【推荐】出国留学ps范文_-_留学申请的学习计划样本读书计划+PS2

已经成功的读书计划范例(信息科技)

To Whom It May Concern:

Re: Application of Student Visa to study in RMIT

University

In additional to all my documents provided, I would like to take this opportunity to write a personal statement to clarify the main reasons

that drive me to study in Australia.

I was born in 1981, the starting period of China's economy reform designed and implemented under the leadership of Mr. De Xiaoping. I have witnessed the dramatic changes in the continuous

infrastructure construction, observable improvement of living standards, greater enrichment of social life, gradual deregulation of policies and strong growth of local economy. All the positive sides make everybody fond of the market economy, especially my parents, both of who are managers of property development panies. My parents have great influence on me, so when I was young, I start to learn how to keep abreast of the modern society by learning the new

knowledge and skills.

The world is already heading toward the new economy, although there are still some turmoil in certain fields and period. The explosive information technology changed the world in such

quick and significant manners that many economists can't explain well. Meanwhile, China is joining WTO, the economy at this moment is growing at 8% annually, by further eliminating non-tariff barriers and reduce tariff rates, China's market will experience huge structural changes and countless opportunities will emerge to make China the hottest spot in the world economy. As a Chinese student, I am living in a new age that China is in shortage of personnel with proficient English skills, overseas education background and capability to merge

east and west cultures.

By choosing to study in RMIT University in Melbourne Australia, there are a few advantages

that I can achieve my goal:

Australia is a multicultural country, and RMIT

university is a well-known multicultural university. I can learn how to interact within different cultures to improve my interpersonal skills. I also can build up a work that prises friends from different countries and areas. Australia enjoys vast land, abundant resources, mild weather and well-managed security, it is the

best destination to study.

Australia has the world class educational systems, and RMIT university is well-know for its practical mission and provident objectives. By learning its IT courses, I can bee an IT professional recognised in Australia and China and other places as I will have obtained

professional IT skills.

Australia has good relationship with China and Australia is also changing its old economy image by actively engaged into cooperation between

APEC countries 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

and regions. China is certainly the biggest potential market for Australia. With my multicultual background and

Australian experience and skills, when I have pleted study in Australia and returns China, I can participate into the

development of business cooperation or any other relationship

In short, by choosing to study in RMIT University in Australia, I will benefit greatly from the extraordinary experience for building up my professional career, and I will help to build China, my motherland, into a well-managed market economy country. I look forward that my application can be assessed and approved at your earliest convenience!

Regards!

The Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish:

Konungariket Sverige (help·info)) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia. It is

bordered by Norway in the west, Finland in

the northeast, the Skagerrak Strait and the Kattegat Strait in the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia in the east. It is connected to Denmark in the southwest by the Oresund Bridge.

Sweden has a low population density except in its metropolitan areas, with most of the inland consisting of forests. The country has large natural resources of water, timber, and iron ore. Its citizens enjoy a high standard of living in a country that is generally perceived as modern and liberal.

Following the end of the Viking Age, Sweden became part of the Kalmar Union

together with Denmark and Norway (Finland at this time was a part of the Swedish kingdom). Sweden left the union in the beginning of the 16th century, and more or less constantly battled its neighbours for many years, especially Russia and the still united Denmark-Norway, which never pletely

accepted Sweden leaving the union. In the 17th century Sweden extended its territory through warfare and became a Great Power, twice its current size. By 1814 Sweden had lost its empire as well as Finland,

previously an integral part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime.

Sweden has been a major European

exporter of iron, copper and timber since the Middle Ages. However, improved

transportation and munication allowed it to utilize natural assets from different parts of the country on a far larger scale, most notably timber and iron ore. Economic liberalization as well as universal schooling contributed to the rapid industrialization and by the 1890s the country had begun to develop an advanced manufacturing industry. In the 20th century a welfare state emerged. Today, the country is defined by social-liberal tendencies and a strong national quest for equality, and usually ranks among the top nations in the UN Human Development Index.

在瑞典,一切社交场合都要遵循一定的规范和传统,而这些传统又具体表现为如鞠躬、握手和问好等正式礼仪上。

All social occasions in Sweden are regulated by rules and traditions. And these traditions 真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? are expressed in a specific ritual made up of formal bows, handshakes, and greetings.

每当有客人来访,瑞典人一成不变的问候是"欢迎您!";而等客人离开时,主人也会告诉他"欢迎您再来。"

When a visitor enters a Swedish home, he is invariably received with a "Wele"; when he leaves, his host will tell him "You will be wele again."

这些可爱的字眼成为瑞士人社会生活中牢不可破的一部分,它们给这种生活抹上了一层昔日礼节的优雅风度。

These charming phrases are an

indestructible part of Swedish social life and they give it an old-world flavor of good manners.

同样引人注意的是瑞典人对现代技术设备的接受。

Equally attractive is the Swedish acceptance of modern technological equipment.

在瑞典,游客们根本不用劳神到处去寻找电话,主要街道和公路上每隔一定距离便会有一个电话亭。

A traveler never needs to search for a telephone is Sweden: telephone booths are placed at regular intervals along the main streets and highways.

又如在教堂,那里的长凳上配有助听器,为的是方便那些听力有困难的礼拜者

And in church, for example, long benches are fitted with hearing aids for worshippers who may be hard of hearing.

瑞士人的家可以说是世界上设备最完美的家之一,而来瑞典的观光者也因那里高效的现代设施深感轻松和愉快。

Swedish homes are among the best equipped in the world and travelers in Sweden find their journeys made easy by the use of the most efficient modern devices.

瑞典人是一个非常讲求效率和极为能干的民族,

The Swedes are an efficient and most capable people.

对他们来说,准时不只是一种美德--而是一种生活的原则,它来自于这个北欧民族最迷人的性格特点:即对朋友、熟人,尤其是对来访他们国家的客人的尊重。

This is their respect for their friends and acquaintances and especially for the visitor to their country.

不管自己付出多少代价,瑞典人总要尽力避免给别人带来任何不便。

At whatever cost to themselves, they take care not to give another person the slightest degree of disfort.

The WestCoast>

The prevailing wind here is from the west ,and on stormy days the waves have a clear run all the way from the British Isles ,as much of the flotsam and jetsam washed ashore goes to show.

这里正常风是从西部,并且在风暴日波浪一

样许多一直有清楚的奔跑从不列颠岛,漂在海上真的不掉线吗??、???????????? 的难船,并且被冲上岸的jetsam去显示。 这里2是持续的地方,斯堪的那维亚的山中坚集会光秃的旁枝海,创造一个特别各种各样的风景。

Here is where the last , bare offshoots of Scandinavia's mountain backbone meet the sea, creating a particularly varied landscape.

斯堪的那维亚的山中坚集会光秃的旁枝海,创造一个特别各种各样的风景

The next large island, Orust, is

Sweden's third lanrgest,and is famous for its boatbuilding, forests and agriculture.

下个大海岛, Orust,是lanrgest的瑞典的第三,并且为它的boatbuilding,森林和农业是著名的

<Swedish houses>

Many Swedes stil dream of owning a red cottage with white window frames,which has bee synonymous with the

countryside,summertime and holidays.

许多瑞典人拥有与白色窗架的一个红色村庄stil梦想,变得同义与乡下、夏令时和假日

Preferably it should be built of wood and painted red with white window

frames,perhaps with a gabled, tiled roof and a small garden with a lilac bower.Add a few birch trees close by , a flagpole,and the dream is plete.

应该更适宜地修造它木头和与白色窗架的被绘的红色,或许与一个有山墙,铺磁砖的屋顶和有一个淡紫色凉亭的一个小庭院。增加一些个桦树紧密,旗杆,并且梦想是完全的。

A new house, mass-produced and ready to assemble,plete with tower.Home builders in Sweden are increasingly using romanticism and charm to attract buyers.

A新房,大量生产和准备好聚集,完全与塔。首页建造者在瑞典越来越使用浪漫主义和魅力吸引买家。

在瑞典的相对地苛刻的气候,人们的7经常修建了他们的朝南的倾斜的房子最大阳光的,倾斜的某一方式避免霜下来在谷和与有些树在小山顶部更适宜地防止受到向西北风。

In Sweden's relatively harsh

climate,people often built their houses on south-facing slopes for maximum

sunlight,some way up the slope to avoid the frost down in the valley , and preferably with some trees at the top of the hill to protect against the north-westerly wind.

<The Forest>

The moss gleams succulent green in the sunlight streaming down between the

branches of the fir trees.The bilberry and cowberry twigs rustle with your every step.Oh look, a chanterelle!Golden yellow,the delight of every mushroom picker.

青苔在放出下来在冷杉木的分支的之间阳光下闪烁多汁绿色。越桔和越橘枝杈沙沙响与您的每步。噢神色,黄蘑菇! 金黄黄色,每台蘑菇捡取器欢欣。 A little stream ripples on its

way.Silence prevails, the wind is but a faint rustle in the treetops , and on the barren slopes of the mountain,a woodpecker searches tor food in an old twisted pine trre.

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

A在它的途中的少许小河波纹。沈默战胜,风是,但是微弱的沙沙声在树梢和在山的贫瘠倾斜,在一老扭转的杉木trre的啄木鸟查寻突岩食物。

<Gotland>

Gotland,the largest island in the

Baltic , first aooears as a narrow strip on the horizon.Soon you see the birght,sreep cliffs of the island's west coast,but not until going ashore do you appreciate the magic of this place.

Gotland,最大的海岛在波罗地,第一

aooears作为在天际的一个窄条。很快没有,直到去岸上您赞赏这个地方,魔术您看birght,海岛的西海岸的sreep峭壁,但是。

The sense of going back in time is strong in the medieval Hanseatic town of Visby with its characteristic town walls ,cobbled streets ruined churches and picturesque little houses and lanes.

感觉回去及时是强的在Visby中世纪商业同业公会的镇与它的典型镇墙壁的、被修补的街道被破坏的教会和美丽如画的小的房子和车道

最佳答案

Dalarna University

General Introduction

Dalarna University, which has expanded considerably since its start in 1977, can now offer study programmes in such areas as arts, puter science, economics and business administration, engineering, media, sports, teacher training and tourism. In addition there are some 80 independent courses. The University is a medium-sized Swedish university with about 6000 students and operations in the twin cities of Falun and Borl?nge.

