本科毕业论文的提纲格式样例

A Contextual Study of Black English

摘要：对全文进行概括性的总结，涉及到研究背景、研究目的、研究方法、研究发现等；重点放在研究发现上。

关键词：3-5个。

Outline

毕业论文由以下几部分组成：

1 Introduction （绪论）

绪论：本部分对论文整体上予以简单介绍，涉及以下方面：

指出研究目的 (Research aim) ，并把研究目的细化为2、3个研究问题(research questions)。指出用何种理论框架（theoretical framework）有何研究意义（Significance of the present study），方法论（methodology当前研究属于定性还是定量，有何具体方法），语料收集（data collection，语料由何处，运用何种方法收集到的，为何用这些语料），论文的结构（organization of the dissertation）

2 Literature Review （文献综述）

文献综述：本部分主要介绍以往的相关研究，要有陈述也有评论，重点指出以前研究存在的不足，或者没有解决的问题（让人明白本研究的必要性）。如：以“A Contextual Study of Black English”(“黑人英语的语境论研究”)为题，本论文文献综述要围绕着国内外有关黑人英语的研究状况去写。但是，不要写成1.国内的研究2.国外的研究，因为科研不分国内外，要有全球视角。而是根据不同的视角去写。

2.1 语言学路径下的研究

2.2 人类学路径下的研究

2.3 文化学路径下的研究

3 Theoretical Framework （理论框架）

理论框架：本部分指出本研究所依据的理论基础，要对该理论有个概括的介绍，重点放在你要用的理论上，比如：语境或语域等。如：

3.1 Introduction to the Systemic-Functional Linguistics

3.2 The Three Metafunctions

1

3.3 The Concept of Context

3.3 The Concept of Register

4 Discussion / Case Study（讨论或个案研究）

讨论：用上述理论框架对所收集的语料进行讨论，解决你所提出的所有研究问题，并归纳有何研究发现。根据具体情况，如果内容较多，可以写成两节。可以把“Discussion”写成“Case Study”(个案分析) 。

5 Conclusion （结论）

结论：首先对全文有个小结；然后回顾你在本研究中的发现、直接说明你的研究目的是否已经实现，所有的研究问题是否已经回答清楚；指出本研究存在的不足、对将来相关研究的启示等。

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第二篇：英语毕业论文样本

CONTENTS

Abstract…………………………..…………………………………………………. .1 Introduction…………………………………………..………………...3 Chapter 1 The Reason Huck and Jim Run Away For Freedom...6

1.1 The Reason Huck Leave for Freedom………………..………...6

1.2 The Reason Huck Leave for Freedom…………. …….. ….. …10 Chapter 2 The Psychological Level Represented by the Major

Roles…………………………………………………………………….12

2.1 Huck' Child Psychology and Performance…………….. ..……12

2.2 Jim's Adult Psychology and Performance……………………..15 Chapter 3 The Reason That the Major Roles Get Freedom. . .. .17

3.1The Reason That Huck Get Free Freedom .…………. ..……....17

3.2The Reason That Jim Obtain Freedom.………………. ..……...22 Conclusion……………………..…………………………………………………..28 Notes…………………………………………..………………………..30 Bibliography……………………………….……………………...31 Acknowledgements……………………………….…………….....32

The Pursuit of the Freedom of Major Roles in The Adventures of Huckleberry

Finn

Wu Yulong

(Foreign Language Department, Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China)

Abstract:This paper probes into The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in three part. The first part discusses the reasons why Huck and Jim run away for freedom. It mainly talks about the social confinement and Huck?s father's control over Huck and the cruel Slavery pressed on Jim. The second part discusses Huck and Jim?s psychology their represented during the adventure, it mainly analyzes Huck?s children psychology and Jim?s adult psychology. The last part discusses the reasons why Huck and Jim can obtain freedom successfully. For Huck, it mainly analyzes Huck?s cleverness, consideration, and patience, and his rational, decisive quality; and for Jim, it mainly analyzes Jim?s good character, Huck and Miss Watson?s function and the effect come from the anti-slavery movement in American society. Key Words: freedom; Huck; confinement; Jim; slavery

