism: formative period: 1660-1700 when the initiator John Dryden(1631-1700) died: (1660-1700: The Age of Dryden)

2nd stage of Neoclassicism: with Alexander Pope (1688-1744) and Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) as the

3rd stage of Neoclassicism: The Neoclassical Decline (1745-1785: The Time of Johnson): conclusion with the death of Samuel Johnson (1709-0784) in 1784 and the publication of William Cowper's The Task in 1785

? Neoclassicism & It's Characteristics

1. ? Started from France in 17th C;

? Reaction against style of late Renaissance literature: For: simplicity, clarity, restraint, regularity and good sense;

? Dryden ? Pope ? Johnson

? The writers modelled themselves on classical/ancient Greek and Latin authors for perfect form in literature

? the term"classicism" in 18th c. for critical, intellectual spirit, fine polish of the heroic couplet, or elegance of the prose

? the general tendency of neoclassical literature is to look at life critically, intellect over imagination, form over content: precise and elegant methods of expression prefered instead of personal emotion and enthusiasm;

? Augustans valued the classical writers (esp. Roman) for their enduring models and supreme level of excelence in lit;

? Literature is primarily an "art", to be perfected by long study and practice, ideal revealed in Horace's The Art Of Poetry, which demanded the utmost finish, correction and attention to details.

? poetry: imitation of human life: art for humanity's sake was the ideal of neoclassic humanism.not individual but species:common features and shared aspects.

? Literature is featured by ornaments of language, metrics and rhetoric with resulted didactic, satirical, artificial and orderly qualities in works;

? Difference from Elizabethan Age Rise of Realistic Novels

文选总结

? Rise of Realistic Novels in the 18th Century

1. General Info

The Rise of Realistic Novel

The origin of novel can be traced back to the romances of the ancient world and early Renaissance:

Modern European novel can be dated back to the late Renaissance with Cervantes' (

Don Quixote(1605-1616); Modern English novel appeared around a century later in the 18th century.

Representatives

Daniel Defoe (1661-1731): Robinson Crusoe (1719)

Samuel Richardson (1689-1761): Pamela(1740-1741)

Henry Fielding (1707-1754): Joseph Andrews (1742): "the Father of English Novel"

Besides Fielding

Tobias Smollett (Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771) : father of the nautical novel: )

Lawrence Sterne (a representative of the sentimental school)

Daniel Defoe

1. Status:

? The first important English novelist

2. Life Experience:

? born into the family of James Foe, to 40 De-(aristocratic

prefix) added.

? Good Education with the expectation of becoming a puritan

clergyman

Involved in Business and politics, defending the new

political order under WilliamⅢ, a Dutch protestant: ?

An Essay Upon Projects (1697)

The True-Born Englishman (1701)

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702)

? Experience with the two parties: from Tory to Whig

3. Works:

I. works

? Robinson Crusoe (1719): his first and masterpiece

Captain Singleton (1720)

Duncan Campbell (1720)

Memoirs of Cavalier (1720)

Moll Flanders (1722)

Colonel Jack (1722)

Roxana(1724)

The history of the Devil (1726)

II. Characteristics of his works

? plain simple language

Rich in life: jack-at-all-trades

Reflection of the spirit of the age: that of the

ascending bourgeoisie: fervent zeal for reform

4. Chosen Story

? Story: Robinson Crusoe

? Questions:

a. Interpretation of the 1st chosen chapter?

b. It is believed to have expressed the spirit of the time

then. How would you explain it away?

c. How do you think it beautifies the colonialism? the

process of capital accumulation?

Henry Fielding

1. Status: As a novelist, he promoted the theory of realism in literary creation. He

believed that a truthful artist's duty is to produce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it. In novel writing, he had the principles of characterization and typification still used today.

? 2nd but more important novelist of the 18th c. One of the founders of modern English novel (+ Defoe + Samuel

Richardson): "father of English novels"

2. Works:

I. works

? The History of the Adventure of Joseph Andrews, and of

His Friend Mr. Abraham Adams (1742)

The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great (1743) ?

? The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling (1749) Amelia (1751)

II. Characteristics of his works

? Humous and satirical in tone;

? Lively and high-spirited in character;

? Brilliant, witty and highly artistic in language.

3. Chosen Story

Story: Tom Jones, A Foundling

? Questions: ?

a. Fielding’s realism in his portrayal of images like Tom Jones.

b. How do you like the image of Tom Jones? Why?

