mla、apa格式综合对比版

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英语语言专业学位论文规范

A Guidebook for the Preparations of Theses for

English Majors

(自20xx年1月1日起试用)

1.0 总论

1.1 目的和适用范围

学位论文应能代表学位申请人的学术水平和研究能力,也应能反映出申请人按照学术规范报告自己研究成果的文字能力。

衡量学术水平和研究能力的标准,是论文是否在前人的基础上提出新的论点、论据或者新的角度和方法,从而对学位申请人所在的专业领域有所创新,有所贡献。

就报告研究成果的学术论文而言,在国际学术界已经形成了各领域、各学科间通用的规范化风格,该规范的基本标准不因导师、专业、学校、时间、地点、国度的改变而改变。学位申请人能否按照这样的标准撰写论文也已经成为衡量论文水平、衡量学术研究国际化水平的一项重要指标。为此,特参考制定《英语专业学位论文规范》,以促进外国语学院英语语言文学专业本科、硕士学位论文格式的规范化。

1.2 学位申请人的责任

国际一流的大学对学生的学位论文均有严格的格式规范,即使社会上正规出版物中出现了与其规范相矛盾的地方,仍以自己的规范作为论文撰写的标准。学位申请人必须保证自己论文在文字和格式上前后一致,符合国内国际学术论文的规范,因而应该认真阅读本《规范》,按照规定的要求准备自己的论文。指导老师和论文答辩委员会有责任督促学位申请人按本《规范》的各项标准完成论文,并以论文是否符合本《规范》要求作为是否同意答辩、是否有权参加优秀论文评审的条件之一。

1.3 论文语言及组成部分

英语语言文学专业的学士、硕士论文一般用英语撰写,但经导师同意,部分翻译专业硕士论文可以用中文撰写,但需附有相当长度的、有自含性的英文摘要。

无论用什么语言,学位论文应由前置部分、主体和附录三部分组成。

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2.0 打印规范

2.1.1 纸打印

? 打 印:标准A4 白纸,根据论文的篇幅,可选择单面或双面打印。 ? 页边距:左边距3.5厘米,右边距2.54厘米,上下边距各2.54厘米。

? 对 齐:正文和节标题左对齐(left alignment),不得使用两端对齐,及自动断词设

置。断句时空一格。

2.1.2 字体(Type)

? 字型(font)大小:全文一致。

? 英文:Times New Roman 12 pt,中文部分使用宋体小四号(即12 pt)。

? 章节标题:Arial 加粗(中文论文使用黑体字型)。

? 章节题目、图表、附录中的文字以及页码的字体可根据需要调整大小,一般用Arial

加粗或者(中文)黑体。

? 段落首行:缩进5格或1个制表符(TAB)的距离。中文缩进2个字符。

? 正文行距:1.25或1.5倍。

? 引语段(block quotation)、脚注、参考文献著录条目:单倍行距。

? 长篇引用已出版和未出版的文献,别人的谈话(包括学生的谈话)都应按引语段排

列。

2.1.3 页码(Pagination)

? 论文所有的页码标注在每一页右下角,第1页为正文第一章的第一页。 ? 前置部分(封面、原创性声明、致谢页、中英文摘要、目次页、图表清单)的页码

使用小写罗马数字(即ii、iii、iv等),封面页码略去,从第ii页起编码。

3.0 前置部分

3.0.1 摘要(Abstract)

摘要是论文内容的简要陈述,是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文,因而必须具有自含性,即:读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息,以判断有无必要阅读全文。

摘要一般应包括

(1)研究题目的选择理由和目的;

(2)研究的方法或者过程;

(3)研究的发现或者成果;

(4)结论。

用英文撰写的本科、硕士论文应符合国际上对学位论文摘要的通行标准,

? 英文摘要长度:不超过350个单词,中文摘要一般不超过1,500字左右。

? 凡是用中文撰写的论文,英文摘要的长度不得少于1,500个单词。

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中英文摘要均不得包含任何数学公式、表格或示意图,不得包含非公知公用而又未加解释的缩略语、字符、代号。摘要不另加注释。

3.0.2 目次页(Table of Contents)

目次页由论文的章节、附录等的序号、标题和页码组成(不包括原创性声明),另页编排在摘要的后面。

用英文撰写的论文:

? 章(一级标题)的序号应用英文数字或者罗马数字,如Chapter Three或者Chapter III。 ? 如正文二级标题(节)及二级以下标题用阿拉伯数字编排序号,如3.1、3.2.2等,则

