高考英语说明文简介

说明文

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物,阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性,给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类,词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。

按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型:

1.例证法

这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。例如:

Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.

这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出"我们目

前的生活很大程度上依赖能源"。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。

2.定义法

下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。例如:

An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.

本段的展开是通过对"一个模范教师"下定义的方法,关键词"ideal teacher"在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。

3.分类法

分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。例如:

As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favor of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.

本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和温和派(moderate people),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。

4.因果关系法

事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括"由果推因"(由结果去推测原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。例如:

Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New li

fe bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coagain and colorful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.

第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后, 作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。

5.比较对照法

有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做"比较";指出其不同点,叫做"对照"。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。

进行比较对照通常有两种方式。第一种方式采用"先A后B"的结构,即A1,A2,A3...; B1, B2, B3...。第二种方式采用"AB交错"结构,即A1,B1;A2,B2;A3,B3...。第一种方式采用先A后B的结构实际上是把一个段落(或一篇文章)分割为两部分,先全面讲A,再全面讲B,这样做较难收到强烈的对比效果。多数人认为第二种方式比较好,因为把对比的双方AB逐点交错,可以避免行文的单调沉闷,对比的效果也会更鲜明突出。例如:

It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are

never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.

这段采用先A后B的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比较平淡单调。再来看看AB交错的比较方式:

I like having a twin sister. When she’s happy, I’m happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she’s going to say. Sometimes, I know what she’s thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.

这段采用AB交错的比较方式,阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然,给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。

6.过程分析法

过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事

研究的对象是"What happens";因果关系研究的对象是"Why it happens",而过程分析研究的对象是"How it happens"。例如:

There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible. 这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first, second, third, finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。

还必须说明的是,在实际写作中,我们很少单独采用上述几种方法中的某一种。不少段落(或文章)的写作都是综合使用各种不同的写作方法。同时还应明确,在写作中有意识地侧重使用某一种方法是有好处的。此外,上述这些说明文的写作方法在议论文中也常被采用。如何使用这些方法,写出一篇好的文章来,还需在平时认真积累,勤加练习。

范文1:

以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写: ①早起与健康;

②早起与学习;

③早起与一天的活动。

(字数80~120,要求自拟标题)

Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit

Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on.

First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good.

范文2:

Writing:

1. 校学生会将组织一次暑期志愿者活动,现招募志愿者。

2.本次志愿者活动的目的,内容、安排等。

3.报名条件及联系方式。

Volunteers Needed

A voluntary activity in the summer vacation will be organized by the University Students Union. The Student

Union will open free English classes for the youngsters in S.O.S Children’s Village. The classes will last for a week.

Currently, we will recruit 5 volunteers to work as English teachers. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English. Those with English teaching experience are preferable. Besides the English skills, we expect the volunteers to be patient, open-minded with a loving heart. The Children’s Village will provide the volunteers with three meals a day and transportation from and to the university during the class days.

Those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address studentunion@bju.edu before June 30th. The office of the Student Union will contact the chosen candidates for an interview before July 10th.

范文3:

MY COMPUTER

I have a computer which was bought by my parents for my birthday present. It’s a new one ,it's name is Lenovo which was made in China. It can store and work with large quantities of information and can do hard mathematical problems fast and help a person work with word and pictures. With this computer I have learn lot of knowledge of computer, besides it I can use it for learning and interment such as chatting with others, watching TV and playing games. It was so useful that I can help but like it very much.

 

第二篇:20xx高考英语提分演练 完形填空--说明文

完形填空(三)

(2011·杭州第二次质量检测)

I was with my oldest son and we were on the lookout for an open parking space in our jam-,and I drove our van around the turn,,as luck would have it,a lady shopping cart right in front of us,and it looked getting away from her—filled with bags and cartons of soda.She herself was ,my son to wait for a moment.I ,,and __home to her son’s thirteenth birthday ,“Thank you so much.” I smiled and said,“out?” She smiled and said,“God bless you” and got in her car.

