历年高考满分作文经典语段精选

1.鲁迅先生说：“天才并不是自生自长在深林荒野的怪物，是由可以使天才生长的民众产生、长育出来的，所以没有这种民众，就没有天才。”如果有人自以为很有才气，单枪匹马可以闯天下，而不注意与社会、与他人的合作，势必会闹得“人仰马翻”。真正有头脑的人会懂得，要成功一件事，就必须考虑多方面因素，借鉴各种事例，与各种各样的人合作，与各种各样的环境合作，才能取得成功。

所以，最新教育理论——合作教育学由俄罗斯的教育专家提出来了。师生在教育领域建立起崭新的合作伙伴关系，进行研究性学习，在知识的海洋里和谐奋进。(《谈合作》)

2.你可以在梅雨潭边感受朱自清描述的绿色的陶醉，你也可以在西湖边聆听柳浪与黄莺的对答;你可以小桥流水人家，也可以古道西风瘦马;你可以手持常剑，独立朔漠，感受“风萧萧兮易水寒”的悲壮，你也可以手握画笔船头赏花写韵，领略一下“斜风细雨不须归”的闲适。从西域到东海，从朔北到江南，绮丽的风光给世界增添一抹耀眼的两色。

3.古往今来，“诚信”便是英雄们惺惺相惜，成就大业的根本，无论儒法，还是老庄。“诚信”，“诚”总是作为君子最重要的美德出现的，古书上处处写着君王以诚治国，诸侯以诚得士的故事。信陵君正因诚信，打动了诸葛孔明，三分天下，成就霸业。而梁山上，那些英雄好汉，一诺千金，为诚信两肋插刀的豪情，更被写进才子名著，感动着千百万读书人。 诚信是对别人的尊重，是对过去的肯定，更是对未来的承诺，背上“诚信”，我们便会感到一种责任感，那是对自己的要求。“诚信”是一只背囊，背上它，我们便势必要面对一种可能，一种被抛弃，被欺骗，乃至被诋毁、被利用的可能。可诚信绝对会还你一份轻松，一片坦荡，一身磊落。(《难舍诚信》)

4.有了它，才有了“君子一言，驷马难追”的承诺，才有了五关之前“赤兔胭脂兽”的

一骑绝尘，才有了“三分天下有其一”能坐上聚义厅的头把交椅，将替天行道的大旗扯得迎风飘扬。因为诚信，平遥小城诞生出来的“日升昌”，才将分号开遍大江南北，将半个中国的财富汇集一堂。同样是因为同广大人民群众的诚信之约，嘉兴南湖的微波，井冈山的星火终于汇成滔天巨浪，熊熊烈火，席卷了古老的神州大地，一个年青政党走过了八十载的漫漫征程。(《千年的呼唤》)

5.人类之所以能走出蛮荒，摆脱愚昧，踏进文明，就是因为人类有不尽的希望。梁启超曾说“夫有希望者，人类之所以异于禽兽，文明之所以异于野蛮，而亦豪杰之所以异于凡民者也。”希望带给人们无穷的信心、勇气和力量，激励着人们去克服艰难和困苦。希望使人类战胜了自然，战胜了自我，带来了人类的光明，点燃了生命的火光。古希腊统治者亚历山大在远征前，把所有的金银财宝、土地庄园等皆赠给大将元帅，一大臣见状十分不解问道、“陛下，您把全部财产分掉了，那?把什么留给你自己呢?”亚历山大答道、“我把希望留给自己，它将给我无穷的财富!”亚历山大之所以赫然昭示于古今，是希望带给他无穷的力量。西汉张骞出使西域，受阻于匈奴，九死一生，仍怀希望，终排除万难，凯旋归汉;史可法、谭嗣同、秋瑾、李大钊、江姐??太多太多的英雄抛头颅、洒热血，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已，又是希望幻化成的执著信念带给他们巨大的勇气和力量。是希望使人们在险境、绝境中勃然奋发，努力抗争;是希望使人类代代生生不息，永远在历史的大道上奋勇向前。(《论希望》)