目次页应列出这些标题、序号、页码。

? 如正文二级标题没有序号,则目次页不必列出这些标题。

用中文撰写的论文编码层次应依次使用:一、二……,1、2……,1)、2)……,也可以使用1.1、1.2、1.3的格式。

? 章节的标题必须与正文中的标题相一致。

? 目次间的行距为1.5行,但同一目次换行时应为单倍行距。

? 每一章序号和标题的字体用Arial黑体12 pt,其余的序号和标题用Times New Roman 12 pt。章节必须逐级缩进,页码必须右对齐。

用中文撰写的论文必须具有中英文编写的目次页各一份,如图2.1所示。

图2.1:目次页

3.0.3 图表清单(Lists of Tables and Figures)

论文如含有两幅以上的表格,则可列表格清单(List of Tables),如含有两幅以上的示意图,则可列示意图清单(List of Tables and Figures)。图、表清单均应置于目次页之后。图表总数不超过六幅的,可以列入同一份清单(List of Tables and Figures),但清单中图、表应分别排列,总数超过六幅,则表和图应分列清单,各自单独成页。

图表清单中用阿拉伯数字按图表在论文中出现的先后顺序编号,如Table 4.1、Figure 6.2等。清单中每一份图表都应列出序号、题目和页码。页码必须右对齐(可用Microsoft Word选项单中“格式\制表位”的指令设置)。

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论文中如果符号较多,应该另外列符号表(List of Symbols),对符号做出解释。符号表的字体应该用Times New Roman 12 pt。

3.0 主体部分(Text)

3.1.1 章节标题

? 每一章都必须另页开始,页码则续写;

? 标题(即一级标题):全部字母大写,Arial加粗(中文用黑体);

? 二级标题(节标题):Arial加粗(中文用黑体);

如果二级和二级以下的标题用阿拉伯数字编排序号,则所有标题均应左对齐;

二级以下的标题第一个词的首字母必须大写,而其余词的首字母,除了专有名词以外

不必大写;

? 章节标题行距:标题与序号空1.5行,再空3行起打印正文;

? 标题可选择左对齐或居中,但要全篇统一。

图3.1:章节标题示意图

3.1.2 文献引用(Citation)

文献引用必须注明出处,这直接反映论文作者对所涉领域的把握和治学态度。文献引用应遵照下列规范:

? 引用规范:按专业方向的不同一般分为MLA(the Modern Language Association,人文

科学常用)和APA(the American Psychological Association,社会科学常用)两类, 区别在于次序、大小写、缩写、标点等细节上。学位论文撰写人应该根据MLA

或APA的要求,格式上做到前后一致。

? 引文出处:使用括号夹注的方法(一般不使用脚注或者尾注)。正文中,括号夹注放

在句末标点以内,但不得放在引文的引号以内(见图3.1)。引语段(block quotation) 的括号夹注不属于单句,因而不得将其放在句末的标点以内(见图3.2)。

图3.1:括号夹注在正文中的使用方法

规范: 不规范:

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Her idea is further confirmed that

“people think her odd and that nobody

loves and admires her” (Fountain 33).

Her idea is further confirmed that Her idea is further confirmed that

图3.2:括号标注在引语段中的使用方法

直接引语都必须标明页码,以便读者查找。

mlaapa格式综合对比版

3.1.3 引语(Quotations)

? 用方括号(square brackets“[ ]”)和省略号(ellipses“…”)标明更动原文的地方。 ? 短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文,并且用双引号标明。

? 双引号表示直接引语,单引号只用来标注引语中的引语,如图3.3所示。 ? 引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示。

图3.3:正确使用双引号和单引号

正确: 错误:

Researchers claim that the Researchers claim that the

“question of indefiniteness does not arise for non-referential noun phrase” (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129). (Li & Thompson, 1981: 129).

在任何情况下(即使引语仅仅只有一个单词):

? 句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内(无论单引号还是双引号), ? 冒号(“:”)和分号(“;”)都必须放在引号之外,

? 引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内,否则问号(“?”)应放在引号之外。 ? 三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段(block quotation)。

? 引语段可以用单倍行距,但其首行和末行应与正文空1.5行。

? 引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符(TAB)的距离。

? 如果引语段原为一自然段,则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。 ? 引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。

? 引语段的字体必须与正文相同。

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? 正文中的中文引文应提供英文译文。

图3.4:双引号与其它标点的位置

规范: 不规范: A silver dome concealed the robot?s “brain.”