Dalarna University has the very latest technological equipment at its disposal. Individualised learning is facilitated by high puter density.

The School of Arts and Education trains teachers for all grades in the Swedish pulsory and Secondary Schools, i.e. for ages 7-19. The programmes generally take 3.5 years to plete and consist of a number of course modules.

Dalarna

You will find Dalarna University in the province of Dalarna, which is famous for its

rich culture; fiddlers and folk songs have been part of the tradition for generations.

Dalarna's fine sports and recreational centres offer both top level athletes and the casual 真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? sportsman/woman all they could wish for in sports, recreation and exercise.

Semester Dates (approx.)

Autumn semester: 20 August -17 January Spring semester: 18 January -7 June

Student Union

All students studying at Swedish

universities are members of a student union by pulsory membership. At our university there are two different unions who arrange a great number of activities for the members:

they have sports clubs, arrange parties and theatre.

The International mittees of the

Student Unions work with great enthusiasm to make our foreign students' stay really enjoyable and they have developed a good organisation for taking care of them.

Costs of living

Acmodation is offered in dormitories or flats and the rent is around 1500 &endash;

2000 SEK per month. Food in Sweden is

estimated to about 2400 SEK per month. At the university you will find a restaurant and there are also many microwave ovens where students can warm their own food.

We are putting a lot of effort into developing our international mitments, and both students and teachers can be sure of a warm wele at Dalarna University.

ITE Co-ordinator

Catharina Enh?rning, International Relations Officer

School of Arts and Education Dalarna University

S-791 88 FALUN

SWEDEN

Phone: +46 23 77 82 17 Fax: +46 23 77 80 80 E-mail: cen@du.se

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

There is also Norwegian region called Dalane.

Dalarna (help·info) is a historical province or landskap in central Sweden. A mon English name form is Dalecarlia or Dalekarlia. Places involving the element Dalecarlia still exist in the United States.

Dalarna adjoins H?rjedalen,

H?lsingland, G?strikland, V?stmanland and V?rmland. It is also bounded by Norway in the west.

The word "Dalarna" means "the dales" (valleys). It is a region full of historical associations, and possesses strong local characteristics in respect of its products, and especially of its people. In one small region in Dalecarlia named ?lvdalen, the people speak their own dialect, the

Dalecarlian language and have a traditional clothing. Historically, they are famed for their sturdy love of independence

County

Provinces serve no administrative function in Sweden today. Instead, that function is served by the counties of Sweden. However, Dalarna has virtually the same boundaries as the corresponding Dalarna County, except for a part of the north-east (Hamra parish, also known as Orsa Finnmark) which is part of Ljusdal Municipality, G?vleborg County.

Geography

The geography is distinguished by lake Siljan in the middle part, and the V?sterdal

River and ?sterdal River that join into the Dal River.

The northern part of the province are within the Scandinavian mountain range, and are mountainous with many lakes. The southern part consists of plains, with several mines, most notably copper,

traditionally forming part of Bergslagen.

Highest point is Storv?ttesh?gna with 1,204 meters. Lowest point is at 55 meters, in the south-east part.

Cities

Dalarna was historically divided into chartered cities and districts.

真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? Avesta (1641 - 1686, renewed 1919) Borl?nge (1944, as Borl?ngio By 1390) Falun (1641)

Hedemora (approximately 1400) Ludvika (1919)

S?ter (1642)

Other towns

Leksand

Mora

Orsa

?lvdalen

R?ttvik T?llberg Malung S?len Idre

National parks F?rnebofj?rden Fulufj?llet

Hamra

T?fsingdalen

History

The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.

Two historically notorious rebellions started in the Dalarna province: In 1434, led by Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, the miners rose against the oppression of the officers of Eric of Pomerania, and in 1519–1523 it was among the miners that

Gustavus Vasa found his staunchest

supporters in his patriotic task of freeing Sweden from the yoke of the Danes.

Heraldry

Arms granted in 1560 , the use of two crossed arrows as a symbol precedes this. The province is also a duchy and the arms is represented with a dukal coro. Blazon: "Azure, two Dalecarlian Arrows Or in saltire point upwards pointed Argent and in chief a Crown of the first."

Historically, Dalarna has enjoyed a rich and unique folk culture, with distinct music, 真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? paintings (often centered on Biblical themes) and handicraft[citation needed]. The province was also the last province to abandon the use of the Runic alphabet, a local dialect of which, the so called Dalrunes, survived into the 19th century[1].

A famous symbol of the province is the Dalecarlian horse, in Swedish Dalah?st, a painted and decorated wooden horse.

The Vasaloppet, a cross country skiing race over 90 km, is held annually, on the first Sunday of March, between S?len and Mora, in memoration of the ski-borne escape of Gustav Vasa, who would later bee king Gustav I of Sweden, from the Danish troops in 1520.

The mining area of the Stora Kopparberg ("Great Copper Mountain") in Falun has been named a UNESCO World heritage site.

Notable natives

Lars Fr?lander, swimmer

Jussi Bj?rling, opera singer

Nils Karlsson, "Mora-Nisse", skier Gunnar Myrdal, politician

Charlie Norman, pianist

Bj?rn Skifs, singer, actor

Gunde Svan, skier, "celebrity".

Hans Werthén, former CEO of Electrolux Anders Zorn, artist (painter)

Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913), inventor and engineer

Lars "Kuprik" B?ckman, chef; and consequently The Muppets' Swedish Chef

Mats "Dalmas" B?ckstr?m, Top Shooter Jultomten (Santa Claus), fictional figure believed to live in Mora

Tord Nygren, illustrator of children's books

Dukes

Since 1772 , Swedish Princes have been created Dukes of various provinces. This is solely a nominal title.

Prince August (1831-1873)

Prince Carl Johan (from his birth in 1916 until his loss of succession rights in 1947)

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

See also: List of Swedes

Districts

The Swedish provinces were subdivided into Hundreds of Sweden, in effect until early 20th century.

In some provinces the sub-dividing was through districts. Dalarna had only one chartered hundred – the others were court districts.

Folkare Hundred

Grang?rde Court District

Hedemora and Garpenberg Court District Husby Court District

Kopparberg and Aspeboda Court District Leksand Court District

Malung Court District

Mora Court District

Norrb?rke Court District

N?s Court District

Orsa Court District

R?ttvik Court District Skedvi Grand Court District Sundborn Court District Sveg Court District

Sv?rdsj? Court District S?rna Court District

S?derb?rke Court District Tors?ng Court District Tuna Grand Court District

Vika Court District

?lvdalen Court District

瑞典第一大城市——斯德哥尔摩

斯德哥尔摩是瑞典第一大城市,面积186平方公里,人口74万。斯德哥尔摩大区除斯德哥尔摩市区外,还包括其周围四个市政区,共182万人口。斯市地处波罗的海和梅拉伦湖(瑞典第三大湖)之间,由14个大岛和一个半岛组成。市内水道纵横, 70多座桥梁把整个市区连在一起,素有―北方威尼斯‖的美称。

斯市建于1250年,1436年起瑞典定都于此。它是瑞典的政治、经济、文化中心、第一大工业城市和第二大港口,商业产值及海港吞吐量占全国的五分之一,有60%的大型企业及金融机构的总部设在这里。此外,斯市还有许多重要的文化和教育机构,如:瑞典皇家科学院、瑞典工程

科学院、斯德哥尔摩大学、皇家工学院、国家博物馆、音乐厅等。

由于在基础设施方面的良好条件和无线通讯研究领域的领先优势,斯德哥尔摩还被誉为 “欧真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? 洲IT之都‖, KISTA高科技园吸引了微软、IBM、诺基亚、惠普以及爱立信等众多信息与通讯领域的高科技公司来此投资并设立研发中心。

主要城市

瑞典城市数量不少,但大都市屈指可数,多数为中小城市。 城市的地理分布主要集中在南部、中部和沿海一带,北部地区城市甚少。

斯德哥尔摩

瑞典首都,也是全国第一大城市。该城面积211.3平方公里,其中内陆水面占12.7%,包括19个市政区的大斯德哥尔摩面积达6494平方公里,人口168.6万人(1993)。年平均气温6.6℃,夏季平均气温为16℃, 冬季平均气温为-2℃。年均降雨量540毫米。

斯德哥尔摩座落在湖海之间的14个岛屿和一个半岛上,水域广阔、桥梁纵横、

林木苍翠,环境幽美,被誉为"北方威尼斯"。 斯德哥尔摩不仅是全国政治、文化中心,也是全国经济和交通中心。 全国各大企业和银行公司的总部有60%设在这里, 工业总产值和商品零售额均占全国20%左右,拥有钢铁、机器制造、化工、造纸、印刷、食品、制药等各类重要生产部门, 其中合金钢生产尤其出色。

该市交通发达,公路、地铁、郊区铁路纵横交错。 每个住户距公共汽车站只有40米远。地下交通网拥有3条干线,10条支线,99个车站,总长110公里, 昼夜载客量90万人次。地铁站同附近的公共汽车站相连。全市有378路、 共2000辆公共汽车,日载客60万人次。另有4条铁路干线通往马尔默、哥德堡、 韦斯特罗斯以及北部地区。斯德哥尔摩是仅次于哥德堡的第二大港,码头总长约20公里,

货物年吞吐量约700万吨,占全国的20%。 斯德哥尔摩是瑞典的文化中心,皇家科学院、国际和平研究所、 皇家图书馆等均享有盛誉,建有斯德哥尔摩大学及体育、商业、艺术、师范等数十所院校。 每年一度的诺贝尔奖金授奖仪式于12月10日(诺贝尔逝世纪念日)在此举行。

