初中英语语法知识点
初中英语复习专辑（1）——名词
名词的数
1、可数名词与不可数名词
A、不可数名词，初中阶段常见的不可数名词有：water ; meat ; rice ; bread ; milk ; tea ; orange(桔汁) ; fruit ; air ; snow ; chalk; work ; paper(纸) ; time(时间); music ; weather ; grass ; news ; food ; fish(鱼肉); coke ; porridge ; cake(可数或不可数). 不可数名词应注意以下几点：
1)前无数、冠，后无复数；作主语为三单.
2)表量用约数some /any ; much ; a lot of 或用of短语
eg. There is ____ bread on the table. [C]
A. a B. one C. a piece of D. many
There is some_______ on the plate. [B]
A. apple B. fish C. milks D. deer
2、可数名词的复数
A、不规则变化：
man—men woman—women child—children policeman—policemen Englishman—Englishmen
Frenchman—Frenchmen foot—feet tooth—teeth mouse—mice
B、规则变化
1）s; sh; ch; x 结尾加 es 读 [iz]
2) ce; se; ze; (d)ge 结尾加 s
eg. boxes [b ksiz] blouses [blauziz]
3)f (fe) 结尾则变f(fe)为v加es---读[vz]
eg. knives [naivz]
4) “辅+y”结尾变y为i加es 清就清[s]
5)一般加s 浊就浊[z]
eg. books[buks] pens[penz] babies[beibiz]
但注意以下几点：
① potato—potatoes ; tomato—tomatoes
② 单复同形: fish ; sheep ; deer ; Chinese ; Japanese
③ 由man , woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数
man doctor — men doctors
④ reef—reefs
⑤ “某国人”的复数：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面. eg. German—Germans
⑥ people , police 常用单数形式表示复数概念 The police are looking for the missing boy.
3、名词所有格：名词’s (意思是 “……的”)
A.有生命的名词所有格，一般在后加“’s”但注意：
1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s”
Lucy and Lily’s father 露西和莉莉的父亲
Lucy’s and Lily’s fathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
2)以s结尾的词只加“ ’ ”
eg. 1) the boys’ books 2) James’ father
3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导
eg. the leg of the desk
4)双重所有格：a friend of my father’s
a friend of mine ( √ ) a friend of my( × )
练 习
一、写出下列词的复数
1.book______ 2.bus ______ 3.orange _______ 4.baby______ 5.boy______ 6.my ________
7.his_______ 8.knife______ 9.watch________ 10.sheep ______ 11. tooth _____ 12. leaf ____
13.German__________ 14.Chinese_________
二、选择正确的答案
( )1.—Are those ______?
---No, they aren’t. They’re _____.
A. sheep ; cows B. sheep ; cow C. sheeps ; cow D. sheeps ; cows
( )2.Mum, I’m quite thirsty. Please give me ____.
A. two orange B. two bottles of orange C. two bottles orange D. two bottles of oranges
( )3.I have got ___ news from my friend. Do you want to know?
A. a very good B. any C. a piece of D. two pieces
( )4.___ room is on the 5th floor.
A. Lucy and Lily B. Lucy and Lily’s C. Lucy’s and Lily D. Lucy’s and Lily’s
( )5.Every morning Mr. Smith takes a ____ to his office.
A. 20 minutes’ walk B. 20 minute’s walk C. 20-minutes walk D. 20-minute walk
( )6.This is James Allan Green. We can call him ____.
A. Mr. Green B. Mr. Allan C. Mr. James D. James Green
( )7.Jack and Tom are ____.
A. good friends B. good friend C. a good friend D. good a friend
( )8.It’s only about ten ____ walk to the nearest post office.
A. minutes B. minute’s C. minutes’ D. minute
( )9.He often has ____ for breakfast.
A. two breads B. two piece of breads C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads
( )10.Mrs. Green has two ____. They’re very bright.
A. childs B. child C. children’s D. children
( )11.What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.
A. two months holiday B. two months’ holiday C. two-month holiday D. two month’s holidays
( )12.I won’t go there with you, for I have a lot of ____ to do.
A. works B. job C. work D. working
( )13.Li Lei is a friend of ___.
A. I sister B. my sister’s C. me sister D. my sister of
( )14.Have you read ____?
A. today’s B. today paper C. the today’s paper D. today’s paper
( )15.How many ___ are there in the room?
A. boxes B. box C. boxs D. boxxes
( )16.Many ____ have been built in our city since 1987.
A. factorys B. factories C. factoryes D. factorys
( )17.There are lots of ___ in the basket on the table .
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes D. tomatoss
( )18.The cat caught two ___ last night.
A. mouses B. mice C. mouse D. mices
( )19.Jack went to have two ___ pulled out yesterday afternoon.
A. tooths B. tooth C. teeth D. toothes
( )20.In our school there are fifty-five ___.
A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman’s teacher
( )21.The three ___ will be put into prison.
A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thiefs’
练习答案：
一、
1. books 2. buses 3. oranges
4. babies 5. boys 6. our
7. their 8. knives 9. watches
10. sheep 11. teeth 12. leaves
13. Germans 14. Chinese
二、
1——5 ABCBD 6—10 AACCD
11—15 CCBDA 16—21 BCBCAC
初中英语复习专辑（2）——冠词
1、不定冠词a, an
a用在辅音音素开头的词前 eg. a book
a useful book a “u”
[ju:sful] [ju:]
an用于元音开头的词前. eg. an apple
an hour an “F”
[au
] [ef]
2、定冠词the
1)特指某人/某物
The book on the desk is mine.
2)世上独一无二的事物前
the sun , the moon, the earth, the sky
3)形、副最高级及序数词前
The third boy is the tallest of all.
(但当这些词前已有其他限定词，如物主代词、所有格、指示代词时，则不能再用the)
He is my first English teacher.
4)the + 姓的复数表示 “某家人”或“某夫妇”。 the Greens 格林一家/ 格林夫妇
3、不用冠词的几种情况：
1)在星期、月份、季节前不用冠词
2)学科名词前
3)球类运动及早、中、晚三餐名词前（但：①当三餐名词前有修饰词时，则要加适当的冠词. ②表乐曲演奏的名词前应加the）
1) He went to school after he had a quick breakfast.
2) play the violin / piano
练 习
( )1.There is ____ “s” in ____ word “bus”.
A. a ; a B. an ; the C. a ; the D. an ; a
( )2.Maths is ___ useful subject. You can’t drop it , I think.
A. an B. a C. the D. /
( )3.____ bad weather it is!
A. How B. What a C. How a D. What
( )4.—What color is ___ orange?
--It’s _____ orange.
A. an; an B. an ; the C. an ; / D. / ; an
( )5.Mr. Li is ____ old worker.
A. an B. a C. some D. /
( )6.Look at ____ picture! There’s ____ house in it.
A. a ; a B. the ; the C. a ; the D. the; a
( )7.One morning he found ____ handbag. There was ___ “s” on the corner of ___ handbag.
A. a ; an ; the B. a ; a ; the C. a ; a ; a D. the ; an ; a
( )8.What ___ interesting story it is!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )9.Meimei is ___ best student in her class.
A. a B. an C. / D. the
( )10.Tom is ___ kind boy. All ___ students love him.
A. a ; / B. a ; the C. an ; / D. an ; the
( )11.Is ___ book on the desk mine? Yes.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
( )12.Even while he was in ___ hospital, he went on writing songs.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
( )13.Don’t read _____.
A. in bed B. in the bed C. on bed D. on the bed
( )14.Smith is ____ honest man.
A. a B. the C. an D. /
( )15.China has ___ population of 1,200,000,000.
A. / B. an C. the D. a
( )16.What’s ____ for “椅.子”?
A. English B. an English C. the English D. any English
( )17.Mary is ___ cleverer of the two girls.
A. the B. a C. an D. much
( )18.____ young must look after ___ old.
A. The ; a B. The ; the C. A ; a D. A ; the
( )19. ___ earth is one of ____ planets.
A. The ; sun’s B. The ; the sun C. The ; the sun’s D. The ; the suns’
( )20.Tokyo is ___.
A. the capital of Japan B. capital of Japan C. Japan capital D. a capital of Japan
( )21.Kate sometimes plays ___ violin(小提琴) and sometimes plays ___ table tennis before supper.
A. / ; the B. the ; / C. the ; the D. / ; /
( )22. –Have you seen ___ pencil? I left it here this morning.
--Is it ___ red one ? I saw it.
A. a ; the B. the ; the C. the ; a D. a ; a
( )23.There is_______ orange tree behind_____ house.
A. an ; the B. a ; a C. the ; the D. an ; /
( )24.—How long did you stay there ?
--About half ___ hour.
A. / B. one C. a D. an
练习题答案：
1——5 DBDCA 6—10 DABDB 11—15 ADACD 16—20 AABCA 21—24 BDAD
初中英语专辑（3）——代词
（一）指示代词：this , that , these , those. this , that一般与可数名词的单数连用，而不与不可数名词连用（但that可单独指代不可数名词）。
that apple ( √ ) that meat ( × )
The weather in Sichuan is not so hot as ______ in Guangzhou. [that]
(二)人称代词、物主代词和反身代词
1）人称代词：主格、宾格（作主语为主格， 作宾语为宾格; 介+宾格）
eg. 1)I thank you
2)You thank me.
2）物主代词：形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。
一变(my—mine); 二留(his—his its—its)
三加s(your—yours ; our—ours ; her—hers ; their—theirs)
用法：有名不名，无名是名
eg. This is _____（我的）book. This book is ______（我的）. [ my ; mine]
3）反身代词：某某自己；亲自
反身代词的常见搭配：
1.enjoy oneself 玩得高兴；过得愉快
2.hurt oneself 伤着自己
3.teach oneself = learn… by oneself 自学
4.(all) by oneself （完全）独立地
5.help oneself to 请自便；随便吃…
6.look after oneself 自理；照顾自己
7.leave one by oneself 把…单独留下
8.lose oneself in 陶醉于…；沉浸于…
（三）不定代词
1)some与any
一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句、疑问句（但表邀请、建议的问句中可用some—此类句型常以could , would开头）
2) many + 可数 = a lot of : 许多
much + 不可数
（但a lot of不能用于否定句）
3) few , a few ; little , a little
①.The story is easy to read. There are ____new words in it. [few]
②.Hurry up! There is_____ time left. [little]
4) everyone / anyone 不加of
no one 不加 of
none of
( )____ of us wants to read the book. [B]
A. Everyone B. Every one
C. Nobody D. No one
5）other ,another , others
①.We study _____ subjects besides Chinese.
②.May I have ___________ apple ?
③.These cups are clean. ________ are dirty.
④.I have two pens. One is red , ________ is blue. [ other ; another ; others ; the others]
另外注意：one another (三者以上的)相互
each other (两者的)相互
We should learn from each other(说明we指两个人)
They help one another (说明they指三个人以上)
6) 二者与三者
注意：
①
.both 否定 neither all 否定 none
②.both , all 不但作主语为复数，且被修饰的词也为复数；neither , none作主语为单数，但none of + 复名，neither of + 复名
( )1.____ of my parents is a teacher. [B]
A. None B. Neither C. Both D. All
( )2.There are many trees on ____ side of the river. [C]
A. both B. any C. either D. all
every one / any one of
7) each: (二者以上的)每个——作主、宾、定）
every: (三者以上的)每个——只作定语）
①.____ student in the class likes English.
②.___ of the students studied hard.
[Every ; Each]
练 习
( )1.____office is much smaller than ____.
A. Ours ; yours B. Our ; yours C. Theirs ; our
( )2. “Help___ to some meat.”my uncle said to me .
A. themselves B. yourself C. yourselves
( )3. There are twenty teachers in our school. Eight of them are men teachers and ____ are women teachers.
A. others B. the others C. another
( )4.There isn’t ____ paper in the box. Will you go and get ____ for me ?
A. any ; some B. any ; any C. some ; any
( )5.There are many trees on ___ sides of the street.
A. both B. all C. each
( )6.___ of them has a dictionary and ____ one of them can look up words in it.
A. Each ; every B. Every; each C. Every; every
( )7. “When shall we meet, this afternoon or tonight?”
“I don’t mind. ____ time is OK.
A. Either B. Every C. Neither
( )8.Would you like ___ cup of tea?
A. other B. the other C. another
( )9.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forgot _____.
A. other everything B. anything else C. everything else.
( )10.____ of his parents is a teacher.
A. Both B. Neither C. None
( )11.The river is very dirty. ____ people go to swim in it.
A. Few B. A few C. Little
( )12.A friend of ____ came to see ____ yesterday.
A. his ; his B. he ; him C. his ; him
( )13.You can’t leave your baby by ___ at home.
A. herself B. himself C. itself
( )14. My father is very busy with his work. He has ___ time to have a rest.
A. little B. a little C. few
( )15.I have three skirts. One is red. ___ two are black.
A. another B. the other C. the others
( )16.Jack has ___ friends here. So he often feels lonely.
A. a little B. a few C. few
( )17.Who teaches ___ French?
A. we B. our C. us
( )18.The boys were all tired, but ___ of them stopped to have a rest.
A. any B. some C. none
( )19.Sorry, I can’t answer your question. I know ____ about the news.
A. a little B. little C. few
( )20.—Hello, Bill! Help ____ to a cake .
—Thanks .
A. your B. yourself C. yourselves
初中英语专辑（4）——数词
数词分为基数词和序数词。用于表示事物数目的词称为基数词，表示事物顺序的词称为序数词。
1.基数词(1000以内的基数词的读法)
365—three hundred and sixty-five
505—five hundred and five
2.基数词变序数词的方法：
基变序，有规律；词尾要加th。
一二三，特殊记；词尾分别tdd。
八去t ，九去e ；ve则以f替。
ty 则变作 ti ; 后面还有一个e。
要是遇到几十几；只将个位变成序。
eg. one—first two—second three—third
eight—eighth nine—ninth twelve—twelfth
twenty—twentieth
twenty-one –-twenty-first
3.数词的应用：
A、时刻表达法：
a. 整点：基数词 + o’clock
eg. It’s eight o’clock now.
b. 几点几分：
1．直接表达法：先小时后分
eg. 3:25 three twenty-five
2.间接表达法：先分后小时
1)(<30分钟)用past ：分钟past 小时
eg. 3:25 twenty-five (minutes) past three
2) (>30分钟)用to：(60-分钟数) to (小时数+1)
eg. 3:35 twenty-five (minutes) to four
3) 30分钟 = half 15分钟 = a quarter
eg. 3:30 three thirty = half past three
3:15 three fifteen = a quarter past three.