6.我觉得语文是初升的朝阳，喷薄而出，霞光万道;语文是一颗草尖上久久不肯滴落的露珠，晶莹剔透，清澈灵动;语文是黄昏天边如血的夕阳，映照旅人，染红山川。

语文是古都洛阳国色天香的牡丹;语文是夜星下静谧的荷塘;语文是古道边长亭外无声的冷月;语文是那一双看清世界寻找光明的黑色眼睛。

语文就是青天里那一行白鹭;就是沉舟侧畔的千点白帆;就是秦皇岛一望无垠的大海中冲破万里玻璃皱的打鱼船。

语文是当阳桥张飞石破天惊的怒吼;语文是水浒好汉闯神州的风风火火;语文是林黛玉

泪珠下飞红万点愁如海的片片花瓣。(2000，河北考生《最后一课》)

7.身形憔悴的屈子行吟汨罗江畔，向我们蹒跚而来;衣袂飘飘的李白持酒仰天放歌，向我们狂奔而至。古老的历史与文化的流程中，我们的民族曾有太多的辉煌与记忆。假如记忆可以移植，我甘愿让我的父老乡亲们永远铭记中华民族的苦难与辉煌，记住我们神色庄重的祖先，如何从绿草如茵的古黄河流域，踏遍荆棘跋涉到今天的艰难历程，以及在今天依然值得我们引以自豪的远古文明的中华儿女??(1999，湖北考生《铭记民族的苦难与辉煌——假如记忆可能移植》)

8.假如记忆可以移植，那我要三毛流浪天涯的洒脱;要柏杨的嬉笑怒骂间仍在担忧吾国吾民的真情;要鲁迅先生的一身傲骨，“我以我血荐轩辕”的决心与勇气;还要张海迪的生命力，诸葛亮的智慧??(1999，陕西考生《假如记忆可以移植》)

9.“人是不能被打败的，你可以把他消灭，但你却不能打败他。”

每每看到这句名言，我的脑海里便浮现出这样一幅画面、汹涌澎湃的大海上，一只小渔船，一只由一位老渔民驾驶的渔船。老人正用他古铜色的身躯，铁一般的臂膀，挥动着船桨，与鲨鱼搏击。溅起的浪花，洒在老人的身上，射出落日的余辉。

这就是桑提亚斯——海明威笔下的响当当的铁骨。(《我要扼住命运的咽喉》)

10.第一次看到红棉，我便深深为之折服，为之感动。红棉，也称木棉，木科植物。谈到红棉，第一个印象便是“直”，笔直的树干高耸入云。没有一株红棉是弯着长的，也没有一株红棉矮矮的便生出许多枝条。一排排，一行行，像许多坚毅的战士昂首伫立着。了解红棉，第一个感受就是“韧”。红棉不怕旱也不怕涝，不怕冷也不怕热，即使遭受虫灾，也能尽快恢复。因此不管这一年它过得多么艰苦，来年一样能开出满树火红火红的红棉花，绚丽如霞。(1998，天津考生《此生愿为红棉》)

11.苏轼在千年以前就曾说过、“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。”

莎士比亚的研究者们也说过、“一千个人的眼里有一千个哈姆雷特。”也许有人看哈姆雷特是勇于思而怯于行的懦夫，有人看他是深思熟虑的勇士。鲁迅先生在评价《红缕梦》时，也曾经说道学家看见的是淫，文人才子们看到的是情。(江西考生《横看成岭侧成峰》)

12.同是交战赤壁，苏轼高歌“雄姿英发，羽扇纶巾，谈笑间樯橹灰飞烟灭”;杜牧却低吟“东风不与周郎便，铜雀春深锁二乔”。

同是“谁解其中味”的《红楼梦》，有人听到了封建制度的丧钟，有人看见了宝黛的深情，有人悟到了曹雪芹的良苦用心，也有人只津津乐道于故事本身??(2000，四川考生《回答》)

13.风是春使。“不知细叶谁裁出，二月春风似剪刀”。柔柳轻舞，摇动细细的柳叶，漾出春的绿意。是谁把春带到这里?作者随即指出、是那剪刀似的“二月春风”。

风是绵绵深情。柳永词中、“便纵有千种风情，更与何人说?”把一腔的相思、无奈与寂寞赋予一词，“千种风情”，使作者的愁思跃然而出。更有一首歌中的、“你是风儿我是沙，缠缠绵绵到天涯??”这句歌词不乏现代都市的摩登感，把深浓之情以一“风”字尽传无余。(2000，河南考生《文学与多彩风》)