哥德堡

瑞典第一大港和第二大工业城市,哥德堡—布胡斯省省会。位于瑞典西南部, 临卡特加特海峡,与丹麦北端隔海相望。面积896平方公里,其中水面占一半。 人口43.7万人(1993)。哥德堡港终年不冻,成为瑞典对外贸易的主要港埠,年货物吞量2000多万吨,约占全国海港吞吐总量的1/4。 哥德堡港还是斯堪的纳维亚半岛上的第一大海港。哥德堡港主要出口汽车、机械、化学制品、纸张、 木材及各种木制品,主要进口石油、金属矿石和水果。

哥德堡的工业生产规模仅次于斯德哥尔摩,汽车、机械、造船、化学、纺织、 食品、木材加工等工业十分发达。 闻名世界的瑞典滚珠轴承公司(SKF滚珠轴承厂)和沃尔汽车公司的总部均设在该城。

哥德堡还是西部地区的文化中心,著名大学有哥德堡大学、哥德堡工程学院等。

其他文化设施有文化、航海、历史等多所博物馆。

马尔默

瑞典第三大城市,人口23.7万人(1993)。马尔默是瑞典南部的重要港口、海军基地和交通枢纽。马尔默位于瑞典的最南端, 隔厄勒海峡与丹麦首都哥本哈根遥遥相望,两城相距仅26公里。

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

马尔默也是瑞典的重要工业中心之一,造船、化学、水泥、像胶、化学、纺织、

制糖工业均很发达。

乌普萨拉

一座文化古城,位于瑞典东部,濒临梅拉伦湖。人口17.8万人(1993)。交通发达,南与首都斯德哥尔摩有铁路相通,北与海港耶夫勒有铁路相连。 还有飞机场提供便利的航运。 乌普萨拉的现代工业也具有一定规模,有自行车、摩托车、机械、化学、 食品等工业。

位于该城的乌普萨拉大学是瑞典历史最悠久的大学,素有"瑞典的剑桥"、 "美苏核竞赛的见证人"等称号。

基律纳

瑞典主要旅游城市,位于北圈内,人口3万多。

基律纳铁矿蕴藏量约18亿吨,是目前世界上最大的铁矿之一, 并且是世界上最大的地下铁矿,采矿设备十分先进。90%的矿石出口国外。

The Sweden first big city - - Stockholm Stockholm is the Sweden first big city, the area 186 square kilometers, the population 740,000.Stockholm big area besides

Stockholm urban district, but also includes its periphery four municipal administration area, altogether 1,820,000 populations.The Si city is situated at Baltic Sea and Mei Lalun the lake (the Sweden third great lake) between, is posed by 14 Oshima and a peninsula.Local the canal vertically and horizontally, more than 70 bridges the entire urban district continually in the same place, is known as “north Venice” the laudatory name. The Si municipal

construction in 1250, in 1436 Sweden established a capital city in this.It is Sweden's politics, the economy, the

cultural center, the first big industrial city and the second big harbor, the mercial output value and the harbor volume of goods handled occupies the nation 1/5, some 60% major industry and the financial organ headquarters are located in here.In

addition, Si Shi also has many important cultures and the educational institution, for example: Sweden Imperial family Academy of science, Sweden Project Academy of science, Stockholm University, imperial engineering institute, National Museum, music hall and so on. As a result of in the infrastructure aspect good condition and the wireless munication research area lead, Stockholm also by the reputation is “European IT all”, the KISTA high tech garden has attracted Microsoft, IBM, Nokia, HP as well as Ericsson and so on the

multitudinous informations and the

munication domain high tech pany es this to invest and to set up the research and

development center. Main city Sweden city quantity many, but the metropolis is very few, most is the small and medium-sized town and cities. The city geographic

distribution mainly concentrates in the south, middle and area the coast, the north area city are really few. Stockholm Sweden capital, also is the national first big city.This city area 211.3 square kilometers, in which interior water surface accounts for 12.7%, amounts to 6494 square kilometers including 19 municipal administration area Stockholm area, the population 1,686,000 people (1993).The annual mean temperature

6.6℃, summer the average temperature is 16℃, the winter average temperature is - 2℃.Average annual rainfall 540 millimeters. 真的不掉线吗??、????????????

Stockholm is located between in the lake sea 14 islands and a peninsula, the waters broad, the bridge, the forest is vertically and horizontally green, the environment is serene and beautiful, by the reputation is north " Venice ". Not only Stockholm is national politics, the cultural center, also is the national economy and the transportation center. National each big enterprise and the bank pany's headquarters have 60% to be located in here, the gross value of industrial output and the retail modity turnover account for about national 20%, has the steel and iron, the machine building, the chemical industry, the papermaking, printing, food, the drugs manufacture and so on each kind of important production department, in which alloy steel production is especially splendid. This city transportation is developed, the road, the subway, the suburb railroad spread across. Each inhabitant is apart from the

bus stop only then 40 meter far.The

underground munications work has 3 skeleton lines, 10 branches, 99 stations, total length 110 kilometers, diurnal seating capacity 900,000 people.The underground station is connected with nearby bus stop.The whole city has 378 group, the altogether 2000 buses, the date carries passengers 600,000 people.And some 4 railroad skeleton line leads to Malmo, Goteborg, Westloss as well as north the area.Stockholm is only inferior to

Goteborg's second big port, the quayage approximately 20 kilometers, the cargo year volume of goods handled approximately 7,000,000 tons, occupies the nation 20%. Stockholm is Sweden's cultural center, the imperial academy of science, the

international peace research institute, the imperial library and so on enjoys the high reputation, constructs Stockholm

University and the sports, the trade, art,

the normal school and so on the dozens of colleges and universities. The annual Nobel prize award ceremony (Nobel passed away memoration day) on December 10 in this hold. The Goteborg Sweden first big port and the second big industrial city, Goteborg - cloth Husi saves the provincial capital.Is located the Sweden north west, adds the special channel near Carter, faces each other across the sea with Denmark northmost part.The area 896 square kilometers, in which water surface occupies one half. Population 437,000 people (1993).The

Goteborg port is not all year long frozen, bees the Sweden foreign trade the main harbor terminal, the year cargo swallows the quantity more than 2000 ten thousand tons, approximately poses the national harbor turnover total quantity 1/4. On Goteborg port or Scandinavian Peninsula first big harbor.The Goteborg port mainly exports the automobile, the machinery, the chemical

product, the paper, the lumber and each kind of woodware, mainly imports the petroleum, the metal ore and the fruit. Goteborg's industrial production scale is only

inferior to Stockholm, industries and so on automobile, machinery, shipbuilding, chemistry, spinning and weaving, food, woodworking is extremely developed. Is well-known world Sweden Ball bearing pany (SKF ball bearing factory) and the Woll car pany's headquarters is located in this city. The Goteborg western area cultural center, the famous university has the Goteborg university, the Goteborg engineering college and so on. Other cultural

facilities literacy, navigation, history and so on many museums. Malmo Sweden third big city, population 237,000 people

(1993).Malmo is south Sweden's important harbor, the naval base and the

transportation key position.Malmo is located Sweden's most south tip of,

separates 真的不掉线

吗??、???????????? the distress to force the channel and Denmark capital Copenhagen faces one

another distantly, two cities are distanced the only 26 kilometers. Malmo also is one of Sweden's essential industry centers, the shipbuilding, chemistry, the cement, the elephant rubber, chemistry, textile, the system sugar industry very is developed. A Ukraine Pu sarah culture old city, is located east Sweden, borders on Mei Lalun the lake.Population 178,000 people

(1993).The transportation is developed, south has the railroad with capital

Stockholm to be interlinked, north has the railroad with harbor Gavle to be connected. Also has the airport to provide the

convenience the shipping. The Ukraine Pu sarah modern industry also has certain scale, has industries and so on bicycle, motorcycle,

machinery, chemistry, food. Is located this city Ukraine Pu sarah University is the Sweden history most glorious university, is known as " Sweden's Cambridge ", ―American and Soviet nucleus petition titles and so on witness ". North the Kiruna Sweden main traveling city, is located in the circle, population more than 30,000. The Kiruna iron ore reserves 1,800,000,000 tons, are approximately in the present world one of biggest iron ore, and is in the world the biggest underground iron ore, the mining equipment is extremely advanced.90% ore exportation overseas.

The Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish:

Konungariket Sverige (help·info)) is a Nordic country in Scandinavia. It is

bordered by Norway in the west, Finland in the northeast, the Skagerrak Strait and the Kattegat Strait in the southwest, and the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia in the

east. It is connected to Denmark in the southwest by the Oresund Bridge.

Sweden has a low population density except in its metropolitan areas, with most of the inland consisting of forests. The country has large natural resources of water, timber, and iron ore. Its citizens enjoy a high standard of living in a country that is generally perceived as modern and liberal.

Following the end of the Viking Age, Sweden became part of the Kalmar Union together with Denmark and Norway (Finland at this time was a part of the Swedish kingdom). Sweden left the union in the beginning of the

16th century, and more or less constantly battled its neighbours for many years, especially Russia and the still united Denmark-Norway, which never pletely

accepted Sweden leaving the union. In the 17th century Sweden extended its territory through warfare and became a Great Power, twice its current size. By 1814 Sweden had lost its empire as well as Finland,

previously an integral part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime.

Sweden has been a major European

exporter of iron, copper and timber since the Middle Ages. However, improved

transportation and munication allowed it to

utilize natural assets from different parts of the country on a far larger scale, most notably timber and iron ore. Economic liberalization as well as universal schooling contributed to the rapid industrialization and by the 1890s the country had begun to develop an advanced manufacturing industry. In the 20th century a welfare state emerged. Today, the country is defined by social-liberal tendencies and a strong national quest for equality, and usually ranks among the top nations in the UN Human Development Index.