3:45 three forty-five = a quarter to four
B、日期表达法：月日，年（或日月年）
1949年10月1日 :
October1st , nineteen forty-nine
=the first of October, nineteen forty-nine
20##年: the year two thousand
=twenty hundred
20##年: twenty o one
3月1日: March the first = the first of March
C、表编号：
第207房间：Room 207
第五课： Lesson 5 = the fifth lesson
D、序数词与不定冠词(a; an)连用表“又一；再一”
eg. You’ve done it three times. Why not try a fourth time?
E、分数的表达：分子（基数）、分母（序数）
eg. one third 三分之一 two thirds 三分之二
注意：1.分子超过1时，分母加s
2.含分数的短语作主语由分数后的词决定谓语
eg.1)One third of the students are girls.
2)One third of the milk is mine.
3.分数的特殊形式
1)one third = a third
2)one fourth = a quarter
three fourths = three quarters
3)one second = a half
F、一些数词的复数 + of表约数：
hundreds of ; thousands of ; millions of
练 习
( )1.If you go out at night, you’ll be able to see ____ starts.
A. thousands of B. thousand of C. nine thousands of D. thousands
( )2.Monday is ___ day of the week.
A. first B. the first C. the second D. second
( )3.You’ve done it twice. Why not try ____ time?
A. third B. the third C. a third D. once
( )4.Which is the____ month? It’s September.
A. nine B. nineth C. ninth D. ninety
( )5.December is ___ of the year.
A. the twelfth months B. the twelfth month C. the twelveth months D. twelve months
( )6.There are ___ floors in the building and he lives on the ____ floor.
A. eighteen, fifteen B. eighteenth, fifteenth C. eighteen, fiveteen D. eighteen, fifteenth
( )7.I was born ___, 1982.
A. on June 2rd B. in June 2nd C. on June two D. on June 2
( )8.It’s ____ from our home to the zoo.
A. two and a half hours’ walk B. a half and two hours walk
C. two hours and a half hour’s walk D. two and a half hour’s walk
( )9.What time is it now? It’s ___ to six.
A. quarter B. a quarter C. quarto D. a quarto
( )10.Will you be back in ____ ?
A. one or two minutes B. one minute or two C. two minutes or one D. two or one minute
( )11.Mary’s uncle went to France ____.
A. in his thirties B. on his thirties C. at his thirties D. about his thirties
( )12.The headmaster wrote a ___ report.
A. two thousand words B.two-thousand-words C. two-thousand words D. two-thousand-word
( )13.____of the apples in the fruit bowl are soft and sweet.
A. Two-third B. Second-third C. Two-thirds D. Second-thirds
( )14.We have learned about ____ these days.
A . several hundreds English words B. hundreds of English words
C. hundred of English words D. several hundred English word
( )15.A UN report says that the word population will pass six billion by the end of ____ century.
A. twentieth B. twenty C. the twentieth D. the twentyth
初中英语专辑（5）——介词
1.in; on; at用在时间词前，表“在”
1)at + 具体时刻
2)on + 具体某天（具体某天的上、下午等；星期词；以及上、下午词前有修饰词时）
3)in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分
但注意：at night= in the night at noon
at this / that time at Christmas
eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning
3. ___ a rainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002
6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___ spring
8.___ night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March
另外注意：在时间词（morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…）前有last, next , this , that时，不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。
eg. I will go(A) to the cinema(B) in(C) this evening. ______________
2. in , on , at 表地点：
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
eg. 1)He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday.
2)They arrived ___a small village before dark.
3)There is a big hole ____ the wall.
4)The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall.
3.in , on , to表方位
in(范围内)；on(范围外且接壤)；to(范围外但不接壤)。可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
2)Hubei is on the north of Hunan.
3)Japan is to the east of China.
cross: 动词“跨过，越过”=go across
4. across: （表面）跨过
through: （内部）穿过，贯穿 介词
eg. 1)Can you swim _____ the river?
2)The road runs __________ the forest.
3) _____ the bridge, you’ll find a cinema.
5. in + 时间段：与将来时连用
after + 时间段：与过去时连用
但after + 时间点：可与将来时连用。
1) I’ll leave _______ three o’clock.. That is, I’ll leave ________ about ten minutes.
2)They left _______ two weeks.
6. in the tree(外加在树上的事物)
on the tree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)
in the wall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)
7. on the wall(墙表面的事物)
1) There is a map ___ the wall
2) There are four windows ___ the wall.
8.by bike / bus / car / ship (单数且无冠词)
但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时，则应使用相应的介词。
eg. by bike = on a(the; his) bike
by car = in a(the ; her) car
on: 在…（表面）上——接触
9. over: 在…的正上方
above: 在…的斜上方 未接触
1) The moon rose ______ the hill.
2) There is a bridge _____ the river.
3) There is a book ______ the desk.
10. between: 在（两者）之间
among :在（三者以上）之间
1)A big crowd of people were waiting for Li Lida on the beach. ________ them were his parents.
2)Tom sits ________Lucy and Lily.
11.on与about : 关于
on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等
about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及
eg. He gave a talk ____ the history of the Party
12. in front of :在…前面/方（范围外）= before
in / at the front of:在……前部（范围内）
1)There is a big tree _______ of the classroom.
2)A driver drives _________ of the bus.
类似区别：at the back of与behind
13.with和in: 表示“用“
with: 指“用工具、手、口等”
in: 指“用语言、话语、声音等”
1) Please write the letter ____ a pen.
2) Please speak ____ a loud voice.
14. on a farm ; in a factory ; the girl in the hat ; leave for: 动身前往某地
15.一些固定搭配：
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for;
wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot,
with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble,
at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at,
be interested in, be angry with,
be full of, be sorry for等。
初中英语专辑（6）——连词
连词: 从属连词和并列连词
（一）从属连词：用于连接各种从句的连词
（二）并列连词：
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：
1.表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
2. 表选择关系的or, either…or等。
3. 表转折关系的but, while（然而）等。
4.表因果关系的for, so等。
5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列
or: “和”在否定句中表并列
另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句
2)or “否则”
eg. ①.Which do you like better, tea or milk?
②.Hurry up, or you’ll be late for school.
6.but “但是”表转折
eg. I listened, but I heard nothing.
注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用
2)not … but 不是…而是
eg. This book isn’t mine but yours.
both… and : 既…又（连接主语为复数）
neither…nor: 既不…也不 连接两主
7. either…or: 或者…或者 语后者决
not only … but also:不但…而且 定单、复
eg.1)Both he and I are students.
2)Neither he nor I am a student.
练 习
( )1.___ the afternoon of May, we visited the old man. A. On B. At C. In
( )2.Many people work ___ the day and sleep ___ night. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. in ; at
( )3.He speaks Japanese best ____ the boy students. A. between B. with C. among
( )4.A wolf ___ a sheep skin is our dangerous enemy. A. with B. in C. on
( )5.Joan hopes to come back ___ three days. A. after B. for C. in
( )6.They sent the letter to me ___ mistake. A. by B. for C. with
( )7.He left home ___ a cold winter evening. A. at B. on C. in
( )8.Shanghai is ____ the east of China. A. in B. on C. to
( )9.____ my father’s help, I have finished my composition. A. Under B. On C. with
( )10.He’s very strict ____ himself and he’s very strict ___ his work.. A. with ; in B. in ; with C. with ; with
( )11.I really can’t agree ____ you. A. to B. on C. with
( )12.The shop won’t open ___ nine in the morning. A. until B. at C. during
( )13.How about ___ the flowers now? A. watering B. are watering C. watered
( )14.She spent all his money ___ books. A. in B. with C. on
( )15.They are talking ___ low voices. A. with B. in C. on
( )16.It’s very kind ___ you to help us. A. for B. to C. of
( )17.What will you have ___ breakfast this morning? A. with B. for C. by
( )18.A plane is flying ____ the city. A. on B. over C. above
( )19.You are free to speak ___ the meeting. A. at B. in C. on
( )20.Mr. Green will stay in China___ Friday. A. to B. on C. till
( )21.It’s wrong to play tricks ___ other people. A. on B. of C. with
( )22.Which color do you like? I prefer blue ___ red. A. for B. as C. to
( )23.The student will give us a talk ___ how to use our spare time. A. for B. on C. in
( )24.I paid two hundred yuan ___ that kind of bicycle. A. in B. for C. on
( )25.The doctor is very kind ___ his patients A. to B. on C. at
( )26.We can’t live ___ air. A. in B. with C. without
( )27.The child was afraid ___ the strange sound. A. at B. for C. of
( )28.He was very angry ___ her for being late. A. for B. with C. at
( )29.What do you think ___ the play? A. about B. like C. of
( )30.I think it’s the right way to work out the problem, but I am not sure _____ it. A. do B. for C. of
( )31.Reading ___ the sun isn’t good ___ you A. under ; for B. in ; for C. in ; to
( )32.I won’t ask about it, I’m going to see it ____ my own eyes. A. by B. for C. with
( )33.We go to school every day ____ Sunday. A. except B. without C. on
( )34.There is a small river ___ the two towns A. in B. between C. among
( )35.Li Lei sometimes falls asleep ___ the lesson. A. for B. through C. during
( )36.Mr. Black went to Paris ___ a few days. A. for B. in C. after
( )37.They will leave ________ London next month. A. to B. from C. for
( )38.Are you going to the zoo ___ bus or ___ my car? A. on ; by B. by ; in C. on ; in
( )39.He woke up several times ___ the night A. in B. at C. on
( )40.No one can stop her ___ going away. A. of B. from C. out of
( )41.What do you mean ___ “bao zhi”? A. on B. with C. by
( )42.You’ll get a nice present ____ your parents____ your birthday. A. from ; on B. for ; at C. frm ; in
( )43.Light comes in ____ the window. A. from B. across C. through
( )44.There are many apples ___ the tree. A bird ___ the tree is picking an apple.A. in ; on B. on ; in C. in ; at
( )45. “Who are you going to play ____?” “Grade Two.” A. about B. by C. against
( )46. Don’t go ___ the street. The bus is coming. A. cross B. across C. past
( )47.He lives ___ the twentieth floor ___ No. 154 Zhongshan Street. A. on ; at B. in ; in C. on ; in
( )48.He found a piece of useful information ___ the Internet. A. at B. on C. in
( )49.___ my surprise, he lost the game. A. With B. To C. On
( )50.The blind man knows the money ___ touching and feeling it. A. with B. by C. through
( )51. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
( )52. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her. A. beside B. about C. except D. with
( )53. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present. A. on B. as C. for D. of
( )54. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.A. since B. in C. on D. by
( )55. ---What is a writing brush, do you know? ---It’s _______ writing and drawing.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
( )56. English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world. A. to B. for C. as D. by
( )57. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students. A. Under B. In C. With D. On
( )58. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.
A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in
( )59. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining. ---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.
A. in B. of C. with D. off
( )60. Japan lies ______ the east of China.
A. to B. in C. about D. at
( )61. ---Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?
---I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.
A. either…or B. not only… but also C. neither…nor D. both…or
( )62. We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late. A. so B. because C. but D. though
( )63. Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much.A. if B. so C. though D. as
( )64. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words _____ I have tested him myself.
A. after B. when C. if D. until
( )65. The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.
A. when B. until C. after D. before
( )66. ---This dress was last year’s style. ---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.
A. so that B. even though C. as if D. ever since
( )67. Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train. A. and B. so C. however D. or
( )68. The mountain was ______ steep _____ few people in our city reached the top.
A. so…as B. so…that C. as…as D. too…to
( )69. ---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an?
---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.
A. as soon as B. even though C. rather than D. as if
( )70. ______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help.
A. Although B. While C. Whether D. Since
七、形容词、副词的比较等级
1.原级：表示A与B在某方面相同。
句型：1) A + 谓 + as + 原级 + as + B
2) A + 谓(否定) + as/so + 原级 + as + B
A与B在某方面不同
注意：not as / so… as = less than 不及；不如
eg. 1)This girl is as beautiful as that one.
2)You don’t eat so much as I
3)This book isn’t as interesting as that one
= This book is ___ ________ _____ that one
2.比较级：两者进行比较（常与than连用）
1)I am cleverer than you 我比你聪明。
2)He runs faster than Jim 他比Jim跑得快。
3)I picked more apples than Jim.我比你摘的苹果多。
4)Which is more interesting, this one or that one? 哪本书更有趣，这本还是那本？
3.最高级：三者（或三者以上）进行比较（常与表范围的in , of短语连用）
( 注意：of + 个体名词单数 in + 集合名词)
eg. 1)Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
2)He runs fastest in our class.
3)He is the tallest of the three boys.
4)Which is the easiest, Lesson1, Lesson2 or Lesson3 ?
4.形、副比较等级的其他用法
1) “比较级and 比较级” 表示 “越来越……”
eg. lazier and lazier 越来越懒
(但注意：如果多音节词用此结构时应为 more and more + 形、副)
eg. more and more beautiful 越来越漂亮
2) “the比较级，the比较级” “越……，越……”
eg. the more, the better 多多益善
_________ you are, _______ you will get.
你越懒，收获越少。
3) “the比较级of +二者” “二者中较……的一个”
eg. 1) Lucy is the younger of the twins.
2) Of(A) the two books(B) this one(C) is thicker(D). _________
4)表示二者相差多少用 “具体数量 + 比较级”
eg. He’s a head taller than me.
My brother is two years older than me
5)表示“是……几倍”时用“twice; three times等 + as…as”
eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。
2)He has four times as many books as I have 他拥有的书是我拥有的四倍。
6)区别older / elder与farther / further
older（年龄较老的）
elder（指兄弟姐妹中排行在前的）
eg. My ______ brother is ______ than me.
farther (指距离“较远的”)
further(指抽象事物的“更进一步的”)
eg.1)He went abroad for ________ studies.
2)Fusun is _________ from our school than Zhaohua.
