高中作文写作：议论文(专题二）

基本类型:
　　记叙文---- 写事记叙文、 写人的记叙文
　　议论文---- 对比观点议论文、说明利弊议论文
　　说明文---- 事理类说明文、事物类说明文
　　应用文---- 书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、欢迎词、欢送词、告别词、广告

议论文（一）定义：
　议论文又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过
　　摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。

三要素

论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句（topic sentence）来确定论点。文章结尾往往提出自己的看法、意见或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论点正确，是立论；反之，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。

议论文的注意事项

1. 论点要鲜明，不可含糊其辞；论据要充分，要能充分证明观点的命题性，论据过程要条理清晰。

2. 文章安排逻辑性要强，推理要严密。

3. 重在说理，以理服人。

4. 主要使用现在时态。

5. 中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文，是一种限定性的写作，其论点、论据和论证都比较明确，有的文章提出问题，如：……为什么？/……怎么办？/……该采取什么措施？考生可以结合题目要求阐述相关的观点，切忌随意发挥。

★议论文模板

一、正反观点式议论文模板

导入：第1段：

Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should…（导入话题）

Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）

正文：

第2段：Most of the students are in favor of it.（正方观点）

Here are the reasons. First… Second…Finally…（列出2~3个赞成的理由）

第3段：

However, the others are strongly against it.（反方观点）

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place… What’s more…  In addition…（列出2~3个反对的理由）

结论：第4段：

Personally speaking ,the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more good than harm, so I support it （个人观点）

二、“A”或者“B”类议论文模板：

导入：第1段

Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：第2段

There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that… Another reason is that… (赞同A的原因)

第3段：

All these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that A is superior to B in many ways.…(得出结论)

三、观点论述类议论文模板：

导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题

As a student, I am strongly in favor of the decision. (亮明自已的观点是赞成还是反对)

The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）

正文：第2段：

First of all… Secondly…Besides…（列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由）

结论：第3段：

In conclusion, I believe that… (照应第1段，构成“总—分—总”结构)

四、连贯地连接信息

（1）常用的过渡词（组）

1. 表示并列 what’s more, in addition, too ,as well ,besides, furthermore, moreover ,what’s worse.

2. 表示因果 therefore, for this reason, thus, consequently.

3. 表示转折 but, however, on the contrary, instead, on one hand… on the other hand

4. 表示时间顺序 later, afterwards, from then on ,eventually, in the meantime, then, at the same time, after a while, at present, after that, finally

5. 表示列举 first, to begin with, secondly, first of all, then, next, finally

6. 举例说明 such as, for example, for instance, take… for example

7. 表示让步 nevertheless, still

8. 表示对比 on the contrary, in contrast, similarly

9. 陈述事实 in fact, actually ,as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

10. 表示总结 in a word, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, in brief, in summary, in general, all in all

11. 表示意义重复 that’s to say, in other words, to put it in another way, to put it differently

12. 表示强调 above all, more importantly, indeed, without any doubt

(2)常用的过渡句式有：

1. I do agree with…               2. In some way, I agree with…,but…

3. This point sounds right, but…     4. However, I think…

5. I definitely believe…            6. In my opinion/view, …

7. Personally, I feel that…/ Personally, I agree with…

8. As far as I’m concerned,…

9. I can’t agree more with the father. Such cases are often seen in our life

10. Attitudes towards…are various.      11. for one thing. …..for another

12. last but not the least….

(3)表达观点

（4）引用    俗话说/常言道

There goes the old saying…        As the saying goes…      There is a saying…

As a proverb says…    As we all know…

（5）常用句子

1. Different people (students) have different ideas.

2. Different people look at …in different ways.

3. 60% of the students hold the view that…   

  On the other hand, 40% believe that …

4. Opinions on the question are divided as follows:  70% of the students think that…..

  On the other hand, 30% don’t like the idea of….

5. I’d love to give my opinion about…..

6. There are many advantages in… First….Second,… Third… 

However , there are some disadvantages as well……. Besides,

议论文通常由立论、论证和结论三部分组成，120词左右的议论文无需大量旁征博引，但要观点明确，逻辑严密，语言简练，以理服人。

同学们在写议论文时不妨采用下面的方法来试一试。
一、 结构上采用三或四段式，显得简明晰。
首段先写主题，然后第二部分写正方或支持方及反方或反对方的观点，尾段写自己的看法或意见，段落一定要清晰。
二、套话先行。
套话先行可以起到先声夺人的效果。这既能迅速博得阅卷老师的好感，又能避免过早出现无谓的错误。
1、首段通常为

1） Many nations/college students have been faced with the problem of ……
　　2） Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
　　3） Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
　　4） Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ……
　　5） Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……
　　6） Never in our history has the idea that …… been so popular.
　　7） Faced with ……, quite a few people argue that ……
　　8） According to a recent survey, ……
　  9） With the rapid development of economy/society……,

10）Recently we held(have hold)a discussion whether….
11)  When it comes to…, (当说到…)

2.、第二段首句通常可以这样写：

As is known to all…play(s)an important part/role in our daily life/modern society. However, different people have different opinions(背熟此句，想错都难)．．．

Some people/The majority of the students think it (is) a good idea/important/useful/convenient for somebody（根据题意改人称）to do….

Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true…

列举观点

或Obviously ….. has both advantages and disadvantages．…../However，just as every coin has two sides，…has it’s disadvantages．

如果是两个论据，可以采用下列模式：
on one hand+1…+on the other hand 2.
或…is one thing..is another…

如果是三个以上的论据，则可以简单采用以下模式：
Firstly,/to begin with…+Secondly/furthermore,…Finally/last but not the least,…
注意：表明各方观点时常用一般现在时态。

3.结论 陈述自己观点

There is probably some truth in both arguments／statements，but…

As far as I’m concerned/Personally/As for me/in my opinion/Personally speaking(尽量避免使用I think).

总结全文时常用到in one/a word，generally speaking，to conclude。

若提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型：

1） From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ……
2） It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ……

3）. We should take measures to …

4）. We’d better take effective measures to prevent …  

5）. The government decided to take strong measures against …   

6）. Urgent measures should be taken to prevent….

7） It is necessary that steps should be taken to ……
8） In conclusion, it is imperative that ……
9） There is no easy method, but ……might be of some help.
10） To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ……
11） In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems        

will crop up.
12） With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
13） We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ……
14） Taking all these into account, we ……
15） Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear……

问题解决型作文模板

第一段：Nowadays，we have to face a problem that…(问题)

/Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem…(问题)

/It is important for us to…(问题).

For instance_____________________(例一)

First，_________________________(原因一).

Moreover，_____________________(例二)

Second，_______________________(原因二)

   第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem．

/Confronted with…(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation．

Firstly，________________________(解决方法一)

Secondly，______________________(解决方法二)

   第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_______________(我的方法)

/To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of…(问题)

One of them is ________________________(我的方法)

The other way is_______________________(方法二)

By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y…(结果)

           2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/It’s clear that…/It’s no doubt that….

现象解释型作文模板

对比论述型作文模板

  

对立观点式
　　A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？
　　B．有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？
　　C．我的看法。
Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.

They point out the fact that _______________________支持X 的第一个原因。

They also argue that _____________________________支持X 的另一个原因。
However, other people stand on a different ground.

They consider it harmful to do X.

They firmly point out that ________________________反对X 的第一个理由。

An example can give the details of this argument: ________________一个例子。

There is some truth in both arguments.

But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.

In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

批驳观点式
　　A．一个错误观点。
　　B． 我不同意。
　　Many people argue that ____________________错误观点。

By saying that, they mean _________________对这个观点的进一步解释。

An example they have presented is that _______一个例子。

（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them ________赞成

这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。

　　There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief.

But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that _______与错误观

点相反的观点。

There are a number of reasons behind my belief.

l  主题型议论文

[写作模板]阐述主题型

第一段：A famous saying goes that_____________________(名言或谚语).

It means that_______________________________(释义).

An example of this case is____________________(举例，解释).

第二段：Another case in point is_______________________(例二)/Secondly,_______  

第三段：I like the saying ____________(名言) which encourages me____________(理由)

议论文作文例句参考：

Beginning(开头):
1. Contrary to generally (commonly) accepted ideas (views), I argue that...
2. As opposed to widely held belief that  ....  , I believe that...
3. Although many people believe that... , I doubt whether the argument can bear much

(further) analysis (close examination).
4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gain from A.
5. Although it is commonly (widely/generally) accepted (held/agreed) that... , it is unlikely to

be true that ...
6. (Indeed) There is an element ( some elements) of truth in this argument ( statement), but it

ignores a deeper and more basic (important/essential)fact that ...
7. It is true that (True, To be sure, Admittedly, ) ... , but it is unlikely (it won't be the case/it

does not mean) that ...
8. The main (obvious/great) problem (flaw/drawback) with (in) this argument (view)

is   that....
9. It would be possible(natural/reasonable) to think(believe/take the view) that ... , but

it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that ...
10. In all the discussion and debate over ... , one important fact is generally overlooked  

(neglected).
11. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to).., may overlook/neglect other facts...
12. However sound (logical/valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the

problem.
13. Although I appreciate that... ,I can not agree with the title statement.
14. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that...
15. Among the most convincing reasons given (cited / offered / identified ) by people for... ,

one should be stressed (emphasized/mentioned)...
16. There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of....  Those who object to...argue

that... But people who favor....  on the other hand, argue that...
17. Currently( In recent years/In the past few years/For many years), there is (has been)a(an)

general (widespread/widely held ) feeling towards (concern over/attitude towards/trend

towards / awareness of/realization of/illusion of/belief in )...
18. These days we are often told that (hear about)....  but is this really the case?
19. It is ignorant of the basic fact that...
 20. The arguer may be right about ... , but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account ) the fact that ...