14.王维，少有诗才，17岁就写出了《九月九日忆山东兄弟》这样脍炙人口的诗篇。早年尊崇宰相张九龄，然而张九龄受到李林甫排挤，他也不免有些失意。后遭贬官，就隐居山林，他的诗的伟大成熟从此开始。一首《竹里馆》，把你带入他的陋室，听着他的琴声，感受着他的淡泊宁静。“明月松间照，清泉石上流”使你迷入他的境界，流连忘返。“空山不见人，但闻人语响”引出了多少诗词佳话。“诗中有画，画中有诗”雕刻出他的“诗佛”的称号。(2000，河南考生《诗人的答案》)

15.如果没有空间和时间的限制，我会背上一个旅行包，与王维一起去“明月松间照，清泉石上流”的人间佳境，与他“行到水穷处，坐看云起时”;我会与李清照登上那叶诗的

扁舟，在黄昏后共饮一杯酒，分担她“帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦”的相思忧愁;我会与苏东坡一再游赤壁，看“惊涛拍岸，卷起千堆雪”的激狂壮观景色;我会与李白“举杯邀明月”，在花园里痛饮。(2000，河南考生《你想做什么》)

16.创造的人生也同样是最美的。只有波涛汹涌的浪花，才能显示出大海磅礴的气势;只有一望无际的森林，才能创造出大地的翠绿与娇美;只有敢于跋涉，登上峰顶，才能领略山川的壮丽风光，才能体会创造的欢欣快乐。钱三强的人生最美丽，因为他领导制造了中国第一颗原子弹;刘庆峰的人生最美丽，国为他身为中科大的研究人员，实现了人机对话，他还梦想创造中国的贝尔实验室;袁隆平的人生最美丽，因为他培植出了超级杂交水稻。他们的人生都是创造的人生，无疑是最美的。(2000，河南考生《丰富多彩的答案》)

17.有这样三面墙，它们如同一座座无字的耻辱碑，为我们映照出人类历史不光彩的一面——中国的长城，如同一道蜿蜒而倔强的屏幕，它用鲜血与泪水为我们投影了从秦始皇开始，中国封建王朝数千年的残酷镇压与血腥统治。封建王朝统治者的灵魂中无不镌刻着四个字：天下为私。

德国的柏林墙是历史的见证者，它告诉我们一个本来和睦的大家庭怎样由于人类自身的弱点而分崩离析，民族的分裂怎样如一把钢刀插入了这个民族的膏肓。

巴以边境上的哭墙早已被无数的泪水浸泡。每天清晨，你都能看到有人虔诚地跪在那里，用心灵向哭墙讲诉着自己的愤懑、惆怅与悲伤。(《不要忘记那一半》)

18.湛蓝的天空，像玻璃一般明净，如大海一般蔚蓝，水汪汪的，似乎要滴下水来，几朵祥和的白云飘浮在天空，一切都是那么明朗。初秋的风迎面吹来，像母亲湿润而又柔婉的手从脸上滑过，爽快温馨极了，真是天凉好个秋哇!(2000，河南考生《美是丰富多彩的》)

19.汉语是什么?汉语是君子好逑的《诗经》，是魂兮归来的《楚辞》，是执过羊鞭者的兵法，是受过宫刑者的《史记》，是为求一字捻断的数茎须，是“推敲”不定的月下门——受

正统文化熏陶的学究如是说。(2000，河南考生《答案是丰富多彩的》)

20.在神圣的文学殿堂里，我也可以感受到恬美空灵的自然之息——我可以站在梅雨潭边感受朱自清描写的绿色的陶醉，也可以站在西湖边聆听柳浪与黄莺的对答;我可以乘着刚朵拉去描绘东方威尼斯的图画，也可以静坐在荷花池边欣赏如舞女裙般洁白的荷花;我可以手执长矛独立朔漠，感受那“风萧萧兮易水寒”的悲壮，也可以在夕阳下看那“古道西风瘦马”——在文学里融入自然会感到别有一番风味。

在文学的殿堂里，我可以朝谒曹子建，拜访李太白;悲白娘子永镇雷峰塔，叹孟姜女寻夫哭长城，扬鞭策马驼铃古道，玉扇踯躅杏花南——人类那永恒的美、悲壮的爱，在历史长河中闪烁，在我的心灵中升华。

我还可以欣赏战国诸子蜂起、百家争鸣，秦时的明月汉时的雄关，西晋竹林七贤的隐逸，唐的繁华与宋的儒雅，元的四海归一以及明清的肃穆庄严。

21.心有明灯，便不会迷路，便可拒绝黑暗、胆怯，拥有一份明朗的心情，一份必胜的信念，一份坦荡的胸怀??