形、副比较等级还应注意
1.比较级前用a little ; much / a lot ; even / still来加强语气，表示“……一点儿；……得多 ； 更……”
eg. 1) a little bigger 大一点儿
2)much more 多得多
3)even heavier更重
但注意：不能在比较级前加so; too; very; quite等。
2.比较级必须是同类事物相比（即as; than后的词应与主语是同类事物），注意常用漏的代词有：that; those; one; ones
eg. 1)The apples (A) in this basket (B) are redder (C) than in that basket(D). _________
2)This knife (A) isn’t (B) so (C) new as that (D). _______________
3)Our classroom (A) is (B) bigger (C) than Lily(D). _______________
3.个体与整体相比，不能包括个体，常用“any other + 单数名词”来进行比较。
eg.1）Betty(是个体) is cleverer than any student in her class(是整体). ( × )
正：Betty is cleverer than any other student in her class.
=Betty is cleverer than anybody else in her class.
=Betty is the cleverest in her class.
(特别注意以上三种句型的转换)
2)China is bigger than any country in Africa.
中国比非洲的任何一个国家都大。
3) China is bigger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲的任何一个其他国家大。
*4.使用最高级时应把主语包括在范围内。
eg. Mary is the tallest of all her sisters.( × )
(all her sisters已排除了Mary)
改：Mary is the tallest of all the sisters.
5.表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second , third, …”（但“第一”不能用first）
eg. The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China. 改错：________________
附：形、副比较级和最高级的变化规则
A、规则变化
1.“辅 + y”结尾，变y为i加er , est
(但“形 + ly ”构成的副词除外)
2.双写加er , est
3.直接加 er , est / r, st
4.在多音词前加more , most (以“形 + ly ”构成的副词也在前加more , most)
B、不规则变化
另外：
1) 以-er , -ow , -ble , -ple结尾的双音节词加er, est / r, st.
narrow ________ ________
simple _________ _________
able _______ _______
2) tired__________ __________
pleased ___________ ____________
3) often ________________ _____________
friendly_______________ ____________
4)在形容词的最高级前一般加the, 副词的最高级前一般不加the (但当形容词最高级前有物主代词、所有格时则不再加the)。
eg. Lily is my the best friend.(改错) ________
5)形容词作表语、定语，修饰名词(但部分形容词不能作定语，只能表语：ill ; alone ; asleep ; afraid ; interested ; excited ; surprised ).
副词作状语，修饰动词。
练 习
一、写出下列词的比较级和最高级
thin ____ ____ easy _____ ______
early ______ ______ new ______ ______
hot ______ ______ clever ______ _______
little _____ ______ late _____ ______
narrow______ ______fat _____ ______
many ______ _____ big _____ ______
dangerous__________ ___________
wonderful __________ ___________
careful __________ ____________
slowly __________ ____________
popular __________ ____________
二、选择填空
( )1.Which language is ____ , English, French or Chinese?
A. difficult B. the difficult
C. more difficult D. the most difficult
( )2.Yangpu Bridge is one of ___ in the world
A. bigger bridge B. the biggest bridge
C. the biggest bridges D. bigger bridges
( )3.Tom is taller than Mike. But he is not ____ Mike.
A. strong as B. so strong as
C. so strong D. as strong
( )4.Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ______.
A. more and rich B. more rich and more rich
C. richer and richer D. rich and rich
( )5.This text is ____ easier and ____ interes- ting than that one.
A. more ; much B. much ; more
C. more ; more D. much ; much
( )6.Which do you like ____, beef, pork or chicken?
A. good B. well C. better D. best
( )7.Put on more clothes. It is snowing ___ outside. A. strongly B. heavy C. heavily
( )8.John drives as ___ as Tom.
A. carefully B. good C. nice D. fine
( )9.Is China larger than ____ in Africa.
A. any country B. any other country
C. any countries D. all countries
( )10.My ___ brother is ___ than I.
A. elder, three years older B. older ; older
C. older; three years elder D. elder ; elder
( )11.Li Mei is more beautiful than ___ in her class.
A. any girl B. any other girl
C. all the girls D. any girls
( )12.This problem is ___ than that one.
A. ten times easy B. ten times easier
C. ten times more easy D. ten time easier
( )13.This film is ___ interesting than that one.
A. more B. much C. very D. the most
( )14.There is ___ in today’s newspaper.
A. interesting nothing B. nothing interesting
C. interested nothing D. nothing interested
( )15.The teacher asked all the students in the class to keep their eyes ____.
A. close B. to close C. closing D. closed
( )16.The fat man always says his meat looks ____ and sells _____.
A. good ; good B. well ; well
C. good ; well D. well ; good
( )17.It seems that men are ____ making computers than women.
A. better at B. good at
C. well in D. weak in
( )18.The word’s population is growing fast every minute, especially in some ___ countries
A. west B. more developed
C. east D. less developed
( )19.This bridge is not ___ long and wide ____ the one in my hometown.
A. so ; as B. very ; than C. too; as D. very ; as
( )20.I think the song in the film “Titanic” is ___ one of all the movie songs.
A. the most beautiful B. most beautiful
C. much more beautiful D. a beautiful
( )21.Lin Tao is as ___ as Zhang Hua.
A. strong B. stronger
C. strongest D. the strongest
( )22.Sara is ___ tired ___ move after the hard work.
A. very ; to B. quite ; to
C. too ; to D. so ; that
( )23. Jack didn’t run ___ to catch the bus.
A. enough fast B. quickly enough
C. enough slow D. slowly enough
( )24.The driver is very ___. He often drives his car _____.
A. careful ; careful B. carefully; carefully
C. carefully ; careful D. careful ; carefully
( )25.Look! All the children are working ___ on the farm.
A. careful B. hard C. busy D. happy
( )26.The population of Shanghai is ___ than that of Xi’an.
A. smaller B. fewer C. much D. larger
附Ⅰ——动词的四种形式
A、动三单的变法
1) “辅+y”结尾, 变y为i加es
2) “以s; sh; ch; x; o结尾, 加es
3)直接加s
但have----has
B、现在分词的变法
1)去e加ing (e不发音)
2)双写加ing (“辅元辅”结尾且重读,y;w列外)
3)直接加ing
写出下列动词的现在分词
1.see_______2.come ________3.stop_______
4.open _______5.listen_______6.drop ______
7.prefer________8.fix_______ 9.relax ______
10.die _______11.tie _______12.lie _______
C、动词的过去式和过去分词
（一）不规则变化（见课本不规则变化表P255）
（二）规则变化
1) “辅+y”结尾，变y为i加ed
2)双写加ed
3)直接加ed
写出下列动词的过去式和过去分词
1.drop ______ _______2.stop ______ ______
3.prefer ________ _________
4.study ______ ______5.try ______ ____
6.fix _____ ______ 7.relax ______ ______
附Ⅱ——情态动词（can/ could; may/ might; must; should）+动原
1.must(必须)——needn’t(不必)
may(可以)——mustn’t(不许；不准；不可以)
2.注意几个题：
1)—May I go with you?
—No, you _________.
2)—Must I turn off the light now?
—Yes, you ______/ No, you _________
附Ⅲ——动词不定式与动名词
A、动词不定式作宾补
1)tell / ask / want sb to do ______________
否定式：tell/ask/want sb not to do __________
____________________
2)省to不定式作宾补
即：(l, m, n, 3h, 2看, 1f) sb do
l—let; m—make; n—notice; 3h—hear, have, help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel
但注意：1)help sb (to) do (to可省、可不省)
2)在改作被动语态时省去的to应还原
eg. Someone heard him sing in the room.
He was heard to sing in the room.
B、动词不定式与动名词的区别
1.(hope; learn; want=would like; decide) to do
2.(enjoy; finish; keep; mind; practise) doing
8.介词+doing
eg. 1)What/ How about doing
2)be good at doing
附Ⅳ——宾语从句与状语从句中的时态
1.状语从句中的时态：
eg.1)I’ll call you as soon as he ______ (come) back.
2)He won’t go to bed until he _________ (finish) his homework.
3)I’ll help you if I _____ (be) free tomorrow
2.宾语从句中的时态：
但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。
eg.1)He said his father _________(come) back in two days.
2)The teacher said light ________(travel) faster than sound.
附Ⅴ——主谓一致
1.表“时间、距离、金钱、长度”的名词短语做主语时应看作一个整体，视为三单
eg. Two months is quite a long time.
2.people; police形单实为复，作主为复
eg. The police are looking for the missing boy.
3.maths, news, physics形复实为单，作主为单
4.family; class看作整体时作主语为单数；看作整体中的各成员时则为复数。
eg. 1)My family is a big one.
2)My family are watching TV.
5.由with, except, as well as连接的两名词作主语，谓语由前者决定
eg. The teacher with his students is going to Beijing tomorrow.
6.由neither…nor; either…or; not only…bout also连接的两名词作主语，谓语由后者决定
eg. Neither he nor I am a teacher.
7.不定代词（something; anything; nothing; someone; anyone; everyone…）作主语为三单
Nobody knows it except me.
8.One of + 复名… 作主语为单数
eg. One of my friends is a computer engineer.
9.“the +姓的复数”作主语为复数
eg. The Lius are watching TV now.
10.sheep; deer; fish单复同形，注意区别作主语是单还是复
eg. 1)There are many sheep on the hill.
2)Milk ____ white, and sheep ______ white, too. (be填空)
11.there be结构中，如果有两个以上的名词作主语，则be应与最接近的那个名词一致。（即：靠近原则）eg.
1)There ____a box and some pens on the desk.
2)There ____some pens and a box on the desk.
12. either, neither, each作主语为三单
eg. Neither of the twins ______(like) drawing.
13.由两部分构成的事物名词（trousers, glasses, chopsticks）作主语为复数，但当前面有pair短语修饰时，则谓语由pair的单复数来决定谓语。
eg.1)Where ____(be) my glasses?
2)That pair of trousers ____(be) Mr. Green’s
附Ⅵ——“短命”动词与“长命”动词之间的转化
buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ; leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ;
catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—be out;
arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）；
turn on—be on; turn off—be off ;
get a letter from—have a letter from.
end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ;
1) He has (A) bought (B) the fridge (C) for (D) two years. _________
2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow (C) the (D) book? _________
3)The film (A) has begun (B) for five minutes(C). _________
4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B) from (C) Jim for two days (D). __________
5)I have (A) caught (B) a cold since two yearsago (C). ____________
6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijing for ten years(C) ___________
7)My brother (A) has joined (B) the army (C) for (D) five years. ___________
练 习
一、写出下列各时态的构成，然后找出各时态所对应的时间状语，只写代号
1、一般现在时：__________ _________
时间状语 _______________________
2、一般过去时 _________________
时间状语_______________________
3、一般将来时:___________ __________
__________
时间状语_____________________
4、现在进行时_____________________
时间状语_______________________
5、 现在完成时____________________
时间状语_______________________
6、过去进行时_____________________
时间状语_______________________
提供的时间状语如下：
A. since she came in B. in two days
C. when she came in D. next week
E. often F. five days ago G. sometimes
H. last year I. look之后的句子 J. just
K. at 4:30 yesterday L. so far
M. for ten years N. since two years ago
二、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1.Mother ________ (watch) TV every evening.
2.We________(talk) when the teacher came in.
3.He ________(go) to Beijing two days ago.
4.He ________(leave) Chengdu in two days.
5.Look! The boy________(play) football on the playground.
6.My uncle ______(live) here for ten years.
7.He often helps the old woman _______ (carry) water.
8.Would you like to make a contribution to ________ (improve) our living conditions?
9.Don’t forget ________(turn) off the lights before you go out.
10.Please let the girls _____(go) first.
11.They had great fun ________(play) football this afternoon.
12.Do you enjoy ________(watch) TV?
13.Would you like ______(have) a cup of tea?
14.You can ______(go) there tomorrow.
15.Would you mind my _____(open) the door?
16.Please ask him _______(speak) more loudly
17.I’ll go fishing if it ____(be) fine tomorrow.
18.He said his grandpa ________(be) dead for ten years.
19.Tell the children __________(not play) in the street.
20.Mr Zhu spent much time _________(help) me with my English.
21.I’ll tell you as soon as he ____ (come) back.
22.Each of us _____(want) to go to college.
23.Thank you for ______(help) me.
24.The teacher told us the earth ____(go) round the sun.
25.My father is good at _____(fish).
26.You’d better______(not talk) in class.
27.The teacher stopped_______(talk) to us when we went into the office.
28.I saw her _______(cook) when I got home.
29.Look! A woman with two children _____ (be) coming towards us.
30.His family ___ not big, but the family ____ (be) interested in music.
31.Two months _____(be) quite a long time.
32.He asked if Tom ______(come) in two days
33.One of our teachers _____(be) a foreigner.
34.The Greens ______(have) been to the Great Wall twice.
35.He is practicing _______(speak) English with Mr. Green.
36.This pair of glasses ___ mine. The glasses on the table ____ his (be).
37.There ____ an apple, a pear and some bananas on the table. (be)
38.______(read) in bed ___(be)bad your eyes.
39.Hello, Jim! I ________ (not know) you we in Chengdu. I ______ (tell) you were still in London.
40.It _______(say) that another bridge_______ (build) over the river next year.
41. He left the room without _______ (say) goodbye.
42. Many trees ________ (plant) in our school yard these years.
43. The police _____ (be) trying to catch the thief.
44. The family _____(be) spending the weekend together.
三、选择填空
( )1.—Must I turn off the light now?
---No, you _______
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t
( )2.Our teacher told us the sun ____ in the east. A. rose B. rises C. is rising
( )3.He ___ back in a month.
A. will come B. come C. came
( )4.I ___ him before.
A. met B. had met C. have met
( )5.The teacher ____ to Japan this year. She’s now telling her pupils about it.
A. went B. has been C. has gone
( )6.It ____ hard when I got home yesterday.
A. rained B. is raining C. was raining
( )7.Why not ____ again?
A. to try B. try C. trying
( )8.He has finished ____ the letter.
A. writing B. to write C. wrote
( )9.It _____ every night.
A. happens B. is happened C. happened
( )10.The policeman told the children ____ in the street.
A. not play B. not to play C. don’t play
( )11.The box is too heavy for me ____.
A. to carry it B. to carry C. carrying it
( )12.Stop ____and listen to the teacher.
A. to read B. read C. reading
( )13.He is still looking for a house ____.
A. to live B. to live in C. to live in it
( )14.I heard her ___ when I passed her room just now. A. sing B. singing C. to sing
( )15.—May I go with you ?
---No, you ______.
A. may not B. can not C. mustn’t
( )16.There are some ____ in the river.
A. air B. fish C. water.
( )17.Sheep __ white and milk ___white, too.
