英语句子成分总结

句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语七种。 主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态,谓语由动词来承担。 宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。 主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分,除少数句子(如祈使句和感叹句等)外,一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。 主语是针对谓语而言的,是一句话的主题,谓语用来说明主语的情况,为主语提供信息。例如:They are working.主语是they(他们),那么他们在做什么呢?看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。 在正常情况下,英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致,也就是说主语在前,谓语紧跟其后。那么,哪些词语可以做主语,谓语,何时主谓倒置,主语与谓语的一致情况如何,我将一一讲述。 一、主语: 主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。 主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体,如“我写字”中的“我”,就是主语,它做出“写” 这个动作。“写”则是谓语,而“字”是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,它因此被称为宾语。又如"花死了"中的"花"就是主语,"死了"即是对主语"花"的陈述,所以是谓语。 主语可以用这些词类或形式来担任:名词、代词、名词化了的动词、形容词、分词、副词或数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语,从句,某些固定词组的第二格。 英语中的例句 1. 名词做主语: My school is not far from my house. 2. 代词做主语: We like our school very much. 3. 基数词做主语: Two add two is four. 4. 名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语: This is an article. 5. 动名词做主语: Seeing is believing. 6. 动词不定式做主语: To do such a job needs more knowledge. 7. 从句做主语: What I mean is to work harder. 主语的补语:它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。 1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补

语)

2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

-- Me. --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.)

3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语) 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

谓语[predicate verb]

谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成,依据其在句中

谓语动词介绍

繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。

不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。

谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如:

I (like) walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态)

I (made) your birthday cake last night..昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态) It is used by travelers and business (people all over the world).全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态)

谓语种类:

动词谓语

以动词或动词为中心的词组作为谓语最常见。

形容词谓语

在汉语中,形容词和动词在文法上表现很相似,很多语法学家都把它们归入谓词(predicative)一类。汉语中的形容词或其词组可以直接充当谓语,而无需另外添加系词(copula,相当于英语中的 be)。

(汉)她很漂亮。

(英)She is very beautiful.

名词谓语

名词或名词性的词组也可以充当谓语。

今天星期四。

谓语的辨别

谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别

1) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语,而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。

Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。(teaches 动词作谓语)

Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。 (to have a talk.... 不定式作状语)

2) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制,而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。 (动词用单数第三人称形式)

Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。(do 用原形)

3)非谓语动词的特征:如果非谓语动词是及物动词,后面须跟宾语。

Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。(studying 后跟宾语)

2 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。

Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)

It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。(for him 作不定式的逻辑主语)

3 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。(to have kept...是不定式的完成形式)

Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 从山上看,这座城市美丽多了。(Seen from...是分词的被动形式)

4 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。

Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。(coming 起名词作用)

There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)

三、宾语:

宾语,又称受词,是指一个动作(动词)的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语指动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作的非直接,但受动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。

1.宾语是在或后,接受某一动作、方式、状态或性质等具有性质的字、短语或从句。

He speaks Japanese.

他讲日语。 专有名词Japanese作宾语。

I am good at swimming.

我擅长游泳。 动名词swimming作介词at的宾语。

I don't know the phone number.

我不知道电话号码。

名词短语the phone number作宾语。

She doesn't know me.

她不认识我。

代词me作宾语。

I want to know the answer.

我想知道答案。

不定式短语to know the answer作宾语。

Do you understand what I mean?

你明白我的意思吗?

名词从句what I mean作宾语。

2.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是完全及物动词,后面必须接宾语。 He can't speak Chinese.

他不会讲中文。

speak当完全及物动词,后接宾语Chinese.

3.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,后面除接宾语外还要接宾语补语。

His mother named him Tommy.

他的母亲给他起名叫汤米。

named是不完全及物动词,后接宾语him句意表达不完整,还要接宾语补语Tommy。

4.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不完全及物动词,而后面接的宾语是短语或从句,后再接宾语补语时,必须将作宾语的短语或从句放在宾语补语之后,把it放在它的原来位置,这时it是形式宾语,短语或从句是真正宾语。

I think it is wrong to tell lies.

我认为撒谎是错误的。

it是形式宾语,不定式短语to tell lies是真正宾语,wrong是宾语补语。

Did you make it clear why she didn't come?

你弄清楚她没有来的原因了吗?

it是形式宾语,名词从句why she didn't come是真正宾语,clear是宾语补语。

5.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是与格动词,后面要接两个宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语,其中直接宾语是所给与或告知的事物,间接宾语是接受事物的人。直接宾语与间接宾语时常可以互换位置。

I bought him a birthday present.

