元博老师：TPO16-17词汇总结和扩展

Negotiate/ negotiation谈判（贸易类文章）；bargain 交易，讨价还价

Access：have access to 通路，渠道

Deposit存款，沉淀物 （地理学科文章）；sediment/ accumulation 沉淀中的矿产；ore / metallic ore 金属矿

Merchant 商人；commodity 商品；merchandise 买卖；purchase 购买；mercantile 向钱看地

Repudiate 拒绝（reject）；-pud/-pug 推开；repugnant 讨厌的

Sect：religious sect 宗教派别

Mode/ model/form/paradigm 形式，范例；eco-system: flora and fauna paradigm

Maintenance ...的维持；维持需要supply 补给

Consensus一致；make a consensus 相当于agreement

Ethic 道德规范；moral morality

Populous 形容人口众多；population 最常见；populate居住于；some place is populated by certain species（和popular发音相像，在听力中注意辨识）

identify 识别

Empire 帝国；emperor 帝王

Intrinsic 本质地，内在地；fundamentally，extrinsic 外在地

Circum-peripher- 外围地；circumvent 包围 (vent 发泄，放出)；peripheral peoples Barren 土地贫瘠；fertile 肥沃；abundance 物产丰富；plenty of 很多

Period periodic 周期的；periodic table 元素周期表；recurrence (反复) of chemical property Property/ characteristic/ nature特点；distinct 与众不同的地方

Horizontal 水平的；vertical 垂直的

Proposal 提议；contention 主张

Illustrate/ demonstrate/indicate/ imply 显示，说明

Success-连续，紧跟；successive连续的；successor继承者；succession连续

Scheme 计划，组合（成系统的东西）

Substan- 实实在在的；substance 物质；substantial/ substantiate 实质上的

Analysis 分析；ana- 分析；analogous to 相似于similar to

Hypothesize 假设, 猜想speculate/ postulate

Asteroid 小行星（-oid小）；comet 彗星；meteoroid 流星体；meterological 气象的 Gravity 天体之间引力；gravitational force orbit 运行轨道；velocity 速度

Diameter 直径；radius 半径

Variation 变化，不同

Molecule 分子

Evaporate 蒸发；precipitation 降雨

Navigation 航海，航空（compass 指南针 longitude 经度 latitude 纬度）

Motivation/ impetus/ stimulus 刺激，促进，动力

Protocol 协议的；regulation 规范

Reptile 爬行动物；amphibians 两栖动物

Canopy 华盖 森林

Inflate充气；deflate泄气

Impediment/ obstacle/ obstruction 困难，阻碍

Symbiotic 共生关系；synchronic共时，同时（parasite 寄生虫）

Inadvertently 偶然的，不经意的 unintentionally

Devastate 毁灭 destroy undermine 破坏

【名师简介】元博（Hilary Yuan）以专业第一名成绩毕业于四川大学，英语语言文学硕士，英语专业八级。拥有多年英文外事翻译经验以及高校英语、托福、雅思教学经验，精通托福、雅思阅读和写作提升方法，曾培养出多名雅思及托福高分学员并被理想大学录取。擅长英语语言文学，曾有数篇英语诗歌、散文发表于美国大学校刊，并受邀前往英国参加诗歌交流活动。教学中悉心帮助学生修正英语学习中的各类问题，树立自信心。

 

第二篇：TPO16 词汇

TPO16 词汇

1.         Trade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East, as caravans（'kær?væn]n. 旅行队, 有篷顶的大车） negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by access to water and by mountain ranges.

2.         This has been so since ancient times, partly due to the geology of the area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few deposits of metallic ore（ore  [?r ]n.  矿石, 含有金属的岩石） and other useful materials.

3.         Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework（piecework  ['pi:sw?:k]  n.按件计酬的工作,计件工作） under the tutelage（tutelage  ['tju:tilid?]  n.监护, 指导, 托管） of a master who was also the shop owner.

4.          In these shops differences of rank were blurred（blur  [bl??]n.  模糊; 污点, 污迹; 模糊不清的事物v.  使模糊, 弄脏; 弄脏, 模糊） as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild(guild [gild] n. 行会, 协会) and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship(kinship  ['kin?ip]  n. 血缘关系, 亲属关系) relationships.

5.         The worker was bound to the master by a mutual(mutual  ['mju:t?u?l]  adj.共同的, 相互的) contract that either one could repudiate(repudiate [ri'pju:dieit] v.拒绝, 拒付, 断绝, 否认), and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.

6.         This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically(ideologically  [?aidi?'lɑ:d?ik?li]adv. 意识形态上地, 思想上地) egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city.

7.         This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically(ideologically  [?aidi?'lɑ:d?ik?li]adv. 意识形态上地, 思想上地) egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city.

8.         The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus (surplus  ['s?:pl?s]  n.过剩, 顺差, 盈余 adj.过剩的, 多余的)was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading.

9.         In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian(平等) or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship（worship  ['w?:?ip]  n.崇拜, 爱慕, 做礼拜 vi.做礼拜 vt.崇拜, 爱慕）, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus（consensus  [k?n'sens?s]  n.一致, 同意, 共识） while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.

10.     The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar（peculiar  [pi'kju:lj?]  adj.奇怪的, 特殊的, 独特的, 古怪的 n.特权） moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances.