A. is ; is B. is ; are C. are ; is
( )18.The class ___ going to see a film this afternoon.
A. am B. is C. are
( )19.Jim’s shoes ____ under the bed.
A. are B. is C. was
( )20.Three years ____ quite a long time.
A. is B. are C. were
( )21.The clothes are mine. Yours ____ under the bed.
A. is B. are C. were
( )22.There ___ a lot of news in today’s newspaper.
A. is B. are C. were
( )23.--Can you answer this question in English? No, I _____.
A. needn't B. mustn't C. may not D. can't
( )24. The teacher wanted us _____ Exercise 1, but you let me ______ Exercise 2.
A.to do, do B. to do, to do
C. do, to do D. do, do
( )25. Miss Green saw a wallet ______on the ground when she walked past the school gate.
A. lie B. lying C. lies D. to lie
( )26.What have you done _____ the milk? I've just _____ it.
A. with, eaten B.for, eaten
C. with, drunk D. for, drunk
( )27.The radio _______ it will get warmer later.
A. says B. speaks C.talks D. tells
( )28. You must be very tired. Why not _____ a rest?
A. stop having B.stop to have
C.to stop having D. to stop to have
( )29. Li Ping is young, but he _____ many places of interest in South China.
A.went to B. has been in
C.has gone to D. has been to
( )30. Mother told me _____ in the sun.
A. not read B. don't read
C. read not D. not to read
( )31.Do you often see her ______ volleyball on the playground?
A. play B. played C. plays D. to play
( )32.Alice didn't hear what the teacher said just now,so she doesn't know how _______ the problem.
A. do B. did C. to do D. doing
( )33.When the little boy ____someone coming upstairs,he stopped _____.
A. heard…crying B. listened…to cry
C. heard…to cry D. listened…cry
( )34.I ______ my ruler at home.Can I use yours,please?
A. forgot B. have forgotten
C. left D. have left
( )34.Jim _____ the good news to his classmates this morning.
A. spoke B. told C. said D. talked
十、被动语态
英语的语态分主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态的主语是动作的执行者；被动语态的主语是动作的承受者。
eg. We use a knife for cutting (主动句).
A knife is used for cutting (被动句)。
一、构成：be + 过去分词
eg. 1)The work is finished by him.
2)Chinese is spoken by people in China.
二、被动语态的时态
1.一般现在时：am/ is/ are + 过去分词
eg. English is spoken by Englishmen.
2.一般过去时：was/ were + 过去分词
eg. The machines were made in China.
3.一般将来时:will/shall/be going to be+过去分词
eg. A sports meeting will be held in our school next week.
4.现在完成时：have/ has been + 过去分词
eg. The work has been done by them.
5.现在进行时：am/ is/ are being + 过去分词。
eg. A new school is being built in our village.
6.过去进行时：was/ were being + 过去分词
eg. My TV set was being mended at that time.
综上所述：被动语态的时态只涉及be动词的变化（即：be动词的各种时态）
另外注意以下几点：
1.含情态动词的被动语态：
can / may / must / should + be + 过去分词
eg. He may be sent away from school.
2.带动词不定式的被动语态
eg. My bike needs to be mended.
3.在使用被动语态时，如需要指出动作执行者时，应用“by + 动作的执行者(宾格)”
eg. He was called Mike by us
4.不及物动词无被动语态（take place/ happen ; last ; rise ; sink ; fall等）
eg. The accident was happened two days ago (改错) _________
5.当宾语补足语是省to不定式时，在改作被动语态之后，应将省去的to还原。
eg.The boss made the workers work 12 hours.
→The workers were made to work 12 hours.
6.注意短语动词的完整性（即：主动句的谓语动词若由v + prep / adv构成，变被动语态时，不能将这些介词、副词遗漏。
eg. We must take care of the baby.
→The baby must be taken care of.
练 习 题
( )1.This factory has been____ for two years
A. open B. to open C. opening D. opened
( )2.The light in the room ___ before you leave. A. must turn off B. will turn off
C. are turned off D. must be turned off
( )3.The young trees ____ planted in spring.
A. must B. have C. must be D. must are
( )4.Chinese ____ by Miss Wang three years ago. A. was taught B. is taught
C. was teached D. were teach
( )5.Young trees ___ quite often.
A. should water B. should be water
C. should be watered D. should have watered
( )6.English ___ by many people in the world
A. speaks B. speak C. are spoken D. is spoken
( )7.The old people ___ well in our country.
A. is looked after B. are looked after
C. looks after D. look for
( )8. Alice is ill. She ____ to hospital at once.
A. is sent B. must be sent
C. can send D. must send
( )9. The factory ____ in 1958.
A. was built B. is built
C. will be built D. built
( )10.Our teacher told us that the classroom _____ every day.
A. should be cleaned B. should cleaned
C. shall be cleaned D. must cleaned
( )11.Football ____ all over the world.
A. plays B. is playing
C. has played D. is played
( )12.____ silk ____ in Suzhou?
A. Is , produced B. Are, produced
C. Does, produce D. Was, produce
( )13.Much money ____ spent on books every year. A. have B. has C. are D. is
( )14.The students was made ______ the questions by the teacher.
A. answer B. to answer
C. answering D. answered
( )15.The sun ____ when we got there.
A. was risen B. has been risen
C. had risen D. is rising
( )16.The People’s Liberation Army was ____ August 1, 1927.
A. found in B. found on
C. founded on D. founded in
( )17.The oranges should be well ___ during the winter.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
( )18. Many of the sheep ___ by the wolf狼).
A. was killed B. are killed
C. are killing D. were killed
( )19.Tape recorders____ in our English class
A. should use B. used
C. can be used D. are using
( )20. ____ English ____ in Canada?
A. Do, spoken B. Is , spoken
C. Are, spoken D. Does, speak
( )21.He ____ not to leave waster paper everywhere.
A. tells B. told C. was told D. has told
( )22.Who ____ “The Family”, “Spring” and “Autumn” ______?
A. was, written B. were, written
C. were, written by D. are. Written by
( )23.Look at the building! It ____ now.
A. is being built B. has been built
C. is building D. has built
( )24.Half of the work ____ before six.
A. can be done B. will do C. were done
( )25.We ____ stamps for sending letters.
A. are used B. use C. used
( )26.The Great Green Wall(绿色长城)___ in North China.
A. are built B. can be build C. was built
( )27.___ the farm ____ by the students ?
A. was, visited B. Is, visit C. Must, visit
( )28.The woman ____ by people in the waiting room.
A. was laughed B. was laughed at
C. laughed at
( )29. What ____ there?
A. happened B. is happened
C. must be happened
( )30.He was made ______for twelve hours.
A. to work B. work C. worked
十一、状语从句
（一）时间状语从句：由when, while, before, after, since, as soon as, till / until引导的从句
1）when与while
eg.1)I’ll tell her the good news _____he comes back.
2)Aunt Wang came in while we were watching TV
3)since:自从……以来(since从句常用一般过去时)
注意主句通常用现在完成时，但当主句表示一种状态，用一般现在时
eg.1)He has lived there since he came to China
2)It is two years since her mother died.
（二）条件状语从句：由if (如果)引导的从句
eg.I will go to the park if it ________ (not rain) tomorrow.
注意：条件状语从句与以下句型的转换
1）祈使句，and (then , or)+简单句
= If you … , you …
eg.1)Use your head, then you’ll find a way.
=If you use your head, you’ll find a way
2)Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
=If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.
2)without与条件句的转化
eg. Man can’t live without water.
=Man can’t live if there is no water.
注意以上两种状语从句的时态
但since从句例外，应与现在完成时连用。
eg.1)I’ll call you as soon as he ______ (come) back.
2)He won’t go to bed until he _________ (finish) his homework.
3)I’ll help you if I _____ (be) free tomorrow
4)I ___________ (live) here since I came to China.
（三）原因状语从句：由because, since , for , as引导的从句
eg. He didn’t go to school because he was ill.
注意：1)对because引导的从句提问用why
2)因为(because), 所以(so)不能连用
eg. Because he was (A) ill, so (B) he didn’t (C) go to school (D) yesterday. ________
（四）结果状语从句：由so… that引导的从句（so后接形、副原级）
eg. He ran (A) so faster (B) that I couldn’t catch up with (C) him. ________
注意：1) “so… that +否定句”与“too… to”的替换
eg.1)He is so young that he can’t go to school.
= He is too young to go to school(主、从句主语相同)
2)He ran so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him.
= He ran too fast for us to catch up with. (主、从句主语不同)
3)The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it
= The box is too heavy for me to carry.(注意carry后省去宾语it)
2）“so… that +从句”与“enough to”的替换
eg.1)He’s so strong that he can carry the box.
= He’s strong enough to carry the box.
2)The question is so easy that I can answer it
=The question is easy enough for me to answer
练 习
( )1.We bought granny a present, ___ she didn’t like it.
A. but B. and C. when
( )2.Be quick, ___ you’ll be late for the football match.
A. so B. and C. or
( )3.You’ve done badly, ___ I can see you did your best. A. or B. but C. so
( )4.That was our first lesson, ___ she didn’t know all our names.
A. for B. but C. so
( )5.They didn’t pass the ball often enough, ___ they didn’t play together very well.
A. and B. yet C. when
( )6.It was raining at that time, ___ they couldn’t go out for walk.
A. because B. or C. so
( )7.Mary couldn’t go to school, ___ she was very ill. A. for B. before C. though
( )8.Go straight along the road, ___ you’ll find the hospital at the end of it.
A. since B. and C. when
( )9.Take this medicine , ___ you will yet well soon. A. and B. but C. so
( )10.Either she or I ___ him at the airport.
A. is to meet B. am to meet C. are to meet
( )11.The train hasn’t arrived ____.
A. too B. also C. yet
( )12.You won’t go there, ___ will I.
A. So B. Neither C. Also
( )13.You can take ___ this book ___ that book, but you can’t take ___ of them.
A. either, or ; all B. either , or ; both
C. not only , but also ; both
( )14.The students had no water___ food then
A. or B. and C. also
( )15.They were ___ weak ___ carry the heavy box.
A. neither , nor B. both , and C. too , to
( )16.The books aren’t yours ___ ours.
A. nor B. and C. but
( )17.Tom saves his money, ___ John spends all he gets.
A. while B. or C. so
( )18.Excuse me, ___ can you tell me how to get to the park?
A. and B. please C. but
( )19.He needs to have a rest, ___ he has worked for a long time .
A. and B. but C. for
( )20.The policeman was ___ busy ___ holidays with his family.
A. very , to spend B. too , to spend
C. so , that
( )21.Neither Jack nor I ___ to the park.
A. is going B. are going C. am going
( )22.His grandfather has never been to school so he could ___ read ___ write.
A. neither , nor B. either , or C. both , and
( )23.Johm ___ until Mike ___ sorry to him.
A. let him in , said B. didn’t let him in , said
C. didn’t let him in , says
( )24.I’m sure Li Ping is ___ in the classroom ___ in the library.
A. either , or B. both , and C. neither , or
( )25.Don’t open the door ___ the bus ___.
A. until , stops B. and , stops C. until , stop
( )26.Both his father and his mother ___ to Beijing.
A. has been B. have been C. has gone
( )27.We’ll have a sports meeting if it ____ rain tomorrow.
A. won’t B. isn’t C. don’t D. doesn’t
( )28.I’ll let you know as soon as he ____.
A. comes back B. will come back
C. is coming back D. come back
( )29.I’m ___ busy getting ready for Christmas ____ I have no time to write to you.
A. not, until B. too, to
C. so, that D. neither, nor
( )30.This TV set is too dear, ____ it gives you a better picture.
A. or B. if C. though D. and
( )31.Could you ask Tom to ring me up if you ____ him tomorrow.
A. met B. meet C. will meet D. have met
( )32.While she ___ TV in the sitting room, the bell ____.
A. watches, rings B. is watching, rang
C. was watching D. watched, was ringing
( )33.Mary will go ____ after she ____ her homework.
A. shops, finish B. shopping, finishes
C. to shop, finishing D. shopping, finish
( )34.He is listening to the music ____ he is washing clothes.
A. after B. before C. when D. while
( )35.Tell Mr. Wang to go to Mr. Li’s office, when you ____ him.
A. saw B. will see C. are seeing D. see
( )36.They ____ until the meeting was over.
A. left B. not leave
C. don’t leave D. didn’t leave
( )37.The children sat at the table until the guests ____.
A. leave B. are leaving C. left D. had left
( )38.The film ____ for half an hour when I got to the cinema.
A. has begun B. had been on
C. begun D. begins
( )39.She ____ until late into the night.
A. waited B. came C. went D. started
( )40.He began to do his homework _____ he turned on the light.
A. before B. since C. till D. after
( )41.He didn’t go to swim yesterday___ he was ill.
A. when B. if C. because D. and because
( )42.Li Ping gives me more help than Wang Lin ____ .
A. is B. has C. does D. gives
( )43.Please keep the box for me ____ I come back tonight.
A. when B. as C. to D. until
( )44.I bought an umbrella ____ the weather was fine.
A. if B. although C. because D. as
( )45.We got to the cinema ___ late ___ there were no seats left.
A. too, to B. much, to C. very, that D. so, that
( )46.It ___ five years ___ I left the army.
A. is , since B. was , since
C. has been, when D. is , when
( )47.Though it was raining hard, ___ was still waiting for her son in the rain.
A. but she B. and she C. she D. so she
( )48.I have known him ___ I was a child.
A. because B. since C. when D. before
( )49.Jim had finished his homework ____ his mother came back.
A. after B. before C. while D. then
十二、宾语从句：充当宾语的句子
对宾语从句应注意以下三要素：
1. 引导词 2. 语序 3. 时态
1. 引导词
1)that引导一般疑问句意义的宾从(that可省)
eg. He says (that) the boy is a lilltle weak in Chinese.
2)疑问词引导特殊疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.Do you know who will give us a talk?
②.I don’t know whose book that is.
③.Could you please tell which gate we have to go to?
④.I wonder when he will come back.
注意：此类宾从的主语与主句的主语（或宾语）相同时，可替换为“疑问词 + to do”
eg. ①.I haven’t decided where I will go
=I haven’t decided where to go
②.He asked me what I bought
= He asked me what to buy.
