The Star that “ the World ---- Michael Jackson
Michael Joseph Jackson, with the nickname “MJ”, was the most impressive musician of all time in the world. Born on August 29th, 1958, and died on June 25th, 2009, MJ had multiple roles in literary and art circles in his splendid 51 years of life: a famous rock singer, renowned dancer, director of many movies, generous philanthropist, newfangled fashion leader and so on. Not only was he the irreplaceable and immortal representative of “pop culture” that has dominated America since the 1980s, but he has also been nominated twice for the Nobel Peace Prize and always topped in authorized celebrity-income lists such as the Forbes.
“MJ” was such a miracle ---- he showed up in a musical band named The Jackson Five as the lead singer at the age of only six, which proved his early talent in music. His solo career got to start when he was 13, and his very first album ---- Off the Wall , released in 1979, was widely hailed as one of the classic disco masterpieces at that time. Besides, the world’s first modern “Music Video” or “Music Television” was also illustrated by Michael Jackson, called Thriller. It aimed at conveying story plots related to the music, instead of regarding videos just as a tool for propaganda. And the self-titled album, Thriller, was a milestone for Blacks to march on the road of main-stream music. It was also a best-seller around the world. Up to now, Over 112 million Thriller album copies have been sold throughout all continents. In the 21st century, Jackson released another several collections ---- Number Ones (独一无二) in 2003, The Ultimate Collection(终极收藏) in 2004, Thriller 25(“颤栗25”纪念版) in February 2008, and This is it(就是这样)in October 2009 spliced from previous concerts after MJ’s death.
Jackson’s achievements are spectacular and
eternally rock the world, due to his creativity, endeavor and determination. He was raised up in a poor family with nine kids in Indiana, and all the family members are descendants of Negroes. This can explain why MJ contributed all his life to appealing to eliminate racial discrimination with his musical talent. In fact, MJ’s music includes other elements besides racial discrimination, many of them also concerning social issues. For instance, Dirty Diana, launched in 1987, showed disgust and helplessness
about women that recklessly pursued fame and wealth. And another famous song, We Are the World, advocated bringing financial aid to slums in Africa to resolve economic and welfare problems there. It’s worth mentioning that, during the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, hundreds of American musicians recorded a second version of We Are the World but remained some of the original voice by MJ, in order to encourage Haitians to reconstruct their homeland and commemorate MJ as well.
However, with desperation and misunderstanding, MJ passed away in 2009. According to news reports, he was suspected to be deliberately injected with a poisonous drug by an amateur physician. But one thing is certain ---- Millions of people managed to attend MJ’s funeral on June 27th, 2009, which surpassed the audience of Elvis Presley’s funeral. Although some people still call him names for ethnic or political reasons, he deserves the public’s respect for his profound influence that rocked the world.
Lesson7 The Age of Miracle Chips
I .
1)It looks like a stylized Navaho rug or the aerial view of a railroad switching yard. It is made mostly of silicon.
2)The computer of 25 years ago was as large as a room. The miracle chip of today is small, cheap, easy to mass produce, fast, infinitely versatile and convenient.
3)At 7:30 a. m. , when the alarm :lock burrs, the bedroom curtains swing silently apart, the venetian blinds snap up and the thermostat boosts the heat to a cozy 70~. The percolator in the kitchen starts burbling; the back door opens to let out the dog. The TV set blinks on with the day's first newscast. After the news on TV comes the morning mail, from correspondents who have dictated their messages into the computer network. Mr. A. , still in bed, then presses a button on a bedside box and issues a string of business and personal memos, which appear instantly on the genie screen. After his shower, which has turned itself on at exactly the right temperature at the right minute, Mr. A. is alerted by a buzzer and a blue light on the screen. His boss is on his way to the office. Mr. A. dresses and goes out to the car, the engine of which is running."