The Age of Romanticism (1798-1830s)

? Romanticism

1. Time Span

Romanticism

The last years of Neoclassicism saw the beginning of Romanticism in the works of the pre-Romantic poets: Gray, Burns and Blake.

It is from 1798, when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their lyrical Ballads, to 1832, when all the major Romantic writers were either dead or no longer productive

2. Background

Background Info (Impetus of the Romantic Movement)

French Revolution of 1789

Industrial Revolution (mid18 c. –): agricultural society into modern industrial nation, mechanization process started

||ruling power from old aristocracy to bourgeoisie and restive working class resulted.

3. Contents of Romanticism

Contents of Romanticism:

Expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic "common sense": liberalism in literature (by Victor Hugo)

As a way of thinking and an approach to literature, it is associated with vitality, powerful emotion,limitless and dreamlike ideas.

International movement: Goethe (1749-1832) in Germany; Victor Hugo (1802-1885) in France , Pushkin (1799-1837) in Russia, Longfellow (1807-1882) in America, etc. The name Romantic is from later critics or reviewers.

Representative Writers:

o Criterion One

1. Lake School: Wordsworth +Coleridge +Southey;

2. Cockney School: Leigh Hunt +hazlitt + Keats;

3. Satanic School: Byron +Shelley.

o Criterion Two

1. Passive Romantic School/First Generation: Wordsworth

+Coleridge+Southey ;

2. Active Romantic School/Second or Younger Generation: Byron

+Shelley +Keats.

Focus:

Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings

Emphasis on imagination and expression of individual genius

Material from nature, history, past (Nature: "nature poetry", yet in fact quite beyond; history: Milton & Elizabethans for models; old stories or Medieval romances)

It is characterized by vitality, powerful emotion, imagination: free application of

one's mind about any thing: rebellious spirit or Melancholy and loneliness, etc.

Sympathy with and glorification of the humble

4. Forms of Literature

1. Poetic Literature:

Poetry was the most typical mode for romanticism, and the Romantic period

exceeds all ages of English literature in the range and diversities of its

achievementsNon-poetic Literature

1. Essayists & Features Essayists:

Essayists:

? Charles Lamb (1775-1834)

? William Hazlitt (1778-1830)

? Thomas De Quincey (1785-1859)

? Leigh Hunt (1784-1859) Features:

Features:

Essays of the period paralleled the course of Romantic poetry,

many of which were actually favorable critical comments on

new poetic development or important Romantic poet.

The essayists resembled the poets in rebelling against 18th

century conventions to revive prose forms long disused and to

develop new prose styles and structural principles. They made

the informal essay a pliable vehicle for expressing the writer's

own personality, thus bring into English literature the personal

or familiar essay --- a commentary on a non-technical subject

written in a relaxed and intimate manner.

2. Dramatists

Dramatists: little development in drama, which tended to the extremes of either farces or melodrama, none by professional playwrights have survived. So is it with poetic drama.

Exceptions are the deliberate closet dramas, that is, dramas not for production or stage, but for reading, the best examples of this genre are: ? Manfred by Byron

? Prometheus Unbound by Shelley.

? The Cenci by Shelley : the best poetic drama.

3. Novelists

1. General Info Novelists:

Novelists:

Jane Austen (1775-1818)

? Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)

? Two new types of fiction were prominent in the late 18th century:

"Gothic novel" & Novel of purpose ?

2. Types of Novels

Two new types of fiction were prominent in

the late 18th century: "Gothic novel" &

Novel of purpose

1. "Gothic novel"

"Gothic novel", a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or remote settings, fantastic, mysterious or violent incidents, and grotesque, savage and ghostlike characters.

The first Gothic novel was Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1764).

2. Novel of purpose

Novel of purpose is written to propagate the new social and political theories current in the period of the French Revolution.

The best examples are

? Caleb Williams (1794)

by William Godwin and

? Frankenstein (1817)

by Mary Shelley, Shelley's wife and Godwin's daughter.

Representative Poets of Romanticism

? Pre-Romantic period:

Thomas Gray, Robert Burns, William Blake; ?

? First Generation:

(Passive Romantic School)

Wordsworth +Coleridge+Southey ;

? Second or Younger Generation:

(Active Romantic School)

Byron +Shelley +Keats.