“Who was that,Mom?” he asked me.“,trying to get home for her son’s birthday party.She needed our help,”,my son took my hand.It was the most all,and I realized more than ever that our children are always watching.

[语篇解读] 作者驱车前往停车地点时,不巧,在作者前面的一位推购物车的女士阻住了去路,但是,作者并没有横加责备,而是主动帮助对方。作者的长子目睹了一切并在知道了事情的真相后,情不自禁地拉住了作者的手,这让作者无比感动。

21.A.typical

C.expensive B.enjoyable D.perfect

解析: 上文提到作者和长子在拥挤不堪的购物中心寻找停车的地方,所以此处是看到了一个“理想的”位置。

答案: D

22.A.before

C.unless B.because D.though

解析: 作者好不容易发现了一个理想的停车地点,因此一直希望没有其他人“在我们

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20xx高考英语提分演练完形填空说明文

之前”看到这个地方。

答案: A

23.A.driving

C.carrying B.wheeling D.searching

解析: 不巧,一位女士“推”着购物车行走在作者和长子前面。wheel推(或拉)有轮之物。

答案: B

24.A.there

C.it B.she D.I

解析: 破折号后面提到购物车上装满了物品,下一句提到女士手中还另外拿着三个袋子,由此可知“购物车”似乎要脱离女士的控制。此处用it代指“购物车”。

答案: C

25.A.beyond

C.between B.against D.without

解析: 结合本句中的“...while trying to push the cart...”和“a strong spring wind”可知女士是在逆风而行,所以用against表示“逆,与??相反”。

答案: B

26.A.exhausted

C.annoyed B.disappointed D.ashamed

解析: 女士推着装满物品的购物车,手中还另外拿着三个袋子艰难地逆风而行,由此可知她“筋疲力尽”。

答案: A

27.A.position

C.measure B.size D.zone

解析: 作者把车开进了卸载“区”,并告诉儿子稍候片刻。A项表示“位置”,不符合语境。

答案: D

28.A.first

C.last B.next D.latest

解析: 当时作者正开车赶往停车地点,走在前面的女士由于购物车颠簸了一下,所有的东西都掉了出来,挡住了作者的去路,所以女士做的“第一”件事就是向作者道歉。

答案: A

29.A.set

C.keep B.build D.gather

本卷第2页(共11页)

解析: 由于女士购买的东西都从购物车上掉了出来,所以作者帮助对方把散落的一切“收拢”起来。

答案: D

30.A.smoothly

C.firmly B.casually D.hesitantly

解析: 女士推着装满物品的购物车逆风而行已经非常吃力,手中还另外拿着三个袋子,自然更加难以兼顾,因此作者“坚定地”从她手中接过了那三个袋子,以便减轻她的负担。A项表示“平稳地”,B项表示“漫不经心地”,D项表示“犹豫地”,均不符合语境。

答案: C

31.A.walk

C.leave B.hurry D.catch

解析: 本句后半部分提到女士要给自己13岁的儿子准备生日晚会,自然是“赶快”回家。根据上一句中的“walked her to her car”可知那位女士有车,所以A项错误。

