公文写作范例-------函

【概念解说】

函适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作、询问和答复问题，请求批准和答复审批事项。

【格式内容】

1、标题。写成"关于* * *的函"。

2、主送机关。

3、原由。

4、函告的事项。

5、结语。

【范例参考】

关于鄂穗两地携手联合打捞"中山舰"的函

湖北省人民政府：

现沉于长江金口赤矾山江底的"中山舰"，是中国现代革命史上的重要历史文物，尽快将其打捞、修复和陈列展览，是海内外同胞的共同心声。

"中山舰"是重要的革命历史文物。该舰192喀年参加"保卫大武汉会战"时被日军炸沉。尽快打捞"中山舰"，使其重展英姿，是一件深得海内外同胞和两岸有识之士拥戴的义举。这对于充实完善中国现代革命史文物，并重现其历史价值，加强爱国主义教育和革命传统教育，增强整个中华民族的凝聚力和向心力，改善两岸关系，促进台湾回归祖国大业的早日实现，都具有重要的意义和作用。

由于"中山舰"在广州的时间长达21年，且围绕"中山舰"的几次主要历史事件都发生在广州。因此，"中山舰"是把广州建设成为中国现代革命史教育基地， 向广州、全国乃至海内外同胞进行爱国主义教育和革命传统教育不可缺少的文物。近几年采，广东省、广州市人大、政协、民革，黄埔军校同学会中的不少代表、委员、成员，各界有关专家学者、人民群众，以及港澳台同胞、海外华侨、华人，纷纷向广州市政府采电来函．希望广州市政府主动与贵省联系章一起尽快组织打捞"中山舰"，并进行修复和陈列。为此，我们经过认真研究．提出由两地政府本着相互合作、相互支持的态度，协商联合打捞，修复。展出的办法和有关问题。

专此函达，请答复。

*市人民政府(盖章)

公文写作范例-------通告

【概念解说】

通告是使用于公布社会各有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。通告不同公告。通告主要用于有关单位开展业务工作需要。

【格式内容】

1、标题的写法有三种：

①"通告"

②"关于**的通告"。

③"**关于**的通告"。

2、原由。

3、通告事项。

4、结语。用"特此通告"表达。

【范例参考】

*电力工业局关于使用定期借记业务结算方式的通告 根据中国人民银行*分行的通知精神，从20xx年12月起，原来使用*市专用委托收款方式结算电费的用电户，将统一*电子资金转帐系统定期借记系统。为此，对于愿使用专用委托收款结算方式缴交电费的企事业单位客户，我局将从20xx年12月起改为使用定期借记方式收取电费。请有关用电户配合我局做好以下工作，以便顺利结算电费：

一、请各用电客户尽快与开户银行联系，按照中国人民银行*分行的统一要求签订《定期借记业务授权委托书》，并于20xx年1月31日前将复印件送达所在区供电局。

二、部分商业银行由于系统升级原因更改了开户银行账号格式，请客户在签订《定期借记业务授权委托书》的同时与贵开户银行确认新的银行账号，并于20xx年1月31日前以正式公函形式通知我局，若届时未受到客户的《定期借记业务授权委托书》及新的银行帐号的，客户将无法使用定期借记方式缴交电费，我局将采取现金方式收取电费。

三、由于定期借记业务系统投运后，银行系统将不再代为传递电

费票据，故我局将统一采取邮政递送，客户签收的方式派发电费票据

予客户。为了确认各客户的邮递地址以及签收人，请客户于20xx年

1月2日至1月5日前往所在区供电局领取

20xx年12月份的电费#5@p，同时填报有关资料交我局工作人员

(具体格式将在各营业点派发)。

特此通告

* *电力工业

局

公文写作范例-------通报

【概念解说】

通报是进行教育宣传和交流信息的一种工具，它适用于表彰先进、

批评错误和传达有关事项。

【批评性通报的写法】

1、错误事实。

2、错误根源。

3、经验教训。

4、处理决定。

5、希望要求。

【表扬性通报的写法】

1、先进事迹的概况。

2、积极意义。

3、表彰决定。

4、希望要求。

【范例参考】

关于谢* *等22位同学考试作弊的通报在本学期期末考试中， * *美术装潢班* * * (计算机基础)、* * (计算机基础)， * *市场营销(普高) * * * (实用英语)，* *贸经* * *(统计学原理)、 * * * (统计学原理)， * *企管企余斑的* * * (财政与金融)、 * * * (财政与金融)、 * * *(财政与金融)， * *金融班* * * (公文写作)、 * *商务文秘斑* * (国际金融)、 * * * (国际金融)、 * * * (国际金融)、 **券投资斑* * *(国际金融)，99计算机* * * (数据库)、*计算机3斑* *(模拟电路)、* *(英语)、* *(英语)，* *计算机(普高)1班* *(操作系统)， * *计算机(普高)2班*(操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)等22位同学在考试中夹带、偷看作弊，违反了广东省高等教育课程考试考场守则第八条："考试中，不准夹带、偷看、抄袭……"。

为教育其本人，严肃考纪，端正考风，促进良好的考风、学风的形成，根据《广东省高等教育课程考试管理处罚暂行规定》第三条，经研究决定给予他们22人记过处分，该科成绩为"0"分，不准参加正常补考。希望广大同学吸取他们的教训，引以为戒。

*大学学生处

述职报告的写作

[概念解说]

述职报传是领导者个人对一个时期内执行岗位职责的实践活动进行自我评述的总结报告。其主要作用是使上级或人事部门和群众细致地了解和评定个人和集体的政绩、预测其发展潜力，促使其忠于职守、更好地完成工作任务。

[格式内容]

述职报告实为一份个人总结，其格式内容可参照《总结》的写法。

［范例参考］

述职报告

xx市人大常委会:

我从19xx年2月起任xx市分路局局长，党支部书记。几年来，我忠诚党的事业，严于律己，严格管理、圆满完成上级下达的各项任务，使单位的两个文明建设取得丰硕成果。年年被省市评为"好路局";19xx年、19xx年连续两届被省、市、县授予"文明单位"称号;局党支部年年被xx市委评为"先进党支部"或"红旗党支部";今年又被xx市委评为"先进基层党组织"。

我本人，年年被市委评为"优秀共 产 党员"，年年被市政府评为"

先进工作者"，曾被xx市委、市政府授予"模范转业干部"称号。 现将我履行职责情况作具体汇报:

一、依法履行职务情况

我局是主管xx市内国、省、具遣公路养护生产及养路费征稽工作的职能部门，现管养线路12条218.8公里，再加上今年5月1日开始接养的xx部队营区15公里"军民共建文明路"，合计233，8公里。养护道班15个。在职人员208人，离退休人员人，合计304人。面对这样一个线长、点多、人员散，劳动强度大，离退休人氕多，经济负担重的部门，我是这样开展工作的。

(一)加强公路养护，以优良路况为社会提供优质服务

作为公路主管部门，服务的载体是公路，服务的对象是车主，服务质量的考评标准是好路率。为了完成xx市公路局下达的年末好路率80％，年平均好路率78％的任务指标，我采取的措施是:

1.抓住重点，全面养护。(略)

2.抗击自然灾害，积极抢修公路。(略)

3.抓文明样板路建设，树xx市的交通形象。(略)

(二)尽心尽职，抓好公路建设工程

由于国家连续几年实行经济调控政策，我局无法向银行贷款，19xx年借银行的1000万元本息至今难以偿还。因此，目前上马的四大公路工程全部是xx市公路局计划投资的。我们xx局的责任是代表建设单位进行施工管理，协调当地政府与施工队的关系，抓好征地和拆迁工作。

(三)强化征稽、路政工作，杜绝公路"三乱"现象。(略)

(四)关心职工生活，致力解决职工住房问题。(略)

(五)坚持两手硬的方针，两个文明建设一手抓。(略)

二、廉洁自律情况

几年来，我能自觉遵守中央和各级党委有关领导干部廉洁自律的规定，特别是《广东省党政领导干部廉政守则》出台后，我要求自己做到：

1. 按守则自律。上级规定不准做的我绝对不做，上级要求达到的我争取达到，不违章、不违纪、不犯法，做个称职的第一把手。

2. 用制度自律。我严格按本局制定的廉政措施办事。在人事问题上，凡干部和职工的招工、聘用、提升、奖惩、房建工程等重大问题，都经支委会讨论决定，不搞"一言堂"，不立"小山头"，力求秉公办事。在经济问题上，计划外超过1万元以上的一切开支，都需经局长办公会议讨论。

3. 以"局长"自律。一局之长应该是本局干部职工的表率，两个文明建设的"领头雁"。因此，我在考虑问题、处理事情当中，凡是要求群众做到的，自己首先做到。我不是以"局长"自居，寻求索取，而是以"局长"自律，讲求奉献，珍惜党和人民给予的荣誉和权力。