心有小窗，便有亮丽的阳光进来，小酌一些温暖的故事，便有自由清风邀约一些花香或者白云。

心有琴弦，纵然客去茶凉，仍有小曲缓缓响起，仍有满树桂花知音而化为酒香。

心有栅栏，然后青藤爬过，那些小秘密点缀其中，像叶片下小憩的蝴蝶，做梦一般，只能用花粉形容。

心有玉阶，满阶是香囊佩瑶，满阶是锦言妙计，还有玲珑小贝和神秘念珠。于是孤独不再降临，花瓶不再寂寞。

心有圣殿，供奉着高贵，尊严、善良、理想和追求??

这都是些美丽的神灵。由此，而不可侵犯;由此，而拥有世界和自己。(《心有明灯》)

22.蜡烛有心，于是它能垂泪，能给人间注入粼粼的光波;杨柳有心，于是它能低首沉思，能给困倦的大地带来清醒的嫩绿，百花有心，于是它们能在阳光里飘出青春深处的芳馨。(《蜡烛有心》)

23.成熟是一种明亮而不刺眼的光辉，一种圆润而不腻耳的音响，一种不需要对别人察颜观色的从容，一种终于停止了向周围申诉求告的大气，一种不理会哄闹的微笑，一种洗刷了偏激的淡漠，一种无须声张的厚实，一种并不陡峭的高度。(《成熟》

【英语】高考英语必备经典句型

1.as soon as…一??就??= directly / immediately / instantly…

= the second / the minute / the moment / the instant…

如：He came around to see me as soon as / the moment/ immediately he checked in the hotel.

他刚一入住宾馆就来看我.

They informed us the news immediately / directly they got it.

他们一得到消息就通知了我们.

The policeman came to the spot the moment / the instant / the minute she heard of

the accident.一听说事故,这位警察就到了现场.

2. …before…

(1) 没来得及??就??

The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.

他还没有来得及冲进房间把孩子就出来,房顶就塌了.

He ran off before I could stop him.

To my great disappointment , my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with him.

(2) 过了多久才怎么样, 动作进行到什么程度才怎样

They walked about thirty miles to the west before they saw a village.

They worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal. Three years passed before I knew it.

3. It was + 时间段+ before… 过了多久才??

It was not long before… 不久就…

It will ( not ) be + 时间段 + before …要过多久 ( 不久) ??才??

如：It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.

It was three years before he came back.

It will be half a year before you graduate from this school.

4. no sooner …than…= hardly…when…一??就??, 刚刚??就??

no sooner / hardly + 过去完成时, than / when + 一般过去时

如果no sooner, hardly 位于句首, 主句要倒装.

He had hardly sat down to have a rest when the door bell rang and in came Allan. No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.

Hardly had we arrived when she started crying to go home.

5. once 一旦??, 表示时间和条件

Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.

Once you have decided to do something, you should do it well.

Once you enter the chemistry lab, you should follow the teacher?s instructions.

6. since … 自从??以来

since 引导的从句不论是延续性或非延续性动词, 都表示的是动作或状态的完成或结束.

注意一下句子翻译:

Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. (= since he left Nanjing…) 自从他离开南京以来,我没有收到过他的信.

Since she was in Yangzhou, she has kept in touch with her former friends. ( since she left Yangzhou…)

她离开扬州以来,一直同过去的朋友保持着联系.

对比:

1). I have never seen him since he was ill.

他病好后,我就再也没有见到他.

2). I have never seen him since he fell ill.

他生病以后我就再也没有见过他.

It is / ( has been ) + 时间段 + since + 过去式

It is / has been two years since his father died.

= his father has been dead for two years. = his father died two years ago.

他的父亲去世两年了.

It has been 8 years since I graduated from university.

= I graduated from university 8 years ago.

It is 3 years since he smoked. 他三年不吸烟了.(即,从句动词延续性的,译成否定意义;从句动词非延续性的,译成肯定意义.)

It is 3 years since he left school.-----他毕业三年了.

7….until…直到??时候; not…until…直到??才??

You are to stay here until / till your mother comes back.

The meeting was put off until ten o?clock.