正确: 错误:

Hakuta (1976) found two types of Hakuta (1976) found two types of

error in the subjects? article usage and error in the subjects? article usage and he termed them “error of omission” and he termed them “” and “error of commission.” “error of commission”.

正确: 错误:

Where does Whitman speak of “the meaning of poems”?

3.1.4 图表(Tables, Figures, Charts, and Illustrations)

? 图表:必须有序号和题目,并标明单位,序号和题目置于其正上方,单位置于其

右上方。题目应简短确切,一般不超过一行。须有自明性,即不阅读正文的读者也 能够理解图或表的意思。

? 图表的符号、标记、代码、缩略词等,都必须附注于图下或表下(即使用“Notes:”)。

缩略词和符号必须与正文中一致。表内同一栏的数字必须上下对齐,空白处必须解 释。

? 图表不得宽于或高于正文,不得跨页。如因[可去掉]必须跨页,须在前一页表格的

底部加上“Continued on the next page”,在后一页表格的顶部加上“Continued”。 ? 图表序号、题目、单位及注解的文字一般使用单倍行距,

? 字体可以根据需要调整大小。

? 每一份图表在正文中都必须提到,并作一定的解释。正文中提及图表时必须用其序

号,不得使用“见左图”、“见下表”等模糊字眼。

图3.5:正确使用图表的序号

正确: 错误:

Table 4.1 sums up the results of The following table sums up the

data analysis. results of data analysis:

3.2 附录部分(Postscriptural Matter)

3.2.1 附录(Appendices)

附录是论文主体的补充部分,编排在参考文献后面。编入附录的材料一般有助于读者了

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解正文内容,但又因篇幅过大、数据琐碎等原因,编入正文会有损于正文编排的条理性或逻辑性。实证研究的原始数据一般不放入附录。

附录与正文连续编页码。每一附录均须另页起头,均须有序号(如Appendix I、 Appendix II等)和名称。附录的序号、名称和页码都必须包括在目次页里。

3.2.2参考文献

正文引用文献须按MLA或者APA的要求,著录在Works Cited或者References之下,在正文最后一章结束后另页开始,页码与正文相连。文献著录必须按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列,不得以正文中出现的先后编码排序,不得使用阿拉伯数字。每一条目中的各项内容都必须按MLA或者APA规定的次序和格式编排。

参考文献的字体与正文相同,条目间距为1.5行,条目内换行用单倍行距。

3.2.3 引用整篇文献的观点

引用整篇文献(即全书或全文)观点时有两种情况,

? 一种是作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现,如:

MLA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor).

APA:

Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their

personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990).

? 另一种情况是作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,按MLA的规范不需要使用括号夹注, 如:

MLA:

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only

in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing.

而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓,如:

APA:

Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only

in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990).

如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现,按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注,如:

APA:

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In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar

opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for

writing.

在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏,不得使用汉字,如:

MLA: (Zhu 12)

APA: (Zhang, 2005)

3.2.4 引用文献中具体观点或文字

引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码,没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现,则不需要在括号夹注中重复。

3.2.5 引用多位作者写作的同一文献

MLA(二至三位作者):

Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive

features may serve to weld together words etymologically unrelated but close in

their sound and meaning” (Jakobson and Waugh 304).

(如果有三位作者,在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏,如:(Alton,

Davies, and Rice 56)。)

MLA:

The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed

by an independent panel did the researchers publish their findings (Blaine et al. 35).

APA(两位作者):

Research (Yamada & Matsuura, 1982) reports the poor performance of

advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70

percent of the cases.

注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。

APA(三至五位作者)

第一次引用:

According to educational psychologists, raising children is a responsibility of

the entire community (Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995).

以后的引用:

To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility”

(Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135).

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APA(五位以上的作者):

Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of

community college administration in Texas (Douglas et al., 2003)

3.2.6 引用同样姓氏的不同作者

假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏,则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母,如:

MLA:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer

children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research

outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).

APA:

Well-established SLA researchers (e.g., R. Ellis, 2002) seem rather skeptical

of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of

a second language (N. Ellis, 2002).

引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多,应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分,如:

MLA: (S.R. Wang 26) (J.X. Wang 30)

APA: (W.Y. Wang, 2003) (L.F. Wang, 2003, p. 213)

3.2.7 引用团体作者(corporate author)

引用团体作者的作品,括号夹注中应使用团体的名称,如:

MLA:

It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and

perhaps radically modified” (Public Agenda Foundation 4).

