专业四级考试说明文、议论文写作

英语说明文的语言特点

与英语记叙文和英语描述文相比,英语说明文的语言特征并不那么明显。但尽管如此,也还是有一些语言现象在英语说明文中经常出现。

由于说明文往往是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与解释,而这种客观的介绍与解释一般是不随时间和空间变化而改变的,比如:说明早锻炼的好处,介绍猫的胡子的功能,解释臭氧层对人类生活的影响等等,是不受时间和空间影响的。因此,尽管有时为了特殊表达的要求,会在个别地方采用其他时态,英语说明文的基本时态还是一般现在时。下面这篇由香港学生写的作文充分反映了说明文的这一特点。

The Way to Achieve Success

Many successful people say that they owe much of their success to the cultivation (培养) of certain good habits in early life. In forming good habits, I think we should pay attention to four things, that is, honesty, industry (勤勉), enthusiasm (热情), and thrift (节俭)。

“Honesty is the best policy”。 This is a proverb to which we must pay attention. There are so many temptations (诱惑) in society that through a little carelessness we may go astray (走入歧途)。 But when we are honest, people will not be dishonest to us.

Industry gives every man and woman, every boy and girl, proper work to do. To do nothing is to ruin oneself. Enthusiasm is a great force. One's soul will expand if one devotes (贡献) oneself to a noble cause. The difficulties in our way are tremendous (巨大的), but what can we not accomplish (取得), if with enthusiasm?

There are many proverbs which set forth (陈述) the advantages (好处) of thrift. Since we live in a world where money is a very powerful thing, we should always try to save part of our earnings for future use.

These are the four things to which we must pay attention. It is only in this way that we can achieve success.

由于在很多情况下,说明文是对客观存在的说明与介绍,因此语言的表述也应该尽可能地给人以客观可信的感觉,比如:

(1)I think that getting up late is not always a bad thing.

(2)It is said that getting up late is not always a bad thing.

相比之下,例(2)的语言要比例(1)的语言客观一些,容易让人接受一些。如果再作一些表述上的改动:

(3)Getting up late is not always a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.

引进著名人士作为信息的来源,可以使想要说明的内容更具有说服力。如果我们将例(3)中的always再改为necessarily,就可使整个句子更客观、委婉,便于为读者接受:

(4)Getting up late is not necessarily a bad thing, according to Franklin Smith, a well-known psychologist in Stanford University.

在英语中,采用被动语态,引进权威的信息来源以及选用委婉的词语是使说明文避免主观色彩,增加客观性,从而为读者接受的重要语言手段。

How I Read

As a senior student who is fond of English, I often read newspapers and magazines with articles in English or about English studies. And these readings are really helpful as if they were my good friends. But my view was very different about one year ago, when I just began my studies in high school.

I believed that grammar and vocabulary were the most important things at that time. I seldom did listening exercises until the teacher asked us to. And also, I read very few articles in English except those printed on the text books and test papers. But one day, something happened, and it changed my mind. I still remembered that was the day when we were learning a passage about English programmes. Our teacher asked us: “Have you ever watched any English programmes?” While the classmates around me were talking with the teacher, I was sitting there without a word, because I had never heard of such things as Look Ahead, First Step Abroad, World Wide Watch and so on. Our teacher seemed to have realized something and then said that using text books was not and shouldn't be the only way of learning English. Then she told us some of her former students' experience of English studies, including reading newspapers and magazines in English, and introduced a newspaper to us, which was Shanghai Students' Post (SSP)。

After that, I came to realize that I was [had been] (1) wrong. Not only my own way of learning English but also my opinion of it was not right. In order to pass the examinations, I used to pay much attention to remembering the grammar rules and the usages (惯用法) of the words without understanding them. And now, I have to get used to the 1

living English, which is not a subject like maths, physics or chemistry but a useful tool that helps us get much more information. That's quite different from what I used to be taught. I've come to understand that listening, speaking, reading and writing must be the most important things.

Now, I get SSP from the post office regularly every week, enjoying myself reading English. I can always find the most interesting things for myself. While reading the (2) news, I'm imagining being a political leader who wants to know what's on all over the world. While I'm reading the (3) stories, it seems as if I were one of the characters (角色) . Looking at the pictures of the outside world followed by instructions [together with captions ] (4), I wonder if I could be there. As a result, my progress in English becomes greater and greater with the help of SSP, the best friend of mine.

