二、解决方法：

一）主体词排除错误选项法

首先抓住要总结的关键词也就是主体词，就是要问哪方向的内容，如上个例子，主体题丽丽一定会在正确答案中出现，不然问的是丽丽可以答案谈论的是别人，就变得完全不相关了，根据这个特点我们可以排除 4老余捐了100元 如OG上的一道总结题可以直接使用主体词排除错误选项的方法

The technology of modern cinema evolved at the end of the nineteenth century. ◆ 3

◆ 5

◆ 6

1、Kinetoscope parlors or viewing films were modeled on phonograph parlors

2、 Thomas Edison‘s design of the Kinetoscope inspired the development of large screen projection.

3、 Early cinema allowed individuals to use special machines to view films privately.

4、 Slides-and-lantern shows had been presented.

5、 The development of projection technology made it possible to project images on a large screen

6、 once films images could be projected， the cinema became a form of mass consumption

其中只有三个选项有本问题的关键词，本问题的关键词是 the technology of cinema.

二）细节信息排除法

总结题是对对文章的高度概括所以细节的出现犯了以偏概全的错误，如中文例子中的2、丽丽扶一个盲人过马路。这是一个具体的事实细节，我们要绕过例子看总结。所以在排除它。

如OG中的一道题目

This passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales， porpoises and dolphins

◆ 1

◆ 2

◆ 5

Answer choices

1、 Recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show he link between land mammals and cetaceans（这是本文的主题）

2、The discovery of Ambulocetusnatans provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.（总结性信息）

3、The skeleton of Basilosaurus are found in what had been the Tehys Sea， an area rich in fossil evidence. （绝对的事实细节）-排除

4 、Pakicetus is the oldest fossil whale yet to be found（（绝对的事实细节）-排除

5、Fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found……（主题）

6、Ambulocetus‘hind legs were used for propulsion in the water. （（绝对的事

实细节）-排除

三）新信息出现排除

如6、丽丽经常打架，原文没有出现，所以正确答案中一定没有。

首先大家得知道这题主要考察的是文章的MAIN IDEA和文字的SUB IDEA，对文章的TOPIC没有一点解题关系。

解题步骤：

1.区分TOPIC/MI（黑体句）

TOPIC：概念/研究对象。（可从文章的题目看出）

MI：作者对TOPIC的看法/结论/发现/关系/描述/意图。（仅对TOPIC做解释的选项通常是错的）

2.回原文定位MI.

MI：前三段的段首或者段末出现。

具有以下特点：a,转折句。（HOWEVER,BUT等） b，设问句。（自问自答） c，首段末句—》结论，科学发现。 d，因果句。 e,明显分类描述/明显数量概述/复数名词。

3.各段的首句/各段的开始部分—sub idea。

4.筛选答案。（技巧）

1）.MI/SI的统一改写。（概括性语言）

2）.对MI的支持。 支持：重现MI的完整关系，概念对应展开！

3）分清主谓宾！重点！！！

把给出的黑体字句子的主谓宾列出来~简单的列为xx(主语）+xx（谓语）+xx（宾语）。

则可以把所有的MI句子写成一个数学的函数表示公式：

MI: F(x)=A(x[主语])+B(x[谓语])+C(x[宾语])

则那么所有的SI为MI公式的一个根：

SI:F(1)=A(1[主语的分支])+B(1[谓语动词不变或者为同义词])+C(1[宾语不变])。

则那么下面给出的6个选项只要按照SI的公式对应比较就能知道是否为正确答案，无需知道文章说了什么，只要分析选项的主谓宾是否是对MI的一个分支的扩展，并且造成的结果一样就能选出正确的答案了。

例子！

OG第一篇阅读：THE ORIGINS OF CETACEANS的13-14题。

这道题的MI黑体字句子是：this passage discusses fossils that help to explain the likely origins of cetaceans-whales,porpises,and dolphins. 分析主谓宾可以知道：fossil（主语）+help to explain（谓语）+origins of cetaceans（宾）

然后看答案。

1.recent discoveries of fossils have helped to show the link between land mamals and cetaceans.

很容易的划出主干： fossils（主语的分支） +helped to show（谓语动词理解一样） +the link（宾语一致）

所以1正确。

2.the discovery of Axxxx provided evidence for a whale that lived both on land and at sea.