答案: B

32.A.groceries

C.furniture B.souvenirs D.equipment

解析: 上文提到女士的购物车里装的是汽水之类的东西,而且女士是在给儿子准备生日晚会,由此可推测是“食品杂货”。B项表示“纪念品”,不合情理。

答案: A

33.A.no one

C.everyone B.someone D.anyone

解析: 由下文可知此处表示“你认为没有人曾经帮助过我吗?”,言外之意是作者也曾经被别人帮助过。

答案: A

34.A.visit

C.pleasure B.favor D.gift

解析: 作者告诉对方自己是有三个孩子的母亲,也曾经有人帮助过自己,她这样做只是为了回馈别人的“帮助”。

答案: B

35.A.which

C.who B.when D.where

解析: 作者走回到了自己的货车旁,儿子一直在那里等侯。“where my son was waiting”是定语从句,修饰先行词van。

答案: D

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36.A.inspecting

C.watching B.learning D.thinking

解析: 根据儿子的问话可知他一直在“注视”着所发生的一切。另外,文章最后一段的最后一句也是线索提示。

答案: C

37.A.driver

C.customer B.mom D.woman

解析: 根据本句后半部分中的内容可知作者所要强调的是对方也是一位“妈妈”。另外,第33空前面的“I am a mother...”和上一句中儿子对作者的称呼都是线索提示。

答案: B

38.A.realized

C.imagined B.behaved D.understood

解析: 作者向儿子解释过之后,知道他清楚地“理解”了眼前所发生的一切。 答案: D

39.A.spot

C.target B.area D.scene

解析: 文章开头部分提到作者和长子在寻找停车地点,所以此处是发现了一个好“地方”。此处spot表示“地点,场所”。后三项分别表示“地区”“目标”“场面”,均不符合语境。

答案: A

40.A.signal

C.tradition B.gesture D.speech

解析: 在作者和儿子步行走向商店的时候,儿子拉住了作者的手,这是最动人的“姿势”

20xx高考英语提分演练完形填空说明文

答案: B

(2011·西安第二次质量检测) I lived in America with my teenage son Karl.After his father died,Karl became very shy,,I tried to do my best to talk to him.But the more I tried,the more his report card arrived during his third year,it said that he had been times from classes and had for the year.At this rate he would sent him to the school adviser,and him.Nothing worked.

本卷第4页(共11页)

“Please God,I can’t do anything more for my son.I’m at the end of my rope.I’m giving the whole thing up ”

One day,I was at work when I got man introduced himself as the headmaster.“I want to talk to you about Karl’s absences.”,I was very upset and all sadness over Karl the ears of this stranger.“go back to school and nothing has worked.It’s beyond my__” For a moment there was ,“Thank you for your time,” and hung up.

Karl’s next report card showed an obvious__his grades.Finally,he even made the honor roll.In ,I attended a parent-teacher meeting with Karl.I noticed that his ,he said,“Mum,__44__that call from the headmaster last year?” I nodded.“That was me.I thought I ’d play a joke but when I heard what you said,it really hit me how much I was hurting you.That’s __”

[语篇解读] 作者的丈夫去世后,儿子的学业表现令她痛心。作者千方百计挽救,最终只是徒劳。作者儿子的一次恶作剧使他自己深刻感受到了作者内心的痛苦,从此以后他开始转变自己,成为了作者的骄傲。

26.A.happy

C.working B.single D.young

解析: 根据上文的“After his father died”可知作者成了“单身”母亲。

答案: B

27.A.carried away

C.pulled away B.took away D.died away

解析: 作者越努力与他交谈,他越“离开”。此处pull away表示“离开,逃脱”。A项表示“拿走”,B项表示“拿走,除去”,D项表示“渐弱,消失”,都不符合语境。

答案: C

28.A.empty

C.late B.lost D.absent

解析: 当作者收到他第三年的成绩单时,上面说他已经逃课95次了,absent表示“缺席的”。此外,第35空前面的“...about Karl’s absences.”也是答案提示。

答案: D

29.A.failing B.passed

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C.top D.average

解析: 他不但多次逃课,而且今年有六次成绩没有及格。用fail表示“不及格”。 答案: A

30.A.succeed

C.grow B.graduate D.gain

解析: 他多次逃课,而且考试成绩多次不及格,照这样下去,他将无法“毕业”。 答案: B

31.A.never

C.ever B.even D.forever

解析: 作者带他去见学校顾问,“甚至”乞求他,但是都没有效果。此处even用于加强语气。

答案: B

32.A.to

C.on B.with D.below

解析: 一天晚上,作者感觉如此无能为力以至于她跪下双膝,恳求上帝的帮助。 get down on one’s knees表示”双膝跪下”。

答案: C

33.A.him

C.you B.me D.them

解析: 作者对儿子无计可施,把所有的希望都寄托在了上帝身上,这是作者直接对上帝的言语,因此用第二人称。

答案: C

34.A.message

C.email B.call D.letter

解析: 根据第40空后面的“on the other end of the line”可知作者在工作时接到了一个“电话”。另外,第44空后面的“that call from...”也是答案提示。