类似短语：how to do _____what to say_____
what to do _____where to go____
3)if/whether(是否)引导一般疑问句意义的宾从
eg. ①.“Do you like this book?” she asked me.
=She asked me ___ I liked this book.
②.“Have you visited the Great Wall?” Could you tell me?
=Could you tell me _____ you have visited the Great Wall?
注意以下几点：
ⅰ.区别if当作“是否”，还是“如果”
eg. I don’t know if he ______ (come)if it ______(rain) tomorrow.
ⅱ.用whether不用if的几种情况
1)后接不定式
eg. I can’t decide whether to go to Beijing.
2)与or / or not连用
eg. I want to know whether you will go to the park or not.
3)在句首时
eg. Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
4)whether还可以引导让步状语从句，意为“不管，无论”
eg. Whether it rains or not, we are going to the park tomorrow.
2.语序：宾从用陈述句语序
eg. 1)I don’t (A) know whether (B) will he (C) come (D) tomorrow. _____________
2)He asks (A) me when (B) will you (C) come back (D). _____________
3)Could you tell (A) how many players (B) are there (C) in (D) a football team? ________
3.时态
但当宾语从句是指客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象时，则只能用一般现在时。
eg. She said (that) the sun rises in the east.
练 习
( )1.Alice wanted to know ____ her grandma liked the dog.
A. that B. if C. which D. what
( )2.Can you tell us ____ ?
A. where have you gone
B. where have you gone
C. where you have been
D. where have you been
( )3.Do you still remember ____ ?
A. that he said B. what he said
C. did he say that D. what did he say
( )4.The weather here changes very often and we can’t tell ____ it will be like tomorrow.
A. that B. how C. what D. whether
( )5.—What did the scientist say?
---He said he wondered if ____into space by spaceship one day.
A. he had to fly B. he could fly
C. can he fly D. could he fly
( )6.Do you know___from Wuhan to Xi’an ?
A. how far it is B. how far is it
C. how long it is D. how long is it
( )7.Could you tell me ____?
A. where do you live
B. who you are waiting for
C. who were you waiting for
D. where you live in
( )8.—Is the lake there beautiful?
-– This photo will show you ____.
A. how does it look like
B. what does it look like
C. how it looks like D. what it looks like
( )9. I don’t know ____ bought the present for me. Is it Jack?
A. which B. who C. whose D. what
( )10.Could you show us ____ a bike ?
A. how to mend B. what to buy
C. where to go D. how many to buy
( )11.I don’t know ____ Jane was late for school this morning.
A. who B. what C. whom D. why
( )12.—Do you remember ____ he came? --Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. that B. if C. how D. when
( )13.Mike said he ___ a cold for a few days.
A. has caught B. had caught
C. has had D. had had
( )14.I don’t know if he ____ here. If he ____, I’ll tell you.
A. will come, comes B. comes, will come
C. comes , comes D. will come, will come
( )15.Could you tell me ____ best?
A. which one you like B.which one do you like
C. do you like which one D.you like which one
( )16.The teacher told the children that the earth ____ around the sun.
A. moves B. moved
C. had moved D. was moving
( )17.Nobody knows which factory _____.
A. does he work B. he works
C. does he work in D. he works in
( )18.He said that no one knew ___ with him.
A. what is the matter B. what was the matter
C. what the matter is D. what the matter was
( )19.I’m interested in _____ or not he is coming.
A. whether B. if C. when D. why
( )20.I’m sorry that I ____ you were here.
A. didn’t know B. don’t know
C. won’t know D. can’t know
十三、定语从句：在句中作定语的句子，它修饰一个名词或代词，这个被修饰的名词、代词叫做先行词。
一、引导词（关系词）：位于从句与先行词之间，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当一定的成分。先行词分两类：1.关系代词who（作主语）, whom（作宾语）, whose（作定语）, which（作主语、宾语）, that（作主语、宾语）. 2.关系副词when, where, why.
注意：1.如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，引导词可以省略.
eg. The trees (that) we have planted grow well.
2.关系代词作宾语时，可放在介词后。 但当关系代词是that时，则不能放在介词后。eg. This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived
= This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.
=This is the house that Lu Xun once lived in
二、如何选用引导词：一般情况引导词的选用是受先行词决定的——先行词是人时用that , who , whom , whose; 先行词是物时用that , which; 先行词是时间、地点时用when , where.
eg. 1)The boy who / that is standing under the tree is Jim. 站在树下的那个男孩时Jim.
2)Do you know the girl whose mother is a driver? 你认识那个妈妈是司机的女孩吗？
3)Have you been to the factory where your father works? 你去过你爸爸工作的工厂吗？
但注意区别who / that (指人)；which / that (指物)
1.修饰人只用who的情况：
a. 先行词是one , ones , anyone , those 时。
b. there be句型中修饰名词时。
c. 先行词后有一个较长的定语。
eg.1)Anyone who hasn’t handed in his home- work should stay after school. 没交作业的任何人放学后都要留下。
2)There is a girl who wants to see you at the school gate. 校门口有位想见你的女孩。
3)Did you see the man in the park yesterday afternoon who wore a red shirt? 昨天下午在公园你见过那个穿红衬衫的人吗？
2.修饰人或物只用that的情况：
a. 先行词为指物的不定代词all , much , little, few , everything , something , anything , nothing
b.先行词前有最高级、序数词及last , only , very , all , no时
c. 先行词既有人，又有物时
d. 主句是who / which引导的特殊疑问句，而先行词又指人或物时。
eg.1)Is there anything that I can do for you? 有让我做的事吗？
2)He is the only one that can help us at the moment. 他是现在能帮助我们的唯一的人。
3)He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. 他谈论着他拜访过的老师和参观过的学校。
4)Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 我们上周星期天用过的机器是哪一台？
3.修饰物只用which的情况：
a. 先行词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时
b. 先行词为that时
eg.1)This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived . 这就是鲁迅以前住过的房子。
2)What’s that which you are holding in your arms? 你抱着的那个是什么？
*三、定语从句可简化为短语
1．定语从句为被动语态时可简化为过去分词短语；定语从句为现在进行时可简化为现在分词短语。
2．定语从句的谓语(be)后是介词短语，可简化为介词短语作定语。
3．定语从句的谓语动词含情态动词，可简化为不定式。
eg.1)I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun.
= I bought a book written by Lu Xun.
2)Tell the children who are playing there not to do that.
= Tell the children playing there not to do that.
3)The book that is on the table is mine.
= The book on the table is mine.
4) We have nothing that we should fear.
= We have nothing to fear.
练 习
一、用适当的关系代词填空
1.Is it the very house ________ you lived in ten years ago?
2.The woman _____ sits next to the door is my mother.
3.I’ll never forget the year _____ I joined the League.
4.It is the house _____ I was born.
5.The house ______ roof is broken has been repaired.
二、用短语来改写下面的定语从句部分。
1.The man that is talking with Mary is my brother.
______________________________________
__________________.
2.This is a book which was written by a worker
______________________________________
3.The student who is from Canada speaks French.
______________________________________
__________.
4.She has a lot of work that she must do.
_____________________________________
三、选择填空
( )1.The man ____ was a friend of mine.
A. that you just talked to
B. whom you just talked to him
C. who you just talked to him
D. which you just talked to
( )2.This is the best film ____has been shown this year.
A. who B. that C. which D. when
( )3.Finally, the thief handed everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. which B. what C. that D. in where
( )4.Mr. Li told us the stones and writers ____ interested him
A. what B. who C. that D. which
( )5.My father still remembers the day ___ he joined the army.
A. when B. which
C. to which D. from which
( )6.I’ll never forget the summer holidays ____ we spent together.
A. when B. in which C. which D. how
( )7—Does the teacher know everybody _______ planted the trees?
—Yes, he does.
A. which B. whose C. where D. who
( )8.The letter _______ I received from him yesterday is very important.
A. who B. where C. what D. that
( )9.I hate people _______ talk much but do little.
A. whose B. whom C. which D. who
( )10.—Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?
—Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
( )11.I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B. which C. they D. where
( )12.George Mallory was an English school teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom C. he D. which
( )13.This is the place _____I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
( )14.Nobody knows the reason ______ she didn’t come to the meeting.
A. that B. which C. why D. when
( )15.The moon is a world ___there is no life.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
( )16.He has forgotten the day ___ he arrived.
A. when B. where C. that D. which
( )17.He still remembers the days ______ he spent with your family.
A. when B. where C. that D. on which
( )18.Mr. White, ______ car had been stolen, came to the policeman.
A. who B. that C. whose D. which
( )19.He got to the village _______ his family once lived before liberation.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )20.This is the house ______ I want to buy.
A. in which B. that C. whose D. where
( )21.He didn’t tell me the place _______ he was born.
A. that B. which C. when D. where
( )22.He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
十五、反意疑问句
由“陈述句 + 附加疑问句”两部分构成。一般有两种形式：前肯后否或前否后肯。对附加疑问部分应注意以下几点： 1）主语只能用人称代词；2）附加疑问句的not必须与（be /助/情）缩写；3）附加疑问句的时态必须与陈述部分的时态一致。
eg.1)Tom is a work, isn’t Tom?(找错)_______
2)You can swim, can not you?(找错)______
3)He had lunch, doesn’t he?(找错)________
特别注意以下几种反意疑问句
1. 陈述部分含否定意味的词(few, little,
never, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none)，附加疑问句应使用肯定形式（但前缀词unhappy, unlike, disappear等列外）
eg. They are unhappy, aren’t they?
2.陈述部分的主语是everything, something, nothing, anything时，附加疑问句的主语应用it；陈述部分的主语是everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, no one时，附加疑问句的主语应用they。
eg.1)Everything is ready, ___________?
2)Everyone is here, ____________?
3.陈述部分是祈使句时，附加疑问句一般用：will you? 但注意：
Let’s … , shall we?
Let us … , will you?
4.陈述部分含must时，附加疑问句一般用needn’t.
eg. I must finish my work now, _________?
5.陈述部分是there be结构时，应用there be结构来完成。
eg. There’s little water, ___________
*6.陈述部分含宾语从句时，疑问部分通常与主句一致。但当主句的谓语动词是think, believe且主语是I , we时，即：
I / We think (believe) + 宾从，则附加问句应与从句一致。I’m sure + 宾从也是如此
eg.1)She said I did it, ____________?
2)We don’t think you are right, ________?
3)I’m sure you’ll help me, ____________?
*7.I’m… , aren’t I?
eg.I am older than you, __________?
8.陈述部分含had better, 疑问部分应用had better来回答。
eg. You’d better go out , ___________?
9.陈述部分是感叹句，附加问句的人称代词应与主语一致。
eg. 1)What a kind girl, __________?
2)What a fine day, ___________?
练 习
( )1.You had to work for 10 hours yesterday, _____?
A. didn’t you B. did not you
C. had not you D. did you
( )2.Don’t eat too much, ____?
A. will you B. don’t you C. do you D. can you
( )3.Lily looks like Lucy, ____?
A. is Lily B. isn’t she
C. does Lily D. doesn’t she
( )4.—You didn’t change your mind, did you
--- ______.
A. No, I didn’t B. Yes, did I
C. No, I did D. Yes, I didn’t
( )5.The woman hardly let her daughter go to school, ____ she ?
A. does B. doesn’t C. did D. didn’t
( )6.Be sure to come to the parents’ meeting on time, ____?
A. will you B. aren’t you
C. can’t you D. mustn’t you
( )7.Let’s have a good rest, ____?
A. will we B. do we
C. shalln’t we D. shall we
( )8.He has never ridden a horse before, ___?
A. does he B. has he
C. hasn’t he D. doesn’t
( )9.Tom has supper at school, ___?
A. hasn’t he B. has he
C. doesn’t he D. does he
( )10.There is little water in the glass, ___?
A. isn’t there B. isn’t it
C. is it D. is there
十六、简单句的五种句型
1.主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. He is working.
2.主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. We study English every day.
3.主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. Trees turn green.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get ; turn ; feel ; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：形容词常作表语
4.主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.
= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
5.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.
2)We must keep the window open.
3)He told me to wash the plates.
4)I saw a thief going into your room.
特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
Ⅱ、知识要点
1.问职业：
What be + 主语？= What does /do +主语+do?
eg. He is a teacher.（提问）
______ _____ he _____?
2.It’s nice talking to you.与你谈话真高兴。
△3.表方式的短语
1)on foot
2)by + 交通名词单数（无冠词）
= in / on a (the; 物主代词；名词所有格)
eg. 1) by bike = on a bike by car = in a car
2) He goes to work by a bike every day.(改错) _____________
must: 个人主观上认为“必须”（无时态变化）
4. have to : 有外部条件强加的客观上的“不得不” （存在各种时态）
eg. 1) I _________ stop on the way because of the rain.
2) I ______ stop because I’m a little tired.
△5.提建议
Shall we… ? 答 肯定：Good idea / OK /
Let’s … All right
Why not… ? 语 否定：No, let’s…
肯定：Certainly/ Yes, please/
另外还可回答为 Yes, I think so/ I’d love to
否定：No,I don’t think so /
I’m afraid not.
put on强调“穿”的动作：穿上，戴上 后接
△6.. wear是 put on 之后的结果：穿着 “衣服”
= be in 名词
dress sb: 给某人穿衣
eg. 1)You’d better ____ more clothes when you go out. It’s cold outside.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
2)The boy can ________ himself now.
A. wear B. dress C. put on D. take off
3) Tom is wearing a red shirt today.
A. is on B. is in C. is putting on
△7.在具体的某楼前用 on
eg. He lives on the fifteenth floor.
△8.How do you like… ? 你觉得……怎么样？
= What do you think of … ?
eg. How do you like the new film? = What do you think of the new film? 你觉得这部新电影怎么样？
9.a little = a bit
但注意：1) a little+名词 = a bit of + 名词 )
eg.There is a little( a bit of ) water in the glass.
2) not a little = very
not a bit = not at all
△10. quite : quite a (an) + 形 + 名
very : a very + 形 + 名
eg. This is a very interesting book.
= This is quite an interesting book.
11.in a hurry: 匆忙地
eg.1)He is in a hurry all day.
2)She went to school in a hurry.
另外：hurry to … = go to … in a hurry
12. marry sb = be married to sb.与某人结婚
get married = be married 已婚；结婚
（但get married是“短命”动词，要指“结婚多久”应用be married）
eg. 1)She married with a doctor (找错) ______
2)She has got married for ten years (找错) __________
△13. leave sth + 地点：把某物忘在某地
forget sth : 忘记某事
eg. 1)He ______ the driver’s license yesterday.