三、存在的主要问题：

1. 在经济困难时，遇到棘手问题时容易产生急躁情绪。

2. 充分发挥副职干部的助手作用不够。

3. 制定的规章制度流于形式的地方不少。

四、今后的设想

1.（略）

2.（略）

xxx

xx年x月x日

协议书

协议书的概念

协议书是在公关活动中就某一问题或某些事项交换意见，经过协商、谈判达成共识后，由有关各方共同签署的具有法律效力的记录性应用文。

2．协议书的实例

＜实例＞

技术合作协议书

××建筑工程公司（甲方）

订立协议双方：

××装修设计公司（乙方）

为发挥双方的优势，共谋发展，并为今后逐步向组成集团公司过渡，双方经过充分友好的协商，特订立本协议。

一、建立密切的技术合作关系，今后凡甲方承接的工程，装修设计任务均交给乙方承担。

二、乙方保证，在接到任务后，将立即组织以高级工程师为领导的精干设计队伍，在10日提出设计方案，并在方案认可后一个月内完成全部设计图纸。

三、为保证设计的质量，甲方将毫无保留地向乙方提供所需的一切建筑技术资料。

四、装修施工队伍由甲方组织，装修工程的施工由甲方组织实施。施工期间，乙方派出高级工程师监督施工，以保证工程的质量。

五、甲方按装修工程总费用的千分之×向乙方支付设计费。

六、本协议自签订之日起生效。

七、本协议书一式两份，双方各执一份。

附件：《××建筑装修工程集团公司组建意向书》一份。

甲方 ××建筑 工程公司（盖章）

法人代表：××（签字）

乙方 ××装修设计公司（盖章）

法人代表：××（签字）

19××年×月×日

甲方地址：×××××× 乙方地址：××××××

邮政编码：×××××× 邮政编码：××××××

电话兼传真：×××××× 电 话兼传真：×××××× 银行账号：×××× 银行账号：××××

联系人：××× 联系人：×××

 

第二篇：2-公文写作范例-------通报

公文写作范例-------通报

【概念解说】

通报是进行教育宣传和交流信息的一种工具，它适用于表彰先进、批评错误和传达有关事项。

【批评性通报的写法】

1、错误事实。

2、错误根源。

3、经验教训。

4、处理决定。

5、希望要求。

【表扬性通报的写法】

1、先进事迹的概况。

2、积极意义。

3、表彰决定。

4、希望要求。

【范例参考】

关于谢* *等22位同学考试作弊的通报在本学期期末考试中， * *美术装潢班* * * (计算机基础)、* * (计算机基础)， * *市场营销(普高) * * * (实用英语)，* *贸经* * *(统计学原理)、 * * * (统计学原理)， * *企管企余斑的* * * (财政与金融)、 * * * (财政与金融)、 * * *(财政与金融)， * *金融班* * * (公文写作)、 * *商务文秘斑* * (国际金融)、 * * * (国际金融)、 * * * (国际金融)、 **券投资斑* * *(国际金融)，99计算机* * * (数据库)、*计算机3斑* *(模拟电路)、* *(英语)、* *(英语)，* *计算机(普高)1班* *(操作系统)， * *计算机(普高)2班*(操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)、 * * (操作系统)等22位同学在考试中夹带、偷看作弊，违反了广东省高等教育课程考试考场守则第八条："考试中，不准夹带、偷看、抄袭……"。

为教育其本人，严肃考纪，端正考风，促进良好的考风、学风的形成，根据《广东省高等教育课程考试管理处罚暂行规定》第三条，经研究决定给予他们22人记过处分，该科成绩为"0"分，不准参加正常补考。希望广大同学吸取他们的教训，引以为戒。

*大学学生处 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

出国计划时间表

如果把参加考试的时间计算在内，多数人联系自费出国留学需要两年时间，至少也需要一年半的时间。假定你现在已达到大学四级的英语水平，你TOEFL学习需要2～4个月时间，GRE学习需要4～6个月时间。TOEFL成绩有效期为2年，GRE成绩有效期为5年。TOEFL考试和GRE考试二者没有哪一个必须先考的问题。但因为TOEFL比GRE相对要容易，所以可以先考TOEFL，以便按部就班地学习。着急出国的人也可以同时准备，在大约同一时间内参加考试。

一般来说，应当在一年左右的时间内解决所有英语语言考试。假如你希望20xx年秋天到美国去读书，那么你的TOEFL考试应该在20xx年8月份以前结束。GRE自19xx年1月底在中国实行计算机化的考试，这样，在1～12月期间，你可以从容地任意挑选一个时间参加GRE的考试。总而言之，只要可能，你应当在开始准备申请文件以前完成各项英语语言考试。这样，你选择、联系学校时可以比较有针对性，同时也能避免你因为一边联系学校一边准备考试而心烦意乱、顾此失彼。

★北京大学★英语系学生专用口语学习机：更适合出国工作旅游使用。

以下是我们推荐的联系时间表，供参考：

3月～7月

在准备、参加考试的同时确定自己希望到美国去攻读的专业，调查该专业在美国各大学的排名和其他情况。通过Peterson's Guide 等资料查询各大学专业招生情况、要求及地址。有条件的，也可以进入各大学在Internet的网点查询。在8月份以前必须选出30～40所学校作为自己的联系对象。在些期间，还应该尽可能回原毕业的学校开出中英文的正式成绩单。

8月1日～8月30日

写好第一封联系信，通过邮局或E-mail发给你感兴趣的学校，索取申请表及相关。本软件提供了一些经我们评改过的联系信实例。现在越来越多的学校在这的万维网站上提供申请表格和其他申请资料，你可以从那里下载。

9月～10月

收到校方的回信和申请资料，着手准备各种各样的文件。首先要对申请表格进行筛选，排除一些不合适或对你不表示欢迎的学校，最后选定10～15所学校作为认真联系的对象。然后按这些学校各自的要求准备文件，通常这些文件包括经校方签章并签封的中英文成绩单，TOEFL、GRE等语言考试成绩单的复印件，你自己写的personal statement, resume, essays, 和你的推荐人写的recommendation letters, 等等。

11月1日～11月30日

认真填写所选出的10～15所大学的表格，为这些大学拟定全部文件和材料。在这真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

过程中，最好为每个大学建立一个档案，保留和该校相关的文件和文件备份，以便随时掌握联系的进度。准备一个大信封，把全部要寄出的资料按顺序放入。这些资料包括：

a. Cover Letter, 向校方说明全部资料已准备齐全，现在一起寄出，希望校方认真考虑并给予回音。

b.申请费，可到中国银行或中信实业银行办理汇票，然后把该汇票附在你的申请表上。

c.申请表，按照各大学的要求填写，有条件的可用电动打字机打上去，如果用笔填写，一定要一笔一划写得很清楚。

d. Personal Statement & Resume,这两个文件事关你的奖学金，一定要把你的优势和成就写得充分可信。

e.论文或作品集。

f.TOEFL、GRE成绩单，复印后签上字，放入包封(package)中。

g.如果有一篇专业论文附在档案中，一定会增加录取或拿奖学金的机会。学建筑等专业的学则应提交作品集。

h.财力证明，不管有没有钱，都要把该表填好放入申请package中。

i.各学校所要求的其他资料和文件。这些文件都是要由你自己准备并寄出的。

下列文件不能出现在前段提到的大信封里，必须单独寄发：

1. Three Recommendation Letters, 把三封推荐信分三个信封装好，并在信封口上请教授签上字。

2. 中、英文对照的成绩单，用学校的信封封好，封口上应有学校的签章

3. TOEFL、GRE的正式成绩单，必须安排国外的考试中心直接寄给学校。

12月～1月

向各大学寄出所有联系资料，并要求ETS向各大学寄TOEFL、GRE成绩单原件。在以上工作全部结束以后，可再选出10所左右一般的大学，在不交申请费，不寄TOEFL、GRE成绩单原件的前提下进行联系，有时会有意想不到的结果。

2月～4月

用通信或E-mail的方式和学校保持联系。可能的话，向大学所学专业的教授写信做自我推荐，让那些能决定你命运的教授了解了，以进一步提高你被录取和授予奖学金的机会。有时校方会来函，告知缺什么文件，接到信后应赶紧把所需文件寄过去。在接到一所学校来的奖学金后，不要急于答复，因为可能会有更多更好的学校给予奖学金。到4月上、中旬再决定去哪一所学校，然再把别的学校回绝掉。

5月～6月

如果到5月份还没有接到奖学金，不用着急，但要与学校继续保持联系。真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

大约有三分之一的奖学金是在5月和6月发下来的。拿到I-20表的学员，可以开始到公安机关办理护照。护照拿到后，随时可去美国大使馆申请签证。中国学生一般有三次连续签证的机会，每次签证费405元人民币,从20xx年6月1日开始,签证费涨到559元人民币。获全奖的学员多能一次通过。半奖或没奖的学员只要准备充分，也有相当的机会。

7月～8月

处理好国内的各种事务，预定好飞机票，作身体健康免疫检查，办理好各种所需要的公证文件，购臵各种所需物品，和美国大学联系住宿问题，做好出国准备。

以上粗略的出国时间表仅供大家参考使用。大家可能会碰上不同的情况，到时一定要灵活处理。如果碰上实在棘手的问题可以找专家咨询。

8月

写好第一封联系信，通过E-MAIL发给您感兴趣的学校，索取申请表及相关资料。一般说来，国外正规的大学接到这样的信都会给您回复的。申请资料主要由申请表格组成，但是也包括对学校、原系和专业的介绍材料。只有得到了这些资料，您才能展开申请。