摘 要：本文分别从三个部分来探讨了《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中主人公对自由的追求。第一部讨论哈克与吉姆逃跑的原因，主要分析了文明社会对哈克的束缚及哈克父亲对他的控制和奴隶制对吉姆的压迫。第二部分讨论两人在追求自由之旅中所表现出来的心理层次，主要分析了哈克的儿童心理和吉姆的成人心理。第三部分讨论了哈克与吉姆成功获得自由的原因。对于哈克，主要分析了他自己的聪明，深思熟虑，有耐心，理智且果断的自身特点对他获取成功的帮助；对于吉姆，主要分析他自己的良好品行，哈克与沃声小姐的作用及反奴隶 1

制运动的影响。

关键词: 自由；哈克；束缚；吉姆，奴隶制

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Introduction

Mark Twain (1835-1910) is the founder of American critical realism literature and is also the great master of the world-famous short stories whose original name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens. During his life, Mark Twain writes many famous books. In 1884，Mark Twain?s representative works Adventures of Huckleberry Finn appeared. Although it is the continuance of Adventures of Tom Sawyer, they have qualitative differences between them. In a sense, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is no longer the “children books”. Mark Twain had become the literary giant and enjoyed popularity from America to Europe. For Lincoln abolished the slavery by an order, and Mark Twain collapsed the slavery thought by his works Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, so he was called American “Lincoln on the literature”, and his legendary character praised by all the public. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn：

A somewhat messy, slightly dirty young boy in castoff, ill-fitting

clothing and bare feet. His face, much dirtier is also bright, but the

expression is inquisitive and confident rather than smug, with a

touch of wonder mixed with slyness. He may be carrying a fishing

pole, but he is probably not doing anything in particular.

—Keith Neilson, Preface of the Adventures of

Huckleberry Finn[1]

As is described above we could find that the boy is Huckleberry Finn who comes from Mark Twain?s famous novel ― Adventures of 3

Huckleberry Finn. In this novel, Huck is a teenager boy full of adventurous spirit, and he is also a social outcast (until he acquires some money), liar, thief, child of nature, and natural rebel. In order to pursue the personal freedom, he escaped from the “civilizing” society with a runaway slave, and journeyed on the Mississippi River for a long time. Therefore, if we want to analyze Huck?s development process, we should have a general understanding about the novel ― Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. However, in the early period of its publishing, Huckleberry Finn had not always occupied its present high place in the canon of American literature. But today everybody believes that it is the masterpiece or the most worthy book to read in the world 1iterary history. What?s more, a lot of famous persons gave it the high praise in the history. In 1935, Hemingway made his often quoted statement that praised Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: “all modem American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn, all American writing comes from that”[2]. And then in Lionel Trilling?s often anthologized introduction to Rinehart edition (1948), he calls Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, “one of the world?s great books and one of the ?central documents of American culture?”[3]. And after Adventures of Huckleberry Finn published, There are many domestic and international researches on Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in different points of views. Studies From the behavior of the figure, some scholars classified 4

Huck act as escapist behavior, it is behavior that not meet the face of the problem, but run away to avoid the confinement, but not solve the problem in fact. The other representative study is probe the topic from the angle of racial equality.

5

Chapter1

The Reason Huck and Jim Run Away For Freedom

In this chapter, we will focus on studying the reason why Huck and Jim run away. In order to understand the freedom theme better, it is important to make clear the cause of the event of running away. In the novel, Huck and Jim are come out from different groups, so the study of the flee reason also different. Huck, as a white, running away for freedom mainly because he can?t stand the confinement of the civilized society. For Jim, he flee because Miss Watson was going to sell him and at the same time, he can?t stand the press of the cruel slavery anymore.

1.1 The Reason Huck Leave for Freedom

The first reason cause Huck?s run away for freedom is the “civilizing” society confinement. Before he get the gold coin and adopted by Widow Douglas, Huck is both lovely and naughty, with childlike innocence and unpretending goodness behind the appearance of a vagabond, he is a boy have the biggest freedom, no man restrict him , he can do whatever he want to do as his own will:

Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunkard. Huckleberry was

cordially hated and dreaded by all the mother of the town, because

6

he was idle and lawless and vulgar and bad, and because all their

children admired him so, and delighted in his forbidden society, and

wished they dared to be like him,……and all the respectable boys

envied Huck?s gandy out cast condition. ……Everyday,

Huckleberry come and went, at his own free will. He sleeps on

doorsteps in fine weather and in empty hogsheads in wet. He dis not

have to go to school or to church, or call any being master or obey

anybody; he could go fish or swimming when and where he chose,

and stay as long as it suited him, nobody forbade him to fight; he

could sit up as late as he pleased; he never had to wash, nor put on

clean clothes; he could swear wonderfully.[4]52-53

But after Widow Douglas adopted Huck as her son-in-law, everything had changed: Huck?s free lost, there are many rules the Widow Douglas demanded that he must abbey,