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

20xx年春季软件学院C++期末考试试题及答案

考试时间:120分钟

1. (10)分

现有两种实体:“矩形”(Rectangle)和“旗杆”(Flagpole)。其中,“矩形”的属性为长度与宽度,“旗杆”的属性为高度(指地面以上)和深度(指地面以下),且均为整数。若有:

struct Rectangle { int length, width;}; struct Flagpole { int height, depth;}; int rectangleArea (int x, int y) {return (x>=0 && y>=0)?x*y:0;}

//计算矩形的面积

int flagpoleLength (int x, int y) {return (x>=0 && y>=0)?x+y:0;}

//计算旗杆的高度

void f()

{

struct Rectangle rect; struct Flagpole flgp;

rect.length=20; rect.width=5; flgp.height=20; flgp.depth=5;

int area=rectangleArea(rect.length, rect.width);

int

length=flagpoleLength(flgp.height, flgp.depth);

}

试续写函数f,以各举一例说明,对函数rectangleArea和flagpoleLength的调用都可能出现语法上合法,但结果与函数的语义不一致的情况,并指出其原因。 答案:

续写的二句如下:

area=rectangleArea(flgp.height,

flgp.depth);

length=flagpoleLength(rect.length, rect.width);

原因:在函数调用时,只需实参和形参类型相容即可,而不管语义如何?如上例二句语法上是合法的,但结果与函数的语义不一致。若欲使该情况不发生,必须将数据及其上的操作绑定在一起,这必须用类来定义。

2. (15分)

阅读下面的程序,写出main的输出。 #include "stdio.h"

int f(int i, const int* j, int& k)

{ if(i%3= =0)

if(*j>=6) k*=i; k+=i; k-=i;

return *j+k; }

int main() {

int i, j=1, k=2, m;

for(i=0; i<10; i++, j*=2) { 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

m=f(i, &j, k);

printf("i=%2d, j=%2d, k=%2d, m=%2d.\n", i, j, k, m);

}

return 0;

} 答案:

i=0, j=1, k=2, m=3. i=1, j=2, k=2, m=4. i=2, j=4, k=2, m=6. i=3, j=8, k=6, m=14. i=4, j=16, k=6, m=22. i=5, j=32, k=6, m=38. i=6, j=64, k=36, m=100. i=7, j=128, k=36, m=164. i=8, j=256, k=36, m=292.

i=9, j=512, k=324, m=836.

3.(15分)

根据main程序的输出结果,定义并实现max函数。

int main()

{

cout<<“max=”<<max(1.0, 67.3)<<endl; // max=67.3

cout<<“max=”<<max(102, 90)<<endl; // max=102

cout<<“max=”<<max(‘a’,

‘z’)<<endl; // max=z

cout<<“max=”<<max(“abc”,

“bd”)<<endl; // max=bd

cout<<“max=”<<max(50, 82.3)<<endl; // max=82.3

cout<<“max=”<<max(1.0, 21.5,

87.4)<<endl; // max=87.4

cout<<“max=”<<max(“gh”, “tye”, “zs”)<<endl; // max=zs

cout<<“max=”<<max(23, 7, 62)<<endl; // max=62

return 0;

}

(假定所有的赋值、比较运算符都已定义) 答案:

template<class T>

T max(T x, T y)

{ return x>=y?x:y;}

template<class T>

T max(T x, T y, T z)

{ T temp;

temp=max(x,y);

return temp>=z?temp:z;

}

float max(int x, float y)

{ return x>=y?x:y; }

4.(20分)

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

定义堆栈类模板Stack,栈的大小由使用者确定。要求该类模板对外提供如下二种基本操作:

(1)push

(2)pop

(假定赋值操作已定义) 答案:

#include <iostream.h>

template<class T, int size> class Stack{

T s[size];

int iCurrentElem;

public:

Stack();

bool push(T x);

T pop();

void print(){for(int i=0; i<size; i++) cout<<s[i]<<endl;}

};

template<class T, int size> Stack<T,size>::Stack(){

for(int i=0; i<size; i++) s[i]=0; iCurrentElem=-1;

}

template<class T, int size>

bool Stack<T,size>::push(T x){

if(iCurrentElem==(size-1))

{cout<<"It's full."<<endl; return false;}

else {s[++iCurrentElem]=x; return true;}

}

template<class T, int size>

T Stack<T,size>::pop(){

T temp;

if(iCurrentElem==-1) {cout<<"It's empty."<<endl; return -1;}

else

{temp=s[iCurrentElem];s[iCurrentElem]=0; iCurrentElem--; return temp;}

}

void main()

{

float t;

Stack<float, 3> s1;

s1.push(10);

s1.push(20); s1.push(30); s1.push(40); s1.print(); t=s1.pop(); s1.print(); cout<<t<<endl; }

5.(2真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

5分)

用C++语言定义MyString(包括成员函数的实现代码),使之能符合下面程序及在注释中描述的运行结果的要求:

main()

{

MyString s1 = "0123456789", s2(5), s3, s4(s1);

s1.display(); // 此时显示出: <0123456789>

s2.display(); // 此时显示出(<>之间是五个空格): < >

s3.display(); // 此时显示出: <>

s4.display(); // 此时显示出: <0123456789>

s3 = s1;

s3.display(); // 出: <0123456789>

s3 = 3+s3;

s3.display(); // 出: <0123456789999>

s2 = s1[2];

s2.display(); // 此时显示此时显示此时显示

出: <23456789>

s1.display(); // 此时显示出: <0123456789>

s3 = s2++;

s2.display(); // 出: <3456789>

s3.display(); // 出: <23456789>

} 答案:

#include <iostream.h> 此时显示此时显示

#include <string.h>

#include <stdio.h>

class MyString {

char cpBody[81];

public:

MyString(const char* p = NULL); MyString(int i);

MyString(MyString& s);

MyString& operator=(const MyString& s)

{ strncpy(cpBody, s.cpBody, 80); return *this; }

MyString& operator[](int i); MyString& operator++(int i) { static MyString s; s = *this; *this = (cpBody[0] == '\0') ? *this : (*this)[1]; return s; }

void display() { printf("<%s>\n", cpBody); }

friend MyString& operator+(int i, MyString& s);

};

MyString::MyString(const char* p) {

if (p == NULL)

cpBody[0] = '\0';

else

strncpy(cpBody, p, 80); 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

}

MyString::MyString(int i)

{ int j;

for (j = 0; j < i && j < 80; j++) cpBody[j] = ' ';

cpBody[j] = '\0';

}

MyString::MyString(MyString& s) { *this=s;

/* 或者改用如下语句:int length;

length=strlen(s.cpBody);

for(int i=0; i<length+1; i++) cpBody[i]=s.cpBody[i]; */

}

MyString& MyString::operator[](int i)

{ static MyString s;

int j;

s = *this;

for (j = i; cpBody[j] != '\0'; j++) s.cpBody[j-i] = s.cpBody[j];

s.cpBody[j-i] = '\0';

return s;

}

MyString& operator+(int N, MyString& s)

{ static MyString st;

int i,length;

length=strlen(s.cpBody);

for(i=0;i<N;i++)

s.cpBody[length+i]=s.cpBody[length-1];

s.cpBody[length+i]='\0';

st=s;

return st;

}

6.(15分)

某公司有二类职员Employee和Manager,Manager亦属于Employee。每个Employee对象所具有的基本信息为:姓名、年令、工作年限、部门号,Manager对象除具有上述基本信息外,还有级别(level)信息。公司中的二类职员都具有二种基本操作:

1). printOn() // 输出个人信息

2). retire() // 判断是否到了退休年令,是,则从公司中除名。公司规定:

// Employee类的退休年令为55岁,Manager类的退休年令为60岁。

要求:

1). 定义并实现类Employee和Manager;

2). 分别输出公司中二类职员的人数(注意:Manager亦属于Employee)。 答案:

#include <iostream.h>

#include <string.h>

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

class Employee{

char name[21];

int workYear;

int departmentNum;

protected:

static int ENumber;

int age;

public:

Employee(char* s, int age1, int workYear1, int depN)

{ if(strlen(s)<=20 && *s!='\0') strcpy(name,s);

if(age1>=18 && workYear1>=0 && depN>0)

{ age=age1;

workYear=workYear1; departmentNum=depN;

Employee::ENumber++; }

}

virtual void printOn()

{cout<<name<<" "<<age<<"

"<<workYear<<" "<<departmentNum<<endl;}

virtual void retire(Employee& e) {if(e.age>=55) {delete this;

Employee::ENumber--;}

else return;}

static void

countE(){cout<<Employee::ENumber<<endl;}

};

int Employee::ENumber=0;

class Manager :public Employee {

int level;

static int MNumber;

public:

Manager(char* s, int age1, int workYear1, int depN, int lev)

:Employee(s,age1,workYear1, depN), level(lev)

{ Manager::MNumber++;}

void printOn(){Employee::printOn(); cout<<level<<endl;}

void retire(Manager& m)

{if(m.age>=60) {delete this;

Manager::MNumber--; Employee::ENumber--;}

else return;}

static void

countM(){cout<<Manager::MNumber<<endl;}

};

int Manager::MNumber=0;

void main()

{ Employee e1("Li Yanni", 40, 21, 1), e2("Li Qingsan", 30, 6, 1);

Manager m1("Chen Ping", 50, 30, 2,

1), m2("Xiu Xuezhou", 57, 35, 2, 2);

e2.printOn();

m1.printOn();

Employee::countE();

Manager::countM();

return;

} 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

从试卷分析和评分细则看文言翻译题的解答

从20xx年高考开始,文言文翻译考查由选择题改为主观题,分值为5分。20xx年文言文言翻译的分值由原来的5分又提高到8分,这些变化,凸显了文言翻译的重要性,应当引起我们足够的重视。这种文言文翻译主观题不仅考查了学生对原文的理解,而且考查了学生的语言表述能力,意义更大一些,更能体现素质教育的要求。

然而,这道题的得分率却很低。根据国家教育部考试中心的《高考试题分析》报告得知:2002

年文言翻译题的得分率是0.416,20xx年得分率是0.511。20xx年加大了分值,大家在复习时都加大了力度,可是成绩结果也不能令人满意:山东省抽样统计的得分率与去年的同类题相同;其它地区的得分率也不高。(有关数据大家可以参照各省市区的20xx年试题分析评价报告)

造成文言文翻译题失分较多的原因是什

么?我们先看有关的分析评价报告或评分标准:

20xx年全国《高考试题分析》报告:文言文翻译对关键词语的理解要求较高,不能对关键词语正确把握,就很难准确译出全句。例如(2)题中的“及”、“尽”两词,只有正确理解为“到??时”、“竭尽”,才能算作准确。如果把全句译成“死的时候,??大家都为他哀悼”,尽管大意不错,但未能译出关键词语,全句的译文就不能称为准确,因而也不能得满分。(教育部考试中心《高考试题分析》,高等教育出版社)

20xx年全国卷山东省的试卷分析报告:第15题8分,要求将两个文言句子翻译成现代汉语。评分标准分别从“译出大意”和“译对”重点词语赋分,各占2分。这与以前“译出大意”只占1分或未被赋分相比更符合“翻译”的要求。被赋分的重点词语主要是实词性的,它们有的在字义上与现代汉语不同(如“比”“就”),有的则是两个动词性词语连用(如“贸籴”“耕佣”)。从试卷来看,前种情况的失分主要因为考生不理解古今词义的差异而未能译对,而后种情况的失分则主要是考生顾此失彼,不能兼顾并列两字的意思(特别是“籴”和“佣”)。在“译出大意”方面,也是主要由于对重点词语的理解有误而失分(如“穷泽”)。这说明考生对古汉语词汇的掌握还有较大欠缺。(山东省高考语文科评卷领导小组《山东省20xx年高等学校招生全国统一考试语文试题试卷分析》)

20xx年全国卷安徽省的试卷分析报告:第15题要求考生翻译两个文言句子,第一句是“郡不产谷实,而海出珠宝,与交祉比境,贸籴粮食”,第二句是“隐处穷泽,身自佣耕。邻县士民慕其

德,就居止者百余家”。前者要求考生译出大意的同时,要求考生能够译出“比境”“贸籴”的意思;后者要求考生译出大意的同时,要求考生能够译出“佣耕”“就居”的意思。…………典型错误表现在两个方面,一是句子大意理解错误。有的考生把第一句的意思理解为“郡县不能够真的不掉线吗??、????????????

生产充实的稻谷,只好出海去寻找珠宝。与边境的商贩沟通交涉,进行粮食买卖。”或者理解为“郡不出产粮食,但是海里生长珠宝,就经常私通商贩在比境这个地方进行粮食和珠宝的交换买卖。”;有的考生把第二个句子的意思理解为:“躲避在穷困的山村,给别人当佣人。邻县的士兵和农民仰慕他的品德,于是就有一百多户人家搬到他的居所边”。二是关键词或词组译错。有的考生把第一个句子中的两个关键词“比境”和“贸籴”分别翻译成“与境外人比较”、“比境这个地方”、“处境”和“贸易”、“出售”、“兑换”、“贩卖”等;有的考生把第二个句子中的两个关键词“耕佣”和“就居”分别翻译成“耕地伺候人”、“当耕地的佣人”和

“就停止”、“于是就屈居(在别人手下”、“随即有了居所”等等。(安徽师范大学文学院何更生《安徽省20xx年高考语文试卷分析评价》)

20xx年江苏卷评分细则。15.(1)本小题3分:大意1分,“曲意”、“降节”各1分。“降节”可译为“降低品格”“降低操守”“降低节操”“降低气节”;“降”译为“改变了”也对。(2)本小题2分:“易之”1分,语气1分。“以”一定要译为“因为”,“之”可以为“它”,也可不译出。“易”译为改变、改换、更改;译为“交换、换取、容易、轻视、代替”,不得分。(3)本小题3分:大意1分,“为??所”1分,“惜之”1分。

从上面的答卷分析报告和试卷的评卷标准,我们可以得出结论,文言文翻译题失分较多的原因主要是:

1.句意把握不清。

2. 关键词语把握不准。

对症下药,我们建议在文言文的复习备考和考试答卷时应该“坚持一个原则,强化两种意识”。现分述如下:

一、坚持“直译为主,意译为辅”原则 所谓直译,就是将原文中的字字句句落实到译文中,译出原文用词造句的特点,甚至在表达方式上也要求与原文保持一致。在难以直译或直译以后表达不了原文意蕴的时候,才酌情采用意译作为辅助手段。

文言文翻译要求尽可能做到“信、达、雅”三个字。所谓“信”,就是译文要忠实于原意,不能凭主观意识,妄加推测,随意改原文的意图及用词等特点,如实地、恰当地运用现代汉语把原文翻译出来。所谓“达”,即译文要文从字顺,意脉通畅,合乎语法规范和语法习惯,字通句顺,

无语言障碍、思路堵塞等情况,没有语病。所谓“雅”,就是说译文要尽量做到美一些,能译出原文的语言风格真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

和艺术水准来,要使译文生动、形象,完美地表达原文的写作风格。

二、要注意强化“语境意识、分点意识”两种意识

1. 语境意识

“语境意识”即根据语境灵活推断词语的含义和用法,整体把握句意,准确翻译的意识。

语言的应用和句意的理解离不开语境。文言文实词和虚词的意义和用法的把握以及关键语句语意的理解更是如此。

文言实词绝大部分是一词多义的、词义不定,光凭机械识记的意义和用法很难准确翻译,但我们可以结合上下文来判断实词的含义,因为上下文这个语境是相对稳定的,语境可以帮助我们确定词义。

例1:世方雷同,毋以此贾祸。 [19xx年全国高考题]

“贾祸”,题目中给的词义是“消除祸患”。我们根据上文内容可以判定是错误的。原文是说针对郭永的抗上举动,有人劝他不要招惹祸患。“贾”虽然由“做买卖”可以引申为“消除”、“除去”的意思,但在具体的语言环境中,我们可以推断出这里用的是它的另一义项“招引”、“招惹”。

例2:取诸县以给,敛诸大谷者尤亟。 [19xx年全国高考题]

这句话中的关键实词有两个:“给”和“亟”。“给”在文言文中的常用义项有“供给”、“丰足”等。在这个句子中该怎样解释呢?这就要结合语境来思考,发现与之相关的另一句话“每宴飨费千金”,同时参照“给”字所在句“取诸县以给”,就可以断定这里的“给”由“供给”引申为“满足”的意思。“亟”在文言文中的常用义项有“紧迫、急迫”、“屡次”等。结合具体语境,注意这里与“府不敢迫”句的关系,参照“知大谷??永以书抵幕府”的事实,就可以断定“亟”作“紧迫”讲了。译为:从各县中取来满足自己,对大谷县征敛得尤其紧迫。

例3:虽才学不逮隐之,而孝悌洁敬犹为不替。[20xx年高考全国卷,甘肃、宁夏等地用]

本句的重要词语是“逮、孝悌、替”。“逮”在文言中有“赶上,达到”之意,考生如果平时课外阅读面广的话,应该可以掌握;即使未能掌握,这里根据语境“虽??而??”(虽然??

但是??),也可以推测出应是“够不上,赶不上”的意思。“孝悌”是文言中常用语,考生应该知道。“不替”是说不减少、不废弃,《左传·秦晋殽之战》有“不替孟明”句。本句的翻译为:虽然才学赶不上隐之,但孝顺父母、敬爱兄长、廉洁奉公仍然没有改变。

文言文常见的虚词的各种用法,也着眼于考查“在文中的用法”,也就是说要有真的不掉线吗??、????????????

意培养自己根据语境来确定虚词用法的能力。在阅读和考试的具体实践中,也有可能遇到一些考查范围以外的虚词,这就更要求能调动平时的知识积累,结合自己掌握的一些相关的例句,联系上下文体味语感,揣摩语义和语气,从而推断和辨明虚词在文中的具体意义和用法。离开了语境,解答好特别是准确翻译好这些虚词,是寸步难行的。如:

例4:乃疑迁特雄文善壮其说,而古人未必然也。及得桑怿事,乃知古之人有然焉,迁书不诬也,知今人固有而但不尽知也。[20xx年高考全国卷,云南、贵州等地用]

本题第一句中的重点文言虚词是“特”和“然”。文言的“特”有多种解释,如《诗经·伐檀》“胡瞻尔庭有悬特兮”中是三岁之兽、《诗经·柏舟》“髧彼两髦,实维我特”中是配偶、《诗经·黄鸟》“百夫之特”中杰出的,但是这些解释都无法用在这里;文言的“特”另有只是、仅仅之意,如王安石《读<ST1ersonName ProductID="孟尝" w:st="on">孟尝

</ST1ersonName>君传》:“<ST1ersonName ProductID="孟尝" w:st="on">孟尝君特鸡鸣狗盗之雄耳。”依据上下文,这个解释用在这里正恰当。“然”解释为“这样”是文言的常见用法,这里重要的是依据语境必须把“未必”和“然”拆开,这也是阅读文言文的一个基本功。第二句的重点文言虚词是“然”、“固”和

“但”。“然”解释为“这样”上面已经说过。“固”解释为“本来”,“但”解释为“只是、

仅仅”。本题的翻译为:于是怀疑司马迁只是文笔雄健,在叙事中善于渲染,而古人不一定就是这样。等到了解到桑怿的事迹,才知道古时的人也有这样的情况,司马迁的书并没有说假话,知道今人中本来就有只是未能全都知晓而已。

至于文言句式的准确翻译特别是补足省略句式中的省略成分,判断其省略了什么,只有根据语境准确把握前后句的关系,才能确认。文言句意的准确把握当然更离不开全文的语境。这里不再举例。

2. 分点意识

每一个关键词或词组、句式或修辞表达点都要赋分,切忌笼统应付,应当注意逐一落实。也就是说,在翻译时,对句子中的每个字词,只要它有一定的实在意义,都必须字字落实,对号入座。要直接按照原文的词义和词序,把文言文对换成相应的现代汉语,使字不离词,词不离句。如果直译后语意不畅,还应用意译作为辅助手

段,使句意尽量达到完美。译完全文后,再通读一遍,检查校正,以防误译、漏译和曲译。

准确翻译的第一步是要一一对应。“一一对应”是直译的要求,也是使译文达到“信”的要求的首要手段。它要求原文中的所有内容在译文中要有较完整的体现,原文中的每一个字词,每一个标点符号乃至表达方式、语气和思想感情都要真的不掉线吗??、????????????