11.     Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic（aristocratic  [?ærist?'krætik] adj.贵族的, 赞成贵族政治的,爱挑剔的） professions of moral superiority（superiority  [sju?pi?ri'?riti] n. 优越性, 优势）, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial（entrepreneurial  [??ntr?pr?'njuri?l]  adj. 企业家的, 企业性质的entrepreneur  [?ntr?pr?'n??]n.  企业家; 主办人） skill make all the difference.

12.     The central state, though often very rich and very populous（populous  ['p?pjul?s]  adj.人口多的, 人口稠密的）, was intrinsically(intrinsically  [in'trinsik?li] adv. 内在地, 固有地) fragile, since the development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary(monetary  ['m?n??teri]  adj.货币的, 金融的) base and erode state power, as occurred when European seafarers circumvented(circumvent  [?s?:k?m'vent]  vt.绕行, 设法避开, 围住) Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gama's voyage around Africa in the late fifteenth-century opened up a southern route.

13.     The periodic table is a chart that reflects the periodic recurrence(recurrence  [ri'k?r?ns] n. 再现, 再发生, 反复) of chemical and physical properties of the elements when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus).

14.     When the elements known at the time were ordered by increasing atomic mass, it was found that successive elements belonged to different chemical groups and that the order of the groups in this sequence was fixed and repeated itself at regular intervals(interval  ['int?v?l]  n.间隔, 休息时间, (数学)区间, (音乐)音程).

15.     Yet both chemists were sufficiently farsighted（farsighted  ['fɑ:'saitid]  adj.有先见之明的, 远视的） to leave gaps where their analyses of periodic physical and chemical properties indicated that new elements should be located.

16.     Such anomalies are due to the relative abundance(abundance  [?'b?nd?ns] n.丰富, 充裕) of the "isotopes" or varieties of each element. All the isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons, but differ in their number of neutrons, and hence in their atomic mass.

17.      For example, a gap just below aluminum suggested a new element would be found with properties analogous（analogous  [?'næl?g?s] adj.类似的） to those of aluminum.

18.     Rayleigh and Ramsay postulated(postulate['p?stjuleit]n.假定, 基本条件 vt.要求, 假定) the existence of a new group of elements, and in 1898 other members of the series (neon, krypton, and xenon) were isolated.

19.     The Sun is the hub(hub  [h?b] n.中心, 轮毂, 轮轴) of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets, their satellites, and numerous small bodies, including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids(流星体).

20.      For Earth, this velocity（velocity  [vi'l?siti] n.速度, 迅速, 速率） is 11 kilometers per second.

21.     By comparison, the terrestrial planets have meager（meager  ['mi:g?]  adj. 贫乏的, 不足的, 瘦的） atmospheres at best.

22.     There appears to be a correlation（correlation  [?k?:ri'lei??n] n.相互关系, 相关, 关联） between the positions of these planets and their sizes.

23.     Hence（hence  [hens]  adv.因此, 从此以后）, the Jovian planets are often called giants.

24.     Under the control of the Sun's gravitational force, each planet maintains an elliptical（elliptical  [i'liptik?l] adj. 椭圆的, 省略的, 简要的） orbit and all of them travel in the same direction.

25.     From the choir(choir  ['kwa??]n.  唱诗班; 唱诗班的席位).

26.     Like I explained on the phone we’ve always had our rehearsals(rehearsal  [r?'h?rsl]n.  排练, 试演; 叙述; 练习; 详述, 列举) in the Lincoln Auditorium every day at 3 o’clock and it’s always worked just great.

27.     Part of the limestone rock layer is permeated('p?rm?e?t, 渗透 穿透penetrate) by water from below. Those curly lines are supposed to be cracks in the rock.

28.     Well, that might be a bit of an exaggeration（夸张）.

29.     And, as we know, gypsum is soluble（soluble  ['s?ljubl]  ） in water.

30.      Composers, after all, had to earn a living and those who were employed in the services of a specific patron（patron  ['peitr?n]  n.赞助人, 老主顾, 守护神）, well, I don’t have to spell it out for you, the likes and dislikes of that patron, this would’ve had an effect on what was being composed and performed.

31.     But none of these has had as profound（profound  [pr?'faund] adj.深奥的, 渊博的, 极度的, 意义深远的） an impact as the piano.

32.      I needed to talk to you about the medieval(medieval  [medi'i:v?l]  adj.中世纪的) history test you know, the one scheduled for Friday afternoon.

33.     What I want is for you to synthesize(synthesize  ['sinθisaiz]  v.合成, 综合) information to reflect back on what we’ve read and discussed and to form your own ideas, not just repeat points from the textbook.

34.     So when they do forage（forage  ['f?:rid?] n. 粮草, 饲料, 搜寻粮草 ） for food and for shelter materials, they have to leave their homes and go up on land where their main predators are.

35.      And presumably（presumably  [pri'zju:m?bli] adv.大概, 据推测, 可能）, the more often it wanders from home, the more it’s likely to be exposed to predators.

36.     OK, now urn, a sort of paradigmatic（作为示范的, 典范的, 词形变化的 [?pær?dig'mætik] ） art form of the Middle Ages was stained（stain  [ste?n]n.  污染, 着色剂, 污点v.  沾污, 污染; 给染色, 给...着色; 玷污, 败坏; 染色便于显微镜下观察; 变脏; 被沾污） glass art.

37.     Now in the window itself the pieces of glass would be held together by strips（strip  [strip]  v.剥去, 剥夺, 脱衣, 除去 ） of lead.

38.     You got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glass making ingredients.

39.