“She makes me get up just at the same time every morning; she

makes me wash, they comb me all to thunder; she won?t let me

sleep in the woodshed; Igot to wear them blamed clothes that just

smothers me, Tom, they don?t seem to any air git through?em,

somehow; and they are so rotten nice that I can?t set down, nor lay

down, nor roll around anywher?s; I hain?t slid on cellar door for

well; it pears to be years; I got to got to church and sweat and

sweat―I hate them ornery sermons! I can?t chaw. …… the wider

eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell―

everything is so awful regular a body can?t stang it.” “Tom, it don?t

make no difference, I ain?t everybody, and I can?t stand it, It?s

awful to be tied up so: and grub comes too easy―I don?t take no

interest in vittles, that way, I got to ask to go to a-fishing; I got to

7

ask to go in a-swimming―dern?d if I hain?t got to do everything.

Well, I?d got to talk so nice it wasn?t no comfort―I?d got to go up

in the attic and rip out a while, every day, to git a taste in my mouth,

or I?d a died, Tom, the wider wouldn?t let me smoke; she wouldn?t

let me yell, she would?t let me gape, nor stretch, nor scratch,

before talks―[Then with a spasm of special irritation and injury]―

“and dad fetch it, she prayed all the time! I never see such a woman!

I had to shove, Tom―I just had to, and besides, that school?s going

to open, and I?d a had to go to it―well, I wouldn?t stand that,

Tom.[5]289-291

So because Widow Douglas?s “civilizing” society confinement, Huck had turned up missing once, though he had bravely bore the miseries three weeks. But at last, Tom find him and managed persuade him get back to Widow Douglas. So this is the first reason that make him after free: to run out of the “civilizing” society confinement. And after Huck?s father come to the stage, another confinement come out.

The second important reason cause Huck to pursuit freedom is that his father controlled him, Huck lost personal freedom. Personal freedom also known as physical freedom. Refers to the rights of citizens shall be inviolable. Personal freedom is one of the most basic rights of citizens. Narrow sense refers only to citizens of the personal freedom of the body free from infringement, which limits citizens from unlawful imprisonment, arrest or custody rights. Broad personal freedom but also closely associated with personal dignity and inviolability of citizens, civil 8

liberty and privacy of communication protected by law, etc. In the novel, Huck was under his father?s custody, obviously, Huck lost his personal freedom of narrow sense. He had been locked in a cabin and can?t go to anywhere, and everyday he had to getting a cowhiding, and the beat from his father was worse day by day. “But by and by pap got too handy with his hick?ry, abd I couldn?t stand it. I was all over welts.” Once he locked Huck in and was gone three days, this makes Huck feel dreadful lonely and fear. And one time, Huck almost lost his life, for his father suddenly got wild one day, and chased Huck with a clasp knife, saying he would kill Huck, at last, his father got too tired and stop and fall sleep, only by Huck? fat running he saved himself. This series event make Huck come out the idea to run away from the cabin and his father?s control and ill-treat.

For the two reasons, when Huck managed run away from his father?s cabin, he not get back to the Widow Douglas, because it?s the place full of “civilizing” society confinement, under the Widow Douglas, wherever he turned, the bars and gackles of civilization shut him in and bound his hand and foot. And before he get away from the cabin, one time, when his father tell to him that there?d be another trial to get Huck away from his father and will give Huck back to Widow Douglas, this new frightened Huck, because he didn?t want to go back to the widow any more to be so cramped up and sivilized, though there is no ill-treat. And in his father?s 9

cabin he can behavior as his own will, but he should stand ill-treat and there is no personal freedom, everyday he was locked in the cabin. So he decided run away from both Widow Douglas and his father, or run away the “civilizing” society confinement and his father?s control to pursuit his freedom as he own before adopted by Widow Douglas. And then starts his adventure.

1.2 The Reason Jim Run Away for Freedom

For Jim, there some also some reasons that make him run away to pursuit freedom. The direct reason is that his master want to sell Jim to Orleans. And the root reason is the unjust slavery.