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850)

1. Status:

? Representative poet of the first generation of Romanticism and chief

spokesman of the Romantic poetry

? A member of the famous "Trio of the Lake Poets"

"Trio of Lake District":

William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey

2. Life Experience:

Nearly 50 years of his life: secluded, closed only to nature.

Most of his best work are from 1797-1807

Later, with the reputation increased started the decline in actual merit

? Born in 1770 in Lake District Brought up and educated in Lake region in northwestern England. His

passionate love for nature developed, firmly built freedom enjoyed in the beautiful surrounding hills

? Experience with Cambridge 1787; Experience with Continental

countries (1790-1793): French Revolution: radical?

conservative(Jacobin dictatorship)

? Friendship with Coleridge developed in 1797 and the publication of

collaborated Lyrical Ballads (1798)

Lyrical Ballads (1798):

marked a complete break from traditional classicism and the commencement of a new era--Romanticism.

Of the collection, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: S.T. Coleridge's masterpiece.

In 1843, on the death of Southey, he was made Poet Laureate.

3. Works: ? I. works

? We Are Seven Lines Writen in Early Spring To the Cuckoo I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud The Lucy Poems The Solitary Reaper The Prelude

II. Characteristics of his works

theme: 16

nature and ordinary people's life: nature poet

Characterized by a sympathy with the poor and love of nature

? Writing Style:

perfect simplicity

vivid imagery

directness of language

unadorned beauty

4. Chosen Piece

? ? Questions:

a. What is the idea sensed from the poem?

b. Scan the poem and read accordingly. The Solitary Reaper

Based on his tour of Scotland in 1803;

written seven years after Lyrical Ballads;

first published in 1807.

Four eight-line stanzas, each closing with two couplets and all written in octosyllabic lines

Iambic tetrameter for all the lines of each stanza except the fourth line which is in iambic trimeter The rhyming scheme is A-B-A-B-C-C-D-D

Percy B. Shelley

(1792-1822)

1. Status:

? World famous lyric poet, revolutionary poet and one of the

supreme geniuses of English literature

2. Life Experience:

? Born into an aristocratic family, brought up during the

storming years of the French Revolution

French Revolution's influence:

The ideal of the revolution (liberty, equality and fraternity etc.) greatly influnce him from his teens

In his teens, he developed a stout and rebellious heart: Against the brutal treatment of pupils popular then in public schools (Eton, fagging practice)

As he grew the revolutionary fervor increased .

The publication of his work--The Necessity of Atheism

resulted in his expulsion from Oxford.

Later, Irish national liberation movement.

? ?

William Godwin:

A Utopian-Socialist who was one of the first to criticize British capitalism; the most famous free thinker of the time.

? ? Complete Involvement in revolution ? On July 8, 1822, Shelley drowned himself along the coast of

Italy.

3. Works:

I. works

? Queen Mab (1813)

? Revolt of Islam (1818) Prometheus Unbound (1819) The Cenci (1819) The Masque of Anarchy, Hellas (1821) Short Lyrics:

Song to the Men of England(1819)

Ode to the West Wind (1819)

To A Skylark (1820)

The Cloud

II. Characteristics of his works

? Revolutionary Spirit

4. Chosen Piece

? ? Questions:

a. What a natural phenomenon is described and how is it

described?

b. How do you understand the symblism used in the poem?

c. What stylistic devices are used in the poem?

d. How do you understand the revolutionary spirit released

in the poem?

Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)

Terza Rima:

? Italian Poet Dante used it in Divine Comedy

? Geoffrey Chaucer Introduced it into English literature

? Iambic pentameter lines in tercets;

? four tercets followed by a couplet into one stanza;

? ? Rhyming Scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE

Apostrophe(呼语,顿呼):

Direct address of an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, especially as a digression in the course of a speech or composition.

Understanding of the revolutionary spirit of the Ode to the West Wind:

Born and brought up during the years of revolution, greatly influenced by the revolution. Revolutionary enthusiasm developed and increased with his growth; William Godwin further influenced him for revolutionary cause; The up-surging revolutionary movement across the whole of Europe further inspired him; 19

? ? ? In his mind the revolution got carried on in much the same way as the fiercely blowing West Wind; Two processes merged into one in his revolutionary mind, through the praise of the west wind, he’s actually singing a song of the ongoing revolution. At the sight of the blowing of the west wind, it’s rather natural for him to think of the tempestuous revolution.…

The Victorian Age (1832-1901)

Victorian Literature

1. Time Span：1830s-1901（1890s）

2. Historical Background

1. Rapid development & Expansion

2. Social problems and Reforms

3. Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882): Origin of Species (1859), The Descent of Man (1871)

Origin of Species: it shook the Christian belief in divine creation as related in the Bible; The Decent of Man further reduced man to nothingness, as identified with monkeys.