答案: B

35.A.Before

C.After B.When D.As

解析: 他还“没有来得及”说另外一句话,作者就非常苦恼,把埋在心里的有关儿子的感受一股脑地倾诉给了这位陌生人。before在??之前。

答案: A

36.A.joy

C.sorrow B.disappointment D.pride

本卷第6页(共11页)

解析: 上文提到作者的儿子在学校的表现非常糟糕,作者千方百计地挽救,却没有任何效果,后来甚至跪下来恳求上帝,由此可推测作者对儿子感到非常“失望”。C项与本句中的sadness意思重复,所以不可选。

答案: B

37.A.pouring out

C.crowding out B.flooding back D.squeezing out

解析: 作者把长期以来对儿子的失望和伤心“倾诉”给了电话另一端的陌生人。pour out表示“毫无保留地表达感情(或思想等)”。后三项分别表示“涌上心头”“把??排挤在外” “榨出,挤出”,都不符合语境。

答案: A

38.A.hate

C.love B.enjoy D.value

解析: 作者所做的一切都是出于对儿子的“爱”,只是不知道该做什么。

答案: C

39.A.reach

C.control B.limit D.strength

解析: 上一句中提到作者用尽一切办法想让儿子去上学,可是都是徒劳,所以作者难以“控制”,无能为力。

答案: C

40.A.silence

C.cry B.voice D.sigh

解析: 下一段中提到其实是作者的儿子想与作者开玩笑,就以校长的名义给妈妈打电话,想不到妈妈如此疼爱自己而且心中无比痛苦,内心别有一番感受,所以他“沉默”了一段时间。

答案: A

41.A.improvement

C.preference B.progress D.power

解析: Karl下一次的成绩单表明他的成绩有了明显的“提高”。progress是不可数名词,故可排除。

答案: A

42.A.third

C.fourth B.second D.first

解析: 结合第27空后面的“When his report card arrived during his third year...”和第四段开头部分的“Karl’s next report card...”可知作者是在儿子第“四”学年的时候参加了家长

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教师会。

答案: C

43.A.grade

C.style B.way D.show

解析: 作者注意到他的老师们对他学习进步的“方式”感到非常吃惊。

答案: B

44.A.recognize

C.know B.memorize D.remember

解析: 在回家路上,作者的儿子问作者还“记得”去年校长打的那个电话不。

答案: D

45.A.how

C.why B.what D.when

解析: 作者的儿子听完作者在电话中的倾诉后,才突然意识到自己把妈妈伤得有多深,也就是从“那时”起,他知道自己必须让妈妈为自己感到自豪。

20xx高考英语提分演练完形填空说明文

答案: D

(2011·东北三校第一次联考)

This is my third story.When I was 17,,“If you live ,someday you’ll most certainly be right.” Since then,for the past thirty-three years,I’ve looked__:“If today were the last day of my life,would I want to do what I am about to do today?” And whenever the answer has been “No” for too many days in a__,I know I need to change something.

type of cancer that is incurable,and that I live no longer than three to six months.They advised me to go home and get order,which is doctors’code for “prepare to____”.(胰腺) under a microscope,they started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of ,,I’m fine now.

This was the closest I’ve been to facing death,and I hope it’s the closest I get for a few more decades.Death is all share.No one it.And that should be,__invention of life.It’s life’s change agent.It ,so don’t waste it living someone else’s life.Don’t be trapped by dogma (信条)—which is living with the results of other people’s

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thinking.Don’t let the noise of__drown out your own inner voice.And most importantly,直觉).what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.