As a sincere reader and also a close friend of SSP, I want to say: “Life is sweet because of the friends we have made and the things which we share. ” 重庆市八中高2000级4班 张锐

评语

作者从自己亲身体会谈了英语学习中广泛阅读的重要性,以及自己是如何阅读的。修改:(1)根据上下文这里用过去完成时为好。(2)、(3)这里的定冠词是多余的。(4)图片说明用caption表达。

英语议论文的写作方法

与其他文体相比,英治议论文的结构一般较为固定,有下列几个部分组成:

1.提出需要议论的议题;

2.摆出正反两方面的观点;

3.表明作者持何种态度;

4.论证自己观点的正确性从而使读者接受自己的观点;

5.小结。

在具体写作中要注意下列几点:

1.议题的提出要开门见山,不要拖泥带水,啰啰唆唆

2.正反两方面的观点一般都要摆出,有时也有只强调一种观点的,那么这就等于将上述第二点和第三点合在一起了

3.作者的观点必须鲜明,不能模棱两可

4.论证自己的观点是议论文的最关键的部分。论证手段与英语说明文中的一些写作手法相同,常用的有罗列法、举例法、因果法、比较法等等。

5.对于较长的英语议论文还可以在文章结尾时对全文要点作一小结。

下面这篇学生作文是较为典型的一篇英语议论文:

Should Examination Be Abolished (取消)?

The examination system has come to be the main theme (主题)of modern education. One should take an examination andsucceed in passing it before he could be admitted, promoted or graduated. As it plays so important a role in the realm of education (教育的领域) it is under much criticism (评论) as to its validity (有效性) . People who are in favour of it try to develop this system more; those who are against it believe that such a system should be abolished. Should examination be abolished? In my opinion it should be.

Many people think that an examination is the only means to test knowledge, but, in fact, that is not true. A few questions given in an examination could by no means cover the whole field of the subject. Thus those who are able to answer them may be the poorest of the students and yet happen to know just a few points about that subject.

I'd like to say that, because of the existence of the examination system, students pay so much attention to gaining high marks, that they often forget the chief purpose of education. The so-called clever students devote (贡献) themselves to the study of textbooks only. They, of course, know nothing but the skeleton (梗概) of knowledge. The end and aim of education, however, is to enable students to learn how to live. To do this, students must get themselves to do all kinds of training, physicalas well as mental. The present examination system has discouraged students from making such an attempt.

Moreover, since the students try so hard to put their lessons into memory in as short a time as possible, psychologically (心理上来看), they soon forget the whole subject as soon as the examination is over. Surely this is one of the greatest wastes ever made in the history of civilization.

2

Lastly, in order to get high marks, there is a great temptation (诱惑) for students to cheat (作弊) in an examination. Indeed, such a practice becomes the means to the end. They cheat their teachers, their parents and also themselves. Such a tendency would impair (损害) our moral standards (道德标准) .

Therefore, I am of the opinion, in conclusion, that the examination system should be abolished.

英语议论文的语言特点

由于与其他文体相比,英语议论文类似英语说明文,因此,它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点,比如:时态较为统一,多用现在时;强调语言表达的客观性;尽可能指明信息来源等等。但作为一种独立的文体,英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式:

与英语说明文相比,英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点,而且还要让读者接受自己的观点,因此,在词语表达上除了客观之外,还必须注意委婉。在英语中,常用虚拟语气,让步状语从句和情态动词can, could,may, might, would, should等。请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字:

(1) No one should be admitted into(招收进) college without a personal interview(面试)。What can admissions people(招生人员)tell from a piece of paper?They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face, can they decide what kind of a person he is.

(2) Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper, such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in, there may be many other things that an application (申请表) can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks, the way he thinks about and answers questions,the way he reacts(反应), are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.

两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”,但相比之下,例(2)用了情态动词,though引导的让步状语从句等表达方式,语气较为委婉,更容易为读者所接受。

2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构

英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性,因此,往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词,常用的包括:since (既然),now that(既然), therefore(因而), consequently(因此), accordingly(因此), hence(因而), in that case(在那种情况下),because(因为),so(所以)。另外,还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中,比如: It follows that…(因而……),If…, we may conclude that…(如果……,我们可以这样下结论……), Should it be the case(如果是这样的话……), Idon't want to…, but…(我并不想……,但是……), If you admit…,then…(如果你承认……,那么……), It is true that…, but…(诚然……,但是……), Even if…(即使……)等。

下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构,从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰,富有说服力:

Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes,it's true that smoking does not violate (违反) the law and therefore they can do as they like,but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone,but here are some statistics(统计数字) I've just got from newspaper: Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-five percent deformed(畸形的)babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers (一支接一支抽烟者) are not afraid for themselves, shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any?