APA:

Retired officers retain access to all of the university's educational and

recreational facilities (Columbia University, 1987, p. 54).

3.2.8 引用无作者文献

引用无作者文献,如果文献标题没有出现在正文里,则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者(如果标题过长的话)使用该标题中的关键词组,如:

MLA:

An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his

poems were too emotional (“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100).

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APA:(“Mad Cow,” 2001) 或者 (Sleep Medicine, 2001)

在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。

无论是MLA还是APA的规范,独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出,出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品(讲演、论文等)的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。

3.2.9 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字

书信和谈话(含电子邮件、访谈、电话等)无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出,但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。例如:

MLA:

Jesse Moore (telephone conversation, May 12, 1989) admitted the need for an

in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.

APA:

Mira Ariel (e-mail, April 17, 2004) confirmed that accessibility marking

played a crucial role in discourse organization.

Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas

experience often have a better command of English than American foreign

language majors with no overseas experience have of the language they study

(Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986).

3.2.10 引用同一作者的多篇文献

按MLA规范,引用同一作者的多篇文献时,在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组,如:

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children

(“Too Soon” 38), though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer

games does lead to better small motor skill development (“Hand-Eye Development”

17).

或者

Computers are not useful tools for small children (Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38),

though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to

better small motor skill development (Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Development” 17).

或者

Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children,

though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to

better small motor skill development (“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye

Development” 17).

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按APA规范,同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别,如:

(Zhang, 1997) (Zhang, 1999) (Zhang, 2004)

括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献,文献按发表次序排列,如:

(Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004)

同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母,以示区别(正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母),如:

(Bloom, 2003a, 2003b)

同一作者的多篇文献列入References时,第二篇起作者名用横线代替。

3.2.11 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献

括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献,文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列(注意分号的使用),如:

MLA:

The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented

(Rychnovsky 40; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30).

APA:

Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care

providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options,

poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment

decisions of rural clients (Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert

& Burman, 1994).

在MLA的规范中,如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长,则不用括号夹注,而使用脚注(见第3.1.12节)。

3.2.12 引用非直接文献(indirect source)

论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献(即二级文献secondary source),但在无法找到直接文献(即一级文献primary source)的情况下,引文可以从非直接文献中析出,例如:

MLA:

Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an “extraordinary man”

(qtd. in Boswell 2: 450).

(注意:“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。)

12

APA:

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135) identified four

components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

One researcher (Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135)

identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of

vulnerability.

引用非直接文献以后,在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接文献的条目(即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”)。

3.2.13 引用文学作品和经典文献

按MLA的规范,有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。 在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行,如:

In his famous advice to players, Shakespeare?s Hamlet defines the purpose of

theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ?twere, the

mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).也可用III.ii.23,分别表示第三幕第二场第23行.

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。(注意标点的使用。) 在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行,如:

When Homer?s Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild /

in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).

这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数,使用“line”,以后的引用则不需再说明。例如:

第一次引用:(lines 5-8)

以后的引用:(12-13)

在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候,应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节,如:

One of Kingsolver?s narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary

beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the

Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her

chances of finding a boyfriend are “dull and void” (117; bk. 2, ch. 10).

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。(注意标点和缩略语的使用。)

在引用《圣经》、《可兰经》等经典文献的时候,应标出引文的篇、章、节,如:

Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food

to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” (Bible, Prov. 25.21).

13

例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约《圣经》的《箴言》篇第25章第21节。《圣经》各篇的缩写有标准的写法,因而使用时应该注意核对。

3.2.14 对引语文字的更改

直接引语如出现在正文中间,使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法,不得出现“句中句”。为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法,往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句,可以用省略号(ellipses“…”)取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组,则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号(square brackets“[ ]”)以内。例如:

删除词句:

He stated, “The ?placebo effect,? ... disappeared when behaviors were studied

in this manner” (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were

studied.

添加词组:

Smith (1982:276) found that “the placebo effect, which had been verified in

previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others?] behaviors were studied in

this manner.”

? 无论删改还是添加字词均不得变更引语的原意。

? 注意:如果删除是在句内,应该空一格以后再加省略号。如果删除是在一句整句以后,则应在该整句最后的标点(句号、问号或惊叹号)不空格直接加省略号。省略号应该用三个句点。

3.2.15 脚注(footnotes)的使用

在MLA的规范里,脚注只应在下列两种情况中考虑使用:

(1) 提供有一定重要性、但写入正文将有损文本条理和逻辑的解释性信息;

(2) 提供因篇幅过大不宜使用括号夹注注明的文献出处信息。

在APA的规范里脚注仅仅在上述第一种情况下可以使用。脚注应该使用阿拉伯数字编号上标,每页重新开始。

3.3 参考文献著录的格式

参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册,本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。

3.3.1 著录已出版的文章

一位作者写的文章

14

MLA:

Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College

Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.