划出主干：Axxx（化石，又是MI主语的分支）+ provided evidence （谓语动词理解一样）+宾语

所以2也正确。

5.fossils thought to be transitional forms between walking mammals and swimming whales were found。

主干：fossils（MI主语的分支）+were found（因为找到所以提供的证据，帮助理解，和MI谓语动词理解一样）

所以5也正确。

第一讲 题型一（SUMMARY）

第一节 什么是主旨和如何掌握主旨

一、主旨的定义（What）

任何阅读都有四个层次：词、句、段、章。而新托福阅读SUMMARY题作为文章最后一种题型，考察的是对文章主要段落的主旨概括能力，而非全篇文章主旨。这一特点非常重要，因为考察段落主旨就意味着无需站在全篇文章的高度来理解和做题，这样大大减小了难度。直白一点说，就是只需要关注文章局部段落，而不需要在意全局。这不同于老托福阅读里面每篇文章都有一道“What is the passage mainly about”这样的全文主旨题。这种变化可能是因为出题人意识到新托福阅读的文章大大加长，而且时间更加紧张，为了减小难度，不得以而为之的。但是这对我们来说却是一种幸福。

明白了考察“段落”主旨之后，我们就可以像小学语文一样，进行概括段落大意的训练了。接下来我们必须清楚一个问题：什么是主旨？我对主旨下了这样的定义：

主旨=主题+方向+关系词（无词阅读法的“三要素”）

例1：《新概念第四册》第二课的第一段：

Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world. They would devour all our crops, and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect-eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or

our belongings.

这段话首句的主题很明显讲的是“spiders”，方向是“friends”（正向），合在一起就是主旨“蜘蛛是朋友”。从第二句话开始出现的关系词Because、and和Moreover都是在维持着首句的方向，所以即使关系词后面的具体内容由于存在生词（devour, flocks, herds等等）而看不太懂，也不会影响我们对段落主旨的把握。

如果用直白的语言来解释“主题+方向+关系词”这三个要素，那就是：“主题”等于这段话讲的是个什么事物（spiders）；方向是该事物是好是坏（friends）；关系词（Because、and和Moreover）就是维持或者改变方向的一些标志。一旦我们善于把握这“三要素”，那么阅读速度将变得立刻提高，因为除了这“三要素”之外的细节如果包含着个别生词，我们也可以忽略不计了，从而实现了“无词阅读”的境界。

二、如何掌握主旨（How）

阅读英语段落的时候，应该是“匀速阅读”还是“变速阅读”呢？当然是“变速阅读”！这样我们才能做到阅读时的详略得当。但是，“变速阅读”是“先快后慢”还是“先慢后快”呢？这就要从英语的思维方式说起。

英语倾向于先说重要的还是先说次要的？我们来看看英语与汉语的思维方式差异。

图A：汉语族人：先说次要的 图B：英语族人：先说重要的

汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的，喜欢画龙点睛，我们称之为“Save the best for the last”。而英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的，喜欢直入主题，我们称之为“Say what you want to say, then say why”。 这样一比较，大家应该马上明白了阅读英语段落的要领：变速阅读，先慢后快，精读首句，浏览全段。据统计，70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句。所以，以后阅读英语段落，应该先精读首句（把握首句的“主题”和“方向”），再浏览全段（把握全段的“关系词”），才能实现快速阅读。而很多同学以前阅读的时候，要么就是倾向于到段落结尾找主题句（这主要是受了汉语思维方式的影响），要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段话内部的每个单词和每个句子，而忽略了主次关系，没有详略得当地阅读。

例2：

All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the

productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s

productivity. The country subsequently embarked upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.

精读首句：主题是“environmental impacts”，方向是“damaging”（负向），主旨是“环境影响是破坏性的”。浏览全段：举例关系词For example本身就说明是在维持着首句的方向，而且四个并列的分句也证明了这一点。那么，即便是后面的具体内容不看了，只要没有出现大的转折关系，这段话的主旨就肯定是首句的“环境影响是破坏性的”。

例3：

Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work；it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting，and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.