这封信不必写得太长或太详细。因为您未来的教授并不会看到，也不会把它作为您正式申请材料的一部分。内容上，一要表明您计划攻读的学位和专业，一要简单介绍一下您的背景和资历，以说明您为什么有资格攻读您想读的学位和专业。此信的目的是要美国学校对您产生兴趣，并把申请材料寄给您。

9月-10月

收到校方的回信和申请资料，着手准备各种各样的文件。首先要对申请表格进行筛选，排除一些不合适或对您表示不欢迎的学校，最后选定10-15所学校作为认真联系的对象。然后按照这些学校各自的要求准备文件。

复选：收到学校寄来的详细资料后，根据下列标准筛选：

a. TOEFL要求。各个学校、不同专业对TOEFL的要求不尽相同，而且由于近年来中国学生的成绩出现大幅度上升，竞争日益激烈，实际得到奖学金的学生TOEFL成绩多半都在600分以上。所以，一定要对自己的实力有客观的估计。

b. GRE/GMAT要求。许多学校要求GRE（文、理、工、农、医）或GMAT（管

理科学）。所以应该了解申请的学校有无此项考试要求，成绩标准如何。有些学校的有些专业除要求GRE一般考试（General）外，还要求相应得专项考试（Sub）成绩。所以一定要详细了解有关规定，针对自身情况进行选择。一般而言，这项成绩的录取标准是根据申请者在校的学习成绩来定的。您的在校成绩好，GRE或GMAT成绩可以降低一些，在校成绩真的不掉线

吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 差则相反。

c. 申请费。考虑自己的经济情况，不要或少申请申请费较高的学校。 d. 经济资助。各个学校甚至各个专业对外国学生的奖学金政策有很大区别。一定要注意是否向外国留学生提供奖学金，数额多少，当地生活费的高低等等。一般规模越大、研究生人数越多的学校，奖学金的机会就越多。

e. 设备与师资。攻读理、工、农、医的申请者应了解学校具有什么设备以及本专业的师资情况。攻读文、法、商等方面的申请者则应重点了解学校有哪些师资。

f. 未来出路。学校的地位越高，则毕业生的出路越大。

11月1日-11月30日

认真填写所选出的10-15所大学的表格，为这些大学拟全部文件和材料，在这过程中，最好为每个大学建立一个档案，保留和该校相关的文件和文件备份，以便随时掌握联系的进度。准备一个大信封，把全部要寄出的资料按顺序放入。这些资料包括：

a. Cover Letter，向校方说明全部资料已准备齐全，现在一起寄出，希望校方认真考虑并给予回音。

b. 申请费，可到中国银行或中信实业银行输汇票，然后把该汇票附在您的申请表上。

c. 申请表，按照各大学的要求填写，有条件的可用电动打字机打上去，如果用笔填写，一定要一笔一划写得很清楚。

d. Personal Statement & Resume , 这两个文件事关您的奖学金，一定要把您的优势和成就写得充分可信。

e. 论文或作品集。

f. TOEFL、GRE 成绩单，复印后签上字，放入包封（Package）中。

g. 如果有一篇专业论文附在档案中，一定会增加录取或拿奖学金的机会。学建筑等专业的学员则应提交作品集。

h. 财力证明，不管有没有钱，都要把该表填好放入申请Package中。 i. 各学校所要求的其他资料和文件，这些文件都是要由您自己准备并寄出的。

★ 下列文件不能出现在前段提到的大信封里，必须单独寄发：

a. Three Recommendation Letters,把三封推荐信分三个信封装好，并在信封口上请教授签上字。

b. 中、英文对照的成绩单，用学校的信封封好，封口上应有学校的签章。 c. TOEFL、GRE的正式成绩单，必须安排国外的考试中心直接寄给学校。

这些材料准备起来非常烦琐，特别是Personal Statement (商学院是Essay)和推荐信的写作，需要有一定的技巧。但是您又不得不倾尽您的全力去准备。因为在您求学之路真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

上，他们将起着至关重要的作用。它们将帮助美国大学的招生委员会成员全面而客观的看待和考察您，而不仅仅只是把您当做一个分数或一份档案。

如何写推荐信

推荐信的份量直接关系到能否出国留学，能否获得奖学金等，作为对外联系的材料，是其中一份较为重要的文件。推荐信的目的是通过国内专家向

对方介绍申请人的工作、学习和专业方向等情况。在出国申请是否成的诸多要素中，有力的推荐信是录取的重要条件之一，其份量仅次于于本科成绩单和标准化考试（GRE、GMAT、TOEFL）成绩。多数学校都要求申请人提交两封到三封的推荐信，由教授、系主任或工作主管直接寄给指定的单位。

◆ 选择推荐人

推荐信是了解申请人的重要依据，在研究生课程中尤其如此。申请人可以选择现在或以前的老师、教授或雇主。推荐人必须熟悉学生的学习情况，了解学生的学习目的是否明确，在学术上是否有前途，以及学生的适应能力、创造能力、品行和特长。

书写推荐信的最理想的人选是一封由系主任写，一封由专业课教授写，一封由自己的导师写。不过，对方若无规定，则除了自己的亲属之外，任何人皆可为推荐人。推荐人一般应具备高级技术职称，如教授、副教授、研究员、副研究员等。如果推荐人或者曾经在该校讲过学，那么这样的推荐人写的推荐信就具有很强的效力了。

◆ 推荐信的内容

推荐信一般应包括下列内容：

1．被推荐人的基本情况介绍。侧重于个人的毕业时间、学校、所获学位以及个人的专业经历。

2．推荐人对被推荐人的基本评价。侧重于被推荐人的专业基础、个性、特点、工作态度和在学术上的前途估计。若是推荐研究生，推荐人还需进一步说明其深造学习的基础和当前所具备的研究能力。显然，恰如其分地评价被推荐人的基础、能力和前途，比言过其实的赞誉更令人情服，更具有实际意义。

3．推荐人可以着重介绍被推荐人曾经获得的奖励，发表过的论文，参加过的重要学术会议，以及曾在学生组织或学术团体中的任职等来支持自己的评价。

4．推荐人还必须清楚地表明被推荐人留学的身份是研究生还是访问学者，专业领域和研究方向是什么。

5．如果大学提供了现成的推荐表格，则必须按这类表格认真逐项填写。推荐表格中一真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 般有学生综合评估的一项，即要求推荐人说明该生在所教的学生中应列为前5%，10%，或25%等。这种评估是指教授的个人评价，可以稍高一点。另外，推荐表格上常有许多难以填写的项目，遇到这种情形可填”I don’t know”，亦不致对该生的评价有何严重影响。

6．推荐信尾必须有推荐人的亲笔签名，最好直接由推荐人寄给学校招生办官员或申请就读学校的系主任。如果由被推荐人寄送，可将推荐信装入信封内封好后由推荐人在信封口处亲笔签名以示保密。信封正面注明“A Letter Of Recommendation”，表明这是一封推荐信。

如何写简历

申请美国院校入学和奖学金资助，要准备一份合适的个人简历。个人简历的目的是让对方清晰地了解申请者的全面情况，应力求在真实、全面、简明的基础上准确地反映自己受教育和从事专业工作的经历，特别是近年来的工作方向、研究兴趣及成果。

个人简历主要包括以下内容：

1．姓名。力求与各种学历证明的姓名相同，如有更名的情况，务必在公证时予以声明，并附上公证书。

2． 性别。

3．出生年月日及地点。力求与各类学历证明的出生年月日一致，出生地点写明国别和省别。

4． 国籍。

5．婚否。应分为未婚、已婚、丧偶、独身四种状况。

6． 现在工作单位及详细通信地址。

7．个人受教育经历。包括大学、硕士研究生阶段的在读时间，所在大学的名称、专业和所获学位；参加工作后的受教育经历，主要是指脱产接受专门的进修、培训或学习。

8．个人从事专业的经历。填写专业经历应力求抓住重点，突出研究方向；担任教学工作的可列出主讲、助讲的课程名称；担任研究工作的可列出参加各个研究项目的课题名称。

9．有何著作、论文或研究成果。个人的论文、著作和研究成果要分门别类列出，并一定要与个人专业经历相一致。所列著作要注明名称、出版年月、出版单位。所列论文要注明论文题目，刊载的杂志或期刊名称、期号、语种；对于在学术会议上发表的文章还要注明学术会议的名称、召开的时间和地点等等。如果其中有被外国学者评论过的，最好附上刊载评论文章的杂志名称及时间。

10．外语水平。注明参加TOEFL、GRE等考试时间、地点及成绩。若申请者掌握多门外语，则要一一注明语种并说明熟练程度。

11．参加何种学术团体，得到何种荣誉。学术团体一般应是省、市或行业一级以上的专业学术团体，在学术团体中所担任职务可予以注明：荣誉主要是指在专业、技术研究方面获得的奖励和荣誉，要注明获奖名称、颁奖时间和颁奖单位。