我给他买了一件生日礼物。

bought是与格动词,后接间接宾语him,再接直接宾语a birthday present。

I wrote my friend a letter.

I wrote a letter to my friend.

我给我的朋友写了一封信。

The student asked me a question. (No change)

学生问了我一个问题。(无法变化)

6.在完整的句子中,如果谓语动词是不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,因为句意已表达完整。

The sun rises in the morning.

太阳在早上升起。

rises是完全不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,in the morning是副词短语,作修饰语。

We are students.

我们是学生。

are是连系动词,后面不可接宾语,students是主语补语。

复合宾语

概念

在英语中,有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整,还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作,这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语.

例如:

We call him Jack . 我们叫他杰克。

这里him 是宾语, Jack 是宾语补足语

They appointed him chairman. 他们任命他为主席.

这里的him是宾语, chairman 是宾语补足语.

四、定语:

定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。 主要有形容词此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语。

The little boy needs a blue pen.

(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。

There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。

数词作定语相当于形容词:

Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。

The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。

There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。

代词或名词所有格作定语:

His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。

His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。

There are two boys of Tom's there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。

介词短语作定语:

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。

The boy in blue is Tom./穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。

名词作定语:

The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。

It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。

There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。

副词作定语:

The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。

The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。

不定式作定语:

The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。

There is nothing to do today./今天没有事要做。

分词(短语)作定语:

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。

The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。

There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。

定语从句:

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。

The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。

There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。

定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。

单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。

短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

1)定语前置

在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄色国材,指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年龄;颜色;国籍;材料;用途。如:

1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途

A famous American university.

An interesting little red French oil painting.

A new plastic bucket.

A purple velvet curtains

An elegant German clock

另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:

(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词

例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ;

(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后

例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;

(3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,

例如:a lovely little girl

(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:

a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。

当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.

2)定语后置

(1)短语作定语一般后置

It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。 He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。

English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。

The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。

(2)修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置 Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。

There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。

Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?

(3)副词作定语

The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。

They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。

(4)动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语

He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人

This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。

(5)起强调用的单个分词

Everybody involved should stay here.

The college mentioned.

(6)特殊词

Could you tell me something imporpant.

五、状语:

英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。

状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。

状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语(adverbial)。

状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。

状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。

副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。

1.副词一般在句子中做状语.

He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度状语,用来修饰well。

He is playing under the tree.他在树下玩儿.中的under the tree是地点状语.

2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。

I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.

3.介词短语

Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.

The boy was praised for his bravery.

4.从句作状语

When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.

If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

5.分词作状语

Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。 Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.

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什么是状语

1状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分,它附加在谓语中心语的前面,从情况,时间,处所,方式,条件,对象,肯定,否定,范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制.

状语与定语相同的地方是,都是前加附加成分;不同的地方是,它是谓语里的附加成分,而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分.从句子的层次上看,状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里的成分,有时甚至是更低层次的成分.

2状语的构成

状语的构成经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以及方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等.

含有动量词的数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语.

此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语.

3状语的书面标志——"地"

状语的书面标志是结构助词"地".状语后面带或者是不带"地",情况比较复杂.一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带"地";而介词短语,方位短语,能愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带"地",副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带"地".

4多层状语

如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些.

多层状语的一般语序:

a.表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;

b.副词.

c.表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;

d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语;

e.表对象的介词短语.

其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后.

5一般状语和句首状语

状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称"句首状语".

6状语的分类

状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类:

时间状语,条件状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,让步状语和比较状语

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时间状语从句

要点: 时间状语从句,由以下连词引导:

when ,while, as, after ,before, as soon as, since ,till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。

1.when当******的时候

Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.

(当)莫扎特4岁的时候,开始写音乐作品。

2.while当。。。时

He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.

他在旅途中参观了许多地方。

3.as在。。。的同时;一边。。。一边。。。

He smiled as he stood up.

他一边站起来一边笑着。

4.after在。。。之后

He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.

前几天做完作业之后回的家。

5.before 在。。。之前

Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。

6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。

We began to work as soon as we got there.

我们一到那就开始工作。

I will write to you as soon as I get home.

我一到家就给你写信。

7.since 自。。。以来 到现在

表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时。

Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.

自格林先生来中国以来,他就在这所学校教书。

(还可以用作介词,本句从句还可以用短语:since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)

8 till /until

都可以作连词,连接时间状语,也可以作介词,与其它词构成介词短语,在句中作状语。

They walked till /until it was dark.