APA:

Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the

Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.

两位作者写的文章

MLA:

Brownell, Hiram H., and Heather H. Potter. “Inference Deficits in Right-Brain

Damaged Patients.” Brain and Language 27 (1986): 310-21.

APA:

Tulving, E., & Schacter, D. L. (1990). Priming and human memory systems.

Science, 247, 301-305.

两位以上的作者写的文章

MLA:

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., Pat Sharpe, and Colleen B. Cohen. “Double Liminality

and the Black Woman Writer.” American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987):

101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R., Takeuchi, D. T., & Xenos, P. C. (1990). Education, occupational

prestige and income of Asian Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census.

Sociology of Education, 63, 27-43.

如果作者人数超过三人,也可以考虑仅保留第一作者的名字,加上et al.(拉丁文 “and others”),如:

MLA:

Mascia-Lees, Frances E., et al. “Double Liminality and the Black Woman Writer.”

American Behavioral Scientist 31 (1987): 101-14.

APA:

Barringer, H. R. et at. (1990). Education, occupational prestige and income of Asian

Americans: Evidence from the 1980 Census. Sociology of Education, 63,

27-43.

书评、影评、电视节目评论等(Review)

MLA:

Kidd, John. “The Scandal of Ulysses.” Rev. of Ulysses: The Corrected Text, by

Hans Walter Gabler. New York Review of Books 30 June 1988: 32-39.

15

APA:

Falk, J. S. (1990). [Review of Narratives from the crib]. Language, 66, 558-562.

收集在书籍中的文章(Selection from an edited book)

MLA:

Glover, David. “The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of: Masculinity, Femininity, and

the Thriller.” Gender, Genre and Narrative Pleasure. Ed. Derek Longhurst. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989. 67-83.

APA:

Wilson, S. F. (1990). Community support and integration: New directions for

outcome research. In S. Rose (Ed.), Case management: An overview and

assessment (pp. 13-42). White Plains, NY: Longman.

杂志中的文章

MLA:

Miller, Mark Crispen. “Massa, Come Home.” New Republic 16 Sept. 1981: 29-32.

APA:

Gibbs, N. (1989, April 24). How America has run out of time. Time, pp. 58-67.

注意:著录引用杂志中的文章应标明杂志的出版日期。

报纸中的文章

MLA:

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA:

Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business

and helath. New York Times, p. D2.

百科全书中的文章(An entry in an encyclopedia)

MLA:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica:

Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA:

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26,

pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

政府文件(A government publication)

MLA:

16

United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal

Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO,

2000.

APA:

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental

illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S.

Government Printing Office.

3.3.2 著录已出版的书籍

一位作者写的书籍

MLA:

Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of

Chicago P, 1987.

APA:

Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness.

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。

新版书(Book with a new edition)

MLA:

Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.

APA:

Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.

团体作者(Book with a corporate author)写的书籍

MLA:

College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College

Entrance Examination Board, 1989.

APA:

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of

mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

无作者书籍(Book with no author)

MLA:

Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council

of Teachers of English, 1987.

APA:

17

Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC:

American Psychological Association.

编撰的书籍(Edited book)

MLA:

Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain:

The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1988.

APA:

Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in

organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

翻译的书籍(Translated book)

MLA:

Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton,

1977.

APA:

Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)

注意在两种规范里,翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。

重版书(Republished book)

MLA:

Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. 1937. Urbana: U of Illinois P,

1978.

APA:

Ebbinghaus, H. (1964). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. New

York: Dover. (Original work published 1885; translated 1913)

3.3.3 著录尚未正式出版的文献

硕博士论文(Dissertation)

MLA:

Hubert, Henry Allan. “The Development of English Studies in Nineteenth-Century

Anglo- Canadian Colleges.” Diss. U of British Columbia, 1988.

APA:

Thompson, L. (1988). Social perception in negotiation. Unpublished doctoral

dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

学术会议上的报告(Conference paper)

MLA:

18

Moffett, James. “Censorship and Spiritual Education.” The Right to Literacy

Conference. Columbus, Ohio, September 1988.