在译文中得到落实,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不随意增减意思。为此,在翻译之前,可以将原文以词为单位逐一切分开来,逐一加以解释,不忽视一个字,不漏掉一个词。

能不能对原文中的字词作出准确合理的解释,是翻译成功与否的关键所在。首先必须借助语境和语法分析对原文进行审视,对句中的通假字、多义词、偏义复词、古今异义词、专有名词、词类活用、固定结构和重要的实词虚词要认真辨析,妥善处理。其次要借助适当的方法对原文中

的字词、句式等区别对待,具体来讲,有以下几点:

(1) 原文中的专有名词(人名、国名、朝代名、年号名、官职名、地名、度量衡等)、某些时代色彩较浓厚的词以及古今意义和用法相同的词要“留”而不译。

(2) 原文中的尊称、谦称、对话中称呼自己和旁人名号的词,以及那些已经改变了名称和习惯的古代说法等,可按现代汉语词语的说法译出。

(3) 对某些词该怎么解释就怎么翻译。如“商君佐之”的“佐”就按其意义翻译成“辅佐”就很正确。很多词是依照常规直接单音变成双音节词即可。

(4) 恰当处理一些修辞格。是比喻的,要翻译成“像??什么”,或直接译出比喻的本

体;是借代,只把所代的事物写出就可以;是委婉说法的,按现代汉语表达习惯来译就可以,如将国王或王后的死说成“山陵崩”,把自己的死说成“填沟壑”等。古人写文章常用典故,这就要适当译出典故的含义。

(5) 句子一些省略的成分,有时需补出。一些文言句子的语序,有时必须改变。如主谓倒装、宾语前臵、定语后臵、介词结构后臵等句式,翻译时必须按现代汉语表达习惯译出。

(6) 一些特殊的句子,译时需要扩充或浓缩。如“怀敌附远,何招不至?”就应译为“使敌人降顺,让远方的人归附,招抚谁,谁会不来呢?”这类句子言简意深,如翻译时不扩充,就难于把意思表达清楚。有的句子为了某种需要,故意用繁笔,遇到这种情况,只译出意思即可。如“(秦)有席卷天下,包举宇内,囊括四海之意,并吞八荒之心”,译时可凝缩为“秦有并吞天下,统一四海的雄心。”

上面六点,大家都曾经熟知,这里不再赘述,这里只想强调的是在翻译时不能

忽视评卷时的分点得分。处理好了以上所谈到的几个方面,文言文翻译题失分较多的问题就会迎刃而解了。 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

手语翻译应具备的技能

一、手语翻译人员具备专业翻译技能的意义 何谓翻译,即把一种语言形式用另一种语言形式表达出来。

手语翻译是架桥人,为聋人和健听人之间顺利沟通思想感情、充分交流信息经验搭起桥梁。也正

是因为有这些手语翻译人员的辛勤工作,才使得聋人能够接受良好的教育,扩大就业渠道,才能使得聋人走出狭小的圈子成为残而不废对国家和社会有用的人。

聋人依靠手语翻译服务能够和健听同龄人一起读中小学和大学,以及其他职工培训教育中心,受到充分平等的教育。

有手语翻译服务,聋人可以及时知道很多他们应该知道的事情,还能通过手语翻译及时发言参与讨论。聋人的知情权被恢复和与周围的人的交流障碍变小,他们就能更好地适应周围环境和适应社会。

通过手语翻译的服务,聋人能在更多的单位就业和从事重要岗位的工作,充分发挥聋人的一技之长。如手语翻译提供上门的小时服务或网络会议翻译服务,聋人与他们的健听领导或同事充分迅速地交流沟通,在业务会议上能参与讨论决策。

聋人通讯事业发展迅速,聋人和健听人之间沟通交流更多更广。比如,利用网络会议软件,手语翻译坐在服务中心的电脑前,拨通聋人要打

的电话,把看到的聋人手语信息对电话机说出来,然后把电话里听到的信息,用手语翻译出来通过电脑网络摄像给聋人看。这项服务能应用到课堂,为聋人听教授口语讲课做―远程‖手语翻译,也能应于用各个单位会议室或办公室为聋人和健听人同事或客户之间进行―网络---电话‖翻译。

我国目前手语翻译职业化道路是刚刚起步,各方面还很不完善,缺少专业的手语翻译.尤其分科明确专业程度很高的手语翻译人员,目前手语翻译工作只是由聋校教师和残疾人工厂的手语翻译人员,这些人不仅缺乏手语翻译技能技巧等方面的专业培训,而且更缺乏某一专业领域的知识储备和训练,如法律、医疗、心理咨询等真的不掉线吗??、????????????

专业知识,手语翻译的水平极大地限制了聋人群体的发展和生存质量的提高,因此在特师开设手语翻译课培养专业的手语翻译不仅是聋人群体的迫切需要,也是政府和社会各界的急切愿望。

二、手语翻译应具备的技能技巧要求

(一)总体要求

中国残疾人杂志社副编审和中国手语教材编写组成员闻大敏在《手语翻译工作的基本要求》一文中指出,手语翻译不仅要有比较广博的知识,具备翻译人员的一般素质,还要有―为聋人服务的诚心和练好手语翻译的基本功。‖手语翻译的基本功包括:―能用双手自如地打出丰富的手语;能用敏锐的眼睛观察事物的千变万化;能讲出清楚流利的普通话;能迅速听懂发言人讲话内容,和能准确地翻译成手语和口语促进双向交流。‖

如何翻译呢?首先要做到翻译内容准确无误。要做到准确,就必须了解聋人手语表达的方式及构词特点,聋人手语不仅表达的形式不同,在语序上也存在一定差异,手势语在构词上有动宾一体现象、代词省略现象、动词有方向性等特点,在语序上也与汉语有一定差异。特别是口译聋人的手势时也要注意这一点,聋人打手势与汉语在表达方面相比常常有省略的现象,因此在口译时,在不违背作者原意的范围内可以适当增加汉语中的量词、动词、疑问词等;以便使听者清楚所

译的内容。其次要做到翻译动作清晰明了,动作太大、太小都会影响手语表达的准确性。另外手势的位臵不同,所表示的意义也有很大差别,手势语是靠交流双方的手势和面部表情来实现的。因此,在翻译过程中注意运用恰当的表情帮助表达情感;翻译人员只有了解聋人表达上的特点,才能准确地了解聋人所要表达的意思,才能准确地做好翻译工作。

要正确理解原文,首先要了解聋人手语的表达方式、构词特点。手势语与汉语是两种不同的语言。手势语是形象的无声表达,是用眼睛看的,称为视觉语言;汉语能用有声语言表达的,是用耳朵听,称为听觉语言。这两种语言形式在表达同一句话时,不仅表达的形式不同,在语序上也存在一定差异。手势语在构词上有动宾一体现象、代词省略现象、动词有方向性等特点,另外手势的位臵不同所表示的意义也有很大差别。手势语是靠交流双方的手势和面部表情来实现的,为了提醒对方注意,往往把最重要的中心词先打出来,然后打说明部分和修饰部分词。有时将一些表示实际意义的主要手势语打出来,配合相应的面部

表情来传递信息。有些虚词除用相应的面部表情外,还可加大手势动作的频率或幅度来表示,这样手势语在语序方面就出现了语序颠倒和省略的现象。翻译人员只有了解手语表达上的这些特点才能准确的理解原文的特点,才能准确地表达聋人的意思。

手语翻译较一般语言的翻译工作人员除强调理解和表达以外,还有自己的特殊性。因此要做好手语翻译工作还要达到如下要求:

1、 具有扎实的基本功

做一名手语翻译人员,不仅要有爱心和责任感,还要有扎实的基本功。手语翻译的基本功大致分为手、眼、口三项。即苦练手功,就是能熟练地用双手自如地打出聋人手语;苦练眼功,就是训练应变能力,能用眼真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

睛及时捕捉事物发展变化状态,能结合面部表情快速读懂聋人的手语所表达的意思;苦练口才,就是能迅速将聋人省略的词句补充上来,将聋人倒装的句子理顺,并流利、准确地用普通话

表达出来。要练好这几项基本功,需要长期不懈努力,此外还要多与聋人对话多寻找实践的机会,了解聋人打手语的规律和习惯,多了解地方手语的使用情况。只有经过不懈的努力,才能在较短的时间内完成繁重的翻译任务。

2、 具有厚实的文化知识基础

手语翻译不同于其他语言翻译人员分工那么具体明细,手语翻译的工作涉及到社会的各个方面,既要帮助公安人员破案、法官断案,还要帮助聋人参与商务洽谈、个人交易谈判,还要为聋人提供生活方方面面的咨询。同时手语翻译和其他语言翻译人员一样,具有被动性,要随时准备为聋人提供任何一项内容的翻译服务。因此,手语翻译人员必须不断地提高自己的文化修养,丰富各方面知识,才能真正做好翻译工作。

3、 肃认真的工作态度

手语翻译工作中,首先要本着尊重聋人的原则, 为当事人保密。其次以饱满的精神状态,文雅端庄的仪态,出席各种翻译活动。工作中无论是文化水平高的聋人,还是文化层次较低的聋人都要

一视同仁,都要有耐心。第三工作中要严肃认真,实事求是,要尊重聋人的原意,不允许随意掺加个人的观点,不允许落漏翻译的内容,这也是作为翻译工作者职业道德。最后,一名合格的手语翻译在工作中要始终以满腔热情投入到工作,不应因个人的喜怒哀乐而影响工作。

4、 尽量使用中国手语

《中国手语》是国内惟一的聋人手语工具书,其手势语科学、规范,是手语翻译顺利地进行翻译工作的必备工具书,有助于促进和加深聋人对所翻译内容的理解,使聋人的手语更加统一、规范,方便聋人的交流。

手语翻译在工作中使用和推广中国手语的同时,也要处理好中国手语与地方手语的关系。要求使用中国手语并不是对地方手势语全盘否定,工作中遇到一些《中国手语》书还没有收入的词语,可以辅助使用地方手语。一个好的手语翻译,不仅应熟练地使用中国手语,也应熟练地掌握地方手语,这样才能有针对性地做好翻译工作。

手语翻译还要做推广《中国手语》书的带头人,在工作中,不仅自己坚持使用中国手语,还能广泛地宣传中国手语的优越性,鼓励并带领聋人使用中国手语。

5.了解聋人语言表达特点

聋人手语与汉语是两种不同的语言。聋人手语是形象的无声的表达,是用眼睛看的,称为―视觉语言‖;汉语的有声语言是用耳朵听的,称为―听觉语言‖。这两种语言形式在表达同一句话时,不仅表达形式不同,在语序上也存在着一定差异。最突出的特点是手势语的语序有颠倒和省略现象。

聋人手语与汉语相比语序有些差异:

1)先打出表示行为的目的词语,后打出表示行为的对象的词语。

例如:汉语:我想回家。

手势语:家 回 我想

真的不掉线吗??、????????????