12．拟申请的大学和导师的姓名。可根据申请者查询到的资料予以注明，

需注意按照每个单位、每位导师给一份简历的原则，即在同一份简历中不必注明全部想要联系的单位或导师。

13．拟进行的研究方向和希望从事研究的题目。国外院校的专业面一般较宽，要根据国外情况，力求专业面与其一致；研究课题可根据自己的研究兴趣和需要，同时也要尽量真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 考虑对方的条件。简历最好打印。上述项目如遇缺项可不必撰写，只需将下一项内容提前即可。简历的字迹要求工整、清楚。既不要言过其实，又必须充分反映自己的实际水平。

各种证明材料

证明材料一般出自有关单位，文字应规范、严谨，并加盖有效印章。申请者应提供的证明材料主要有以下几种：

1．学历、学位证明。主要是大学、研究生毕业证书，硕士学位证书，博士学位证书。

2．成绩单。成绩单是任何申请人都必须提供的，我要大专院校的成绩评定大多彩百分制，而美国而以采用等级制为多，其平均值通常用平均成绩点数（GPA）表示，因此，必须注明所采用的记分方法，最好能提自己在班级所排名次，现在，美国大多数学校都要求申请者通过ETS直接提供TOEFL或GRE成绩。

3． 财力证明。

4．体检表和健康证明。一般应由指定级别的医院出具。

5．学业（术）奖励和工作证明。一般学校尽管不作要求，但获得过奖励和有过实际工作经验的申请者，在录取时必定会得到优先考虑，这一点在申请助教、助研及奖学金时尤为重要。

6．以上只是准备这些材料时所应该注意的一些基本原则，要完成一篇令人满意的文章，仅靠这些是远远不够的。试者全面的审视您自己，勇敢的展示您自己，您会发现这将是一次难得的体验。如果实在觉得困惑，也可以找朋友，或找专业人士聊聊，看看别人眼中的自己。也许会大有收获。北京澳加教育咨询公司美国部的咨询顾问随时等着您的来电。

奖学金专论

美国大学学费高是众所周知的，一些热门专业如：MBA，法律等更是让人望而却步。可是这些都不能拦住您去美国的脚步。申请奖学金是大多数中国学生会选择的一条路。因为奖学金的获取不但是对学习和生活负担的减轻，而且也是对您优秀的素质的最好证明。

什么是财务资助（Financial Aid）?

财务资助的主要形式有：

1） 学生贷款（student loan）; 2) 奖学金（scholarship）; 3) 免学费（partial tuition waiver）; 4) 助教/助研(TA/RA-graduate assistantship); 5) 助学金（fellowship）; 6) 勤工俭学（on-campus work）; 7) 带薪实习和季节工（salaried internship/summer jobs ）; 8) 协助住宿和节省方案(residential assistance/savings plan); 9) 寄住美国人家(home-stay); 10)教会协助（church assistance）虽然财政资助的形式多种多样，但中国学生最常见到的，是以下几种方式：

A． 奖学金

奖学金的来源主要有三类：a)来自学校，b)来自政府，c)来自校外的私人，公司或教会，一般来说，奖学金的竞争是非常激烈的，并且高额/全额奖学金的数量更是寥若晨星，真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

对绝大多数的国际学生来说，能够争取到￥2000-#3000的奖学金（不用偿还）已经是非常非常幸运的了，奖学金第二年是否继续，取决于学生的学术表现和学校的资金情况。

B． 助教和助研

对于读研究生的同学来说，申请干TA/RA是解决读书费用的好办法，申请者通常必须有本科学历，且教/助研就是学生在教授手下工作，协助教授的教学和科研，也有少数的行政管理工作，竞争助教/助研的位子是白热化的，因为如果能干上助教/助研，学生除了拿薪金（stipend）外，通常学校还给学生免部分学费。这种资助在每个学院的具体金额都在其专业系别介绍中说明，一般通过给系主任直接发出一封索取资料信函就可获得这个系的TA、RA介绍。介绍会说明这种资助的具体金额为多少，获奖比率为多少，能否覆盖一年的全部费用，有的还会说明在本系中一般获资助者的TOEFL和GRE（或GMAT）的平均与最低分数。

C．助学金

研究员薪金是一种金额最高、但竞争最激烈的非服务性奖学金，一般情况下如果获得一所学院授予的助学金，便是获得了全奖，即除了免学费杂费、住宿费、保险费、书本费以外，还给获奖学生一定金额作为其个人消费费用（Personal Expenses）。助学金在申请过程中竞争尤其激烈，一般除了要求较高的TOEFL-GRE或GMAT成绩外，还要有较好的国内学校成绩单、GPA、推荐信和读书计划（Personal statement），这些材料的准备要十分注意技巧，做到与众不同，才能顺利地拿到全额奖学金。第二年是否继续，取决于学生的学术表现，工作能力和学校的资金情况。

D．勤工俭学

美国移局规定，国际学生可以在学校校内每周工作20小时，假期可以工作40个小时，这就是说学生可以通过勤工俭学每年挣到大约#4000-￥6000，工作岗位一般是在图书馆，计算机房，学生餐厅，管理宿舍，办公室，学校书店等等，如果学校常年有学生勤工俭学的工作机会，并且认为学生能够通过勤工俭学解决部分读书费用，学校会有录取材料上说明，但是具体工作要学生到学校后自己找，学校不可能给在万里之外还有得到签证的国际学生预留工作岗位，全部的岗位都是先来先干。

经过漫长的准备，现在是您出手的时候了。如何能以最有效的方式安全快捷的赶在申请截止日期前寄到校方手中，是大家关心的又一问题。

向各大学寄出所有联系资料，并要求ETS向各大学寄TOEFL、GRE成绩单原件。在真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 以上工作全部结束以后，可再选出10所左右一般的大学，在不交申请费，不寄TOEFL、GRE成绩单原件的前提下进行联系，有时会有意想不到结果。

寄申请材料的有效保障——国际速递公司

1．UPS国际速递

顾客服务电话：（Customer Service Telephone）(86-10)65932932-7 UPS网址：

2．FedEx国际速递

XXXXX电话：800 810 2338 电话：（86-10）6468 5566

网址：

3．DHL国际速递

Tel:8610-6466-2211

网址：

4．EMS国际速递

电话：185;65129947

对小件印刷品（申请材料）寄往美国比较，各公司的最低起价为200元左右，提供上门服务，DHL的邮资略高于其它三家公司几十元人币左右，但是它的服务范围更广一些。DHL提供一种叫做“倒付”的业务，既可以由您先将邮资当作押金交给公司，并将校方发信人的Email地址告诉公司，由公司去取回邮件后您再付款（最新报价是250元左右）。这种方法虽价格较贵，但适用于各种必须抢在时间前面，且只能万无一失的场合。另外，在邮寄申请费汇票等重要资料的时候，尤其是自己梦寐以求的大学时，也推荐采用速递的方式邮寄。在服务质量上，国际速递服务也明显好于普通邮件，一般前三家公司3-5天都能保证寄往美国，（在付同样邮资的情况下，EMS的邮寄时间保证上可能略逊一些）。即使是遇到突发事件，如寄往美国的邮件在中途遇到了“9?11“事件的影响，最后也没有耽误太长时间（Fedex寄）。希望大家能在对各种邮寄服务性能价格比综合考虑的前提下，享受到国际速递公司为您带来的方便快捷上门服务。

2月-4月

这也许将是您一生中最漫长的一个春天。随着材料的寄出，您刚刚放下的心现在又提了起来，紧张得等待着录取信和奖学金的到来。虽然您心情紧

张，但也不能干着急，您还有些工作没有完成。

用通信或e-mail的方式和学校保持联系。可能的话，向大学所学专业的教授写信做自我推荐，让那些能决定您命运的教授了解您，以进一步提高您被录取和授予奖学金机会。有时校方会来函，告知缺什么文件，接到信后应赶紧把所需文件寄过去。在接到一所学校来的奖学金后，不要急于答复，因为可能会有更多更好的学校给予奖学金。到4月上、中旬再决定去哪一所学校，然后再把别的学校回绝掉。

OFFER的取舍因素：

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？ 如果同时看中了好几所学校，也都被对方接受了，在面对一封封”Congratulations! You are accepted.”的录取通知书时，如何选择、取舍，是决定未来留学生涯的关键。本文就主观及客观应考虑的因素，提供一些供各位参考：

客观因素：

▲ 经过教育部认可的大学：可到教育部国际文教处索阅资料。 ▲ 奖学金：学校是否提供奖学金、学费补助、助教或研究津贴等，这通常是每个人首要考虑因素。

▲ 学费、生活费：一般私立大学收费都比州立大学要高，但是许多州立大学的学费也相当高；再者，如果学校位于大城市里，生活费会相应提高，这一点不要忽略。

▲ 学校名声：学校、系所的评监排名，是决定选校或选系的主要参考依据。通常，选择有名的学校对将来就业有较大的帮助。

▲ 学校师资、设备：对许多特殊的系所，可能要求特别的设备或专家。例如，读海洋研究的同学，应考虑位于两岸的学校。

▲ 校风：学校风气是保守抑或开明？是否与周围环境息息相关？学术风气

如何？例如，学服装设计的同学可能应考虑纽约；学社会学的同学，选择大城市的学校有利于取材。

主观因素：

▲ 亲戚朋友：这是最易影响决定的主观因素。通常如果有朋友、学长已在某校就读，或是有亲戚住在某校附近，该校就会成为理想中的学校。 ▲ 气候：有些人无法受长期严寒的天气，例如新英格兰区的下雪季节长达六个月；有些人就偏爱加州的阳光。选择之前，一定要先对美国各地气候有所了解。