APA:

Hogan, R., Raskin, R., & Fazzini, D. (1988, October). The dark side of charisma.

Paper presented at the Conference on Psychological Measures and

Leadership, San Antonio, TX.

研究报告

MLA:

Flower, Linda. The Role of Task Representation in Reading to Write. Technical

Report No. 6. Berkeley: Center for the Study of Writing at U of California,

Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon U, 1987.

APA:

Elman, J., & Zipser, D. (1987). Learning the hidden structure of speech (Report No.

8701). Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California, San

Diego.

小册子(A brochure)

MLA:

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few Facts about

Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1997.

APA:

Research and Training Center on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for

reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.)

[Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

3.3.4 著录非印刷材料

电影或录像

MLA:

High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle, Jack Black, and

Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney Video, 2001.

条目以影名开始(用斜体表示),继以导演的姓名(放在“Dir.”之后)和主要演员的姓名(放在“Perf.”之后),然后是发行者的名称和发行年份。如果是录像带或DVD,则应在发行者的名称前注明是“Videocassette”或“DVD”。

APA:

Smith, J.D. (Producer), & Smithee, A.F. (Director). (2001). Really Big Disaster

Movie [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

假若著录非正式发行的电影或录像,则应报告收藏该电影或录像的地方,如:

APA:

19

Harris, M. (Producer), & Turley, M. J. (Director). (2002). Writing Labs: A History

[Motion picture]. (Available from Purdue University Pictures, 500 Oval

Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907)

电视广播节目和系列报道(A Radio/Television Broadcast/Series)

MLA:

“Monkey Trial.” American Experience. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar. 2003.

APA:

Important, I.M. (Producer). (1990, November 1). The Nightly News Hour.

[Television broadcast]. New York: Central Broadcasting Service.

Bellisario, D.L. (Producer). (1992). Exciting Action Show. [Television series].

Hollywood: American Broadcasting Company.

电视系列报道分集(A Single Episode of a Television Series)

MLA:

Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Discovery Channel. 7 Feb. 2001.

APA:

Wendy, S. W. (Writer), & Martian, I.R. (Director). (1986). The rising angel and the

falling ape. [Television series episode]. In D. Dude (Producer), Creatures

and monsters. Los Angeles: Belarus Studios.

无论是MLA 还是APA的规范,分集的标题均不用斜体,也不用引号。

音乐节目(A music recording)

MLA:

Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela

Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus. Cond.

Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.

Chapman, Tracy. “Paper and Ink.” Telling Stories. Elektra, 2000.

条目以作曲家、指挥、演奏者的姓名开始,如果作品较长,则继以作品名称(用斜体表示),再其他的演奏者和音乐家;如果作品是一首歌,则歌曲名称放在引号内,继以唱片或歌曲集的名称(用斜体表示)。最后是出版商和出版年份

APA:

Songwriter, W. W. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different

from song writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location:

Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)

Taupin, B. (1975). Someone saved my life tonight [Recorded by Elton John]. On

Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy [CD]. London: Big Pig

Music Limited.

20

本例中“Taupin”为演唱人,“(1975)”为版权获得日期,“Someone saved my life tonight”为歌名,“Elton John”为录制人,“On Captain fantastic and the brown dirt cowboy”为歌曲集的名称,“CD”表示该歌曲集为光碟。最后是出版地点和出版商。

3.3.5 著录汉语著作和文章

如果在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊,括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏(见第3.1.1节),相应的,参考文献著录的条目必须按作者姓氏汉语拼音的字母顺序与英文文献的条目一同排列。条目中凡正文中未加引用的内容均不必翻译。例如:

MLA:

Zhang, Zhijian. [张志健],严复思想研究. 桂林:广西师大出版社,1989

Yu, Yongding. [余永定],财政稳定问题研究的一个理论框架. 世界经济,2005,

(7):25-29

Wang, Mingliang. [王明亮],关于中国学术期刊标准数据库系统工程的进展

[EB/OL]. http://www.,1998-08-16/1999-10-04

注意:这里最后是一个著录网络上汉语出版物的例子,其中“1998-08-16”为网页发表或更新的日期,“1999-10-04”为引用日期。

APA:

Wang, C. M. [王初明]等人,2000,以写促学:一项英语写作教学改革的试验. 外

语教学与研究(3):230-236。

Wen, Q. F. [文秋芳],2003,英语学习者的成功之路. 上海:上海外语教育出版

社。

如果正文用了文献的英译标题,则著录的条目也必须出现该英译标题,如:

Wen, Q. F. [文秋芳],2003,英语学习者的成功之路[English learners’ path to

success ]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社。

引用中文期刊文章,必须标明文章出现的页码。

条目中的汉语不得使用斜体。

3.3.6 著录网络出版物

著录网络出版物必须标明出版物的上传日期和论文撰写人上网查询的日期(date of retrieval),标明网址。条目中网址如需断开换行,必须在“/”之后或者“.”之前,网址中不得出现空格。

网络期刊(online journal)上的文章

(1)纸印期刊的电子版:

MLA:

Bleich, Eric. “From International Ideas to Domestic Policies: Educational

Multiculturalism in England and France.” Comparative Politics 31.1 (Oct.

21

1998): 6 pp. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College 2 Aug. 2003

<http://myriad.middlebury.edu/verify-iac>.

该例中,“6 pp.”表示文章有6页,“Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College”为网页名称,“2 Aug. 2000”为论文撰写人上网查询的日期。

APA:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of

Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2001, from

http://jbr.org/articles.html

注意:APA规范在著录网络出版物时在条目的结尾处不使用任何标点符号。

(2)仅有网络版的期刊

MLA:

Burka, Lauren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD History.

1996. 2 Aug. 1996 </talent/lpb/muddex/essay>.

APA:

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize

health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a.

Retrieved Nov. 20, 2000, from

/prevention/volume3/pre01a.html

该例中,“Article 0001a”为网页上文章序号。

报纸电子版中的文章

MLA:

Verhovek, Sam Howe. “Microsofts Might Be Better Than One.” The New York

Times. 1 May 2000. 3 June 2001 <http://wwwnytimes.com/library/tech/

00/05/Biztech_articles/01seat.html>.

APA:

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.

New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from http://

网络上的独立文本(Stand-alone document)

MLA:

Eilola, John. “Little Machines: Rearticulating Hypertext Users.” 3 Dec. 1994. 14

Aug 1996 <ftp:///pub/CCCC95/john-eilol>.

APA:

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from

http://www .cc.gatech .edu/ gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10/

如果网页没有提供作者姓名,则条目以网页名或者文件名开始。“(n.d.)”表示网页没有提供

22

上传日期。

此时也应注明上网查得此信息的日期,如前所说。

大学网页上的文献

MLA:

Felluga, Dino. Undergraduate Guide to Literary Theory. 17 Dec. 1999. Purdue

University. 15 Nov. 2000 <http://omni.cc.purdue.edu/7Efelluga/

theory2.html>.

APA:

Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and

education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining

educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia

University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site:

http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/ publications/papers.html

来自网络讨论区(online newsgroup, forum, or discussion group)的信息

著录来自网络讨论区的信息,如果作者提供了真实姓名,则条目必须使用其真实姓名,否则使用作者在讨论区使用的姓名。条目必须提供信息上传的具体日期、讨论主题(subject line)、信息序号(thread of the message)等。

MLA:

Stevens, Melissa. “Take Our Daughters to Work Day.” Online posting. 24 Apr.

2001. Career and Workplace Issues Forum. 2 May 2001

</webin/WebX?13@@efded73>.

APA:

Weylman, C. R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg.

98]. Message posted to /group/

sales-marketing-tips/message/98

注意:这里可以不标明论文撰写人上网查询的日期。

网络上的参考资料(Online reference source)

MLA:

“Fresco.” Britannica Online. Vers. 98.2. April 1998. Encyclopedia

Britannica. 8 May 1998 <:180>.

注意:本例中“Vers. 98.2”为版本,“April 1998”为出版日期,“Encyclopedia Britannica”为出版人。

APA:

Encyclopedia Britannica. (April 1998). Fresco. In Britannica Online

(Vers. 98.2). Retrieved May 8, 1998, from :180.

23

3.3.7 参考文献的排列

(1)文献条目按作者或第一作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。汉语文献与英语文献应排列在一起,不应分别排列,如:

Wen, Q. F. [文秋芳],2003,英语学习者的成功之路[English learners’ path to

success ]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社。

Weylman, C. R. (2001, September 4). Make news to achieve positive press [Msg.

98]. Message posted to /group/

sales-marketing-tips/message/98

(2)同一作者的多篇文献或者同一批排序相同的作者的多篇文献应该按出版次序,由远及近排列,如:

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states:

The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality & Social

Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Flexible correction processes in social

judgment: The role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias.

Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 36-51.