In the novel, Jim is a nigger and a slaver of Miss Watson. But Miss Watson is not a good master, she treats Jim poor rough, pecks on Jim all the time. And as a slaver, Jim only can stand it. But one day, Jim got news that Miss Watson will sell him to another place Orleans, and she will get eight hundred dollars, but to Jim, it?s an unfortunate thing, he will apart with his family, apart with his wife and his daughter and son. So after get the news, Jim run away from the Miss Watson.

And the root reason Jim run away is American slavery in this time. After Jim run away from Miss Watson, though he avoid the fate to be sell, Jim is still an slaver, he can?t change his slaver identity. So he plan go to free states to obtain free, For the slavery in the south of American is 10

crucial. Under the slave system in South American, the blacks are under very cruel exploitation and oppression. The heavy labor, inhuman living conditions, and destructed and abused by the supervisor, make a robust black takes only 6,7 years working in the plantation, then exhausted his physical, become disabled, or die very soon. So Jim?s run away for freedom became a sure thing.

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Chapter2

Chapter2The Psychological Level Represented by the

Major Roles

During the adventure of Huck and Jim? pursuit of freedom, Huck often showed his children psychology, for example, his naughty and curiosity and dependent thought. In the early stage, he was seriously effect by the wrong and unjust slavery thinking, and because of this, he often play tricks on Jim instead of respecting Jim. All of this showed Huck?s immature and children psychology. And for Jim, there are many plot reflect Jim?s adult psychology, for example, his great love and his family viewpoint and strong will power.

2.1 Huck' Child Psychology and Performance

Huck?s child psychology can clearly see in his attitude on Jim. Huck?s attitude on Jim can reflect his immature psychology. At first, having undergone the course of twists and turns, Huck rescues Jim from all kinds of dangerous situations, and in this course Huck himself also experiences the complex journey of spiritual. In the novel, Huck as a white boy, living in the white society where the slavery is very popular, is easy to accept 12

the conventional notions: the slave is naturally humble who does not have the equal position with the white. The white master can dominate his slaves as pleasure as he can. He is also taught that the slavery is good and right. If some one finds the runaway slave, he should report the slave immediately. On the contrary, if some one helps the slave to flee, he will “go to hell”. All these notions make up the key of the social moral principles in that period, and they also become the “conscience standard of the social members which influences Huck?s minds deeply. What is more, in his adventurous journey with Jim, Huck often shakes his beliefs, thus, the writer believes that the reason completely stems from this. In Chapters8, Huck first meets with Jim on the Jackson?s Island, he swears never to report Jim, despite that “people would call me allow down Abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum”. In the following journey, it is the promise that makes Huck suffers great anxiety. Because in his journey with Jim, frequently, there is the biggest decision he has to make: whether or not to tell on Jim. What is more, as the development of the plot, Huck?s conscience is in a torturing dilemma. On the one hand, out of the moral appreciation to Miss Watson who ever helps him and the demand of the social standard, Huck should tell on Jim and returns Jim to his master. However, on the other hand, the similar experiences and survival crisis join their life together. Both of them must break off the relationship with the social members and escape from human-beings? 13

hypocrisy and the unfair things in the society. So Huck starts to be confronted with the moral dilemma and his heart is full of the sense of crisis. Nevertheless, his sense of living crisis has surpassed the moral test. So in the early time, Huck does not take Jim as an equal “person” as him. Although they are good friends, Huck still looks down upon Jim like other white Southerners, and he often play a tricks on Jim. In Chapter 15, he cheats Jim that what happens in the fog is a dream. But Jim has realized that Huck plays a trick on him. He is angry and it seems that his emotion has been deeply hurt by Huck. Therefore, Jim says to Huck that

what do they stan?for? I? gwyne to tell you. When I got all wore out

wid work, en wid de callin?for you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz

mos? broke bekase you wuz los?s, en I didn?k? yer no mo? what

become er me en de raf?. En when I wake up en fine you back agin?,

all safe en soun?, de tears come en I could a got down on my knee en

kiss? yo? foot I?s so thankful. En all you wuz thinking? bout wuz how

you could make a fool uv ole Jim a lie. Dat truck dah is trash; en

trash is what people is dat puts on de head er dey fren?s en

makes?em ashamed.［…］After hearing what Jim has said, Huck feels

so mean and ashamed; he “could almost kissed his foot to get him to

take it back.”[6]

So Huck works himself up to go and apologize to Jim that he will never play a trick on him again. This is the first time that he conquers himself on the notion towards the slaves. What is more, Huck makes an important 14

step on breaking with the conventional forces and prejudice. It indicates that Huck?s attitude towards Jim has greatly changed. From then on, he begins to take Jim as a “Person” who has the same position and dignity with him. In the following process of flight, he gradually understands Jim further. Huck finds that Jim is such a kind-hearted person who takes care of him like a father. Therefore, in Huck?s mind, Jim is not only a person but also a good person. For this, eventually, Huck cuts off the social prejudice and social discriminations to the slave and becomes the loyal friend of Jim. As above said, in the early, Huck?s child psychology is obviously, who like every child that haven?t form a clear viewpoint about right and wrong, but seriously effect by other?s viewpoints.