▲ 个人喜好：看过“爱的故事“的同学爱上哈佛校园；因浪漫情怀而钟情某些学校，大有人在。

5月-6月

拿到了录取和奖学金，当然很高兴，但是先别急着庆祝，在国内还有大量的事情等着您处理。我们向您提供以下资料，希望您在输时少走冤枉路。如果在这时还没有消息，也不用着急，但要与学校保持联系，因为大约有三分之一的奖学金是在5月和6月发下来的。

如果到5月份还没有接到奖学金，不用着急，但要与学校继续保持联系。大约有三分之一的奖学金是在5月和6月发下来的。拿到I-20表的学员，可以开始到公安机关输护照。护照拿到后，随时可去美国大使馆申请签证。每次签证费559元人币。对自己的签证没有把握的，可以找专家咨询一下，看看材料，做做模拟，勇敢自信的走入美国大使馆。

公证的种类

1、 出生公证 2、结婚公证 3、离婚公证 4、未婚公证 5、经历公证

6、未受刑事处分公证 7、域外亲属关系公证 8、亲属关系公证 9、国籍公证 10、死亡公证 11、学历公证 12、驾驶公证书

办理公证所需证明：

出生公证；身份证，户口本，如户口与父母的不在一起则需父母单位（一方即可）出证明。

学历公证：最后的毕业证，学位证即可。

亲属关系：户口本，父母单位证明或派出所证明，有国外亲属需其在国外的居住证明或使用的证件。

有期限的公证：结婚或未婚公证6个月结婚证未婚证即可。

无刑事犯罪公证：6个月单位保卫部门或派出所证明。

办理公证手续

1、先到档案科把档案费交了，得到一张收据；

2、 到公证处取纸一张，填好；

3、带学生证到系人事科，让人事科老师亲笔誊写一遍，一般系人事科备有办公证的介绍信，XXXXX；

4、既得介绍信，去公证处，（各公证处介绍信格式都一样，而海淀便宜）

带身份证户口卡，公证处负责XXXXX复印；

5、 交费，7-15天后去取

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

背诵句式

是非问题分析论证句式

Whereas other societies look to the past for guidance, we cast our nets forward（面向未来）

It is the belief in a brighter future that gives us optimism.

Even these days, when not all progress seems positive (nuclear weapons, air pollution, unemployment, etc.), the belief remains that for every problem there is a rational solution.

The job of the parents is to give the children every opportunity while they are growing up and then get out of their way.

What deference people in authority do command is based on their actual powers rather than on their age, wisdom, or dignity.

In a society that changes as fast as ours, experience simply does not have the value that it does in traditional societies.

It has taken a long time to convince the public that free enterprise does not mean that a company should be free to pollute the air, foul the rivers, and destroy the forests.

The assembly line reduced workers to cogs of machinery and made their jobs unutterably boring, but it produced goods fast.

Food is prepackaged and shopping is impersonal, but the efficiency of the operation produces lower prices and less shopping time.

As an American is always striving to change his lot, he never fully identifies with any group.

In America, there are no such expressions such as in china where ―the fat pig gets slaughtered,‖ or in Japan, where ―the nail that sticks out gets hammered down.‖

This freedom from the group has enabled the American to become ―Economic Man‖-one directed almost purely by profit motive, mobile and unencumbered（不受阻碍的）by family or community obligations.

Equipped with the money, one can acquire the taste, style, and ideas that mark each class and launch a quick ascent of the social ladder.

Actually, persons in status societies who are secure in their niches （适当的位臵）are allowed more eccentricity than Americans, who rely heavily on signals that other people like them.

When half the population goes to college, one cannot expect the colleges to maintain the same standards as in countries where only the elite attend. Just as not every Japanese is hardworking and deferential to superiors （长者、上司）, not every Chinese is devoted to family, not every American is ambitious or patriotic - or even unsophisticated.

No one could seriously think that anyone who grows up poor, lives in a bad neighborhood, and attends an inferior school has an opportunity equal to that of someone more favored.

Americans may not have achieved equality, but at least they aspire to it, which is more than many other nations can claim.

In many countries, when jobs become available for young people in distant cities, when television begins to dominate home life, when ready - made foods appear in the markets, the culture appears more ―American‖ - although the resemblance could be entirely superficial.

Someone who looks around or down appears shifty （不可靠的）to Americans, although in fact one doesn’t stare 真的不掉线

吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

continuously at the other person, but glances elsewhere every few seconds.

When the demand for something is greater than its supply, producers and suppliers will sense the possibility of making a profit - the excess of revenues over expenses is the profit.

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

As the case illustrates, competition takes four general forms: pure competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly（少数制造商对市场的控制）.

The classic example of pure competition occurs with a commodity, like wheat or corn, that has so many producers that no one of them can control its selling price.

A monopoly occurs when one company alone offers a particular food or service and therefore controls the market and price for it.

Private restaurants serve gourmet food for $70 per person; incentives boosted agricultural production 25 percent and industrial output 80 percent in just three years; farmers are encouraged to raise as much as they can on their own plots, and some become almost rich in the process.（注意本句中分号的使用）

All these changes in China’s economic life have brought changes in China’s social and cultural life as well, many of which unwanted.

If productivity measures the efficiency of an economy, a measure of what an economic system produces is its gross national product (GNP), which is the current market value of all final goods and services that a nation produces within a particular period.

Current wisdom says that （当前流行的看法认为）if you want a successful product, you need first to perform detailed market analysis, making sure that there are plenty of people who need the new product and that your entry into the market will be able to gain a significant share of that market.

Started at the turn of the century, 3M ( a giant American company) has been growing at a healthy rate of about 10 percent a year and it boasts of having 45,000 products on the market.

An entrepreneur is someone like Tom Monaghan, the man who after brushes with bankruptcy turned Domino’s Pizza into the nation’s fastest - growing franchise chain.

The extent to which the broadcast media should be censored for offensive language and behavior involves a conflict between our right as

individuals to freely express ourselves and the duty of government to protect its citizenry from potential harm.

Although we may not have conclusive scientific evidence of a cause - effect relationship, ample anecdotal evidence establishes a significant correlation.

Moreover, both common sense and our experiences with children inform us that people tend to mimic the language and behavior they are exposed to. Those who advocate unbridled individual expression might point out that the right of free speech is intrinsic to a democracy and necessary to its survival.

In sum, it is in our best interest as a society for the government to censor broadcast media for obscene and offensive language and behavior.

While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them with the means of doing so.

The suggested reason for buying the car is obvious: it is the intelligent choice.（注意冒号的使用）

In conclusion, I agree that appeals to emotion are more powerful tools than arguments and reasoning for promoting products.

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

Advertising is obviously the most influential art form in this century; it is, therefore, tempting to think that it is the most important. The lesson here is that advertising, in itself, probably will not achieve as great importance as art.

Requiring businesses to provide complete product information to customers promotes various consumer interests, but at the same time imposes burdens on businesses, government, and taxpayer.

While I doubt that buildings determine our character or basic personality traits, I argue that they can greatly influence our attitudes, moods, and even life styles.

Numerous psychological studies show that different colors influence behavior, attitudes, and emotions in distinctly different ways.

Women differ fundamentally from men in childbearing ability; related to this ability is the maternal instinct - a desire to nurture - that is far stronger for women than for men, generally speaking.

In consumer - driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crucial to lasting success.

And in technology, when there are no conventional practices or ways of thinking to begin with, companies that fail to break away from last year’s paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.

Whether an individual saves too little or borrows too much depends on the purpose and extent of either activity.

The evidence suggests that, on balance, people today tend to concern themselves with only practical matters that are related to their life. Traditionally, saving is viewed as a virtue, while borrowing is considered as a vice.

However, just the opposite may be true under certain circumstances.

逻辑问题分析论证句式

The mere fact that ticket sales in recent years for screenplay-based movies have exceeded those for book-based movies is insufficient evidence

to conclude that writing screenplays now provides greater financial opportunity for writers.

It is possible that fees paid by movie studios for screenplays will decrease in the future relative to those for book rights.

The argument fails to rule out the possibility that a writer engage in both types of writing as well as other types.

In any event, the advertisement provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice that it imposes on the writer.

The argument simply equates success with movie ticket sales, which is unwarranted.

The author assumes that physical capabilities are the only attributes necessary to operate a motor vehicle.

Moreover, the author provides no evidence that the realism of color photography is the reason for its predominance.

This assumption presents a false dilemma, since the two media are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.

Common sense tells us that a photographer can succeed by working in both media.