2)I ____ my umbrella in the train just now.
△14.感叹句
1）What (a, an) + 形 + 名（+主 + 谓）！
(注：但名词为不可数、复数时，则不用a / an)
2）How + 形 / 副 （ + 主 + 谓）！
eg.1)________ bad weather!
2)______ hard they are working!
3)______ good girl she is!
4)_____ beautiful flowers they are!
“雨大，雪大”heavy---heavily/ hard
△15.“风大” strong ---strongly
“太阳大”bright---brightly
注意以上词的形、副区别
eg. 1)There was a __________ rain yesterday.
2)It blew ________ last night.
3)The sun is shining ___________.
4)Look! It’s raining __________.
5)What a ___________ wind!
how long: 多长时间（问时间段）
△16. how often: 多久一次（问频率）
how soon = when: 何时（问将来时间）
eg.1)--________ does he go home?
-- Once a week.
2)--________ were you away from school last year? --Less than a week.
3)--________ will he come back?
--In two days.
eg. 1)I didn’t go to the cinema. _____ I went to the library yesterday.
2)We would like to stay at school _______ going to the cinema today.
△18.so 句型
so + be(助、情) + 主语：“也如此”
so + 主语 + be(助、情)：“的确如此”
eg.1)I watched TV last night, and so did she.
昨晚我看了电视，她也看了。
2)I watch TV every day, and so does he.
我每天看电视，他也如此。
3)I can swim, so I can.
我会游泳，真的是这样。
注意：表示“也不如此”用neither / nor
eg. I didn’t watch TV last night, neither did she
△19.指路与问路
问路
1)Excuse me. Could you tell me …
how I can get to ….
how to get to …
the way to …
2)Excuse me. Which is the way to…
指路
1)Go down / up / along this road and…
go还可替换为walk
2)Go down / up / along to the end.
3)Go on until you reach the end.
4)Take the … turning on the left.
= Turn left at the … turning.
5)Go across the bridge
△20.
eg.1)He’s sick / ill in hospital.
2)A nurse (A) must take (B) good (C) care of ill (D) men. （选错） _____________
△21.
eg.1)__________ he is a student.
2)He ___________ a student.
△22.
类似结构
△23.到达
但当后不接地点时，只能用arrive
eg.1)She ____ Shanghai last night.
A. reached to B. got C. arrived in D. arrived at
2)They ____ there in time at last.
A. reached to B. arrived C. got to D. arrived at
3) I’ll ring you up as soon as he_____(到达).
eg.1)She is _____________ girl.
2)Do you feel ______ when you are _____?
3)The old man live in a house ________.
eg. I have (A) many (B) work to do (C)______
△
eg.1)He gave us _________ money.
2)She is ___________ young.
△
eg.1)Please ____ your exercise book here tomorrow.
2)Meimei often helps the old man _____ water.
eg. –-I looked for my pen___________, but I couldn’t find it ____________.
---Don’t worry. Sooner or later you’ll find it _________.
30.to one’s surprise 使某人吃惊的是……
类似结构：to one’s joy 使某人高兴的是……
eg. To our great surprise, she could swim in the river. 使我们惊奇的是，他能在河里游泳。
31. agree with : 同意某人（或某人所说的）
agree to : 同意某事
eg. 1)He agree ___ my plan.
2)I agree ____ what you said.
32.be on … team: 参加……队；是……的队员
eg. He is on the city basketball team.
他是市篮球队队员。
△33.teach sb+科目（当sb是人称代词时应用宾格）
eg. He teaches our English(改错) __________
△34.the 100-metre race 100米赛跑
100-metre作定语，修饰race, 注意metre用单数。 类似结构：
①a two-thousand-word letter一封两千字的信
②an 18-year-old girl一位18岁的女孩
另外有时还可用所有格形式来表达：
100-metre race = 100 metres’ race
two-month holiday = two months’ holiday
但当前面有a/ an ; 物主代词；所有格时。则只能用复合形容词来表示：
eg. What did the headmaster say about Jim’s ______.
A. two months holidayB. Two months’ holiday
C. two-month holiday D. two moth’s holiday
35.problem与question
question: 指人们主观上产生而提出等待回答的问题。常与ask , answer连用
problem: 指客观上存在等待解决的问题着重指“难题”。常与solve , work out连用
1) We must find out a good way to solve the ______.
2) You can answer the _____ in your own words.
borrow: 借进 borrow … from从…借
△36. lend: 借出 lend sb sth = lend sth to sb
把某物借给某人
keep: 保存；借（多久）（与时间段连用）
1)Jack ____ me his bike last week.
2)You can _____ the book from me, but you can ____ it for only one week.
△37.It’s +adj + of / for sb to do sth.
当形容词用于修饰人时，介词用of. 常见的此类形容词有：kind ; good ; clever ; careful ; polite ; right ; wrong. 其余情况用for.
1)It’s very clever ____ you to do that.
2)It’s hard ____ me to work out the problem.
△38. more: 另外的；额外的（放在数量词之后）
another: 再一（另一…）（放在数量词之前）
1)May I have two _____ apples?
2)May I borrow _______ one book?
used to + 动原: 过去常常做…
△39. be used to + 动原: 被用于做…
be / get used to sth : 习惯于某事
1)He used to be late for school.
2)The knife is used to cut things.
3)He is uesd to hard work.
other: 放在被修饰词之前
△40. else: 放在被修饰词之后，一般修饰不定代词和疑问词
1)other students别的学生
2)anybody else. 其它任何人
what else. 别的什么
△41. so + 形/副
such + 形 + 名
但注意：
1) so +形+a / an + 单名= such a /an +形 +单名
2)so (many / much / few / little) + 名
3)so… that ; such … that如此…以致…
① It was ____ bad weather.
② There are ____ many poor in the country.
③ ____ few animals eat ____ much grass.
④ This city is ____ old, you’d better visit it.
⑤ It’s ______ important party ____ I can’t miss it.
have / has been to: 曾经去过…
△42. have / has gone to: 已经去了…
have / has been in: 已在…(多久)
注意：1)后接地点副词here, there , home时应省介词
2)与时间段连用只用have /has been in
① --Where’s Tom?
--He ______________ Beijing.
② I ______ Beijing several times.
③ She ________ Chengdu for two years.
④ He __________ there twice.
△43.“短命”动词 “长命”动词
buy—have ; borrow—keep ; die—be dead ; leave—be away (from); come back—be back; fall asleep—be asleep ; open—be open ;
catch a cold—have a cold; go /get out—be out;
arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—be in +地点；join—be in +集体（或be + 成员）；
turn on—be on; turn off—be off ;
get a letter from—have a letter from.
end /finish—be over ; get up—be up ;
1) He has (A) bought (B) the fridge (C) for (D) two years. _________
2)How long (A) may (B) I borrow (C) the (D) book? _________
3)The film (A) has begun (B) for five minutes(C). _________
4)Tom has got (A) the letter (B) from (C) Jim for two days (D). __________
5)I have (A) caught (B) a cold since two yearsago (C). ____________
6)He has (A) come to (B) Beijing for ten years(C) ___________
7)My brother (A) has joined (B) the army (C) for (D) five years. ___________
44. except: 除…以外（不包括除去的部分）
besides: 除了…，还有…（包括除去的部分）
1) We go to school every day except Sunday.
该句意味着：
We go to school from Monday to Saturday.
2)We all went to the park besides Li Lei.
该句意味着：
We went to the park, and Li Lei went, too.
take: It take sb sometime to do sth.
△45.
主语
pay (money) for sth 是人
buy sth for + money
cost: sth cost sb + money 主语是物
1)I _____ ten yuan on the book.
2)I _____ ten yuan for the book.
3)The book _____ me ten yuan.
4)I _____ the book for ten yuan.
5)It _____ me an hour to do the maths problem
sometime: 某时(与将来时连用)
△46 sometimes: 有时（一般现在时
some time: 一些时候(表时间段)
some times:几次
eg. 1)He _______ (go) to Beijing sometime next week.
2)I _______ (be) to Beijing some times.
47.be to do: 表将来
There is to be a sports meeting next Saturday.
△48.计量：表事物的“长、宽、高、深、远、厚”用 “long ; wide ; high / tall ; deep ; away ; thick.
1)Mr Green is nearly two metres ________
2)The ice is about one metre _________.
3)Our classroom is about twelve metres ______and eight metres __________.
△49.population：不可数名词。指人口的多少用“large / big或small”；询问人口的多少用what.
1)What’s the population of Germany?
德国的人口是多少？
2)China has a large population.中国人口众多
3)The population (A) of (B) Japan is less (C) than that (D) of India. ____________
另外注意：
表示“有…人口”用have a population of .
Now China has a population of more than one billion. 现在中国有十亿多人口。
eg. make room for: 为…腾出空间
51.seem的用法：
1)seem + adj = seem to be + adj
He seems very angry = He seems to be angry.
2)seem to do
It seems to rain tomorrow.明天似乎要下雨。
3)It seems + that从句
It seems that you are right.你似乎是对的。
1)He talked as if he knew all about it.
他说话的口气好象已经全知道了此事。
2)He opened his mouth as if to say something.
他开口似乎要说什么。
1)We ____ them 5 to 3.
2)In the end we _____ the match.
interested;excited;surprised主语是人。指某
△53.人对…感兴趣/感到兴奋/感到惊奇（只作表语）
interesting;excited;surprising主语是物。指
某物有趣/令人兴奋/使人惊奇（可作定、表语）
1)It’s an ________football game.
2)I’m ________ in music.
1)作情态动词，用于否、疑句
△54.need 2)作实义动词 need to do(表主动)
need doing(表被动)
1)You needn’t go home now.
2)The bike needs mending.
3)I need to go home now.
△55. alive: 活着的；在世的（常作后置定语）
living: 活着的；没死的（常作前置定语）
1)Both plants and animals are _______ thing.
2)No one ______ will believe it.
△56.否定前移的动词：think , believe , expect , suppose.
1)I didn’t expect their team would win.
我希望他们的对不会赢。
2)I don’t think he will come tomorrow.
我认为明天他不会来。
look at: （有意识地）看…
△57. see: （look at之后的结果）看见
read: 看（书、报等）
watch: 看（电视、比赛等）
另外注意：1)see a film看电影
2)see a doctor看医生
1)I often ______ newspaper after suppe.
2)He _____ the picture, and ____ some trees in it.
△58. listen to :（有意识地）听…
hear: （listen to之后的结果）听见
He was very sorry to ________ the bad news.
look for:（强调“找”的动作）寻找
△59. find: （look for之后的结果）找到
find out: (经过努力、周折)查出，找出（真相等）
They are ___________ their lost horse.
A. finding B. looking for C. finding out
△60. hope: (可能实现的)愿望
wish: (难以实现的)愿望
另外注意：1)wish to do sth = hope to do sth
2)wish sb to do sth ( )
hope sb to do sth( ╳ )
( )I _____ you to come to school earlier next time. A. wish B. hope C. wants
①enough：放在形、副之后. good enough
△61. ②修饰不定代词(something, anything, nothing)的词应后置。
③else修饰不定代词和疑问词应后置）
1)I have something important to tell you.
2)He didn’t run fast enough to catch up with Tom.
had better +动原 否定had better not +动原
△
62 Will / Would you please +动原？
Will / Would you please not + 动原？
Will you please not talk in class?
△63. What’s the weather like …? …的天气
= How’s the weather … ? 怎么样？
△64. find +宾 +形：觉得…怎么样
find it +形 +to do: 觉得做…怎么样
类似用法还有make , think等
1)I find the question ___________(容易).
2)I think it important to learn Englis.
△65. a number of +复名：许多，一些(作主为复)
the number of: …的数目/号码(作主为三单)
The number of the students in our class is 50.
too: 句末 用于肯定句
△66. also: 句中 “也”
either: 否定句末“也不”
1)I don’t like reading, she doesn’t , ______.
2)Tom is fourteen. Jim is _____fourteen.
△67. already , just : 肯助后
yet: 否、疑末
1)I have already had lunch.
2)I haven’t had lunch yet.
68. live: (长时间的)居住
stay: (短时间的)居住
eg. He lives in Changsha, but he’s going to stay in Shanghai for a few days.
Ⅲ、替换练习
解题指导：
该类题常常以以下几种情况进行考察：
1．描述释义，也叫概念释义，即用一种情况来对某词进行解释。
eg. huge= very big glass= cup made of glass
agree = say yes/ have the same idea
2．同义词释义。指用意义相同或相近的词进行替换。
eg. nearly = almost perhaps = maybe
difficult = hard fast = quickly
3．否定释义。即对某些词用相反的意思进行解释。
eg. cheap = no expensive thick = not thin
dirty = not clean low = not high/ tall
4．常识释义。即词义本身属于一种生活常识。
eg. century = 100 years
August = the eighth month
summer = the season between spring and autumn
London = the capital of England
常见的词语解释
almost nearly a little a bit
around all over be like look like
bright clever begin start
beside next to be in be at home
be quick hurry up be out be away
come from be from fail not pass
cross go across hard difficult
last go on hurry walk quickly
hardly almost not hurry up go quickly
expensive dear look out be careful
must have to on about
over more than wear be in
why what … for stop give up
thanks to because of join take part in
as soon as possible as soon as sb can
be weak in be not at good at
catch up with not fall behind
have a good time enjoy oneself
a lot of lots of ; many / much
at last in the end ; finally
at the moment now
hold on wait a moment
just now a moment ago
leave go away (from)
reach arrive in /at ; get to
prefer … to… like … better than …
spend … on pay … for
take a look have a look
walk on go on walking
go to sleep get to sleep / fall asleep
walk to … go to … on foot
take a bus catch a bus
look after take (good) care of
hear from receive / get a letter from
be filled with be full of
fly to… go to … by air
return 1)come back 2) give back
teach oneself learn … by oneself
at once right now(现在) /right away(立刻)
练 习
选出与划线部分意思相同或相近的一项
( )1.Liu Ying is like her twin sister.
A. likes B. loves C. looks like
( )2. You must drink a lot of water every day.
A. many B. much C. a little
( )3.Most of the teachers in our school are from South China.
A. lived in B. get back from C. come from
( )4.She took care of her grandpa when she was free. A. looked after
B. looked for C. gave medicine to
( )5.Are you sure he is able to do the work by himself.