他们一直走到天黑。

Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。

9. by the time 到。。。为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.

他到家的时候,他爸爸已经走了。

By the time I got to school, the class had already began.

我到校时,已经开始上课了。

一 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:

When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!

Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。

You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。

Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。

a .when, while和as的区别

when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。

例如:

When she came in, I was eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)

We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)

b, As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:

We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)

c, as when while的辨析

as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生,三者差异如下:

表示“一边。。。一边"的意思

as 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时

用于发生时间较段时

d when

1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作"之前 "或"之后"发生。

2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)

3.常用于常见搭配中

e while

1、用于时间较长时

2、 强调两个动作同时进行,并表示对比时

有时这三个连词可以互换,有时不可以。

lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.

我到那里时,正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生,when可换为as, 但不能换为while,因为get是点动词.)

When I had read the article, he called me.

我看完这篇文章之后,她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前,注意时态表达,只能用when )

When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

(当)我到了电影院时,电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后,只能用when,并要注意时态)

He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.

他正要离开,忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.

while, as不能代替

She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.

他以为我在谈她女儿,然而,实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折,对比,when, as都不能代替它)

While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.

外星人买纪念品时,那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句,从句的动作同时发生,while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词,因为它表示较长时间)

Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.

妈妈担心,因为小爱丽丝病了,特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)

二 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。

注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:

It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。

After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)

三 .由till或until引导的时间状语从句。

till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:

I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。

It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。

I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。

I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。

Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。

四 .由since引导的时间状语从句。

since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:

I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。

Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?

It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。

It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。

五 知识扩展

1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词,表示一段时间)

It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。

2. It is +before…(。。。才)

It was a long time before I went to sleep again.

过了很长时间我才睡着。

It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.

过了一个小时,警察才来。

3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:

I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。

The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。

As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。

【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:

He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。

No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。

六 .由by the time引导的时间状语从句。

注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:

By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。

By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。

七 由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如: Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。

Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。

You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。

八 .由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:

You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。

I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。

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地点状语从句

一 地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)

地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,

要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. 例如:

句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。

【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:

Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。

They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。

You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。

Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共 产 党,哪里人民得解放。

句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。

【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:

Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。

二 知识扩展

1.Where there is a will , there is a way.

有志者事竟成。(谚语)

1.It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.

他将是一所混合式学校,那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对先行词起着限定作用。)

2.Wherever you go , I go too.

无论你到什么地方,我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处,多用于句首。

3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.

无风不起浪。(谚语)

4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语.

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条件状语从句

要点: 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导。(让步)

1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.

如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.

2.You will get good grades if you study hard.

如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.

3.I won't/ will not go to the party unless he goes there too.

我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)

4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.

如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.)

难点提示:用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.

lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.

一般将来时, 一般现在时

lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时

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原因状语从句

要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导

1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

我昨天没去上学,因为我生病了。

2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.

既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.

3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.

4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.

.难点——because , since , as , for,辨析

1) because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。

I didn’t go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2) 由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

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目的、结果状语从句

要点: 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, so…that , in order that 引导。 结果状语从句由连词( so )that, so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。

1.so…that 如此…以至于

The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited. 科学家的报告很有教育性,我们感到很兴奋。

He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力,所以他取得了很大的进步。

2.so that 以至于, 以便于

I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。

I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。

3. such…that 如此。。。以至

It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.

天气是如此的好,我们大家都想去公园玩。

4.in order that=so that:为了

We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.

不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)

5.比较:so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

( so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配。)

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school

难点

+形容词或副词

+形+a(an)+单数可数名词

so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that

+much或 little+不可数名词

so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句,

当他们引导目的状语从句时,从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。

so +adj或adv.+ that, such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词,副词原型,当可数名词前有many, few;不可数名词前有much, little修饰时,应采用句型:so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的,也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.

1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.

我跌了很多跤,浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.

2。there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any.

笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.

3。It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk.

天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.

4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.

麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他

(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)

5。The weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk.

天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.

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让步状语从句

要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导.

难点:

lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.

Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.

Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.

虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.

Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.

尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.

although, though 辨析

although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though.

1。He is looking fit, though.

但是,他看上去很健康. 考点

2。Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling.

尽管我一个字也不懂,我还是一直微笑着。

3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.

尽管他很年轻,他很有经验。

典型例题

1) ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless

答案:C。意为虽然她很年轻,却知道许多。

2) as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.

= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

【注意】

a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

c ever if, even though. 即使

We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

d whether…or- 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

e "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换:no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意:no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

(错)No matter what you say is of no use now.

(对)Whatever you say is of no use now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)

(错)Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,

(对)Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

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比较状语从句

要点:比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级,比较级及最高级的句子之中。

原级

1. as…as 和。。。一样

Jack is as tall as Bob.

捷克和汤姆一样高。

2. not so(as)…as …和不一样

She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister.

她不如她姐姐外向。

比较级

more…than (更)

This book is more instructive than that one.

这本书比那本书由教育意义。

最高级

1.The most…in/of

This book is the most interesting of the three.

这本书是三本中最有趣的。

2. the + 形容词+est…of/in

This road is the busiest street in our city.

这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。

知识扩展

no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)

1。I have no more than two pens.

我只有两支笔。

2。It’s no more than a mile to the shops.

去商店不过一英里。

not more than不如。。。;(前者不如后者)

1。Jack is not more diligent than John.

捷克不如约翰勤奋。

2。one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)

Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.

韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。

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方式状语从句

1) 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体,例如:

1。Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。

2。As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。

3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2) as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的",例如:

1。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)

[说明]as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语,例如:

1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.

他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。

2。He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。

3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。

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状语从句在写作中的运用

写作中能合理、正确地使用状语从句,不但能地道的表达英文习惯,而且还能使文体结构更加严谨、美观。例如下文:

My hobby

The hobby I enjoy most is fishing.

I started fishing (1)when I was five years old. I’ll never forget the day

(2)when my father first took me fishing with him. On that day, I was holding a fishing rod (3)when a fish suddenly started pulling on the line. (4)I was so shocked that I fell into the water. But experience didn’t put me off and I have been fishing ever since.

Now I still go fishing with my father. And we often go out on Sundays and spend the whole day fishing in the river.

(1)是由when引导的时间状语从句,这列从句的使用频率很高。

(2)句是由I’ll never forget the day .及when my father first took me fishing with him.两局组成。When在从句中做时间状语。

(3)句也是由when 引导的时间状语从句。When 常与suddenly 连用,主句常用过去进行是。译为 “正在……, 忽然……”.

(4)是以 so…that… (太…..以致于……)引导的结果状语从句.

语文状语

定义:状语是名词前面的连带成分,用来修饰、限制、动词或形容词,表示动作的状态、方式、时间、处所或程度等.

例句:(括号内为状语)

他[已经]走了

咱们[北京]见

歌声[把王老师]带入深沉的回忆

科学[终于以伟大的不可抑制的力量]战胜了神权

说明:1.副词、形容词经常做状语.

2.表示时间、处所的名词经常做状语,一般名词不做状语动词中除助动词外很少做状语.

3.介词结构常做状语

4.一般状语紧连在中心词的前边,但表示时间、处所、目的的名词或介词结构作状语时,可以放在主语的前边.如[在杭州],我们游览了西湖美景.

六、补语:

英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。

1、主语的补语

它用在系动词后,是句子的一个基本成分。常用主-系-表结构。

1.I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.

我看到她和他们在一起,至少,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)

2.. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?

-- Me. --我。 (me做主语补语= It's me.)

3.John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. (she做主语补语)

约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。

2、宾语的补语

1.不定式(to do)

Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。

We made him copy the sentence.

He is made to copy the sentence.

I felt my hands tremble.

2.名词

At the meeting we elected him monitor.

I think your brother a clever boy.

3.形容词

What you said made Xiao Wang angry.

I found the classroom empty

4.副词

Please call the students back at once.

He was seen to take his cap off.

5.现在分词

We hear him singing in the hall.

I found him lying in bed, sleeping.

6.过去分词

He saw his face reflected in the water.

I heard it spoken of in the next room.

七、表语:

表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。

表语的各种形式

一. 名词作表语

Africa is a big continent.

非洲是个大洲。

That remains a puzzle to me.

这对我还是个难题。

二. 代词作表语

What’s your fax number?

你的传真号是多少?

Who's your best friend?

你最好的朋友是谁?

三. 形容词作表语

I feel much better today.

我今天感觉好多了。

四. 数词作表语

She was the first to learn about it.

她是第一个知道的人。

五. 不定式或ing形式作表语

Her job is selling computers.

她的工作是销售电脑。

Our next step was to get raw materials ready.

我们下一步是把原料准备好。

六. 介词短语作表语

The patient is out of danger.