2)先打出外界感受到的某种信息,后打出

这种信息引起的反应。

例如:汉语:快灭火。

手势语:火 快 灭

3)先打出被修饰、限制的事物名称,后打出表示修饰、限制的手势语词。

例如:汉语:我有一件新衣服。

手势语:衣服 新 我 有一

(4) 出表示某件事物或意愿的手势语词。 例如:汉语:我没有吃饭。

手势语:吃饭 没有

(5)用手势语词表示疑问句时,往往先打出被疑问的事物,而将表示疑问的词放在句子末尾。 例如:汉语:什么会?

手势语:会 什么

聋人手语句子成分与汉语相比缺少一些词类:

(1)缺少汉语中的虚词

聋人手语中一般不打虚词,并不影响句子的表达。

例如:汉语:我和小王在看电影呢。 手势语:电影 看 我 小王

(2)缺少汉语中的量词

在聋人的交往中常常省略某些量词,但并不妨碍

他们之间的交流。

例如:汉语:一本书 一张纸 一只鸡 手势语:一书 一纸 一鸡

(3) 宾一体现象

手势语构词中,动宾短语与该短语中的名词不分,往往造成动词的省略,要想确定是表示短语的名称,还是表示短语中的动词,要从上下文联系来确定,一般不会影响交流。

例如:手势语中:踢足球与足球用同一个手势来表示。

刷牙与牙刷用同一个手势来表示。

聋人手语是靠交流双方的手势和面部表情来实现的。为了提醒对方注意,往往把最重要的中心词先打出来,然后打说明部分和修饰部分词。有时将一些表示实际意义的主要手势语打出来,配合相应的面部表情来传递信息,例如聋人想问你吃饭了没有?他们只用手势打出―饭‖然后面部呈询问的表情;聋人在表达过程中,有些虚词除用相应的面部表情外,还通过加大手势动作的频率或幅度以及改变动作方向来表示,例如―帮助‖的手势动作:双手斜伸,手心向外,拍两下,表

示可以给人提供帮助;双手斜伸,手心向内,拍两下,表示求助。

(二)具体要求

1.常规手语翻译技能要求

手语翻译可分为手译、口译和手语手译三种类型。

手译是把健听人的口语翻译成聋人手语传达给听力障碍的人。手译一般用在谈话、开会、讲课、新闻联播等场合。口译是把聋人的手语翻译成健听人的口语和书面语。口译一般用在聋人作报告、聋人企业家的业务洽谈、座谈会等场合。手语手译在使用两种不同手语的聋人之间把一种翻译成另一种,如将中国手语翻译成美国手语等。手语翻译人员也包括很多种,有专职的手语翻译人员,它包括国家公职手语翻译和私人真的不掉线吗??、????????????

手语翻译;还有兼职手语翻译,它包括聋人教师、聋人家长以及聋人教育工作者。无论是专职手语翻译还是兼职手语翻译,无论是手译还是口译,都是健听人与聋人交往中不可缺少的桥梁

和纽带。手语翻译的能力水平高低直接影响翻译效果,那么怎样才能做好这项工作呢?

手语翻译工作应注意的问题:

(1)手语翻译一般有两种情况。一种是事前有准备的情况。例如领导作报告等,翻译人员要先熟悉报告内容,扫除文字障碍,对所译的内容中的一些新词或无法用手势语词表达的词,事先可查找相关资料或与文化水平较高的聋人商讨一下,切不可硬译,要联系上下文,结合聋人的接受水平按意义创编新的手势语词,否则聋人无法理解这些词的真正意思,甚至还会产生概念错误,影响表达。

另一种是事前无任何准备的情况下进行翻译。例如谈话、座谈会上没有发言稿的讲话等,翻译人员要事先弄清谈话的主题是什么,以便做些相关的准备工作,翻译过程中要求注意力高度集中,应变能力强、手语熟练。在翻译过程中,切不可急躁,必要时可请求发言者慢一些或重复一次,对于一时没看清或听清又不方便询问的情况下,可联系上下文,灵活应变,保证翻译内容的连贯

准确。

(2)注意翻译人员的站位。翻译人员所站的位臵要高低适度,背景光线不要太强或太弱。 (3)要及时了解聋人的情况,如文化层次、地方手语的使用情况等。最好同发言的聋人沟通,了解他们发言的情况,并运用手语与他们交谈,了解他打手语的风格、习惯。准备的越充分,翻译的效果越理想。

(4)时间不宜过长,一般在1小时左右为宜,而且大约在半小时要更换一次手语翻译。

2、用手语讲故事的要求

(1)手势动作要清晰、准确、速度适中,双手不能摇晃。手的位臵要适宜,速度不要过快或过慢。为了表演的需要,动作幅度可以适当夸大,用手势动作的幅度来表现抑扬顿挫。

(2)要精练,与表现主题无关的词语可适当删减,这样才能集中精力,充分展现故事的主要部分。

真的不掉线吗??、????????????

真的不掉线吗??、????????????

(3)讲故事要充分调整自己的情绪,争取进入故事的特定情境中,精彩的情节插在讲述过程中,同时手势动作要配合身体姿态,面部表情要丰富逼真,模拟手势要形象,动作大方、连贯。要始终注意保持与观众的眼神交流,充分调动观众的积极性。

(4)打手势语时要与口语相结合,边讲边打,对于虚词或不宜用手势语表达的词语可恰当运用手指语或口语来补充。

3、手语歌曲创编的要求

手语歌曲的创编,是用手语来诠释歌曲,而不是简单地把汉语歌曲翻译成手语,要使聋人感受到音乐的存在,感受音乐的美,这就要求在创编过程中满足如下要求:

(1)为了歌曲的表达需要,可按照歌曲的节奏适当保留歌词的主要意思,不必每词句必用手语打出。

(2)为了补充手语表达的局限,根据歌曲所表达的情感需要,结合舞蹈动作,适当夸张一些手势动作,用肢体语言帮助增加感情色彩。特别是一些从外观上表现不明显的动作,在不影响歌词意思表达的情况下,可做适当的省略或变型。

(3)打手语歌时要求边唱边打,注意手与与口做配合,虚词或不宜用手势语表达的词语,可恰当运用手指语辅助或靠表情来补充,此外表演者丰富的表情不定期可增强歌曲的表现效果。 真的不掉线吗??、????????????

(4)每句的结束词和总结尾词语,要有一定时间的停顿,即造型。

(5)表演手语歌曲时,要加入全身的动作,不要仅仅局限手腕的动作。

(6)按照汉语语序逐词打出,不允许随意调换词序,但可以按节拍的需要适当省略虚词,甚至在不影响主要意思表达的情况下可以适当省略某个句子成分。要注意词与词之间的停顿、句子与句之间停顿。

(7)新词的创编要求:结合上下文意思,创造直观形象、通俗易懂的手势动作来表示,切不可

随便直译或用相同的字拼凑起来表示新词,这样不仅不利用聋人理解词语的本来意思,还会误导聋人。

三、手语翻译的未来

随着社会的发展,残疾人在社会中的地位不断提高,手语翻译工作应用的范围也越来越广泛,也将越来越引起社会各界的关注和重视。在不久的将来,手语翻译人员将充实到各行各业,首先他们可以在各级各类大学里担任专职手语翻译,为聋大学生上课和与老师谈话做手语翻译,也为大学校园里其他学术类活动做翻译。其次是在中小学担任专职手语翻译,为九年义务教育和高中阶段在普通学校读书的聋生做手语翻译。再有在各级残联机关担任专职手语翻译,还有在公办或私立的手语翻译服务中心工作,按照预约到各个机关单位、医院、法院、企业单位和其他场所做手语翻译。随着寻呼服务台扩大业务和传媒技术的发展,网络提供即时远程手语翻译和电话传译等服务将会很快应用到现实中。

真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

1、阅读下面文言语段,按要求翻译。(8分) 夫君子之行,静以修身,俭以养德。非淡泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远。夫学须静也,才须学也。非学无以广才,非志无以成学。淫慢(注)则不能励精,险躁则不能治性。年与时驰,意与日去,遂成枯落,多不接世。悲守穷庐,将复何及?

注:淫慢,过度享乐与怠慢。

将划线的三句话译成现代汉语:

(1)非淡泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远。

(2)淫慢则不能励精,险躁则不能治性。

(3)年与时驰,意与日去,遂成枯落,多不接世。

(1)如果不能做到内心恬淡,不慕名利,就不能明确自己的志向,如果没有一种宁静的心态,就不能达到一种高远的目标。(3分)(2)追求享乐或安于怠惰,就不能激励自己的精神,性情浮躁就不能陶冶性情。(3分)(3)年华和时间一起流逝,意志和时间一起消磨,于是成了枯枝落叶,这样大多不能对社会有所贡献。(2分)

2、阅读下面一段文言文,翻译画线的句子。(8分)

(宋濂)尝与客饮,帝密使人侦视。翌日,问濂昨饮酒否,坐客为谁,馔何物。濂具以实对。笑曰:“诚然,卿不朕欺。”间召问郡臣臧否,濂惟举其善者,曰:“善者与臣友,臣知之;其不

善者,不能知也。”主事茹太素上书万余言。帝怒,问廷臣。或指其书曰“此不敬,此诽谤非法。”问濂,对曰:“彼尽忠于陛下耳,陛下方开言路,恶可深罪?”既而帝览其书,有足采者。悉召廷臣诘责,因呼濂字曰:“微景濂,几误罪言者。” (《明史〃宋濂传》)

[注]宋濂,字景濂,明代著名文学家、史学家。

(1)诚然,卿不朕欺(2分)

文:

(2)陛下方开言路,恶可深罪(3分) 译

文:

(3)微景濂,几误罪言者(3分)

译文:(1)确实如此,你不欺骗我。(注意“诚然”的解释和“不朕欺”的语序,各1分(2)陛下正在广开言路,怎么能过分给他加罪?(译出大意,1分。译对“方”和“深罪”,各1分)(3)如果没有景濂,我几乎错怪罪进言的人。(译出大意,1分。译对“微”和“几”,各1

分)

3、把下列文言文中的画线部分翻译成现代汉语(8分)

好色,此之谓自慊。故君子必慎其独也。小人闲居为不善,无所不至。见君子而后厌然,掩其不善而著其善。人之视己,如见其肺肝然,则何益矣。此谓诚于中,形于外。故君子必慎其独也。(《大学》)

(1)如恶恶臭,如好好色,此之谓自慊。(3分)

文:

(2)见君子而后厌然,掩其不善而著其善。(3分)

文: 真的不掉线吗??、????????????