2.2 Jim's Adult Psychology and Performance

In the novel, there is many plot show Jim?s adult psychology, especially his great love and strong family viewpoints, and his strong will power. About his great, we can see from his performance over Huck and Jim. During his journey, Jim always took good care of Huck, and done everything he thought is good for Huck. Jim often standing Huck?s watch on top of his rest, instead of waking Huck up, so Huck could go on sleeping. Jim do this, like a father treat a son or an adult treat a boy, here and there showed his love on child. And in Chapter 41, when Tom got shot by gun and need somebody?s care, Jim come out 15

to care Tom in no hesitate, although there is risk that he will be catch by the white, and be a slavery again. We can see in Jim?s mind, Tom?s life is important than his life, for Tom had help him run away for freedom. And, as an adult, Jim like every other adults who has strong family viewpoint:

Jim talked out loud all the time while I was talking to myself. He

was saying how the first thing he would when he got to a free State

he would go to saving up money and never spend a single cent, and

when he got enough he would buy his wife, which was owned on a

farm close to where Miss Watson lived; and then they would both

work to buy the two children, and if their master wouldn?t sell them,

they?d get abolitionist to go and steal them.[7]

From above state we can see, Jim never forget his responsibility as a father, never forget his family even he was on his run away journey. In the novel, We also know Jim is a person who has strong will power, for he never gave up his pursuit of freedom.

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Chapter3

The Reason That the Major Roles Get Freedom

At the last of the novel, both Huck and Jim obtained their longing freedom. As we know, in their journey of pursuit freedom, they meet many dangerous and difficult circumstances, but in the end, both of Huck and Jim out of the risks, and overcome the difficult. So, in this part, we are going to probe the reasons why the two major roles obtain freedom successfully.

3.1The Reason That Huck Get Free freedom

The reasons that Huck can get freedom are his clever, and consideration, patience, and his rational, decisive quality.

By his clever, he succeed run away from his father?s control. First, Huck find a rusty wood-saw in the cabin, and by this wood-saw he saw a section in a secret part of the cabin, so he can through the hole to run away. And then he find a problem: if he run away like this, his father and other people of the village must follow him and find him back. So Huck elaborately designed a murdering scene. When his father went to the town for selling the logs, he was out of the cabin from The hole which he had digged beforehand. In the novel, he described his following plan like this 17

I took the axe smashed the door—I beat it and hacked it

considerable, a-doing it. I fetched the pig in and took him back

nearly to the table and hacked his throat with the axe, and laid him

down on the ground to bleed.[…] Well, I pulled out some of my hair,

and blooded the axe good, and stuck it on the back side, and slung

the axe in the corner.[8] 44-45

From what Huck has stated above, we could find that Huck prepares all these things for deceiving his father and makes him believe that he has been killed by the robbers, and then he could flee from his father. As a matter of fact, Huck succeeds at last. His father and other persons in the town look for his corpse in the river, Huck says that “That was firing cannon over the water, and trying to make my carcass come to the top”. But they fail to find him, so everyone believes that Huck has die. And he is so considerate that he take away almost all the necessary in the cabin. He took the sack of corn meal and took it to his canoe, and took away the bacon, the whisky-jug, all the coffee and sugar, and all the ammunition, wadding, the bucket and gourd, took those things to the Jackson?s Island. By this, he solved his problem of eating. So in this stage he not only run away from his father, also the Widow Douglas.