Not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV did we know much about global warning.

= We did not know much about global warning until we watched the Earth Day program.

= It was not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV that we knew much about

global warming.

Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing

computer games.

8. …when…引导并列分句, “当时,突然”, 强调另一动作的突然发生.

One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane

crashed. Chuck survived the crash and landed on a deserted island.

I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help. I was about to leave when it began to rain.

对比: A: I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor?s shop.

B: I was walking along the streets. Just at that moment I caught sight of a tailor?s

shop.

9. while = although尽管

While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don?t think that it can?t be solved. While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.

While I was angry with her, I didn?t lose my temper.

10. where 地点状语

You should put the book where it was.

Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

Where men are greedy, there is never peace.

Go where you should, keep on studying.

11. as 引导的行为方式状语从句

Please do exactly as your doctor says.

You must do the exercises just as I show you

As it is = as things are照现在的情形看

He promised to study hard, but as it is , he does no better than before.

Leave the house as it is. I?d like to buy it as it is.

12. as if ( as though ) 好像

He looked at me as if I were mad.

He was in great trouble, but he acted if / though nothing had happened.

Although they just met for the first time, they talked as if they had been friends for

many years.

There many black clouds in the sky. It looks as if it is going to rain.

13. though, although, as “虽然”, 引导让步状语从句

Although位于句首; though 位于句首或句中;as位于句中= though = that, 它的词

序是把句中强调的形容词,副词,动词或名词放在连词前，注意观察下列句式变化:

Although / Though I?m young, I already know what career I want to follow. = Young as / though / that I am, I already know what career I want to follow. Although I respect him very much, I can not agree with his idea.

= Much as / that / though I respect him, I can not agree with his idea.

Although / though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.

= Child as / though / that he is , he knows a lot of Chinese characters.

Although he tried, he couldn?t solve the problem.

= Try as he might, he couldn?t solve the problem.

Although it is raining, I am going out for a walk.

= Raining as it is, I am going out for a walk.

14. even if = even though 即使??也??; 即便??也??

Even if / though I have to sell my house, I?ll keep my business going.

She won?t attend such parties even though/ if she is invited.

You are not stupid. Even though/ if you were slow in study, you shouldn?t give up

studies.

The boy was badly injured and died at last. Even if he had been attended without delay, he couldn?t have been saved.

15. whether… or…不管??还是??

Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as they planned.

Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.

Any person, whether young or old, has his worth, independent of achievements, bank accounts or looks.

16. 疑问词+ ever

Whatever ,whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever均引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter 与what, who, which, when, where, how连用.

Whatever ( = No matter what ) may happen, we shall not lose hope.

Whoever / No matter who comes, he will be welcome.

Whenever / No matter when it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.

Wherever / No matter where he went, he made friends with people.

17. unless 除非, 如果不(= if…not)

I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.

------Shall Tom go and play football?

------Not unless he has finished his homework.

Unless the sun were to rise in the west, I wouldn?t break my word.

I won?t attend his birthday party unless invited (= unless I am invited)

18. as/so long as 只要

So /as long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.

So/ as long as you stick to your plans for your study, you are sure to make great progress.

-----What are you going to do this afternoon?

-----I will probably go for a walk later on so long as it stays fine.

19. supposing/ suppose (that)假定; 假如

Suppose/ supposing (that) I don?t have a day off, what shall we do?

Suppose x equals to y, then you can work out the result.

Providing/ provided (that) = on condition that 假如, 在…条件下

I?ll lend you the money on condition that you can return it in three months.

I?ll go providing/ provided that my expenses are paid.

20. given (that)… = take ….into consideration 鉴于, 考虑到

Given the government?s record on unemployment, their chances of winning the election look poor.

Given their interest in children/ given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her.

Granted that的确

Granted that it?s a splendid car, but have you seen what it costs?

21. in case that… 万一; 以防; in case of + n. 万一

In case (that) John comes/ should come, please tell him to wait.

(in case that 后谓语用一般现在时或should +动词原型)

Please remind me about it in case I forget / should forget.

Please take my umbrella in case (that) it rains/ should rain.

In case of fire, what should we do?

22. 祈使句(表条件)+ or else/ or / otherwise+ 主句(表结果) ??否则??,要不然??

Please call me up before you come, otherwise/ or else/ or we might be out. Hurry up, or you will be late.