英语作文如何得高分

一般说来,每次考试后,阅卷老师要在很短的时间内评阅完大量的试卷,工作量非常大。尽管作文评分有具体的标准,但它仍然是主观性较大的部分,而且写作部分没有“半分”的评分标准,有时我们阅卷之时的一念之差,就可能令你失去宝贵的一分。因此,这里我觉得介绍一些这些阅卷老师阅卷时的心理,对考生是极为有用的。

1.整洁的卷面和漂亮的书写

漂亮的书写令人赏心悦目,可使阅卷老师从疲惫不堪中解脱出来,给阅卷老师留下良好的第一印象。就我而言,每次批改作业,如遇龙飞凤舞、字迹较为潦草者,均“押后处理”。说老实话,当改至后期,我便两眼发直,精神极度疲惫,于是也龙飞凤舞,草草给个分数,算是交差了。

2.字数要达到最低要求

因为作文对字数要求高,每篇小作文的字数在100-150字左右,大作文的字数必须达到160~200字左右,所以考生切记要在规定的范围内完成自己的工作。但是,有些考生在写作过程中总存在这样的想法:写的越长,阅卷老师的分数肯定会打得更高,其实未必。有时候,甚至会适得其反。试想,考生的文章是写长了,但是考生同时又将自己的弱点暴露得“一览无余”,那样,考生怎么可能得到高分呢?所以,考生应注意在写作中长度一定要适当。

3

3.结构完整,脉络清晰

考试时作文阅卷时间紧,且采用global scoring(整体评分)方法,因此阅卷老师不可能慢悠悠地欣赏你的大作。作文阅卷老师都是经验非常丰富的大学英语教师,他们要在数分钟内浏览完考生作文,给出评分意见。如何吸引阅卷老师的注意呢?我认为,一个完整框架是必不可少的,首先应让阅卷老师觉得你的文章是结构完整合理、符合要求的。换言之,即具备英语文章的基本要素:引言段、扩展段和结尾段。引言段中要包含thesis statement(中心句),扩展段的每段均应有topic sentence(主题句),结尾段应该是一个自然收尾的段落。中文讲究意合,而英语注意形合,要求句与句、段与段之间运用恰当的过渡词,把上下文有机地连接起来。因此,应适当运用关键词组、套句,以吸引阅卷老师的“眼球”。

有些写作的大作文要求用160~200词写出一篇高质量的议论文,其形式有图示、漫画、情景等专门类型。近几年来则集中体现为灵活多变、隐含寓意的图示/漫画作文和具有学术分析特点的图表作文。这要求考生要精确设臵构架,内容、例子紧扣主题,并且严谨地遣词造句。

高分密招

很多学习者翻开作文书籍,就如同想打开一本武功秘籍,只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要,但在应试准备中,常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒 大家的是,不可高估技巧的作用,犹如在武打片中,要想得到某某宝典和剑法,是需要 付出惨痛的代价的。

在10分钟之内动不了笔。对 于这种在考场中思维短路的现象,有两种对策。

对策一:逆向思维法。考生在拿到一个作文话题、但不知该如何动笔时,可以去联想有关该 话题的具体事件,从具体事件中提炼出观点,再将观点反弹回去,即topic具体事 件观点。例如看到The Advantage and Disadvantage of TV这个文章题目时,如果 不知如何下笔,可以去联想一些具体的电视节目。一提到电视节目,就会自然而然地想到《 新闻联播》。《新闻联播》有哪些好处呢当然是开拓视野,了解世界。同时,还会联想到 一些暴力片和色情片,它们对儿童的身心健康发展不利。

对策二:正说反说法。考生在写作中感到观点空洞茫然,不易理论清楚,甚至不知从何谈起 时,可以从正、反两个方面对议题进行“摆事实,讲道理”,即“如果这样,就会怎么样; 如果不这样,又会怎么样”。

2.在写作中,遇到不会表达的词语该怎么办

对于母语是中文的学习者,其中文词汇量往往大于英文词汇量,在英文写作中遇到不能表 达的词语是最正常不过的事情了。但有的考生在遇到不会拼写的单词时,往往绞尽脑汁,冥 思苦想,结果造成思维短路,得不偿失。其实,对于这种情况,也有两种对策。

对策一:用其近义词代替。如在写Student Use of Computer这篇作文时,很多同学以“在 最近10年里,学生使用电脑的小时数一直在增加”这句话来开头。“10年”可以用decade表 示,“增加”可以用ascend表示。但是不知道这两个词或对于它们的拼写没有把握时,可用 其近义词表示,如“10年”直接用ten years就可以,“增加”还可用increase, go up, ri se, grow, jump, climb等。在这个时候,考生必须遵守“宁为瓦全,不可玉碎”的原则。 这就要求在平时注意多收集一些同义词。如在每一篇作文中都会用到的一个单词“认为”, 英文中有很多单词来表达此义,如think, agree, claim, maintain, argue, believe, h old, suggest, view…as, regard…as, consider…(as)。又如另一个单词“目前,最近” ,可用nowadays, these years, recently, lately, currently, at present。此外, 同义词的收集与运用有助于考生在写作中用词多样化。