(3)此谓诚于中,形于外。(2分) 译文:

(1)好像厌恶臭气,喜爱美丽的颜色那样(出自至诚),这就是所说的自己意念诚实,心安理得。(慊qiàn:满足,大意对即可。重点词:“恶”、“好”。)(2)(他们)见到那些有道德修养的人,就显出遮遮掩掩的神态,隐藏他们所做的坏事,装出一副善良的样子。(厌:(yā)通“压”,这里有“隐蔽”之类的意思。关键字:厌,掩,著)(3)这就是说,内心有真实情感,一定会表露到外面来。

4、翻译文中画线的句子(6分)

失则多,或失则寡,或失则易,或失则止。此四者,必之莫同也。知其心,然后能救其失也。《学记》

译文 :

(1)人们学习,有的缺陷在贪多务得,有的缺陷在知识面过窄,有的缺陷在轻慢不专注,有的缺陷在浅尝辄止。

(2)(教师)了解这些心态,这以后才能矫正这些缺

点。

5、把下面一段文言文中画线的句子翻译成现代汉语(8分)

臣光(司马光)曰:夫信者,人君之大宝也。国保于民,民保于信。是故古之王者不欺四海,霸者不欺四邻,善为国者不欺其民,善为家者不欺其亲。(1)昔齐桓公不背曹沫之盟,晋文公不贪伐原之利,魏文侯不弃虞人之期,秦孝公不废徙木之赏。此四君者,道非粹白,而商君尤称刻薄,又处于战攻之世,天下趋于诈力,犹且不敢忘信以蓄其民,况为四海治平之政者哉!(2分) 译文:臣司马光说:诚信,是国君最大的宝贝。国家被百姓保护,百姓被诚信保护。因此古代君王不欺骗天下,霸主不欺骗邻国,善于治理国家的人不欺骗百姓,善于治理家庭的人不欺骗亲人。从前齐桓公不背弃曹沫的盟约,晋文公不贪婪讨伐原国的利益,魏文侯不放弃与虞人的约定,秦孝公不废除徙木的奖赏。这四位国君,他们的思想道德并不是最好的,而卫(商)鞅更算得上刻簿,当时又处在战争攻伐的时代,天下人都赶着用欺诈武力作为手段,他们尚且不敢忘记

以诚信来蓄养民众,何况作为太平盛世时侯的执政者呢!

6、翻译:把下面一段文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)

赵人患鼠,乞猫于中山。中山之人予之猫,善捕鼠及鸡。月余,鼠尽而其鸡亦尽。其子患之,告其父曰:“盍去诸?”其父曰:“是非若所知也。吾之患在鼠,不在乎无鸡。夫有鼠,则窃吾食,毁吾衣,穿吾垣墙,毁伤吾器用,吾将饥寒焉。不病于无鸡乎?无鸡者,弗食鸡则已耳,去饥寒犹远,若之何去之猫也?”

(1)盍去诸?(2分)

(2)是非若所知也。(2分)

(3)不病于无鸡乎?(1分)

真的不掉线吗??、????????????

(4)无鸡者,弗食鸡则已耳,去饥寒犹远,若之何去之猫也?(3分)

译文:(1)为什么不扔掉(赶走)这只猫呢(采分点“盍”、“诸”两个兼词)

(2)这不是你所了解的(采分点判断句式和“是非”、“若”)

(3)我不担心没有鸡吗(采分点“病”是活用)

(4)没有鸡,不吃鸡也就罢了,距离饥寒还很远,像这样,为什么要扔掉(赶走)这只猫呢,(采分点“则己耳”的语气,“去”、“犹”和“若”、“之”、“何”)

7、把下面两段文言文中划线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)

孔子曰:“夫富而能富人者,欲贫而不可得也。贵而能贵人者,欲贱而不可得也。达而能达人者,

欲穷而不可得也。” (《说苑·杂言》)

孔子曰:“君子有三思,而不可不思也。少而不学,长无能也。老而不教,死无思也。有而不施,穷无与也。是故君子少思长则学,老思死则教,有思穷则施。(《荀子·法行》)

(1)达而能达人者,欲穷而不可得也。 答:

(2)有而不施,穷无与也。

答:

8、阅读下面文段,翻译画线的句子。(5分) 越石父贤,在缧绁中。晏子出,遭之途,解左骖赎之,载归,弗谢。入闺久之,越石父请绝,晏子 然,摄衣冠谢曰:“婴虽不仁,免子于厄,何子求绝之速也?”石父曰:“不然。吾闻君子诎于不知己,而信于知己者。方吾在缧绁中,彼不知我也。夫子既已感寤而赎我,是知己:“知己而无礼,固不如在缧绁之中。”晏子于是延入为上客。

①晏子出,遭之途,解左骖赎之,载归,弗谢。

②知己而无礼,固不如在缧绁之中。

9、阅读下面的文字,翻译划线的句子。(5分) 楚庄王谋事而当,群臣莫能逮,退朝而有忧色。申公巫臣进曰:“君退朝而有忧色,何也?”楚王曰:“吾闻之,诸侯自择师者王,自择友者霸,足己而群臣莫之若者亡。今以不谷之不肖而议于朝,且群臣莫能逮,吾国其几于亡矣,吾是以有忧色也。” (刘向《新序·杂事第一》)[注] 不谷:古代君王自称的谦词。

(1)诸侯自择师者王,自择友者霸,足己而群臣莫之若者亡。(3分)

(2)吾国其几于亡矣,吾是以有忧色也。(2分)

10、阅读下面文言语段,将画线语句翻译成现代

汉语。(5分)

齐宣王问曰:“汤放桀,武王伐纣,有诸?”孟子对曰:“于传有之。”曰:“臣弑其君可乎?”曰:“贼仁者谓之贼,贼义者谓之残。残贼之人,谓之一夫。闻诛一夫纣矣,未闻弑君也。”(《孟子·梁惠王下》第八章)

(1)汤放桀,武王伐纣,有诸?

___________________

(2)闻诛一夫纣矣,未闻弑君也。

____________________

11、阅读下面的文段,翻译画线的句子。(5分) 真的不掉线吗??、????????????

西施病心而颦(pín,皱眉头)其里,其里之丑人见之而美之,归亦捧心而颦其里。其里之富人见之,坚闭门而不出,贫人见之,挈妻子而去之走。

彼知颦美而不知颦之所以美。

(1)其里之丑人见之而美之,归亦捧心而颦其里。

文:

(2)彼知颦美而不知颦之所以美。 译

文:

12、阅读下面一段文言文,将文中画横线的句子译成现代汉语(8分)

士不以利移,不为患改,孝敬忠信之事立,虽死而不悔。智而用私,不如愚而用公,故曰巧伪不如拙诚。学问不倦,所以治己也;教诲不厌,所以治人也。所以贵虚无(注)者,得以应变而合时也。(《说苑》) (注)虚无:虚心、谦虚的意思。

①士不以利移,不为患改(2分)

②故曰巧伪不如拙诚(2分)

③学问不倦,所以治己也(2分)

④所以贵虚无者,得以应变而合时也(2分)

参考答案:

6、(1)自己通达又能让别人通达的人,想窘困也是不可能的。(2)富有时不施舍,穷困时就没人援助。

7、8、①晏子外出,在路上遇见他,就解下左边的马把他赎下来,用车载着他回家,越石父没有道谢。(3分,重点:“遭之途”,“左骖”,“弗谢”的主语)

②了解我却不以礼相待,还不如被拘禁。(2分,重点:“而”,“缧绁”。“固”是本来的意思,可灵活处臵。比如译为“本来”、“原来”、“实在”、“真”、“还”等均可。“己”可译为“这个人”。)

9、(1)诸侯能自己选择老师的,就能称王;能自己选择朋友的,就能称霸;自满自足而群臣比不上他的,就会亡国。(三个分句,每句1分)

(2)我们国家大概接近灭亡了吧,我因此现出了忧愁的神色。(两句话,每句1分)

10、(1)商汤王流放夏桀王,周武王讨伐商纣王,有这样的事吗?(放:流放,诸:“之乎”的合

音,各1分(2)我只听说过周武王诛杀毁灭仁爱、正义的殷纣,没有听说他杀过君主。(给分点为“一夫”、“弑”和省略成分“周武王”,各1分)

11、(1)那同村的丑女人看见了觉得西施那样子挺美,回家后也捧着胸口,皱着眉头在村里走来走去。

(2)村里的那个丑女人只看到西施皱眉的样子美,却不知西施皱眉为什么美。

12、①士人不会因为私利而转移志向,不会因为祸患而改变节操。(或“士人不会因为私利或祸患而改变他的志节 ②所以说奸诈虚伪不如笨拙诚实。 ③求学问道毫不倦怠,是用来修养自己的。 ④(士人)崇尚谦虚的原因,是这样能够顺应变化而又符合时宜。 <BR<

p> 真的不掉线

吗??、????????????

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