Paragraph(正文起承句):
1. Although the popular belief is fact, a current study (survey / investigation) indicates that...
2. The increase failure ( success/change ) in... mainly ( partly/largely ) results from

  (arise from)...
3. As the saying goes  ....
4. What is also worth noticing is that...
5. One may contribute the increase (decrease/change) to... , but.., is not by itself an adequate

explanation.
6. According to ( As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figure (statistics/findings/data)

released (provided) by ... , it can be learned (seen/predicted) that ...
7. As every coin has two sides, the disadvantages of it can not be ignored  ....

Concluding (结尾)
1. From what has been discussed above (Tacking into all these factors/Judging from all  

evidence offered), we may draw the conclusion that...
2. All the evidence (analysis) supports ( confirms/warrants/points to ) a ( an ) unshakable

(sound/unmistakable) conclusion that ...
3. There is no immediate (effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem

of... , but ... might be useful (helpful / beneficial).
4. It is high time that we place great (special/considerable) emphasis on the improvement

( development/promotion) of...
5. It is necessary (essential/fundamental) that effective (proper) action (measures / steps /

remedies) should be taken to prevent the situation.
6. For the reasons given above, I feel (recommend) that...
7. It is hoped (suggested/recommended) that great (corporate / persistent) efforts should be

made to control  ....

五、写作模板（优缺对比）

Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over ( the issue that)       （作文主题）.In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in       （题目议题）.Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly,      (优点一). And secondly      （优点二）.

Just as a popular saying goes, “every coin has two sides”,       (讨论议题) is no exception, and in another word ,it still has negative aspects. To begin with,       (缺点一).In addition,    (缺点二).

To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of       (讨论议题) into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the        (讨论议题)

关于：Should smoking be banned?  写一篇议论文

典型错误：

1.  There are many people die of smoking.

1. Government
2. 论据不充分
3. 时态混乱
4. 条理不清，段落不分

范文一：              Should smoking be banned?

    Should smoking be banned? The answer to this question varies greatly.    

    Some people are in favor of the idea of smoking. They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry cigarettes with them wherever they go.

    But other people consider it very harmful to people’s health. They have heard the official reports that one person in the world dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctors’ warning that smokers are more likely to have lung cancer and increase their chances of having heart attack. In addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. Thus it has become a major threat to people’s life and property.

There is some truth in both arguments. In my opinion, human’s life and property outweighs anything else. If smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes, can’t we come up with better way to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?

范文二：                 Should smoking be banned?

     Tobacco was introduced to Europe after the discovery of America. From then on, more and more people become smokers. People are also arguing whether smoking should be banned. Generally, the advantages and disadvantages can be listed as follows.

     On one hand, there are many advantages of banning smoking. To begin with, smoking is harmful to health. Many people die of smoking or passive smoking, which can worsen lung diseases. A ban on smoking, however, is helpful to stop smoking. In addition, it costs a lot of money to treat smokers who get diseases because of smoking, such as heart disease or lung cancer. For families, if a ban on smoking were carried out, they would avoid suffering too much economic difficulty.

    On the other hand, if they banned smoking, the government would lose a lot of money from taxes on cigarettes. What’s more, farmers who plant tobacco to make a living would be poor if smoking were banned.

     So we naturally come to the conclusion that it is difficult to say whether it is good to ban smoking.

提高英语写作分数的88个词组

    1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

　　2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

　　3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

　　4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

　　5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

　　6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

　　7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

　　8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

　　9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

　　10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

　　11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

　　12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…

　　13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

　　14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

　　15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

　　16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

　　17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

　　18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

　　19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

　　20.…也不例外…be no exception

　　21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

　　22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

　　23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

　　24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

　　25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

　　26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

　　27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

　　28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

　　29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

　　30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

　　31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

　　32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

　　33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

　　34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

　　35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

　　36.综合素质 comprehensive quality

　　37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

　　39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

　　40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

　　41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

　　42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

　　43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

　　44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

　　45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)

　　46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

　　47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

　　48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly

　　49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

　　50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

　　51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

　　52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

　　53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

　　54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

　　55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice

　　56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

　　57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

　　58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

　　59.长远利益. interest in the long run

　　60.…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

　　61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

　　62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

　　63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

　　64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

　　65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

　　66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth

　　67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

　　68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。

　　No garden without weeds。

　　69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

　　70.重视 attach great importance to…

　　71.社会地位 social status

　　72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

　　73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

　　74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

　　75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

　　76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

　　77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

　　78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden

　　79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

　　80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

　　81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

　　82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

　　83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

　　84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

　　85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

　　86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

　　87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding

　　88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of