The theory aroused annoyance, frustration, melancholy, loss of identity, loss of faith in religion. Really a great shock to the whole population of the belief.

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95, British biologist & prose writer), and others sharing the idea, helped popularize Darwin's theory of evolution—the theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest.

Social Darwinism is used to justify the many social injustices: free competition, superiority of the rich, colonial expansion, etc.

3. Features of Victorian Literature

1. Diversity

1. Realistic novels (Dickens-Hardy)

o Realistic novel of the Age in each decade with

Corresponding representative writers

1830s: Charles Dickens (1812-1870: lower class focused): Pickwick Papers (published in the same year as Victoria became Queen in 1837. the author's first novel, also the first novel of the Age.)

1840s: Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) & Emily Bronte (1818-1848): Jane Eyre (1847) | Wuthering Heights (1847)

1850s: William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863: upper class focused) he was a challenge to Dickens' continued preeminence and popularity: Vanity Fair (1847-1848)

1860s: Anthony Trollope (1815-1882): portraitist of mid-Victorian society: best known for a series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire, including Barchester Towers (1857) and The Last Chronicle of Barset (1867).

1870s: George Eliot (1819-1880): Middlemarch (1872):her finest work

1880s: George Meredith (1828-1909): famous and well-accepted for novels published earlier. Writer of novels, such as The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859), and poetic works, including Modern Love (1862).

1890s: Thomas Hardy (1840-1928): Jude the Obscure (1895, the author's last novel, and also the last for the Age.)

2. Poetry of Big Three

Poetry of Big Three:

Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-1892: "Poet of the People")

Robert Browning (1812-1889) and

Matthew Arnold (1822-1888: poet & critic)

3. Aesthetic Movement

Aesthetic Movement emerged towards the end of the century, represented by Oscar Wilde, who advocated the theory of "art for art's sake".

2. Variety in style and subject matter

3. Realistic Spirit

4. Moral purpose

5. Co-existence of optimism & pessimism

William M. Thackeray

1. Works:

I. works

The Book of Snobs (1848: The Snobs of England) Vanity Fair (1848) Pendennis (1850) The History of Henry Esmond (1852) The Newcomes (1853) 22

? The Virginians Poems:

Ballads

The English Humourists

II. Characteristics of his works

? Upper class dealt with vividly

humanity probed into under the social environment: distorted

? mild satirical description

2. Chosen Story

? Story: Vanity Fair

? Questions:

a. Please comment on the subtitle of the book: "A Novel

Without A Hero" ?

b. What do you think of Rebecca and her behaviour?

c. Restore the English society based on the novel, and say

something about it.

d. What do you think of Amelia?

Requirements for Items

Term:

①Writer type:

? ? ? ?

Time

achievements/contributions status comments :

? ? ?

representatives, influence comments.

⑤Event type:

time

place

influence on society & literature comments ? ? ?

②Works type

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Time writer

general contents ideas abstracted comments. Time

technical requirements prime (fl: writers with it) comments

⑥Image type:

? ? ? ?

identification (source/ origin) typical portrayal brief analysis comments

③Technique type

⑦Literary Style type:

? ? ? ? ?

Time

General identification peculiar way of

development(technical features), representatives comments

④Literary theory type:

? ? ? ? ? II.

Blanks: ? ? ? ?

III.

Specified expression demanded; No description allowed; Exact spelling expected;

commonest way of appellation allowed. Time place focused spirit literary forms

Match Work: ? ?

Avoid equal allocation of the items to be distributed among the target items. Finish it following the on-the-spot instructions from the proctoring teachers

IV.

Analysis:

? Identification of source;

? Analysis from the given script and conclusion

? (default: ≥100)

V. Questions:

? Avoid being abstract;

? Come to the point and avoid beating around the bush;

? Ideas, logically acceptable and reasonable, clearly conveyed ? Analysis obviously sensed.

? (default: ≥100)

VI. Story Retelling:

? Identification

? Story typical plots: main character’s name;

? Comments

? (default: ≥150)

相关推荐

一生必看的文章大总结

第二篇：文选总结

专栏推荐