And by his rational and decisive quality, Huck successfully run away from feud, the “soul confinement” Huck meet during his adventure. Feud, an angry and bitter argument between two people or groups of people that 18

continues over a long period of time. And Family feud is feud within a family or between two families. And it also can understand as generations of grudges between two persons or families. Feud is a “drug of soul”, it make people lost reason, lost their mind and trapped in the endless grudges and conflict, and the feud will become bigger and bigger. And the grudges and conflict will come down generation by generation, the innocent next generation also will involved in it. It is so terrible. The feud between the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons is a terrible one: it continues for thirty years, and it had ended many lives, almost every year there is some body die or be injured in this two families because conflict caused by feud. “Has There been many killed, Buck?”, “Yes, right smart chance of funerals” From the conversation between Huck and Buck, we can see there are many persons died for feud. In the course of living with the Grangerfords，Huck unconsciously acts as a deliverer who passes on the message for a pair of lover, and this Pair of lover are successful in eloping from their respective families. Meanwhile，the elopement of Miss Sophia with the young Harney Shepherdson also brings about the fighting between two families. As a result，it leads many people to be killed. Huck is also involved in the Grangerfords-Shepherdsohs fighting. He witnesses the whole process that both families? members shoot each other, until the main members of the Grangerfords are almost killed off. During the fighting, Huck?s good friend Buck, a 15 years old boy, and another 19 19

years old young person involved in the feud conflict had lost their lives:

When I got down out of the tree, I crept a long down the river bank a

piece, and found the two bodies laying in the edge of the water, and

tagged at them till I got them ashore; then I covered up their faces,

and got away as quick as I could. I cried a little when I was covering

up Buck?s face, for he was mighty good to me[9].157

For Huck，the series of unfortunate happenings are a nightmare in his life，he expresses his feeling for this fight: “ it made me so sick I most fell out of the tree. I ain?t agoing to tell all that happened―it would make me sick again if 1 was to do that. I wished I hadn?t ever come ashore that night, to see such things. I ain?t ever going to get shut of them―lots of times I dream about them”[10]. To a child, what Huck has experienced is so brutal that he never wants to go near the house, but strikes through the woods and makes for the swamp has no hesitated and plan leave the Grangerfords. Then, Huck and Jim together again, Huck is so glad that he get away from the feuds, the soul confinement. They got on their raft again, and said other places do seem so cramped up and smothery, but a raft don?t; You feel mighty free and easy and comfortable on a raft. So by his rational and decisive quality, Huck got away from feud and get free again.

In the next stage, Huck?s patience and clever help him get out of 20

Ducks? and Kings? control. After Huck and Tom rescued two men the Ducks and Kings. But they are two cheats. After Huck find out their real identities, he didn?t tell them out,

It didn?t take me long to make up my mind that these liars warn?t no

Kings nor Ducks at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. But

I never said nothing, never let on; kept it to myself, it?s the best way;

then you don?t have no quarrels, and don?t get into no trouble. If

they wanted us to call them Kings and Ducks, I hadn?t no objections.

As long as it would keep peace in the family, and it wasn?t no use to

tell Jim, so I didn?t tell him. If I never learnt nothing else owe of pap,

I learnt that the best way to get along with this kind of people is to

let them have their own way.[11]

So there is no doubt, Huck?s patient and stand to Ducks and Kings

calm the two down, they indeed not took trouble to Huck, it?s the guarantee that Huck to pursuit his freedom and take chance to get away from the control of the two cheats. But Next when the two liars cheats Mary Jane, Huck helps the innocents to look for the inheritance money which has been stolen by King and Duke, and he tells Miss Mary the truth that King and Duke are the two cheats who want to abscond with all the inheritance money which belongs to the girls, at the same time, Huck came out an idea to leave the two liars, and it almost succeed, but the two after Huck and Jim, and in Chapter 31, Ducks and Kings sells Jim to the Phelps. Huck known it, but in order to leave the two cheats, he pretend he 21

didn?t known the truth, and tell lie to Ducks and Kings, let them didn?t pester on Huck, then Huck leaves them and go to find and rescue Jim:

So I left and struck for the back country, I didn?t look around, but I

kinder felt like he was watching me. But I known I could tire him

out at that. I went straight out in the country as much as a mile

before I stopped; then I double back through the woods towards

Phelps. I reckoned I better start in on my plan straight off without

fooling around, because I wanted to stop Jim?s mouth till these

fellows could get away. I didn?t want to no trouble with their kind.

I?d seen all I wanted to of them, and wanted to get entirely shut of

them.[12]

So we come known that in any time Huck keeps his mind clear and he is clever. His clever always help him. And in the Phelps, Huck reported Ducks and Kings, and the two cheats were caught by people and got their due punish. By this, Huck completely get away from Ducks and Kings, and continue his pursuit of freedom.