(3)如果同一作者既是一篇文献的独立作者,又是另一篇文献的第一作者,则独立作者的文献应列在第一作者的文献前面,如:

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions

in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends? influence on adolescents' adjustment to

school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.

(4)如果不同文献有相同的第一作者,但其余作者不尽相同,则条目按第二作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。如果第二作者也相同,则按第三作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。例如:

Wegener, D. T., Kerr, N. L., Fleming, M. A., & Petty, R. E. (2000). Flexible

corrections of juror judgments: Implications for jury instructions.

Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 6, 629-654.

Wegener, D. T., Petty, R. E., & Klein, D. J. (1994). Effects of mood on high

elaboration attitude change: The mediating role of likelihood judgments.

European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 25-43.

(5)同一作者或者同一批排序相同作者在同一年份出版的多篇文献应该按文献标题第一个实词首字母的顺序排列,并在年份后加上英文字母,如:

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions

and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

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Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior.

Child Development, 52, 636-643.

在论文正文中,引用这些文献时必须使用加上字母的年份,如:

Berndt (1981b) have shown that...

(6)无作者文献应该把文献标题看作作者的姓对待,除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。同样,团体作者应该把团体名称除去冠词后按第一个词首字母的顺序排列。

4.0 非英语词句的引用

用英语撰写的论文必须使得母语为英语的读者能够看懂,因此论文中引用的汉语或其它语言的词句都应该加以解释。

专门讨论翻译、语言对比的论文往往有整段的非英语引文,引文的英文翻译应放在上下文读者容易找到的地方。非英语引文及其英文翻译均应视为引语段,按引语段的格式编排,首尾不得使用引号。英文翻译如果属于引文同样必须注明出处。

除了整段使用非英语引文以外,凡是使用非英语短句或词语的(不包括英语中的外来语)必须提供英语翻译,翻译应放在引号和括号之内。论文中汉语或其它非拉丁书写语的词句如果属于引文,则应用引号,但如果属于语言实例(linguistic example),则不应使用引号(更不得使用斜体)。英语以外的其它拉丁语的词句则应使用斜体,属于引文还要加引号,否则不加引号。

图4.1:非英语短句或词语英语翻译的格式

规范: 不规范:

Learners of Spanish tend to Learners of Spanish tend to overuse certain idiomatic expressions, e.g., irse todo en humo (“to go up in smoke”).

规范: 不规范:

Some translators emphasized the concept of 信 (“faithfulness”). 信

论文中出现的汉语或其它非拉丁书写语不得加英语词缀。

图4.2:正确使用英语词缀

正确: 错误:

In Chinese, using 好 (“fine”) In Chinese, using several ?s

several times is not necessarily an emphatic device. device.

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4.1 避免用语歧视

4.1.1 避免使用有隐含歧视性意义的词组。

图4.1:正确与错误的指代成年人的名词词组

正确: 错误(按字母排序):

young men and women boys and girls(指大学生)

a chairperson a chairman

a female researcher a female researcher

a firefighter a fireman

a nurse a male nurse

people, humanity, humankind man, mankind

human-computer interaction man-machine interaction

workforce, workers manpower

Gladys Yang Mrs. Yang Xianyi

parenting, nurturing mothering

a police officer a policeman

a postal worker a postman

a poet a poetess

a president a woman president

注:(1)“a female researcher”、“a woman president”这样一类字眼暗指女性一般不够资格担当研究员、校长这类职务,而“a male nurse”则暗指一般只能由女性担当护士之类的工作。

(2)使用女性专业人员的全名(如“Gladys Yang”)而不得暗指其婚姻状况(如“Mrs. Yang Xianyi”)。

4.1.2 避免使用有种族歧视嫌疑的语言

提及有残疾人士时用中性名词,下列词语应避免使用:

amputee cripple

the disabled the learning disabled

the physically disabled the retarded deaf and mute the mentally ill retarded adult

使用中性名词时有关残疾的修饰语应放在中性名词的后面,不要放在中性名词的前面。

图4.2:对有残疾人士的正确提法

正确: 错误:

person who has a disability disabled person

child with a congenital disability defective child

child with a birth impairment mentally ill person

person with mental illness handicapped people

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people with psychiatric disability

4.1.3 避免使用有种族歧视嫌疑的语言 mentally retarded person

图4.3:对有残疾人士的正确提法 正确:

Asian-American

African-American, Black

Asians

Native American, American Indian

错误: Chinaman, Jap nigger, Negro, Afro-American Orientals Indian giver