对策二:当考生在写作中,既找不到该词 的近义词,又不能用解释性的语言进行阐述时,考生可以考虑用其上义词或下义词来代替。上义词是对事物的概括性、抽象性说明;下义词是事物的具体表现形式。如Owing a Car这 篇文章谈到拥有汽车的弊端,其中有一点是汽车会排放出一氧化碳(carbon oxide)和二氧化 碳(carbon dioxide),对空气造成污染。当然,如果不知道如何拼写,更不知该如何去 释义一氧化碳和二氧化碳时,可以用它们的上义词poisonous gases来表示,因为不 论是一氧化碳还是二氧化碳都是有毒气体。又如Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus(大学生该如何走出校园了解世界),提纲的第二点要求是大学生了解社会的途径( 大众媒体、社会服务等)。“大众媒体”为mass media,“社会服务”为social service。 如果考生不会表达,但是在提纲里又明确规定不能不写时,可以用其下义词来代替。大众媒 体的具体表现形式是TV,radio, newspaper, internet;社会服务的具体表现形式则为par ttime job, tutoring等。因而,考生在写作中遇到不会表达的单词时,应该沉着冷静,考虑用其近义词、上义词或下义词来代替。

英语写作万能模板

开头万能公式

4

有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”,很好办:编!

原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?

经典句型:

A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言) A famous saying goes, “ .”

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)

更多经典句型:

As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

There is no denying the fact that …

2. 开头万能公式二:数字统计

原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。

原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:

According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.

看起来这个数字文邹邹的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:

Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。 Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?:根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型:

A recent statistics shows that …

结尾万能公式

说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:

Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!

更多过渡短语:

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型:

Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽!

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.

这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢? 更多句型:

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.

写作的“七项基本原则”

一、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢,老让读者读长句,累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子,相反,却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末,也可以揭示主题:

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见,长短句结合,抑扬顿挫,岂不爽哉?牢记!

5

强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短,且先长后短;在文章主体部分,要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式,定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则

国有其君,家有其主,文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学,故意把主体隐藏在文章之内,结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句,放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾,让读者一目了然,必会平安无事!

特别提示:隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚,条理自然。破解方法很简单,只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐,原因:俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐,原因:俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐,原因:俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐,原因:俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议:不仅仅在写作中注意,平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则

写作时,尤其是在考试时,如果使用短语,有两个好处:其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点,如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,看不到一个自己不认识的短语,必然会看你低一等。相反,如果发现亮点—精彩的短语,那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路,只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如:

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.

I want it.

可以用短语表达:I am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加,表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则

原因很简单,写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西,不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词,少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词,应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如:

走出房间,general的词是:walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说:slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说:sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说:dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说:stagger out of the room

所以多用实词,少用虚词,文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子,像个老外似的,可就是怕写错,怎么办,最保险的写长句的方法就是这些,可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说:

I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的,我们可以用一个超级句式:

Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用:

6

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候,我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点,然后转入正题,再说缺点,这种方式虽然阴险了点,可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢,我们说话的时候,只要在要点之前先来点废话,注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语:

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩,然后我主动搭讪,然后我们去咖啡厅,然后我们认识了,然后我们成为了朋友…可见,讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序,先什么,后什么,所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语:

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻,或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大,身体小,或者有些人脑袋小,身体大,虽然我们不希望长成这个样子,可如果真的是这样了,也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子,就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句的变形。

举例:This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分:

When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆,总会遇到这样的情况,当你再讲某个人的时候,她会插一句说,我昨天见过他;或者说,就是某某某,如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面,那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单,同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中,但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此,如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话,那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句,一个个得对偶句,一个个的不定式,一个个地词,一个个的短语,如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限,必然是比较难的,但是并非不可攀!

原理:在学生的文章中,很少发现诸如独立主格的句子,其实也很简单,只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会,它就是分词的一种特殊形式,分词要求主语一致,而独立主格则不然。比如:

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

如果您可一些出这样的句子,不得高分才怪!

文章主体段落三大杀手锏

一、举实例

7

思维短路,举实例!提出一个观点,举实例!提出一个方案,举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式,任何情况下,只要我们无法继续文章,不管三七二十一,尽管举例子!

In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible stimulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.

更多句型:

To take … as an example, One example is…, Another example is…, for example

二、做比较

方法:写完一个要点,比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点,再比较与之相反的;

世界上没有同样的指纹,没有相同的树叶,文章亦同,只有通过比较,你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语:

相似的比较:

in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

相反的比较:

on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …, …

三、换言之

没话说了,可以换一句话再说,让你的文章在多一些字,或者文邹邹地说,是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!

I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.

I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you.

或者上面我们举过的例子:

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达:I cannot put up with it.

因此可以这样说:I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it.

更多短语:

in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply

8

相关推荐