祈使句(表条件)+ and + 主句(表结果)

Give him an inch and he will take a mile.

Be united and cooperate with each other and only in this way can we save our earth.

23. as(so)…as… 和??一样

Henry is as good a player as Peter (is).

He worked as fast as a skilled worker (did).

We will give you as much help as we can.

24. 形容词/副词比较级+than

注意: 形容词和副词的比较级前还可以加一个表示程度的修饰语,常用的修饰语是:

(1) a little, a bit, slightly稍微;一些

(2) much, a lot, greatly, a great deal, far, by far….得多

(3) still, even, rather 更

(4) any一般用于疑问句,表示 ?一些”; “稍微”

(5)倍数或数量词.

This text is a little (a bit) more difficult than the other.

He has made far greater progress this term than he did last term.

With the development of society, people in China are a good deal richer than before. He is two years older than = he is older than I by two years.

Asia is three times larger than Europe.

=Asia is three times as large as Europe.

=Asia is three times the size of Europe.

还应注意,当more 作为many, much 的比较级时,其修饰语分别是

(1).many, a few, + more + 可数名词复数

(2)much, a little , a bit, a great deal+ more + 不可数名词

(3).a lot, some, far, any +more+ 可数或不可数均可,more译作 “另外”

I?ve made a lot (many) more mistakes than you?ve

He has built up a large business and earned much more money than before.

25. by far 最??; 比??得多

注意:by far既可修饰比较级又可修饰最高级,注意by far在句中的位置. He worked harder by far than his elder brother.

He is by far the taller of the two basketball players.

He is by far the tallest of all the players on the team.

His explanation is by far clearer than the old one.

26. the +比较级…, the +比较级… 越??越??

The more you need, the better you understand.

The higher up you go, the colder it becomes.

A body weighs less the further it gets from the surface of the earth.

=The further it gets from the surface of the earth, the less the body weights. The sooner, the better.

27. no +比较级+ than 表示“ A和B 都不??”

not + 比较级+ than 表示“ A不如B ??”

This book is no more interesting than that one.

He works no harder than I .他和我都不用功.

He doesn?t work harder than I .他不如我用功

more than 不仅仅 no more than 只不过,仅仅 not more than = at most 不多于

There are no more than ten students in the classroom.

There are not more than ten students in the classroom.

He is no more than a child, so I don?t take him too seriously.

In our students? eyes, he is more than a teacher, he is more like our friend.

More + adj./ n. + than + adj. / n. 与其说??倒不如说??

He is more of a student than of a teacher.与其说他是个老师,倒不如说他是个学生. He is more diligent than clever.与其说他聪明,倒不如说他勤奋.

28. superior 较高的,上好的, 出众的,高傲的

Senior 年长的,资格较老的,地位较高的,高级的

Junior 年少的,下级的,和to搭配

This western restaurant is superior to the one we went to last week.

He is three years junior to me= He is junior to me three years.

She is senior to everyone else in the company.

29. so + adj. / adv. + that ; such ( a/an ) + adj .+ that “如此??以至于??”引导结果状语从句.

His English was so limited that he couldn?t understand what the native speakers said. He was so devoted to his students that he often fell ill from overworking.

It was such warm weather that we went swimming.

Table tennis is such a popular game that people all over the world play it.

还应注意:

(1)当名词前有many /much /few / little修饰时,

用so+ n.= that结构.即so many/ much/few/ little+n.+that…

There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters couldn?t get close to the building.

The Westerners eat so much fat and sugar that they put on weight easily.

The country has so little coal that it has to import large quantities of coal.

There are so few fish in the pool that we can?t fish them easily.

(2)such+ a/ an + adj. + n + that = so + adj.+ a/ an +n + that

He is such an honest person that you can depend on him when you?re in trouble.

He is so honest a person that you can depend on him when you?re in trouble.

(3)由so…that和such…that引导的结果状语从句的倒装结构.当so和其后的形容词或副词; such 连词后的名词放在句首时,主句使用倒装结构

Such great progress has he made in his studies that we all admire him.

(4)such…that 句型的特殊性:such后可以不出现adj.和n.,也可以倒装. His behavior was such that all his friends deserted him.

=Such was his behavior that all his friends deserted him.

The force of the explosion was such that all the windows were broken.

=Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.

30. in order that ; so that (为了??)引导目的状语从句

He got up early in order that / so that he could catch the first bus.