[语篇解读] 岁月匆匆,人生短暂,人要为自己活着,而不是生活在别人的阴影下。九死一生的坎坷经历让作者刻骨铭心。

36.A.said

C.went B.described D.expressed

解析: 作者在十七岁时读到一句引言,大概意思如下。此处的go表示“(故事、歌词等)内容是”。

答案: C

37.A.unless

C.even if B.as if D.as long as

解析: 如果你将每一天都当做你生命中的最后一天来度过的话??as if表示“好像,仿佛”。

答案: B

38.A.in

C.through B.at D.on

解析: 三十三年来,作者每天早上都审视镜子“中”的自己,并自我发问。作者的焦点不是镜子,而是镜子中的自己,所以B项不恰当。

答案: A

39.A.row

C.sense B.minute D.word

解析: 每当一连多天答案都是否定时,作者知道自己需要做出改变了。in a row表示“连续”。in a sense表示“从某种意义上说”,不符合语境。

答案: A

40.A.connected

C.affected B.infected D.diagnosed

解析: 大约一年前,作者被“诊断”出患有癌症。diagnose诊断(疾病)。

答案: D

41.A.want

C.expect B.dream D.imagine

解析: 上文提到医生告诉作者这几乎肯定是一种不可治愈的癌症,所以作者对自己生命期限的“期望”应该是不多于三至六个月。

答案: C

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42.A.duties

C.affairs B.businesses D.life

解析: 医生们建议作者回家把自己的“事情”料理好。B项表示“商店,公司”,在文章中没有信息支持。

答案: C

43.A.work

C.talk B.start D.die

解析: 医生建议让作者回家隐含的意思是准备“死亡”。

答案: D

44.A.looked

C.realized B.viewed D.noticed

解析: 那天晚上稍晚的时候,当他们在显微镜下“观察”从作者的胰腺中取出的细胞时,他们大叫了起来。view观看,(尤指)仔细察看。

答案: B

45.A.curable

C.acceptable B.possible D.suitable

解析: 他们得出的结果是这是一种罕见的胰腺癌,通过外科手术“可以治愈”。 答案: A

46.A.carefully

C.anxiously B.thankfully D.hopefully

解析: 医生本来断定作者必死无疑,结果发现他患的是可以治疗的癌症,作者经过手术后痊愈了,自然非常“感激”。

答案: B

47.A.possession

C.expectation B.destination D.position

解析: 死亡是我们共有的“终点”,任何人无法避免。

答案: B

48.A.ever

C.never B.even D.still

解析: 每个人最终都要死亡,没有一个人“曾经”逃脱过。

答案: A

49.A.when

C.as B.while D.since

解析: 死亡是芸芸众生的最终归宿,这正是应该有的结局,此处as 表示“正如”。

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答案: C

50.A.better

C.worse B.worst D.best

解析: 下文提到死亡是生命的变革促进者,属于正常的新老更替,由此可知死亡很可能是生命中“最好的”发明。

答案: D

51.A.use

C.sense B.a difference D.way

解析: 死亡清除了陈旧的东西,为新生事物让路。make way for表示“为??让路”。 答案: D

52.A.endless

C.countless B.repeated D.limited

解析: 本句后半句提到不要浪费时间过别人的生活,由此可知你的时间是“有限的”。 答案: D

53.A.others’

C.anyone’s B.others D.some others

解析: 不要让“别人的”观点淹没你内心的声音。

答案: A

54.A.listen

C.take B.follow D.accept

解析: 最重要的是,要有勇气“跟随”你的内心和直觉。

答案: B

55.A.however

C.somehow B.whatever D.somewhat

解析: 要相信自己的内心和直觉,它们“不知怎么地”已经知道了你真正想成为什么样的人。其他的一切都是次要的。D项表示“有点儿,有几分”,不符合语境。

答案: C

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