The argument ignores the factors - such as initiative, creativity, technical skills, and business judgment - that may be more important than the choice of medium in determining success in photography.

The major problem with the argument is that the stated similarities between Company A and B are insufficient to support the conclusion that Company A will suffer a fate similar to Company B’s.

Consequently, the mere fact that Company A holds a large share of the video - game hardware and software market does not support the claim that Company A will also fail.

Thus, the author unfairly assumes that highly - rated public television programs are necessarily widely viewed, or 真的不掉线

吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

popular.

While this may be true in some cases, it is equally possible that only companies with products that are already best - sellers can afford the higher ad rates that popular shows demand.

Admittedly, the vice president’s reasoning linking employee benefits with company profits seems reasonable on the surface.

One can infer from the survey’s results that a full one - third of the respondents may have viewed the current benefits package unfavorably. Lacking more specific information about how these other employees responded, it is impossible to assess the reliability of the survey’s

results or to make an informed recommendation.

It is unlikely that the brief one - week periods under comparison are representative of longer time periods.

If so, even though 3 percent more accidents occurred after the change, the author’s argument that changing the speed limit increases danger for drivers would be seriously weakened.

The editorial fails to take into account possible differences between East and West Cambria that are relevant to how drivers react to speed - limit changes.

In addition, while it is true that many voters change their minds several times before voting, and that some remain undecided until entering the voting booth, this is not true of everyone.

Without knowing the extent and nature of the damage resulting from the bad publicity or the reason for the violation, we cannot accept the author’s conclusion.

The author’s proposal is inconsistent with the author’s conclusion about the consequences of adopting an ethics code.

To begin with, the author fails to consider health threats posed by incinerating trash.

The author’s conclusion that switching to incineration would be more salutary for public health would be seriously undermined.

However, this is not necessarily the case.

The author’s implicit claim that incinerators are economically advantageous to landfills is poorly supported.

Consequently, unless the author can demonstrate that the city will incur expenses that are not covered by the increased revenues from these projects, the author’s concern about these issues is unfounded.

First of all, while asserting that real incomes are rising, the author provides no evidence to support this assertion.

But no evidence is provided to show that this explanation is correct. Moreover, the author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for proportional decreases in spending on food.

The author ignores other likely benefits of agricultural technology that affect food pieces only indirectly or not at all.

In the first place, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that sequels are often not as profitable as the original movie.

However, unless the original cast and production team are involved in making the sequel, there is a good chance it will not be financially successful.

Since the difficulties inherent in this process make it hard to predict whether the result will be a success or a failure, the conclusion that the sequel will be profitable is presumptuous（武断的）

This assumption overlooks other criteria for determining a bridge’s importance - such as the number of commuters using the bridge, the role

of the bridge in local emergencies and disasters, and the impact that bridge closure would have on the economies of nearby cities. 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

Without such evidence, we cannot accept the author’s conclusion that no government funds should be directed toward maintaining the Styx River bridge.

The fact that the nearby city has a weakening economy does not prove that the city will not contribute significantly to tax revenues.

Substantiating this assumption requires examining the proper duty of government.

Accordingly, this assumption is simply an unproven claim.

The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either - or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusive. It is equally possible that legislators can address both areas of concern concurrently.

The argument relies on the assumption that the legislators in question（所讨论的）have the opportunity to address urban crime problems. Finally, the author unfairly trivializes the severity of rural crime by simply comparing it with urban crime.

It is possible that the sales trend in a particular location is not representative of sales in other regions.

However, the author fails to acknowledge and rule out other possible causes of such accidents.

A third problem with the argument is that the statistical evidence upon which it relies is too vague to be informative.

If the subjects for the study were randomly chosen and represent a diverse cross section of the population of shampoo users, the results will be reliable regardless of the number of participants.

Experience alone is far from being enough to guarantee minimized processing costs.

Given that Olympic Foods does benefit from lowered processing costs due to its years of experience, the prediction about maximum profits is still in lake of solid ground.

核心句型

1． 开头

The arguer may be right about …, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) that fact that…

As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly/generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas/views), I believe (argue that…

Although many people believe that …, I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).

The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A.

Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that …, it is unlikely to be true that…

There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that… It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case) that…

The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that …

It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that … 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected).

There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that…

Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when … is taken into consideration (account).

To assume (suggest) that … is far from being proved (to miss the point).

A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless / fallacious) it is.

On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that…

Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to) … may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…

The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…

What the arguer fails to understand (consider /mention) is that… We don’t have to look very far to see (find out) the truth (validity) of this argument (proposition).

However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.

2． 正文

Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that… Common sense tells us that…

The increase (change / failure / success) in… mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of)…

The increase (change / failure /success) in … is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that…

Many people would claim that…

One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change) to …, but … is not by itself an adequate explanation.

One of the reasons given for … is that…

What is also worth noticing is that…

There are many (different / several / a number of / a variety of) causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change /decline / increase) in .. First,… Second,… Finally,…

There is no evidence to suggest that…

Why are (is / do / did) …? For one thing, … For another, … Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…

It gives rise to (lead to / bring / create) a host of problems (consequences).

There are numerous reasons why …, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.

It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on…

A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success/ failure / development) in…

In 1999, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

By comparison with 1998, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent).

It account for 15 percent of the total.

There were 100 traffic accidents in April, and increase of 5 percent in a five-month period.

By 1999, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over / as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (1998) preferred to (liked)…

3． 结尾

From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors

/ Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that…

All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that …

It is high time that we place (lay / put) great ( special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of… It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of… We must look (search / all / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of …, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…

There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution ( approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of …, but … might be useful (helpful / beneficial).

No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of …, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of … might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort.

Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that…

Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is very likely (the chances are good) that…

There is little doubt (no denying) that serous (special / adequate / immediate /further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of …

It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct / check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon).

It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be make to control (check / halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of …

It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving)…

It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy).

Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the

possible (potential / grave / serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…

To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of main towards (attitude towards / outlook on)…

For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…

For the reasons given above, I feel that… 真的不掉线

吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

绝密

九年级上学期期中英语卷

（全卷四个部分：满分120分；考试时间：120分钟）

注意：

1．本卷为试题卷；考生必须在答题卷上作答；答案书写在答题卷相应位臵；在试题卷、草稿纸上答题无效。

2．考试结束后，请将试题卷和答题卷一并交回。

第一部分 听力（共四节；满分30分）

第一节 听句子，选出与句子内容相关的图画。每个句子听两遍。（5分）

1．

2．

3．

4． 5.

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

第二节 根据你听到的句子，选出正确的答语。每个句子听两遍。（5分）

6. A. Yes, I was. B. Yes, I did. C. Yes, please.

7. A. It must be Jim’s. B. It must be Jim. C. It is Jim.

8. A. Yes, it isn’t. B. No, it is . C. Yes, it is.

9. A. Read aloud. B. By reading aloud. C. Reads aloud.

10. A. It’s news. B. It’s cold. C. It’s black.

第三节 听对话, 回答问题.第段对话听两遍.(10分)

听下面五段对话。回答11---15小题：

11.How old is the girl?

A. 12 B. 13 C. 14

12. What’s the boy looking for?

A. Football B. Basketball C. Baseball

13. Which colour of mobile phone would she like?

A. Brown B. Red C. Green

14. What did the woman bring?

A. Camera, keys, umbrella B. Key, umbrella, CD players C.

15. Why is Mike so happy?

A. He has got a letter form his family

B. He has seen his friend

C. He has written a letter to his family Umbrella, CD players

听下面一段对话，回答16---17题：

16. Who is talking to Della?

A. Her father B. Her classmates C. Her teacher

17. Why did Della go back home?

A. To get her book B. To borrow a book C. To see her classmates

听下面一段对话，回答18---20小题

18. Where does the conversation happen?

A. In a hotel B. In a shop C. In a restaurant

19. Which floor(楼层) will the man stay on?

A. The third floor B. The fourth floor C. The seventh floor

20. How much should the man pay for two nights?

A. 180 dollars B. 160 dollars C. 80 dollars

第四节 听对话,完成下信息表格。对话听两遍.(10分)

第二部分 英语知识运用(共三节；满分35分)

第一节 词语释义(5分)

21. His father doesn’t allow him to play football o Monday afternoon.

A. let him to play B. let him playing

C. let him play D. let him to playing 22. The woman has run out of all her money. She is poor now.

A. used up B. mixed up C. run off D. run away 23. He prefers watermelon to strawberries.

A. likes; than other B. likes; as much as

C. doesn’t like; so much D. likes; better than 24. How much did you spend on the beautiful sweater?

A. cost B. sell C. pay for D. take 25. Thank you for sending me letters by Internet.

A. ordinary letters B. e-mails C. animals D. post cards

第二节单项选择(20分

26. If you meet a foreigner in the street, you can talk to him like. “ ”

A. Hi! What’s your name? B. Could I ask you a question?

C. It’s fine today, isn’t it? D. Did you have the meal?

27. We should keep ______ in the reading –room.

A. quiet B. quietly C. quite D. quickly 28. _________ should not be allowed to go out at night.

A. Twelve-years-old B. Twelve-year-olds

C. Twelve year old D. Twelve years olds

29. He is afraid to speak in _______ public.

A. the B a C. an D. /

30. This question is ______ easy, all the students can answer the question.

A. too much B. too many C. much too D. many too 31. ---Thank you very much. --- .

A. you’re ok B. You’re welcome C. You’re right D. Thank you

32. The monkeys escaped ______ the zoo yesterday evening. 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

A. from B. of C. on D. out

33. The volleyball may _______Carla，She loves volleyball.

A. be B. belong C. belong to D. have

34. ---Where ___________go this summer?