A. must B. has to C. can
( )6.Mum, I’m hungry. Can I have some cakes?
A. drink B. eat C. play
( )7.Jack, please come and sit by the teacher.
A. before B. near C. past
( )8.Summer is coming. The weather will become hotter and hotter.
A. catch B. get C. feel
( )9.Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the shop?
A. answer B. show C. give
( )10.He didn’t bring the book here. He had to go home to get it.
A. could B. may C. must
( )11.Hello, James. Nice to see you.
A. catch B. meet C. watch
( )12.I don’t understand his words.
A. what he told B. what he said
C. that he talked
( )13.They came here by air.
A. by bike B. by plane C. by bus
( )14. Glad to see you again.
A. Sorry B. Nice C. Bad
( )15.Can I use your bike? Mine is not here.
A. lend B. borrow C. get
( )16.Are you going to swim this afternoon.
A. has a swim B. have a swim C. swimming
( )17.I’m not free tonight.
A. hungry B. late C. busy
( )18.Don’t worry. I’ll be back in a minute.
A. very soon B. fast C. quick
( )19.Summer follows spring.
A. comes before B. comes after C. is under
( )20.I’ll get a new dictionary soon.
A. take B. sell C. buy
( )21.When did the students get to the factory yesterday?
A. came B. arrived C. reach
( )22.They were quite pleased to see each other again.
A. please B. good C. glad
( )23.The meeting will be held at a quarter to eight.
A. 8:15 B. 7:45 C. 7:15
( )24.The students had a good time in the winter holiday.
A. enjoyed themselves B. enjoyed them
C. had no time
( )25.The shirt is very nice. I’ll take it.
A. try B. buy C. sell
( )26.How is the weather today?
A. What’s the weather like B. What was it like
C. What’s the weather looks like
( )27.Mr. Li will take me to the park if he is free next Sunday.
A. will be free. B. has time C. had time
( )28.He prefers apples to oranges.
A. likes ; than other B. likes ; better than
C. doesn’t like ; so much
( )29.She doesn’t have to worry about he illness.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t
( )30. He had to attend the party by himself.
A. alone B. only he C. lonely
( )31.He said nothing at that time.
A. make noise B. kept silent C. took his seat
( )32.There were still quite a few people in the street that evening.
A. not many B. many C. much
( )33.We’ll held a class meeting tomorrow.
A. have B. give C. put
( )34.The girl was so weak that she didn’t catch up with others.
A. fell behind B. tried to hold C. ran after
( )35. He prefers apples to oranges.
A. likes; than other B. likes ; as much as
C. likes ; better than
( )36.The building has been there for a century.
A. a short time B. a long time
C. a hundred years.
( )37.Mr Smith flew to London yesterday.
A. went to London by train
B. went to London by bus
C. went to London by plane
( )38.Mike is weak in Chinese because he missed so many lessons.
A. likes B. does well in C. is not good at
( )39.Tom hasn’t heard from his parents for a long time.
A. listened to B. write a letter to
C. received any letters from
( )40.We wanted to know when we would have an English test.
A. wanted to see B. got to know
C. wondered
( )41.Every body says he is a bright boy.
A. brave B. clever C. tall
( )42.Mary is wearing a red dress today.
A. on B. in C. putting on
( )43.Both my brother and I like the picture very much.
A. He B. We C. I
( )44. The doctor asked him to give up smoking.
A. give in B. stop C. go on
( )45.Li Lei got up early last Sunday and Jim got up early, too.
A. so was Jim B. so did Jim C. Jim did so
根据汉语完成句子方法指导
根据汉语完成句子特别注意以下内容：
1.宾语从句中的否定前移。
2.宾从的时态、语序以及疑问词+to do
3.被动语态（① 省to不定式还原；② 动词短语中的介词不能遗漏）
4.状语从句中的一般现在时
5.完成时（长、短命动词的区别）
6.It’s + adj + for / of sb to do sth
7.find / think / make it + adj + to do .
8.动词不定式（作定语的不定式要求是及物动词或及物动词短语）
9.被动语态的一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、现在进行时。
10.尽可能考虑短语的固定用法
练 习
1.我觉得用英语回答这个问题很容易。
I found ___ very ____ ___ _____ the question in English.
2.学好英语对我们来说是很重要的。
___ very important ___ ___ ___ study English well.
3.在旧社会，他们被迫日夜不停地工作。
They ____ ____ ___ ____ day and night in the old days.
4.这个小孩没有球玩，所以他不高兴。
The child has no ball ___ ____ ____ , so he is ________.
5.这间屋子对我们来说太小了而不能住。
The room is too small ___ us ___ ____ ___
6.我花了一个半小时的时间来完成家庭作业
___ ____ me one and a half ______ ___ finish my homework.
7.在中国老人受到很好的照顾。
Old people____ _____good ____ ___in China.
8.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始半小时了。
The film ____ ____ ___ for half an hour when I ______ the cimema.
9.直到公共汽车停下来才能开门。
____ ____ the door ____ the bus _____.
10.我认为明天他不会开会。
I ____ ____ he ____ ____ a meeting tomorrow.
11.汤姆不知道怎么处理这本图书馆藏书。
Tom doesn’t know ____ ___ ____ _____ the library book.
12.老师问我做这道数学题花了多少时间。
The teacher asked me how long ___ ____ me ___ ___ the maths problem.
13.昨天我把钥匙忘在了办公室。
I ____ my key ___ ___ _____ yesterday.
14.他不知道下一步怎么办。
He doesn’t know ____ ___ ___ next.
15.格林在访问中国。
Mr. Green is ___ ___ _____ ___ China.
16.这幢楼房已建成十年了。
The building ____ _____ ____ for 10 years
17.我不知道明天是否去北京。
I don’t know _____ ___ ____ to Beijing tomorrow.
18.他父亲死了五年了。
____ 5 years _____ his father _____.
19.今天，在美国仍有许多树在继续被砍伐
Today, too many trees ____ still ____ ____ down in the USA.
20.许多好地和森林一起消失了，留下来的只有沙漠。
A lot of good land ____ ____ _____ the forests, ________ only sand.
21.无论看起来多难的问题，他都能找到答案
___ _____ ____ difficult something seemed, he _____ find the answer.
22.既然很多人在生活中都会犯错误，格林先生决定再给吉姆一次机会。
_____ a lot of people make mistakes __ ____, Mr. Green decided to give Jim another ____.
23.三个国家中Australia的人口最少。
Australia ____ ___ _____ people ___ the three countries.
24.多亏了太空卫星，世界变小了。
_____ ___ space satellites, the world ___ _____ a much small place.
25.人们每年都在山上种植各种各样的树。
______ _______ of trees ______ _______ on the hills every year.
26.王力跑得如此快，以致于我们都赶不上他
Wang Li ran _____ fast ______ we couldn’t ______ ______ with him.
27.这个问题太难了，我回答不了。
This question was _____ ______ that I couldn’t ______ _____.
28.张老师来我家时，我正在做家务活。
I ____ _________ my housework when Mr. Zhang ______ _______ my home.
29.这是今天唯一不能忘记的一件事情。
This is the _______ thing ______ I ______ _______ today.
30.你能告诉我他看起来象谁吗？
Could you tell me _____ _______ _______ ________?
31.你看明天有可能完成真项工作？
Do you think ______ possible ______ _______ this ________ tomorrow?
32.姚明是世界上最高的篮球运动员之一。
Yao Ming is one of the ________ basketball ________ in the world.
33.嘲笑残疾人是不礼貌的。
It is not ________ to laugh ______ the disabled people.
34.没有空气和水，我们不能生存。
We _________ live ________ air or water.
35.祝你学习英语顺利。
Good ______ _______ your English.
36.他把大部分的时间花在读小说上。
_____ ____ his time ___ ______ in reading stories.
37.我们跟着老师走进了会议室。
We ______ our teacher _____ ______ _____ the meeting-room.
38.步行到我家大约有20分钟的路程。
My house____about _____ ______ ____ foot.
39.李磊没时间仔细考虑这道题。
______ no time ____ Li Lei ____ _____ about this problem carefully.
短文改错题方法指导
做短文改错题应注意以下几个步骤：
一、首先通读短文，初步理解短文大意，同时改正一些较容易的错误。短文中的一些句子就其本身来看，无法确定划线部分错在何处，只有通读全文，了解句子与句子之间的关系，特别是划线部分与上下文的关系，才能找出正确答案。如：“When his mother was out, the telephone rang and Jimmy answered them.”一句中，只有读懂句中划线部分指上文中的telephone，才能写出正确答案it。
二、在通读短文的基础上，一句一句地仔细阅读短文。
（一）从语法分析入手
1)冠词a; an; the或省冠词（如不可数名词）
2)区别可数、不可数。若是可数名词则应注意该单数还是复数（且注意复数的变化形式是否正确。
3)形、副区别：①判定该形还是副。②注意形、副的比较等级（且注意变化形式）。
4)代词：①区别主格、宾格。②区别形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词。③区别this / that、these / those、one / ones、it / them。④不定代词（区别二者与三者；单数还是复数；肯定还是否定）
5)动词：① 时态、语态（主谓一致、动词各种变化形式是否正确）及非谓语形式——不定式和动名词。② 动词短语的固定形式（如listen to与listen）。③ 区别近义词（如hear与listen to）。
6)数词：判定该基数词还是序数词（以及序数词的变化形式）。
7)介词：正确区别、运用介词。
8)连词：正确区别、运用连词。
（二）从句子结构判定所用词是否恰当（重点从句子成分的角度着手，该用何词性）。
（三）注意固定搭配（如the way to …）。
三、用改正后的答案代替相应的划线部分，从头到尾反复阅读短文，验证改正的答案是否正确。
下列短文的划线部分可能有误，正确的划“√”，错误的请改正。
( A )
Mr. and Mrs. Green had a son. They called him James and loved him very much. But there was anything (1) wrong with the child. He did everything slow (2) and could not take care of him (3). His parents did not know what was (4) wrong. So one day they took him to a doctor. The doctor looked up (5) James carefully and found the boy couldn’t see anything. So (6) the doctor said he can (7) do nothing to help the boy.
A few years later, Mr. and Mrs. Green listened (8) there was a good doctor in a town not far away. So they took the boy to visit him. The doctor did a small operation with (9) James. After the operation James could see. What (10) happy everyone was.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( B )
An eleven-year-old boy in a small town wanted being (1) a train driver. But the boy was born without arms. His father taught him to use his feet for (2) “hands”. He couldn’t go to school, so (3) he spent all his time watch (4) trains coming and going because he lived near the station. What (5) he wanted to be a train driver!
One day he saw an empty train and climb (6) in. It was not difficult for him to start it with his feet. Soon the train was traveling in (7) forty miles an hour, and the workers there could do something (8) to stop it. When he drove back to the town and stopped at the station, a worker got on it. At last (9) he was very angry, but he laughed when the boy said, “I liked (10) trains.” “Well , I’m glad you don’t like planes!”
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( C )
While Bill was cleaning (1) the classroom after school last Monday, his classmate, Lily, closed the door or (2) locked it, because she thought there was somebody (3) in the class- room. Bill couldn’t get out and have (4) to stay in the classroom. Three hours ago (5), the teacher came and opened the door. She surprised (6) to see him there. On (7) that time Bill was much (8)cold and hungry.
Now when Bill stays late in the classroom, he takes (9) a note on the door, “I’m yet (10) in the room. Don’t lock the door.”
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( D )
Which is the better (1) way to learn a foreign language? We all remember that we learn (2)our own language well (3) when we were children. If we can learn a second language in the same way, it will (4) seem so difficult. Think of what a small child does. He listens to what people speak (5) and try (6) to imitate (模仿)what he hears. When he wants something, he asks for it. In this way, he using (7) the language. He thinks and speaks with (8) the new language all the time. After (9) people use a second language like this, they will learn it quickly (10) than before.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( E )
There is a library in our school. It is large and there is (1) many books in it. Anyone may borrow books to (2) it and it cost (3) nothing to borrow them. Usually you may borrow as many of (4) four books at a time. Books maybe (5) kept for two weeks. New story-books are always popular and some books, for example, books for (6) history, science , cooking are also well-liked. So some times (7) when you go to the library to borrow a book, it may be out. What can you do? You can ask the librarian call (8) it back. The librarian will let you know when the book has been returned and will be (9) ready for you. You have to take care of the books. If you lose the book, you will be in trouble, and have to pay it (10).
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( F )
The sea is very big. It covers three quarters of the earth, The sea is also very deep in some place (1). There is one place and at that place the sea are (2) about 11 kilometres deep. The higher (3) mountain in the world is about 9 kilometres high. When (4) that mountain put (5) into the sea at that place, there would still be two (6) kilometers above it.
In some parts of the sea, there are many kinds of fishes and plants. Some lives (7) near the top of the sea. Other (8) live deep down. There are either (9) a lot of small living things. Lots of fish live by (10) eating them.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
(G)
One day when Jack was walked (1)in the park, he saw a woman sat (2) in a chair with a dog beside hers (3). The dog was looking down (4) at the woman.
Jack walked up to the woman and said (5), “Hello, Sue, what (6) are you? May I sit and say (7)with you for a while?”
“Of course, please sit (8) down,” Sue said.
Jack sat down next to Sue in the chair but (9) they talked quiet (10)together.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
(H)
When Peter was a boy, he likes (1) watches and clocks very much. When he was eighteen years old, he began to teach him (2) to mend watches. A lot of his friends brought him broken watches, and he mended it (3) when he was free.
One day, a policeman heared (4) about this and brought him a watch and said, “My watch has stopped. Can you mend it to (5)me, please?”
Peter said, “Yes, sir. I can.” After a few days (6), he brought the watch back to the policeman.
“How many (7) do I give you?” the policeman asked.
“Two dollars, sir,” Peter answered. Then he took (8) a small box out of his pocket and gave it for (9)the policeman. “Here are three wheels from your watch. I didn’t find a place for them when I put anything (10) back.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
(I)
The animals are use (1) to the desert people in many ways (2). They eat the meat, drink the milk of the animals. They use camels (骆驼) to(3) carrying water, food, tents(帐篷)and other(4)things. The people of the desert have to keep move(5)from place to place. They must always watch (6) for grass or desert plants for their animals. When there is not(7) more food for their animals, they move to another place. The desert people is (8) friendly. They would never refuse to help (9) people in trouble, but(10) they would give them food and water.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
( H )
We know that the last (1) part of the 20th century saw more large (2) inventions: the helicopter in 1990, movies by (3) sound in 1926, the computer in 1928 and the jet plane in 1930. The middle part of the 20th century bring (4) new ways to help people get over disease (5). They made people healthier and live long (6). By this time most people had a very well (7) life. Of course new inventions continued to be made. The world is (8) known to man and (9) the universe was not. Many countries began looking (10) for ways to go into space. Russian made the first step.