精读首句：主题是“drama”和“literature”，方向是“a branch”，主旨是“戏剧与文学的相同点”，而且因果关系词because和类比关系词like都是维持方向的。浏览全段：转折关系词However说明方向发生了改变，说明主旨是“戏剧与文学是不同的”。对比关系词Unlike也证明了比较的是不同点。所以，第二句话是该段的主题句。

当然，“主题+方向+关系词”这三个要素在一个段落里面并非一定同时存在。例如，有些说明性段落里面可能只有主题，没有方向。还有很多段落是没有关系词的。但是，总体上来说，这三个要素是我们理解一个段落主旨所必需的最基本条件，需要我们尽量把握。

第二节 掌握主旨的的第一种方法

常用法——分析段落结构找主题句

小学语文老师让我们概括主旨之前，都要分析一下段落结构。如果是“总分”结构，那么首句就是段落主题句（Topic Sentence）。反之，如果是“分总”结构，则末句是主题句。 我们在学英语的时候，一直缺少这种正确的学习方法，所以我们已经习惯于把每一个单词和每一句话都翻译出来，但是却很少有意识的把握段落主题句。

常见的段落结构有如下六大类：（1）总分；（2）总分总（由总分演变而成）；（3）分总；

（4）分总分（由分总演变而成）；（5）对比；（6）并列。其中，前四种段落结构都存在主题句和支持句之分。而后两种结构中可能不存在主题句，其段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分，只不过对比结构段落的两部分之间方向相反，而并列结构段落的各部分之间方向相同。

之所以叫“常用法”是因为大多数段落的结构都符合上述六种结构中的某一种，所以可以供我们概括出大多数段落的主旨。但是，在这六种结构中，最常见的是总分（总分总）结构段落，因为美国人还是喜欢把最重要的东西放在前面来说。其次是分总（分总分）结构。至于对比和并列结构的段落，由于很罕见，所以在这里就暂时忽略了。

一、 总分结构

总分结构的主题句一般为首句（如果首句结束后，第二句话存在转折关系，那么主题句就是第二句）。最常见的总分段落的标志就是第二句话前面出现“for example/instance”等举

例关系词。如果总分结构段落最后再加一个总结句，就是总分总结构。这种段落结构约占70%。

THE ART OF THEATER

SECTION A

The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus，sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature，the medium is written language. For theater, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.

SECTION B

Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work；it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting，and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.

SECTION C

The basic encounter in theater is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people，characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theater from other art forms.

SECTION D

Theater has several other distinctive characteristics. First，the subject matter of theater is always human beings. Second, theater is universal--there is an impulse toward creating theater in all societies. Third, theater is transitory in nature——a play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theater is set apart by its basic elements：audience，performers, director, dramatist，purpose，viewpoint，and setting.

SECTION E

Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals，objcects，or abstract ideas. In the medieval play Everyman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman，a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in difierent plays.

SECTION F

In view of the human-centered quality of theater, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theater is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed：in Europe，Asia，Africa，Australia，and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists，we find rituals，ceremonies，and celebrations that include elements of theater. At various times，these ceremonies and stories

developed into a separate realm of theater. In Greece，a fully developed theater emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India，theater became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theater has become a separate art form，it has had certain essential qualities：a story—tne

play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience.

SECTION G

One special quality of a theater performance is its immediacy. In the theater we live in the perpetual present tense. Theater is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment，and each moment is a direct，immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theater is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object；it exists as a finished product. The performing arts，on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theater

occurs through time；it is an experience created by a series of sights，sounds，and impressions.

这篇文章的正确答案为B/D/F。B选项对应C段，D选项的all human societies对应F段首句的universal，F选项对应G段的immediacy。A选项与文章的方向是矛盾的，因为文章强调的是theater与literature的区别。C选项是无关的。而E选项仅仅是F段的细节。

当我们把各段的主题句用下划线标出时，就可以发现大多数段落的主题句都是首句。有两个例外，B段的首句之后有转折关系词however造成第二句是主题句。另外C段末句是主题句，因为末句的this combinations of elements概括了前面的a human story, performers, and an audience。

(细节+ 不是主旨+ 完全就说错了)

二、 分总结构

分总结构就是末句是主题句。这种段落结构约占20%左右。如果分总结构的总结句之后再加上一点分述，就变成了“传说”中的分总分结构了（不过这种结构很罕见）。例如上一篇文章的C段就是典型的分总结构段落。

THE ATLANTIC COD FISHERY

SECTION A

Off the northeastern shore of North America，from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to New England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called the Grand Banks，huge shoals on the edge of the North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of the Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up minerals from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny

shrimp—like creatures called krill，which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.

SECTION B

Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports of northwestern Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next eight centuries，the entire Newfoundland economy was based on Europeans arriving, catching fish for a few months in the summer, and then taking fish back to European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden“flakes”was a common sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region used to think the

only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod. Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was cod.