3.2The Reason That Jim Obtain Freedom

For Jim, the reasons that he can succeed in pursuit of freedom are special. The first reason is himself, the good character Jim owns. The second is other people?s help, for example Huck and nigger Jack. The third is the anti-slavery movement in the American.

The first reason that good characters help him win Huck?s pity 22

and help. During the adventure, Jim always treat Huck good, and take Huck as his intimate friend. All of this made Huck gave up his idea to report, but decide to help Jim reach the free states, and always help Jim:

But somehow I couldn?t seen to strike no please to harden me

against him (Jim), but only the other kind. I?d see him standing my

watch on top of his rest, instead of calling me, so I could go on

sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the

fog; and when I come to him again in the swamp, up there where the

feud was; and such-like times; and would always call me honey, and

pet me and do everything he could think of for me, and how good he

always was.[13]

When Huck want to writing letter to Miss Watson and to report Jim, Huck thinks of Jim, then give up this idea. So Jim?s excellent character is the guarantee that help him obtain freedom. And all Jim do to Huck is come from his real mind, it?s so sincere: At their adventure that they float down the river and in an house, Jim found Huck?s pap is in death with face covered by a piece of cloth, but Jim not tell the truth to Huck, because he afraid Huck feel sad. So there is no doubt why Huck help and rescue Jim, for Huck?s good character.

Jim always stick to his aim to go to free state and never waver 23

his mind. And he has his own clear aim: first, he would got to a free state, where can change his identity of slavery into free man; and then go to saving up money and never spend a single cent; second, when get enough money, he would buy his wife, which was owned on farm close to where Miss Watson lived; then they?d both work to buy the two children, and if their master wouldn?t sell them, they would get an abolitionist to go and steal their children. During the adventure, Jim always took his aim in mind. From Jim?s aim we can see Jim is a clever nigger who has clear thought. In his aim, it read after he reached at free state, his first step is to buy his wife, nor buy his children or all of this by one time, this can save many time to get his children to free state, because he can make money together with his wife, it obviously can short time. And there come two plan to make his children free, plan A: make money buy his children, if plan a fail, then get an abolitionist to go and steal his children (plan B). And in the novel, we can find many example that can read Jim has a clever brain.

As one of the main role in the novel, Huck is also an important factor that make Jim?s pursuit of freedom became reality. The important event is he protect Jim from been caught by two man with who were going to catch five run away nigger. Huck tell a lie that people on board had small-pox, the two man believed Huck and not check the raft, 24

because their afraid of be infected, so each of them gave Huck 20 dollars and then leave quickly. It make Jim avoid be a slaver again. And during the adventure, Huck provide his food to Jim without pay, take Jim as good friend and fishing together, live together peacefully…

Another person that direct make Jim obtain freedom is Miss Watson, who also direct make Jim run off. At last, Tom brought the message that Miss Watson died, and she was ashamed she ever was gong to sell Jim down the river, and she set Jim free in her will. This contract with Huck?s thought. Huck ever thought that Miss Watson would be mad and disguised at Jim?s rascality and ungratefulness for leaving her, and so she would sell Jim straight down the river again. But, finally, Miss Watson set Jim again. Why will come out this result, obviously, it related with the background of American in that time, it related with the anti-slavery movement arise in American as following said.

The anti-slavery movement is also the important reason that Jim can obtain freedom. It make Jim?s freedom possible. It?s the precondition. During the forth half of the 19th century, the American people carry out a wide range of anti-slavery movement. In the time of 1930s, the abolitionist was widely popular in the United States. In that time, Abolitionist Garrison and Na have compiled Series published in "liberators" magazine, declared that “Our idea is struggle for the enslaved people of our country's immediate liberation.” And Garrison created a 25

new England to against Slavery Society, and led into established a national abolitionist organizations―Association of American anti-slavery. To 1940s, Abolitionist groups has reached 2000, formed a massive mass anti-slavery movement. While the reactionary forces multi-force repression and persecution, but abolitionist still insist on multiple Multi-force activities. They published out version of books, newspapers and distributed leaflets, and promote the speech throughout the country, complaints crime of master, expose and criticize the evil of slavery. Abolitionists also organized "underground railway road ", by covert means, through secret routes and accommodation stations, guidance and assistance a large number of black slaves fleeing from the South. Slave origin heroine Tubman risked her life returned to the south 19 times alone, to assist several hundred slaves escape from the South, to be free. This kind of activities that organize slaves to escape, in a certain extent, undermined the basis of slavery. And in 1940s, a number of abolitionists began to advocate the adoption of political struggle. Road Glass and the Tappan brothers, who formed the Liberal Party organization, to implementate abolitionism. So there came out two sect, one sect was strongly advocated armed struggle to fight against slavery, but another sect Garrison and others insist on the way with moralizing, opposite through means of political parties and armed groups. Although there were different viewpoints in the means of struggle, but the abolitionist 26