---I’d like to go _________ warm.

A. would you like to; anywhere B. will you like to; anywhere

C. would you like to; somewhere D. will you like to; somewhere

35. I’ll_________ advertisements after school so that we can tell people about

the park clean-up.

A. put on B. hand in C. put off D. hand out

36. The red bike _______be Hu’s. She has a blue bike.

A. must B. might C. can D. can’t

37. The young ____ has invented more than 30 ________.

A. inventor , inventions B. inventor , inventors

C. inventions, inventor D. invented , inventor 38. I had a little trouble English grammar.

A. learn B. learned C. learning D. to learn

39. ---Do you like fruits?

---No, I don’t like them .

A. very much B. either C. too D. in the slightest 40. We have to study all the subjects well.

A. confident B. confidence C. satisfied D. pleasure

41. I’m sorry I took your backpack .

A. because mistake B. with mistake

C. by mistake D. by mistakes

42. I don’t know if I him this evening. If I him. I will give the novel go him.

A. will meet; will meet B. will meet; meet

C. meet; will meet D. meet; meet 43. The music is too loud. I it.

A. can’t help B. can’t wait C. can’t stand D. stand

44. If you want to know the meaning of the word , you’d better look it up in the dictionary.

A. mostly B. exactly C. nearly D. hardly

44.—Whose pencil sharpener is this?

—It’s not .I think it’s .

A. mine; her B. mine; hers C. my; her D. my; hers

45. ---What’s the date today? --- . It has been so dry for weeks.

A. June the fifteenth B. Thursday C. June fifteen D. the best day

第三节 完形填空(10分)

In learning English, on e should first pay attention to listening and speaking. It is the groundwork (基础) of reading and writing. You’d better 46 your best to speak while you do much listening. Don’t be 47 of making mistakes. But be careful not to let them stop (阻止) you fro improving you r 48 . While you are doing this, a good 49 is to write or keep a diary, write notes or letters. Then if you can, ask some others to go through (浏览) 50 you have written and tell you where it is wrong. Many mistakes in your speaking will be 51 found when you write. Through correcting mistakes, you can do better in learning English.

If you are slow in speaking, don’t 52 about it. One of the helpful ways is reading, either aloud or to yourself. The important thing is to choose 53 interesting to read. It mustn’t be too difficult for you. When you are reading 54 this way, don’t stop to 55 the new words if you can guess their meanings when they have nothing to do with the sentences. You can do that some other time.

51. A. have B. send C. make D. try

52. A. sure B. proud C. afraid D. tired

53. A. English B. Chinese C. Japanese D. French

54. A. start B. idea C. time D. way

55. A. how B. when C. what D. why

56. A. happily B. easily C. really D. slowly

57. A. talk B. fear C. worry D. hurry

58. A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing

59. A. by B. on C. at D. in

60. A. look B. look for C. look up D. look over 第三部分 阅读理解（30分）

(A)

根据短文内容判断正误，正确的写―T‖错误的写―F‖

You may know that Schwarzenegger(施瓦辛格) is a famous film star. But he was not famous in 1976 when he met with a newspaper reporter. The reporter asked Schwarzenegger, ―Now that you’ve left bodybuilding(健美运动). What do you want to do next?‖ Schwarzenegger said, ―I’m going to become the No. 1 film star in Hollywood (好莱坞).‖ The reporter was surprised at Schwarzenegger’s plan. It was very hard to imagine how this strong body-builder could ever hope to be Hollywood’s No. 1 film star! 真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

At that time he just tried to act in the film.

So the reporter asked Schwarzenegger how he could make his dream come true, and Schwarzenegger said, ―I’ll do it the same way I became the No. 1 bodybuilder in the world.‖ It sounds almost impossible. But it worked! Schwarzenegger became the No. 1 film star in Hollywood!

We see what we want to see. We are what we think we are. Nothing can control (控制) our life but ourselves. If we don’t think we’ll be successful. We won’t. We can’t be it if we can’t see it. Our life is limited (受限制的) to our vision (视野). If we want to change our life, we must change our vision of our life. Remember. ―If you can see it, you can be it.‖

根据短文内容做出判断，正确的写T， 错误的写F：（10分）

61. Schwarzenegger was a famous film star.

62. Schwarzenegger’s dream came true at last.

63. At first, the reporter couldn’t believe what Schwarzenegger said.

64. Our life can’t be controlled by ourselves.

65. The writer wants to tell us where there is a will, there is a way.

(B)

Dolphins

Dolphins are mammals, not fish. They are warm blooded like man, and give birth to one baby, called a calf, at a time.

At birth, a bottlenose dolphin calf is about 90-130 cms long and will grow to approximately 4 metres, living up to 40 years.

They are highly sociable animals, living in groups, called pods, which are fairly fluid, with dolphins from other pods interacting with each other from time to time.

Dolphins carry their young inside their womb for about 12 months. The baby is born tail first, and its mother will feed the calf for up to 2 years.

However, the calf will stay with its mother for between 3-6 years, during which time it will learn all about feeding techniques, social interaction and group hunting.

1. What is a baby dolphin called?

A. A pod B. A baby C. A womb D. A calf

2. How long does a dolphin calf stay with its mother?

A. 12 months B. 2 years C. 3-6 years D. 40 years 3. What kind of blood does a Dolphin have?

A. warm-blood B. cold-blood C. salt-water blood D. we don’t know

4. Which statement is Wrong?

A. Dolphins are living in groups. B. Dolphins lay eggs.

C. Dolphins can live up to 40 years. D. Dolphins are not fish.

(C)

A friend of mine named Paul received an expensive car from his brother as a Christmas present．On Christmas Eve when Paul came out of his office，a street urchin was walking around the shining car．―Is this your car，Paul？‖he asked．

Paul answered，―Yes，my brother gave it to me for Christmas．‖The boy was surprised．―You mean your brother gave it to you and it didn’t cost you nothing？Boy，I wish…‖He hesitated．

Of course Paul knew what he was going to wish for．He was going to wish he had a brother like that. But what the boy said surprised Paul greatly.

―I wish,‖ the boy went on，―that I could be a brother like that．‖Paul looked at the boy in surprise, then he said again, ―Would you like to take a ride in my car？‖

―Oh yes，I’d love that．‖

After a short ride，the boy turned and with his eyes shining，said，―Paul，would you mind driving in front of my house？‖

Paul smiled a little．He thought he knew what the boy wanted．He wanted to show his neighbors that he could ride home in a big car. But Paul was wrong again. ―Will you stop where those two steps are？ the boy asked．

He ran up to the steps. Then in a short while Paul heard him coming back, but he was not coming fast. He was carrying his little crippled brother. He sat him down on the step and pointed to the car.

―There she is, Buddy, just like I told you upstairs. His brother gave it to him for Christmas and it didn’t cost him a cent. And some day I’m going to give you one just like it…then you can see for yourself all the nice things in the Christmas windows that I’ve been trying to tell you about.‖

Paul got out and lifted the boy to the front seat of his car. The shining-eyed older brother climbed in beside him and the three of them began an unforgettable holiday ride.

注：urchin顽童 hesitate犹豫 neighbor邻居 crippled残疾 cent美分 根据短文内容选择正确答案

1．The street urchin was very surprised when ________．

A．Paul received an expensive car

B．Paul told him about the car

C．he saw the shining car

D．he was walking around the car

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

2．From the story we can see the urchin ________．

A．wished to give his brother a car

B．wanted Paul’s brother to give him a car

C．wished he could have a brother like Paul’s

D．wished Paul could be a brother like that

3．The urchin asked Paul to stop his car in front of his house ________．

A．to show his neighbors the big car

B．to show he had a rich friend

C．to let his brother ride in the car

D．to tell his brother about his wish

4．We can infer（推断）from the story that ________．

A．Paul couldn’t understand the urchin

B．the urchin had a deep love for his brother

C．the urchin wished to have a rich brother

D．the urchin’s wish came true in the end

5．The best name of the name story is _________．

A．A Christmas Present B．A Street Urchin

C．A Brother Like That D．An Unforgettable Holiday Ride

第四部分 写作(共三节；满分25分

第一节根据句意, 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空.(5分)

76. It may take a long time to find a to the problem. (solve)

77. I haven’t had anything for two days, so I am very (hunger) now.

78. My parents are considering (go) to somewhere relaxing. 79. This is an (educate) film.

80. The world (divide) into seven continents. China lies in Asia.

第二节 将下列句子中的汉语部分译成英语,注意使用适当的形式.(5分)

81. My friend (让我搭便车).

82.The bus (损坏)on the way to school the day before yesterday. 83. (三分之二) of the sweaters are made of cotton. 84. They study by (做抽认卡). 85.He decided to (专注) maths because he just failed the exam.