He closed all the windows while driving so that he shouldn?t catch cold.

(so that 否定句要用shouldn’t)

so that 引导结果状语从句

对比: (1)He set off early, so that he caught the first bus.

(2)He set off early so that he could catch the first bus.

31. so as to / in order to / to 为了，作目的状语

He went home to see his mother.

He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

John hurried so as not to be late for the party.

Modern equipment is fitted in our classroom for all the students to study well. The letter was read out for all in the court to hear.

注意: to do/ in order to do 可放在句首, so as to 不可

只有不定式to do/ in order to do/ so as to do可以作目的状语

only to do表示未曾料到的愉快或不愉快的结果:

She woke early only to find it was raining.

He got home only to learn that his father was ill.

He got to the station only to find the train had gone.

“Lifting a rock only to drop it on one?s feet” is a Chinese folk saying.

She hurried back only to find her old friend George waiting for him.

对比:

现在分词表示主句动作所造成的结果:

He was caught in the rain, thus catching cold.

Their car was caught in the traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

to do 作结果状语:( 表示不愉快或意外结果)

He must be deaf not to hear that.他聋得听不见.

She went abroad never to return.她出国了,结果再也没回来.

32. so+ adj./adv. + as to 如此??以至于??，作结果状语:

Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?

He was so foolish as to believe such a man.

Such…..as to如此??以至于??作结果状语:

Don?t be so upset, my illness is not such as to cause anxiety.

He is such a fool as to think that he is somebody and influence others.

他愚蠢地认为他是个了不起的大人物,可以影响其他人.

33. ….enough to….作结果状语, “ 足够??可以??”

He is old enough to go to school.

To our great surprise, child as he is, he is bold enough to rob passers-by.

We are old enough to make a great difference to the world.

The champion ran well enough to set up another world record indeed if she had tried harder.

她的确跑得相当快,不过要是她再努力一些,作为冠军就会再次创造一个世界记录.

34. too…to 作结果状语, “太??而不能”

In my opinion, the problem with most students lies in the fact that they are too shy to speak English in public.

We are never too old to learn.

He is too clever not to read our tricks.他非常聪明完全可以识破我们的诡计.

35. can’t / can never 和too , too much, enough, over搭配表示“无论怎样??都不过分”

While you are doing your homework, you can?t be careful enough.

He is such a great man that we can?t praise him too much.

The development of society has made it necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English, so we can?t overemphasize the importance of learning English.

Since it?s a good thing, we can?t do it too soon.

36. 不定式作主语,it 作形式主语

It + 系动词(be, seem….) + adj. / n. + (for sb) + to do sth.

It?s important for us to have a good knowledge of English.

It?s our duty to help others.

It?s a pleasure (for us) to go picnicking in such pleasant weather.

It?s normal for the professional workers these days to prefer to live in the countryside. It?s a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family.

It +系动词(be, seem….) + adj. / n. + (of sb) + to do sth.(adj.表示了人物的品质特征)

It is honest of him to return all the money to the loser.

How rude of him to treat a child like that! = It?s rude of him to treat a child like that.

37. 不定式作宾语,it 作形式宾语

主语 + think / believe / feel / make + it + adj. / n. + of / for sb + to do

I believe it quite possible for the enemy to take us by surprise tonight.

I think it good manners to say hello to your teachers whenever you meet them. I feel it greedy of him to take possession of his parents? house.

The development of science has made it quite convenient for us to get in touch with others.

The good atmosphere of study has made it possible for us to study well.

38. have + n.= do 让某人去干….(一次性动作)

have + n. + doing 让……持续(反复进行)

have + n.+ done 请人干……/ 使遭受到…../ 使某事完成

He had his students translating sentences all the time in class.

I?ll have the report typed by the secretary.

Yesterday on the bus he had his money stolen.

Don?t be worried, I?ll see to the matter and have everything prepared well in advance.

39. won’t / can’t have + n. + doing / done不能容忍某行为发生

It?s rude of you to speak to mother like that and I won?t have you speaking to Mother like that in future.

I can?t have you smoking like that.

We can?t have anything done against the school rules.

40. get + n.+ to do 让某人去干??(一次性行为)

get + n. + doing使??开始??/ 使??动起来

get + n.+ done请人干??/使某事做完

The teacher got the student to read the news to his classmates.

