2012届高考英语语法专题复习动词时态语态考点汇总 一般现在时用法

经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语： every?, sometimes, at?, on Sunday

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

He cycles to work every day.

客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.

表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 Columbus proved that the earth is round.

现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。

I don't want so much.

Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.

一般现在时表将来：

1．下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表

示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2. 倒装句，表示动作正在进行，

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.

3. 在时间或条件状语从句中。

When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

4. 在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。

I hope they have a nice time next week.

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.

一般过去时的用法

在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?

I saw Tom in the street yesterday.

I bought this TV set in Beijing last year.

表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

He always went to work by bus.

He used to act like that.

用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。

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动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend，情态动词 could, would等用过去式表示委婉。

Did you want anything else? I wanted to ask you about that. Did you want to speak to me now? I wondered if you could help me.

Could you lend me your bike?

4）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。

If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing.

If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.

注意比较下列句型：

It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该??了”：

It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。

It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。

would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”：

I'd rather you came tomorrow.

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。

Christine was an invalid（久病者） all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)

Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)

一般将来时

shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。

Which paragraph shall I read first？

Will you be at home at seven this evening?

be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a. 主语的意图，即将做某事或打算做某事。

What are you going to do tomorrow?

b. 计划，安排要发生的事。

The play is going to be produced next month.

c. 有迹象要发生的事

Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm.

be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.

be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事

He is about to leave for Beijing.

注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 be going to / will的用法之比较：

用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。

If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

be to和be going to 的用法之比较：

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be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。而be going to 则表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)

现在进行时

表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。

We are waiting for you.

习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

The leaves are turning red.

It's getting warmer and warmer.

与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always changing your mind.

不用进行时的动词

事实状态的动词。have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue

I have two brothers.

This house belongs to my sister.

心理状态的动词。know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help.

He loves her very much.

瞬间动词。accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.

I accept your advice.

系动词。seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn

You seem a little tired.

过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。

常用的时间状语有：

this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.

It was raining when they left the station.

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

现在完成时

现在完成时的构成：助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词。has 用于第三人称单数，have 用于其他所有人称。

现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just，already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用。

I have never heard of that before.

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Have you ever ridden a horse?

She has already finished the work.

Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.

I’ve just lost my science book.

现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状语连用。 for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。

I haven’t seen her these days.

She has learnt English for 3 years.

They have lived here since 1990.

What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?

注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。

现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.

have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别：

have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人很可能不在那里，已经回来。侧重指经历。have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话时此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在这里。

He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。 （人已回来，可能在这儿）

He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。 （人已走，不在这儿）。

一般过去时与现在完成时的比较

过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语有：yesterday, last week，?ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语。

共同的时间状语有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately等。

现在完成时的时间状语有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不确定的时间状语。

分析比较下列各例句：

I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

She has returned from Paris. （她已从巴黎回来了。）

She returned yesterday. （她是昨天回来了。）

He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。)

注意：句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

过去完成时的用法

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过去完成时表示过去的过去。其结构是：had + 过去分词

过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用by, before, until, when等词引导的时间状语。

By the end of last year we had built five new houses.

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

过去完成时的动词还可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。

Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.

在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本??，未能??”。

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

He said that he had learned some English before.

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 用一般过去时代替完成时的情况：

1. 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

2. 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。

When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3. 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

过去将来时

过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。它是一个相对的时态，即立足于过去某时，从过去的某一时间看即将发生的事情就要用这一时态。

He said his mother would buy a bike for him

My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more.

Would it be all right if he knew his illness?

基本形式：would／should＋动词原形（其中 would 用于各种人称，should 常用于第一人称）。

They were sure they would win the final victory．他们坚信会赢得最后胜利。 He didn't expect that we should（would）all be there．他没想到我们都在那里。 上述两个例句中的宾语从句谓语 would win 和 should（would）be 分别与其主句谓语 were sure 和 didn't expect 相对应。

过去将来时的一些其它表达形式：

was／were＋going to＋动词原形

He said he was going to try． 他说他准备试试。

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was／were＋to＋动词原形

They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day． 他们说这条铁路将在五一节通车。 was／were about＋动词原形 We were about to go out when it began to rain． 我们正要出去天（突然）下起雨来。 过去进行时（一般多为动作概念较强的动词，如 go，come， leave，start， open，begin 等）也可用于表示将来。

I didn't know when they were coming again． 我不知道他们什么时候再来。 在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。

He said he would come to see you when he had time． 他说他有时间就来看望你。 将来进行时

将来进行时概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She'll be coming soon.

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.

将来进行时的用法：

1. 表示在将来某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。

This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Guangzhou.

明天这个时候我将在飞往广州的途中。

What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning?

明天上午八点钟你将做什么?

I hope you won't be feeling too tired.

我希望你不要太累。 We'll be watching television all evening. 我们整个晚上都将看电视。 2. 表示将来被客观情况所决定的动作或者按照安排将要发生的动作。

We'll be having tea after dinner as usual. 像通常一样，我们晚饭后将要喝茶。 The leaves will be falling soon. 树叶很快就会脱落。

We shall be having a meeting tomorrow morning. 我们明天要开一个会。

I’ll be taking my holidays soon. 我不久即将度假。

注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

3. 将来进行时常用的时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。

By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.