SECTION C

By the nineteenth century the Newfoundland fishery was largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600 villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided fishing equipment，clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants.

SECTION D

Until the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However, Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the l930s，when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then, when an international agreement in 1977 established the 200-mile offshore fishing limit，the Canadian government decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By the l980s，the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant increase in the number of fishers and fish-processing plant workers.

SECTION E

However, while the offshore fishery was prospering，the inshore fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992 the Canadian government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing. Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in 1994，when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed, except for one in Nova Scotia，and strict quotas were placed on other species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put

out of work..

SECTION F

Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery, even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing. Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals，which prey on cod and other species，but scientists believe that decades of overfishing are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod disappeared from

Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated. Still，no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the Grand Banks.

正确答案为A/C/E。A选项的once plentiful in the rich environment 对应A段的this rich environment once had a greater density。C选项的overfishing和fish stocks fell对应D段cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were unemployed。E选项的low levels和few signs of recovery对应F段的historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery。B选项是A段的细节。D和F选项是无关选项。

从文中下划线部分的主题句可以看出，A段和B段都是末句是主题句的段落。A段末句的this rich environment概括了前面的内容。B段末句说“整个纽芬兰的一道菜就是由鳕鱼组成的一个布丁”总结了前面“纽芬兰的经济依赖于捕鱼”的内容。而F段的第二句话与末句形成了一个首尾呼应的总分总结构。

总结：

常用法——分析段落结构找主题句——的最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。

第三节 掌握主旨的第二种方法

简易法——重复出现是主旨

上一节讲到，常用法——分析段落结构找主题句——的最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。

如果一段话在不断重复某一概念，就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开，这个概念就是这段话的主旨。其实我们不妨从作者写作的角度来理解：假如我们是作者，那么在某一段话内部要把一件事物具体阐述，就必须不断重复这个事物（例如：现在这个段落里，您会读到好几次“重复”这个词，这说明本段主旨就是“重复”）。这就为我们快速把握主旨提供了极大的方便。因此，这种方法称为“简易法”。

在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型。第一种是“原词”重复，但是这也是作者极力避免的，所以才会出现后面两种：“同类词”重复和“指代”重复。

当然，简易法固然快捷，但是并非所有段落都有重复出现的内容，所以这种方法有局限性，最好能与常用法互为补充。

一、原词重复

原词重复就是在一个段落里面一模一样地不断重复某个词语。这是最简单的一种段落，必须保证拿分。

Lascaux Cave Paintings

SECTION A

In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feed（almost 5 meters）. Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about，sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls，wild horses，reindeer，bison，and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds，yellow，and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied：some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were brown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones，some stained with pigment，have been found nearby.

SECTION B

One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings -- for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa -- are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. ■Cave paintings in France and Spain，however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. ■This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. ■It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. ■Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances，there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.

SECTION C

Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and

significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others，obliterating them，it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately，this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.

SECTION D

Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of

psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the

overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.

SECTION E

A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery：the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory：the strange，indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals，and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state，a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits. Particularly shamans who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture，which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal， would seem to lend credence to this third opinion，but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans，camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.

SECTION F

Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists，and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.

这篇文章的正确答案为A/C/E。A选项对应C段的migrations。C选项对应E段首句的mystery和mythical significance。E选项对应D段的hunt。B选项说“人不如动物画得细致”属于无关选项。D选项说“画在洞口”与B段主旨矛盾。F选项是A段的细节。 从各段主题句的位置可以看出，仍然是总分结构占大多数。但是，B段重复出现了location，C段重复出现了migrations，D段重复出现了hunt，所以这些内容就是各个段落的主旨。尽管这篇文章非常难懂，但是如果善于使用简易法，那么不但题目很容易做，而且通篇文章也都容易理解。

二、同类词重复和指代重复

同类词包括同义词和近义词两种。例如：“job/profession/career”属于同义词，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/classical music/painting”属于近义词，可以概括为“art”。也就是说，在某一段落中，虽然没有原词重复，但是如果通过一系列属于同一类意群的词使我们的脑海中产生了一个共同的概念，那么这一概念就是该段落的主旨。例如，上一篇文章中的A段，同类词重复了“animals, beasts, bulls，wild horses，reindeer，bison，and mammoths”等等。虽然后面很多表示动物名称的单词不认识，不过通过并列关系能够知道wild horses是动物，其余肯定都是动物。这说明这段话的主旨就是“壁画的对象主要是各种动物”。