The boy is always keeping silent. Can you get him talking?

The workers are on strike. Can you get them working?

生物实验方法总结

1．显微观察法：如“观察细胞有丝分裂”“观察叶绿体和细胞质流动”“用显微镜观察多种多样的细胞”等。

2．观色法：如“生物组织中还原糖、脂肪和蛋白质的鉴定”“观察动物毛色和植物花色的遗传”“DNA和RNA的分布”等。

3．同位素标记法（元素示踪法）：如“噬菌体浸染细菌的实验”“恩格尔曼实验”等。

4．补充法：如用饲喂法研究甲状腺激素，用注射法研究动物胰岛素和生长激素，用移植法研究性激素等。

5．摘除法：如用“阉割法、摘除法研究性激素、甲状腺激素或生长激素的作用”“雌蕊受粉后除去正在发育着的种子”等。

6．杂交法：如植物的杂交、测交实验等。

7．化学分析法：如“番茄对Ca和Si的选择吸收”“叶绿体中色素的提取和分离”等。

8．理论分析法：如“大、小两种草履虫的竞争实验”“植物向性动物的研究”等。

9．模拟实验法：如“渗透作用的实验装置”“分离定律的模拟实验”等。

10．引流法：临时装片中液体的更换，用吸水纸在一侧吸引，于另一侧滴加换进的液体。

11．实验条件的控制方法

⑴增加水中O2：泵入空气或吹气或放入绿色植物；

⑵减少水中O2：容器密封或油膜覆盖或用凉开水；

⑶除去容器中CO2：NaOH溶液、Na2CO3溶液；

⑷除去叶中原有淀粉：置于黑暗环境（饥饿）；

⑸除去叶中叶绿素：酒精水浴加热（酒精脱色）；

⑹除去植物光合作用对呼吸作用的干扰：给植株遮光；

⑺单色光的获得：棱镜色散或透明薄膜滤光；

⑻血液抗疑：加入柠檬酸钠（去掉血液中的Ca2+）；

⑼线粒体提取：细胞匀浆离心；

⑽骨无机盐的除去：HCl溶液；

⑾消除叶片中脱落酸的影响：去除成熟的叶片；

⑿消除植株本身的生长素：去掉生长旺盛的器官或组织（芽、生长点）；

⒀补充植物激素的方法：涂抹、喷洒、用含植物激素的羊毛脂膏或琼脂作载体；

⒁补充动物激素的方法：口服（饲喂）、注射；

⒂阻断植物激素传递：插云母片法。

12．实验结果的显示方法——实验现象的观测指标

⑴光合作用：O2释放量或CO2吸收量或有机物生成量。例：水生植物可依气泡的产生量或产生速率；离体叶片若事先沉入水底可依单位时间内上浮的叶片数目；植物体上的叶片可依指示剂（如碘液）处理后叶片颜色深浅。

⑵呼吸作用：O2吸收量或CO2释放量或有机物消耗量

⑶原子或分子转移途径：同位素标记法或元素示踪法

⑷细胞液浓度大小或植物细胞活性：质壁分离与复原

⑸溶液浓度的大小：U型管+半透膜

⑹甲状腺激素作用：动物耗氧量、发育速度等

⑺生长激素作用：生长速度(体重、体长变化)

⑻胰岛素作用：动物活动状态（是否出现低血糖症状——昏迷）

⑼胰高血糖素作用：尿糖的检测（在尿液中加班氏试剂进行沸水浴，看是否出现砖红色沉淀） ⑽菌量的多少：菌落数、亚甲基蓝褪色程度

⑾生长素作用及浓度高低的显示：可通过去除胚芽鞘后补充生长素后的胚芽生长情况来判断（弯曲、高度）

⑿淀粉：碘液（变蓝色）

⒀还原性糖：斐林试剂/班氏试剂（沸水浴后生成砖红色沉淀）

⒁CO2：Ca(OH)2溶液（澄清石灰水变浑浊)

⒂乳酸：pH试纸

⒃O2：余烬复燃

⒄蛋白质：双缩脲试剂（紫色）

⒅脂肪：苏丹Ⅲ染液(橘黄色）；苏丹Ⅳ染液(红色）

⒆DNA：二苯胺（沸水浴，蓝色）、甲基绿（染色后，呈绿色）

⒇RNA：吡罗红（呈红色）、苔黑酚乙醇溶液