将来完成时

将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。

By the end of this week, I shall have finished the book.

到本周末，我将读完这本书。

By this time tomorrow they will have repaired the machine.

明天这时候，他们将修好这台机器。

The children will have gone to sleep by the time we get home.

到我们回家时，孩子们将已睡了。

When you come tonight at eight o'clock，I shall have written my paper.

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你今晚八点钟来时，我将会写完文章了。

By next year our teacher will have taught English for twenty years.

到明年我们的老师将已教二十年英语了。

注意：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作或状态。使用这种时态时，多会涉及两个动作或状态，一个在前，一个在后；叙述前面的动作或状态，动词要用将来完成时；叙述后面的动作或状态，动词要用一般现在时。

We will have completed the work before you come.

He says that he will have graduated from a university before you return home. 现在完成进行时的用法

1. 表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在。现在这个动作可能已经终止，也可能仍然在进行着。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.

我等了你两个小时。(动作不再延续下去)

It has been raining for three hours.

雨已经下了三个小时了。(动作可能延续)

“How long have you been learning English?” “I have been learning English for two years.”

你英语学多久了? ??我学了两年了。(动作可能延续)

“Why are you so dirty?” “I've been playing football.”

你身上怎么这样脏???我刚才踢足球了。(动作不再延续下去)

2. 有些不能用现在进行时态的动词，如be，have like，love，know，see，hear等，同样也不能用现在完成进行时，而只能用现在完成时。

She has been ill for a long time. 她已经病了好久了。

I have not seen you for ages. 我好久没有见到你了。

区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时

现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。 现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。

We have been cleaning the classroom．我们打扫教室来着。 其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰。

We have cleaned the classroom．我们把教室打扫过了。 其结果是：现在教室很清洁，可以用了。

Be careful! John has been painting the door．

约翰刚刚把门油漆过，现在油漆还未干，所以你要小心。

John has painted the door．只表示John已经刷过门了，无此含义，

现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。

They have been widening the road．意思是他们在加宽马路，但尚未完工。 They have widened the road．意思则是已完工了。

现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。

Have you been meeting her lately？（有“经常相会”之意。）

Have you met her lately？（只是问“见过”没有。）

Who's been eating my apples？ （有强烈的感情色彩，表示愤怒不满。有“苹果未被

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全部吃光”的意思。）

Who's eaten my apples？ （是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。）

动词的语态

被动语态的构成：

be + 动词的过去分词。其中助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化，被动语态可用于各种时态中：

一般现在时的被动语态：主语+ am/is/are +过去分词

一般过去时的被动语态：主语+was/were +过去分词

一般将来时的被动语态：主语+ will/shall + be +过去分词

过去将来时的被动语态：主语+would +be +过去分词

现在完成时的被动语态：主语+ have/has +been +过去分词

过去完成时的被动语态：主语+had +been +过去分词

现在进行时的被动语态：主语 + am/is/are +being +过去分词

过去进行时的被动语态：主语+ was/were +being +过去分词

将来完成时的被动语态：主语 + will/shall +have +been +过去分词

被动语态的使用场合：

1. 当我们不知道动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者

Goodbyes were said. 彼此告别了（没必要指出谁对谁告别）。

2. 当更有必要强调动作的承受者时

Theories must be combined with practice.

理论必须联系实际（强调理论联系实际，不强调谁联系）。

3. 由于某种理由（如为了礼貌、婉转或便于组合句法关系）而需要使用被动语态 You are expected to finish it in time. 希望你及时把它完成。

被动语态和系表结构的区别：

被动语态表示的是动作，句子中的主语是动作的对象，句中可以用介词 “by”所引导的短语。而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，一般没有介词“by”所引导的短语。 The book was written by a young writer. 这本书是一位青年作者写的（被动语态）。 The book is well written. 这本书写得很好（系表结构）。

表达被动意义的主动结构：

1. 可和well, easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。

The new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。

Your composition reads well. 你的作文读起来很好。

The pen writes well. 这钢笔好写。

2. 连系动词taste, smell, sound, prove, feel, look, become, grow, turn, remain, stay, keep等。

The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来甜甜的。

The theory proved to be correct. 这个理论证明是正确的。

3. 某些动词、短语和句型中：last, happen, take place, break out, belong to, need/want/require doing sth., be worth doing, be to blame等。

Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 我的家乡已发生了巨大的变化 It is known that Taiwan belongs to China. 众所周知，台湾属于中国。 The accident happened yesterday. 事故发生在昨天。 The meeting lasted four hours. 会议持续了四个小时。

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I am to blame. 应当责备我。

The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

The computer requires/ wants/ needs repairing. 电脑需要修理了。

易错点点拨：

1. 延续动词与瞬间动词用于完成时的区别：延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)

I've known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2. 用于till / until 从句的差异：延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做??直到??” ；瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到??，才??”。

He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock. 他一直睡到10点。

3. 被动结构表示主动含义： get married 结婚；be addicted to sth.沉溺于；be seated 坐着；be lost in thought沉思着；be devoted to sth.投身于，专注于；be interested in sth.对某事物感兴趣；be surprised 感到吃惊。

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