指代重复指的是一段话首句结束之后，为了避免用原词重复某一概念，不得不使用诸如“it/he/she/they/one/this/that”等代词。这样的段落很多，就不具体说明了。

这两类重复的方法在文章中常见，但是在SUMMARY题型当中应用起来不如原词重复那么顺手。所以，请大家平时阅读的时候留心。

总结：

简易法——重复出现是主题——属于一种“锦上添花”的办法。如果和常用法搭配使用，效果最佳。换句话说，就是既能看出段落结构和主题句，又能识别出重复的词。所以，常用法对于阅读能力有很高的要求，而简易法则是一种能够通过反复训练养成的习惯。当然，毕竟多数段落是没有重复出现的概念的，所以简易法存在明显的局限性。

最后，还有三种句型是明显的主题句句型，可以迅速帮助我们找到主旨所在。

第四节 掌握主旨的第三种方法

三种主题句句型

以下三种句型都属于典型的主题句（Topic Sentence，简称为TS）句型。如果看到段落中出现这些句型，绝大多数都是主旨所在。

一、 转折句型

众所周知，转折关系具有两层含义：一是前后方向相反，二是转折后面的内容重要。例如，老托福听力里面的经典句型“I’d like to, but I’m really running out of steam”，意思是“我想去，但是我已经跑得上气不接下气了”。这句话只要一听到“but”，就知道“不想跑了”。

表示转折关系的词有以下这些：

1、 but/however/yet（表示“但是，然而”）

例句1：Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. 译文1：戏剧有时候被看作是文学的一个分支，因为戏剧就像文学一样经常被印在书上。但是，在两种（艺术）形式上面还是有很大差别的。

例句2：Wright’s most famous house, Falling Water, was built right over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. The house blends harmoniously with its surroundings, yet it departs from the Prairie philosophy of being a completely integrated extension of the natural landscape.

译文2：Wright所造的最著名的房子（Falling Water）被恰好建在了宾夕法尼亚州的一座瀑布上。这所房子与其环境和谐地融为一体，但是它并不像“林间空地风格”那样作为自然风光的完美延伸而存在。

2、 although/though/even though/even if/while/despite（表示“虽然，尽管，即使”） 例句3：Although management was pleased with the toughness that Truman had shown and many citizens were pleased that disruption of the economy had been avoided, concern was expressed about the constitutionality of having Congress take such a step.

译文3：虽然管理方对于杜鲁门总统所表现的强硬姿态感到满意，而且很多民众也乐于看到经济崩溃的避免，但是人们还是非常在意让国会采取这种措施的合宪性。

例句4：Though some were pleased that Truman had kept the economy going，there was concern about how he had done it.

译文4：虽然某些人对杜鲁门总统稳定经济的做法感到满意，但是人们还是在意他这样做所采取的手段。

例句5：Even though the strike was resolved, deep issues had been rised over what role the government should play in disputes between management and labor.

译文6：即使罢工问题得到解决，但是关于政府在处理管理方和劳工之间的冲突中究竟该扮演什么样的角色成了更深层次的问题。

例句6：While 45 out of every 100 tonnes of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from waste paper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations.

译文6：在澳洲，虽然在100顿被用于造纸的木材纤维中，有45顿来自于废纸，但是其余的木材纤维是直接来源于森林和人造林（砍伐树木）得来的原始纤维。

例句七：However, despite the importance of the recruitment decision and the range of sophisticated and more objective selection techniques available, including the use of psychometric tests, assessment centres etc., many organisations are still prepared to make this decision on the basis of a single 30 to 45 minute unstructured interview.

译文7：然而，尽管招聘决策非常重要，并且还存在着大量先进和更加客观的决策辅助技术（包括心理测试、评估中心等等），但是很多机构仍然通过30到45分钟的毫无条理的面试来决定其人员选择。

从以上例句中可以看出，转折句型分为三种情况。

1、段落首句出现“but/however/yet”，那么首句就是主题句。因为这时候“but/however/yet”否定了上一段话的观点，直接提出了该段的主旨。不过这种情况不常见。

2、段落首句结束之后，第二句话出现“but/however/yet”，那么第二句话就是主题句。这是因为第二句话否定了第一句话，从而提出了真正的主旨。例如：

Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays，like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel，a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work；it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting，and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.