movement still make progress on its road. 1852, Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published, the book reads moving description and disclosure on black slaves about their tragic life, which attracted strong response, and it is a strong impetus to the abolitionist movement. In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a 21 white and black uprising to against slavery, which took the abolitionist movement to a climax. From the background of American slavery history in the forth half of the 19th century between, we known that Jim?s succeed to obtain was not by chance, but had some extend of inevitability. The anti-slavery movement and abolitionism take a big effect on Jim?s pursuit of feeedom.

27

Conclusion

As a novel which collapsed the slavery thought, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, through two aspects to reflect social problem: one is Huck?s spiritual freedom against social bonds and father's control and the other is Jim?s literal freedom against slavery. And this paper is focus on freedom to study the two roles? pursuit of freedom. The protagonist Huck, s a typical “American boy”, his responses reflect typical puzzlements in the growing-up of adolescents: refusal of “civilization”, longing for freedom and wanting no cord; not satisfied with the up-to-date life and environment, and can?t stand Miss Watson? rules and confinement and father?s ill-treat, yearning towards some kind of escape and exploration, so one day, he run away from his father?s cabin and starts his adventures in pursuit of freedom. Therefore，in the first part of chapter 1, we analyze the detail reasons why Huck run away, through the means of compare. In this part, we compared Huck?s three different live types, one is Huck?s free life before adopted by widow Miss Watson; the two is live with Widow Miss Watson, in which full of confinements; the third is live with his father, in which he lost his move free, only stay in the cabin, and often stand father?s ill-treat or beat. In the second part of chapter 1, we analyze the reasons cause Jim run away, that he can?t stand the cruel slavery and afraid of being sell to the south American for he will apart with his family. 28

In the next chapter, the paper mainly studies the psychology Huck and Jim presented during their journey of pursuit freedom. In the chapter 3, the paper studies the factors which in favor of Huck and Jim?s pursuit of freedom. And for Huck, after study, we attribute his successful reason to Huck?s clever, and consideration, patience, and his rational, decisive quality. For Jim, we sum up three factors that did favor to Jim?s succeed of obtaining freedom: Jim?s good characters himself, Huck and Miss Watson and other?s function, and the effect come from the anti-slavery movement in American society. And in this paper of chapter, we also discuss a “soul” confinement ―feud, which come out during Huck?s adventure.

It is of literary and practical significance to study Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in the context of pursuing freedom story. After studied the novel, we can good understand the American society during the forth half of the 19th century, especially the slavery in that time. And by reading the “feud” part, we can become more rational when treat thing like grudge. And learn many lesson about our society, for the novel is a work which reflect the reality of the society.

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Notes

[1]Neilson，Keith.Preface. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.By Markl Twain. NewYork:A Tom Doherty Associates Book,1989:ix．

[2]Champion,Laurie.Introduction.The Critical Response to Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.By Champion.USA:Greenwood Press,1991:3．

[3]Champion,Laurie.Introduction.The Critical Response to Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.By Champion.USA:Greenwood Press,1991:3．

[4]Mark Twain．The Adventures of Tom Sawyer[M]. New York:A Tom Doherty Associates Book,1989:52-53．

[5]Mark Twain．The Adventures of Tom Sawyer[M]. New York:A Tom Doherty Associates Book,1989:289-291．

[6]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:117．

[7]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:121．

[8]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:44-45．

[10]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:156．

[9]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:157．

[11]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:170．

[12]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:295．

[13]Twain,Mark.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.NewYork:The Random House Publishing Group,1997:289．

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Acknowledgements

I am grateful to all the People who have given me great help and support in the Process of writing my thesis. First of all，I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor lecture DuanHui for his invaluable guidance and careful corrections for my thesis. I benefit a lot from his knowledge and understanding of language and literature. It is his enormous patience and encouragements that help me accomplish my thesis. Secondly， my thanks go to my teacher associate Prof. LinHai who have taught me and have instructed my thesis writing during my postgraduate study. Thirdly, I should also extend my thanks to my classmates and other friends for their help and encouragement and assistance in the course of my study.

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