第三节书面表达(15分)

My Childhood

提示：每个人都有自己的童年，也有自己童年中的最美好、最难忘的事。请你以“我的童年”为题，把自己童年中最美好的记忆写出来。

要求：1、词数不少于80词；

2、意思连贯正确，语言流畅，书写规范，卷面整洁；

3、文中不得使用真实姓名和校名，否则以零分计。

08年九年级上学期期中考试听力材料

第一节 听句子，选出与句子内容相关的图画。每个句子听两遍。（5分）

1．A：—Could you tell me what time it is now? B：–Oh, it’s half past eight.

2. A：–How do you usually go to school?

B：–I want to exercise, so I never ride bike and take bus, just walk.

3. My uncle like photography, he has a nice camera

4. I prefer English to maths. 5. He is sending an e-mail to his girlfriend.

第二节 根据你听到的句子，选出正确的答语。每个句子听两遍。（5分）

6．Why is Kunming called the Spring City?

7. On which days needn’t you go to school?

8. Kunming is in the southwest of China.

9. Shall we give our art teacher some flowers on Teachers’ Day?

10. I have to tidy my room.

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

第三节 听对话, 回答问题.每段对话听两遍.(10分)

听第一段对话。回答11---12小题：

W：Excuse me, which is the way to the museum?

M: It’s a little far. It’s about half an hour’s walk. But you can take a bus.

W: Which bus shall I take?

M: Either No. 14 or No. 50 is all right. W: Thank you very much. M: You’re welcome.

听第二段对话，回答13---15题：

W: Nice to see you, Tom. M: Nice to see you, Kate. W: I haven’t seen you for a long time. Where have you been? M: I’ve been to Hainan for a holiday. W: How long did you stay there?

M: Two weeks. W: Did you come back yesterday? M: No, I came back three days ago.

听第三段对话，回答16---20小题

M: Do you know where I put y key? W: No, I don’t’. Have you lost it ?

No, I’m only saying I can’t find it at the moment.

W: Well. I hope you haven’t dropped it somewhere.

M: Did you lock the car door? W: why do you ask that? M: Because I thought I left it on the back seat.

W: Look in the bag. You may have put it there. M: Oh! Yes, thank you.

第四节 听对话,完成下信息表格。对话听两遍.(10分)

It’s a fine day. The sun is in the sky. Mr. King and his family are in the park. Mr. and Mrs. King are sitting under the tree and looking at their children. Their daughter, Lucy, is reading a book. The boy in the hat is her brother, Joe. He is flying a kite. There is also a young girl. She can’t walk well. She is only one year old. She is drinking a bottle of milk. Lucy’s brother isn’t in the park. He works in the factory.

参考答案

1-5CBACC 6-10 AABCA 11-15 BABAC 16-20 CCBBA

21-25 AACBB 26-30 CADCB 31-35AABDC 36-40BACAD

41-45DCDAB 46-50 BCBBA 51-55DCADC 56-60BCADC

61-65FTTFT 66-70DCABD 71-75BADBC

76 solution 77 hungry 78 going 79 touristest

80 children 81 pop song(s ) popular song(s) 82 in fact 83 two thirds 84 making flashcards 85 concentrate on

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

刘丽丽 分享日志 语言翻译工作的价格

1.北京精英会议翻译中心报价：

2.南宁翻译公司

3.甲申同文

4.亿洋翻译

但是要注意，这是翻译公司的报价，他还要剥削，真正到译员手中不是这个价格。

看起来不管是做什么翻译，小语种的收入都高，等考上之后我要学个小语种。 关于市场：中国的翻译市场不成熟，但是现在逐渐要规范了，想做翻译这个行业，人事部的那个证书还是挺重要的；我问过，除了人事部之外，其他的证书怎么样，回答是目前人事部的证书是全国含金量最高的。

做口译要做到英语+专业背景（知识），没有相关专业知识的人做不了，因为做口译会具体到某一个行业。口译的技巧很容易学会，但是要有做够多的积累，否则只会技巧仍然做不了。

传译的平均工作时间是一年100天，一年的收入50-60万之间，如果能达到70-80万就比较不错了。

如果是小语种的同声传译，有可能一个人就垄断全国甚至世界，比如英/阿全国可能只有一两个人能做，阿/汉全世界可能只有10个人能做(这些对于我们而言都是后话了，英汉弄好就不容易了）。

我个人觉得，中国的传译市场还有很大的潜力，迄今为止中国大陆13亿人里只有31个AIIC会员，法国有398个、德国288个、香港14个、台湾7个、奥地利76个、比利时334个、加拿大121，就按人数比例而言中国也太少了，而且中国人那么聪明；我感觉是被吓到了，所有人都说做同传难，所以做同传的就少了，AIIC会员也就少了。

真的不掉线吗？？、？？？？？？？？？？？？

继续写于越讲课的内容：同传不像想象中难，如果有天赋的话会学的更快，但没有天赋坚持的时间最够长也能做到。同传中的一心二用，做跟读练习，练3-4个月能实现，跟读练习要从中文开始，跟都时要滞后与原音，至于滞后多少视个人能力而定，开始滞后的时间要短一些，之后逐渐增加，慢慢做到听说分家；跟读练习，从中文开始，熟练以后做英文的跟读。

同传开始时是学技巧（比如说笔记），但到后面是知识，当技巧掌握之后，知识越多作用越大。

学好同传要做到：1.好学，有自学能力 2.心里得喜欢 3.心里素质好

下面是另一个人的讲课内容。

做口译，按照他们的课程坚持练习，6-12个月能达到中国翻译市场认可的水平。上岗的基本要求是，在听完一段3-5min的录音3秒后能进行翻译。

由此讲到了记忆问题：一是脑记short memory，二是笔记。能做到笔记和脑记综合运用算达标。笔记法推荐P型笔记法。

记忆的重要：把听译变成了视译，反过来，学会了视译才能过渡到听译。

传译入门只要英语四级即可，专八和四级的人学传译，起点相差不大。

原因如下：专八也好，四级也罢，都是要学记忆，就算是专八它也不会记忆，也要从头学记忆；传译是要有方向的，并且必须有方向（专业），没方向做不了传译，从这点而言英语专业的人最可怜，因为英语专业的人是没有专业的，一张专八的证书什么都做不了，所以就算是专八，专业背景知识方面和过四级的人没什么区别，甚至比不上其他专业过四级的人，所以学传译专八和四级的起点一样，在专业知识方面都要从头开始；单词量，就算是专八也没有用，因为做传译需要的是专业词汇，专八的词汇不适用，在这方面四级和专八都要重新学。

记单词要重质，数量其次。单词量+背景知识是基础，记单词要有针对性。

传译的入门行业是政治经济，政治经济类的传译是所有传译中最简单的，是传译的必经之路，也是需要单词量最少的行业：只要1700个专业词汇，但这里不包括随着事物发展产生的新词汇。

下面的东西有些重复了。

传译入门和平时学英语不是一回事，传译一开始就要进入一个具体的方向（专业），否则学不了传译。

口译，专业背景知识必须具备。既懂专业，又会口译。

没有人有背景优势，所以所有人的起点是一样的。记单词不是光讲数量，要讲质量（每个单词的所有意义和各种用法）。在于质量不在于数量（口译）。

解决单词还不够，还要有背景知识。

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数字的翻译，听到一串数字3s之后能出口吗。

口译是低调但有尊严的工作。

心理素质（分心加抗干扰能力）+技巧+（专业）背景是中翻英的必备条件； 证书+实践是翻译入行条件。

翻译考试都要求抗干扰+分心能力。

听力的问题：平时练听力都是选择一个安静的环境，在没有干扰的条件下练听力，这是错的。翻译考试是在嘈杂的环境中进行，在听完录音后30个人同时开口，所以考试要有抗干扰和分心能力。

要摘掉耳机练听力，平时训练的环境越艰苦，越好。

英翻中：听力很重要。

口译员听力要求达到母语级（只要努力，用磁带小时训练法，最短四个月，最长八个月）

口译中什么方法能让听力快速达到母语级别：磁带小时训练法(精听），能同时提高听说读写译。口译基础：至少150个tape hour。做到150个tape hour，一定能超出考试所需要的水平。

平均量：每天抽出2-3个小时，连续坚持3-4个月就可以。

如果每天1-1.5小时，要6-8个月。

口译的学习需要连续和坚持，尽量没有断点，如果有断点很有可能得从零开始。 6-12个月能达到口译的上岗水平。

要先练精听，如果经常泛听，听不懂的还是听不懂。

全国过人事部二级口译证的人不到1000人。

磁带小时用笔记法才能做，完成750张A4纸正反面。

听力问题：习惯+方向。

习惯指的是泛听，泛听是恶性循环。

要精听：听清楚词、句子意思、句子结构甚至标点符号。

泛听使听力无法突破。

学英语的方向：太杂所以不成功。学英语必须有方向：积累某一个专业的英语知识，听某一个专业的。

做口译，要从现在开始听新闻。

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