1._________ 2._________ 3._________
4._________ 5._________ 6._________
7._________ 8._________ 9._________
10._________
交际用语
A)选择填空
( )1 “Happy New Year to you, Mary!” “___”
A. Thanks for your help B. The same to you
C. You are so kind
( )2. “Let’s go to the zoo, shall we?” “_____”
A. All right B. You are welcome
C. Yes, we shall
( )3. “Will you please come to my birthday party this Saturday?” “_______”
A. Yes, I do B. No, I don’t C. Yes, I’d love to
( )4. “Could I have your name, please?” “_____” A. You’re polite
B. Call me John C. It’s kind of you
( )5. “Excuse me, may I ask you a question?” “______” A. Not at all
B. Yes, of course C. You ask
( )6. “How beautifully you write!” “______”
A. Not at all B. Thank you C. Don’t say so
( )7. “I’m going to the south for a few days.” “_____” A. Yes, I am
B. Have a good time C. I like it
( )8. “Could I speak to the headmaster?” “_____, please.” A. Hold on for a moment
B. Speak loudly C. What’s wrong
( )9. “Would you like to have another cup of tea?” “______”
A. Yes, I do B. Not at all C. No, thanks
( )10. “Do you think I can borrow your eraser?” “ _____” A. Yes, help yourself
B. Yes, I think so C. No, I don’t think so
( )11. “I’m afraid I have to leave a little earlier. My mother is ill in bed.” “____. I hope she will be better soon.”
A. It’s nothing B. Nothing serious
C. I’m sorry to hear that
( )12. “Don’t forget to come to our school tomorrow.” “______”
A. I don’t B. I can’t C. I won’t
( )13. “Thank you for having us. We had a very good time today.” “____. Bye.”
A. No, thank you B. It was my pleasure
C. You shouldn’t say that
( )14. “Hello! Could I speak to Miss Green?” “______”
A. Speaking B.Who are you C.I’m Miss Green
( )15. “I’m sorry to trouble you, Miss Gao.” “______” A. It’s very kind of you
B. The same to you C. It doesn’t matter
( )16. “Don’t throw paper on the ground.”
“ ____”
A. I’m sorry B. Thank you C. You’re welcome
( )17. “Happy Birthday to you.” “______”
A. Thank you B. That’s OK
C. Happy Birthday to you, too
( )18. “What’s the matter with you?” “_____” A. No matters
B. What matter C. Nothing serious
( )19. “Shall I close the window?” “_____”
A. No, please don’t B. Not at all
C. Don’t do that now
( )20. “What’s the weather like today?” “ ____” A. It will be fine
B. It’s rather cold C. It’s nine for a walk
( )21. “You have done a good job.” “____”
A. No, I don’t do well enough
B. You are welcome
C. It’s very kind of you
( )22. “I’m sorry, could you repeat it?” “____” A. Yes, you are welcome
B. Certainly C. That’s nothing
( )23. “How is your father?” “_____”
A. I’m fine B. He is good
C. He’s feeling bad
( )24.未听清别人的话，要求对方重复时说_____. A. I’m happy B. I’m sorry C. Pardon
( )25. “Nice weather today, isn’t it?” “____”
A. Beautiful, isn’t it B. No, it isn’t
C. I think it’s too sunny
( )26. “What did you do last night? Why did you not go to see the film?” “____. The film is really worth seeing.”
A. I’m sorry to hear it B. What a pity
C. I’m sorry about it
( )27.When you see ____ on the way to a forest, you should drive carefully.
A. DANGER B. STOP C. CLOSED
( )28.When you see a picture with ____ in an art museum, you mustn’t photo it.
A. NO PARKING B. NO PHOTOS
C. NO SMOKING
( )29. “Would you like some tea?” “____”
A. Thank you for asking me
B. If you please C. Thanks, that would fine
( )30. “How is it today?” “____”
A. It’s rain B. It’s too much rain C. It’s fine
( )31. “What day is it today?” “_____”
A. It’s sunny B. It’s Sunday C. It’s May 12th
B）补全对话，每空一词
( A )
A: What can I do ____ you?
B: I’d like a _____ of shoes.
A: What size do you wear?
B: Twenty four cm.
A: What ______ do you like?
B: I like brown very much.
A: What _____ the one on the right?
B: It ____ very nice. May I ____ them ____?
A: Of course. Here you _____.
B: They fit me quite well. How ____ are they?
A: One hundred and twenty yuan.
B: All right. I’ll _____ this pair.
( B )
A: Sorry, I don’t know. You’d better ____ the policeman over there.
B: Thank you all the same.
A: Excuse me. ____ is the way to the People’s Hospital.
C: Go down this street, turn right and walk on ____ you reach the first ____. Then turn right _____ and you’ll see that hospital in ____ of you.
A : How far is it _____ here.
B: It’s about 2 kilometres.
A: My son is badly ill. He can’t walk any longer. ____ can we get there:?
B: You can go there ____ bus. Oh, sorry. It’s very late and there is no bus now. You’d better ______ a taxi.
A: I see, Thank you very much.
B: You are welcome.
( C )
A: Good morning! ____ I help you?
B: I’d like a sweater ___ my daughter.
A: Certainly. The woolen sweaters are hanging _____ and the cotton ______ are hanging there. _____would you like?
B: I’ll have a _____ at the woolen ones. Thank you.
A: No hurry! Please take your time.
B: I can’t decide which sweater to _____!
A: Let me help! Do you like this one?
B: No, this one is too large.
A: What about this one?
B: No, I _____ like the colour.
A: What ______ do you want?
B: Green. Look! That one , over there.
A: Yes, it’s green. What ______ do you want?
B: A middle-sized one.
A: OK… Here you are.
( D )
A: Hello, 88890921.
B: Hello! Could I _______ to Ann, please?
A: I’m _____ not. She isn’t here at the moment. Can you _______ a message?
B: OK. This is Bill here. Is _____ Mrs Green?
A: Yes, this is Ann’s mother.
B: Thank you very much _____ asking me to Ann’s birthday party on Sunday. I’m very sorry, _____ I can’t come.
A: Oh, I’m sorry to _______ that.
B: We are ____ to be in Shanghai that day. I hope you will have a good ______.
A: Thank you. I’ll give her the _______.
B: Thank you. Bye-bye.
一、句子成分：句子是有不同的各部分组成的，这些部分就叫做句子成分。句子成分可以是单词、词组或句子（从句）。在句中起主要作用的是主语、谓语，称为主要成分；起次要作用的有宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和表语，称为次要成分。所有的句子都是在简单句的基础上展开的，所以我们首先讨论简单句的五种基本句型。
一、简单句的五种基本句型(Five kinds of simple sentences)
（一）主语 + 不及物动词（主、谓结构）
eg. 1）He is working.
2）He cooks.
（二）主语+ 及物动词 + 宾语（主、谓、宾结构）
eg. 1）We study English every day.
2）They are playing football
（三）主语+ 连系动词 + 表语（主、系、表结构）
eg. 1）Trees turn green.
2）He is happy.
常见的连系动词有：be ; become ; get（“天气”变得）; turn（“颜色”变得）; feel（觉得/摸起来）; look(看起来)；smell(闻起来); sound(听起来)；taste(尝起来)；seem(似乎).
特别注意：
a) 连系动词后常接形容词常作表语；
b) be / become后常接名词或相当于名词的短语（不定式/动名词）做表语。
c) seem + 形容词 = seem to be + 形容词
eg.1)He is a teacher (名词做表语)
2)His job is to feed animals (不定式做表语)
3)His hobby is reading. (动名词做表语)
4)He seems happy = He seems to be happy
（四）主语 + 及物动词 + 间宾（人）+ 直宾（物）
=主语+ 及物动词 + 直宾（物）+ to / for + 间宾（人）
常用的此类动词有：give ; pass ; show ; lend ; buy. 但buy与for连用
eg.1)I gave him a book.
= I gave a book to him.
2)My mother bought me a pen yesterday.
= My mother bought a pen for me.
（五）主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
注意作宾补的词：1）名词（指宾语是谁/什么）；2）形容词；3）不定式；4）动词的ing 形式。
eg.1)We call him Jim.（名词做宾补）
2)We must keep the window open.（形容词做宾补）
3)The news makes me happy (同上)
4)I found it hard to get to sleep (同上)
5)I think it useful to learn English well (同上)
6)He told me to wash the plates.（不定式做宾补）
7)I saw a thief going into your room. （动名词做宾补）
特别注意：
1)动词不定式作宾补
A: ask / want / tell sb to do sth.
其否定式为：ask/want/tell sb not to do sth
2)省to不定式作宾补，即：
(l, m, n; 3h; 2看; 1f) sb do sth
l—let, m—make, n—notice; 3h—hear, have , help; 2看—see, watch; 1f—feel.
eg.1)The boss made the workers work 12 hours every day.
2)I often hear him sing.
2)区别省to不定式作宾补与动词ing形式作宾补.
hear / see sb do: 听见/看见某人做了某事
hear / see sb doing: 听见/看见某人在做某事
二、词类和句子成分的关系。
（一）词类相互间的关系。
1．形容词、数词通常修饰名词（有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词），形容词还可修饰代词。例如：
1)The three tall and strongmenare all basket-
(定语) (主) (谓) (定语)
ball players.（“主系表”结构）
(表语)
数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players.
2)The writeroftenwritessomethinginteresting
(主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定)
about children. （“主胃宾”结构）
(定)
形容词interesting修饰不定代词something
2．副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如：
(副词well修饰plays，副词quite修饰另一副词well.)
(副词very修饰形容词interesting)
以上的名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词，可以在句中单独做一定的成分。
3．冠词、介词、连词称为虚词，在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前；介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语，才能作一定的成分（定语、状语和表语）。例如：
（介词短语of Class Two作定语，修饰the League members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修饰are having）
连词只起连接词、词组和句子的作用。
He is so young that he can’t go to school.
（that连接两句子）
（二）词类和句子成分的关系：
1．主语：是句子要说明的人和物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首。名词、代词常在句中作主语。此外，动名词、动词不定式、主语从句也可作主语。例如：
1)Mr. Chen is a greadt scientist. (名词作主语)
2)He reads newspapers every day. (代词作主)
3)Smoking is harmful to the health. (动名词作主语)
4)To swim in Kuming Lake is a great pleasure. (动词不定式作主语)
5)What we shall do next is not yet decided. (主语从句作主语)
2．谓语：说明主语的动作和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。例如：
1)The new term begins on September 1st .(行为动词作谓语)
2)She seems tired. (连系动词作谓语)
3)He has gone to Beijing. (行为动词作谓语)
3．宾语：及物动词涉及的人或物称为动词宾语。宾语一般放在及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语）后。介词后的名词或代词称为介词宾语。名词、代词在句中常作宾语。此外，动词不定式、动名词和从句也可作宾语。例如：
1)Wang Ling lent me a novel. (代词me作间接宾语；名词a novel作直接宾语)
2)The medicine is good for a cough. ( 名词a cough作介词宾语)
3)My little sister always likes to ask questions. (不定式to ask questions作动词likes 的宾语)
4)His brother is good at playing chess. (动词名词playing chess作介词宾语)
5)Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? (coming作动词宾语)
4．宾语补足语（复合宾语的第二部分）：在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征的成分称为宾补。名词、形容词、动词不定式和动名词可作宾补。（见前面简单句的五种基本句型五）
5．表语：在连系动词后用来说明主语的身份、状态或特征的成分是表语。可作表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、动名词以及表语从句。（参见简单句的五种基本句型三）
1)Wang Lin’s father is a doctor. (名词a doctor作表语，说明主语的身份是doctor)
2)He is from America. （介词短语from America作表语，说明主语的特征是“来自美国“）
3)The baby is asleep. (形容词asleep作表语，说明主语的状态是“睡着的”)
4)His work is teaching English. (动名词短语teaching English作表语，说明主语特征是“教英语”)
5)This is why he was late for school(表语从句why he was late for school作表语。)
6．定语：用来修饰名词或代词的成分是定语。单词作定语通常放在它所修饰的词前；但修饰复合不定代词（nothing, anything, everything, something , somebody , anybody, …..）时，则放在这些不定代词之后。短语和从句作定语时，也放在被修饰词之后。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句等都可作定语。
1)He is reading an interesting book. (形容词interesting作定语,修饰名词book)
2)I have something important to tell you. (形容词important以及不定式to tell you作定语，修饰不定代词something)
3)There are few women workers in the factory. (形容词few 以及名词women作定语修饰名词workers)
4)The oil workers here come from Daqing. (名词oil以及副词here作定语修饰名词workers)
5)We have got ten desks in the room. (数词ten修饰名词desks)
6)Yesterday the scientist made a report on modern science. （介词短语on modern science作定语修饰名词report.）
7)The girl playing the piano is my younger sister. (现在分词短语playing the piano作定语修饰名词girl)
8)This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. (定语从句which I bought yesterday作定语修饰名词dictionary)
7．状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的成分是状语。修饰形容词的状语通常放在它所修饰的词之前，修饰动词的状语通常放在动词后。但有些副词（如：often , always , usually等作状语放在事义动词之前，be /助/情之后）。副词、介词短语、名词词组、动词不定式、分词短语和状语从句都可以作状语。
1)He knows how to learn English well. (副词well作状语，修饰动词learn)
2)My parents often tell us about their hard life in the past. (副词often作状语，修饰动词tell)
3)Her mother usually goes out to do some shopping on Sundays. (副词usually以及介词短语on Sundays作状语，修饰动词goes)
4)He will leave for Shanghai the day after tomorrow. (名词词组the day after tomorrow作状语，修饰动词will leave)
5)He came here to see you. (动词不定式to see you作目的状语，
6)He sat there reading a novel (现在分词短语reading a novel作状语修饰动词sat)
7)If I have some free time, I will study German. (条件状语从句If I have some free time作状语)
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