该段的主旨就是在讲“戏剧与文学的不同”。

3、段落首句出现了表示“虽然，尽管，即使”的“although/though/even though/even if/while/despite”，那么首句的后半句才是真正的主题句，因为前半句都是“虽然、尽管”这样让步的话，而后半句才是真正的转折。例如：

Even though the strike was resolved, deep issues had been rised over what role the government should play in disputes between management and labor. Truman’s proposal to use the federal government to break a strike by drafting strikers into the armed forces brought this issue to the fore. Although management was pleased with the toughness that Truman had shown and many citizens were pleased that disruption of the economy had been avoided, concern was expressed about the constitutionality of

having Congress take such a step. The Labor Management Relations Act (also known as the Taft-Hartley Act), which was enacted in the year following the strike, was an attempt to clarity some of the interrelationships among government, management, and labor.

该段的主旨就是“关于政府在处理管理方和劳工之间的冲突中究竟该扮演什么样的角色成了更深层次的问题”。

二、 定义句型

定义句型的标志是“This ? is ?”，“These ? are ?”或者“X ? is ?”。也就是说，这样的句型所起的作用是对某种事物的高度概括总结，因此就是主旨所在。例如： The basic encounter in theater is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people，characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theater from other art forms.

这是一个“分总结构”段落，末句就是定义句型，“this combination”对前面的内容（performers, audience and story）作了总结。主旨就是“这些因素的结合将戏剧从其他艺术形式中分离出来”。

再例如：

Off the northeastern shore of North America，from the island of Newfoundland in Canada south to New England in the United States, there is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off Newfoundland are together called the Grand Banks，huge shoals on the edge of the North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf Stream meet the cold waters of the Labrador Current. As the currents brush each other, they stir up minerals from the ocean floor, providing nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp—like creatures called krill，which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on Earth.

该段也是个“分总结构”段落，末句的“this rich environment”概括了前面的内容（minerals, nutrients等）。主旨就是“这一丰富的自然环境带来了数以百万计的鳕鱼，并且其密集度曾经远甚于世界其他任何地方”。

三、结论句型

当段落末句出现“thus, hence, therefore, so, consequently”等表示“因此、所以”的关系词时，表示作者要得出结论，因此就是主旨所在。例如：

Prehistoric peoples most certainly took note of the recurring patterns of movements in the sky of such celestial bodies as the Sun，the Moon，the planets，and the stars, and they most certainly noted that events in their world，such as seasonal fluctuations in weather, which in turn had an effect on the lives of the plants and animals in their world，were often correlated with the movements of the celestial bodies. Because it was important for prehistoric people to have knowledge，for example，of when it was the best time to plant crops or when game herds would be migrating，early farmers and hunters took a great interest in the movements of celestial bodies. An understanding of the relationship between the movements of

celestial bodies and recurring patterns of events on Earth was of paramount importance in many cultures；thus，many cultures in widely separated areas of the world developed methods for monitoring astronomical events.

该段末句出现了“thus”，就是结论句型。前面讲述了人们记录了“the recurring patterns of movements in the sky”（天体运动的重复出现方式）和“events in their world，such as seasonal fluctuations in weather”（地面上的事件，例如季节性的气候波动）。末句说“在很多文明当中，对于天体的运动与地面事件重复出现方式之间的关系的理解是至关重要的。因此，全世界广泛分布的很多独立文明都研究出了观测天象的各种方法”。这就是主旨。

结语

掌握主旨是件非常深奥的事情，因为主旨本身就是深奥的。在这一系列解题方法里面，本人只能尽我所能总结出一些规律性的东西。至于大量的缺少规律但又客观存在的段落主旨的把握，只能寄希望于我们平时扎实的训练。在这些方法中，“常用法——分析段落结构找主题句”是值得我们认真练习的，因为这是我们从小学开始一直到高中语文都在训练的汉语阅读方法，同样适用于英语阅读。其实英语阅读文章更容易把握段落结构，因为英语族人写作更加讲究逻辑性，而且大多数情况下都把主题句放到段落开头。

希望我的这套“无词阅读法”的粗浅看法能够为广大考友战胜托福起到微薄之力。接下来我将为大家分析一下“插句子题”的一些解题技巧。最后预祝广大考友顺利通过托福，早日踏上星条旗的国度。