病人脱险了。

I don’t feel at ease.

我感到不自在。

七. 副词作表语

The sun is up.

太阳升起来了。

I must be off now.

现在我得走了。

八. 从句作表语

This is what he said.

这就是他所说的话。

九、不定式作表语

作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词: hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business

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The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.

新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐。

Her wish is to become a singer.

她的愿望是当一名歌手。

Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.

我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。

十。形容词作表语

He is old but he is healthy。

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表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。

What the police want to know is when you entered the room. 警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。

The trouble is that we are short of funds.

困难是我们缺乏资金。

This is what we should do.

这是我们应当做的。

That's why I want you to work there.

那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。

His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet.

他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。

<><><>

as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing.

她看起来好像做了一件大事。

It is because you eat too much.

那是因为你吃得太多了。

ing形式作表语

ing形式作表语表示泛指意义的动作,不定式作表语表示一次性的动作。 My hobby is growing flowers.

我的爱好是种花。

My favourite sport is playing tennis.

我喜爱的运动是打网球。

<><><>

比较:

What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.

我今天下午要做的事是打网球。

ing形式作表语:注意事项

在句型"主 + 系 + 表"中,若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时,主语和表语要取得一致。如:主语

是ing形式表语也应是ing形式,主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。 <><><>

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

眼见为实。

<><><>

(误) Seeing is to believe.

ing形式作定语

ing形式可以作名词的前置定语,ing形式短语作后置定语。

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ing形式作前置定语

a swimming pool

a teaching method

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ing形式短语作后置定语

Do you know the man standing at the entrance?

你认识站在入口处的那个人吗?

There were a lot of people boating on the lake.

湖上有许多正在划船的人。

虚拟语气:表语从句

主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,

作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。

My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.

我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。

Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.

我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。

用法1

由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。

Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。

(Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语,指同一人。)

Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.

昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。

a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。

用法2

如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

He told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.

他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。

(brother和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。) Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.

昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。

(同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。)

用法3

同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。

We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

He is interested in sports, especially ball games.

他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。

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同位语从句

先行词

1.定语从句的先行词是名词或代词;而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,而且仅限于idea,plan,fact,theory,promise,hope,news,doubt,truth,information,suggestion,question, thought,belief,conclusion等少数名词。 例如:

①The boy who is playing football is my classmate.

②Those who work hard will succeed.

③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody. ④The fact that you are talking about is important.

在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,其先行词是名词 boy,它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

在②句中,划线部分也是定语从句,其先行词是代词those,代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。

在③句中,划线部分是同位语从句,其先行词是名词fact,它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词,④句便是一例。

由以上分析可见,同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词,但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。

2.when,where,why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词,而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。

例如:

①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.

②I have no idea when she will be back.

在①句中,划线部分是when引导的定语从句,其先行词day是表示时间的名词;

在②句中,划线部分是when引导的同位语从句,其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。

引导词

定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个:that,when,where,why。下面把四个引导词分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。

1.引导词that

引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词,它除了起连接作用,还在定语从句中充当一定成分,并且在意义上代表先行词;引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词,它只起连接作用。

例如:

①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting.

②We heard the news that our team had won.

在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语,在意义上指代先行词news。

在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句,that没有任何意义,只起连接作用。

2.引导词when,where,why

引导定语从句时,它们叫做关系副词,在从句中充当状语,可以转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式;引导同位语从句时,它们叫做连接副词,在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

例如:

①I will never forget the day when I joined the army.

②We have no idea when she was born.

在①句中,划线部分是定语从句,when在从句中作状语,它可以转换成on which的形式;

在②句中,划线部分是同位语从句, when在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

③This is the house where I lived two years ago.

④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held. 在③句中,划线部分是定语从句,where在从句中作状语,它可以转换成in which的形式;

在④句中,划线部分是同位语从句, where在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting.

⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent.

在⑤句中,划线部分是定语从句,why在从句中作状语,它可以转换成for which的形式;在⑥句 中,划线部分是同位语从句,why在从句中充当状语,但不能转换成"介词+关系代词"的形式。

同位语从句、定语从句区别

that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句,其区别在于:同位语从句由连接词that引导,连接词that本身无意义,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他词替代;定语从句由关系代词that引导,关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分,作宾语时可省略.

由when,where,why引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用,没有指代作用; 定语从句由关系副词引导,关系副词具有指代先行词的作用,常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (定语从句, when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句,which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (定语从句, where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词).