After her husband has kissed her goodbye, Mrs. A. uses the computer to do shopping for tonight' s dinner party. Then she orders from the memory bank her favorite recipes, tells the machine to compute the ingredients for six servings, and directs the ovens to reach the correct temperature for each dish according to the recipe, starting at 7:15 p.m. She then joins a televised discussion of art. Later she wanders into the computer room where she has just learned from his headset that his drill in Latin verb conjugation was very good.
4)Home information management systems will take over memo pads, notebooks, files, bills and the kitchen bulletin board. And housewives will be able to do their shopping by computer TV.
5)Hospital computers will take the place of doctors to talk to patients and they are programmed not only to remind the pharmacy department to prepare prescriptions but also to alert nurses to give the proper dosage at the right time.
6)In addition to the microprocessors under the hood that will help the machine operate more efficiently, tiny computers will ease tensions and make life simpler for the driver and passengers too. For example, at the push of a button, the driver can get a readout on the amount of fuel in the tank, and the number of miles he can expect to go before a refill is necessary or he can find out the miles yet to go to a preset destination and the estimated arrival time. The best auto will contain a small portable phone capable of reaching any number in the world in seconds, automatic braking and a miniradar to avoid collisions.
7)In schools, computers will be more common than slide projectors, movie film projectors and tape recorders. They'll be used from the moment school opens, through break, through lunch period, and to the closing of the school.
8)The computer revolution is stimulating intellects, liberating limbs and pushing mankind to a higher level of existence.
Ⅱ .
1)The breakthrough in microelectronics will change people's lives in ways no one has ever thought of before.
2)Although at present only the rich man can afford custom made goods，the average person will be able to afford them in the future．
3)The computer might appear to make human beings machinelike，but it can bring some human qualities into our lives as well．
4)Personal service in medical care is regarded as the most important part of the American life．
5)It is the young Americans who will gain most of the advantages from the electronic revolution．
6)Right now，millions of American computer users are not able to make full use of the computer．
Ⅲ．See the translation of the text．
Ⅳ．
1)微生物学 2)微型电路 3)缩微胶卷；缩微照片 4)显微图；微动扩大器；微写器 5)密纹唱片 6)显微照片；缩微照片 7)显微阅读器 8)微秒(百万分之一秒) 9)使微小化；使超小化 l0)微波
V．
1)miniradar超小型雷达 2)superpower超级大国 3)miniskirt超短裙
4)minipants超短裤 5)superfine过分精细的，(商品)特级的 6)minibus小型公共汽车，面包车 7)superhigh frequency超高频率 8)superhighway超级公路
9)superhuman超人的，神的，超过常人的 10)minicamera小型照相机
Ⅵ．
1)car 2)car 3)car 4)cigarettes 5)tape recorder(radio，TV set，stereo—equipment，etc．) 6)tea 7)watches 8)camera 9)airplane
10)life jacket
Ⅶ．miracle chips，silicon，calculating capability，microcomputer, screen, read-out, keys, terminal, memory bank, compute, computer room, microelectronic revolution, home computer system, computerize, household computer, program, information
management system, computer TV, microprocessor, magical beasts, a silicon circuit.
Ⅷ.
1)assumed, shouldered 2)vast, huge, hulking 3)huge burdens of drudgery, a vast array of tasks 4)conducted 5)in time 6)amazing 7)order
8)punch (press, push) a button 9)wandered 10)to calculate
IX.
1)read-out 2)be computerized 3)automakers 4)apparatus
5)appliances 6)computers 7)vacuum tubes 8)capabilities
9)applications 10)silicon chips , microcomputer-controlled
11)calculation 12)information 13)program.
Ⅹ.
1)In addition to data processing, the modern computers have the capabilities of making decisions and choices.
2)This device is capable of sending messages to the other hemisphere within a couple of seconds.
3)The new products are being mass-produced.
4)The students are collecting information associated with micro technology.
5)In what ways do you think the mechanization in agriculture will affect the life of the peasants in our country?
6)Please give me a rundown of last week's news.
7) The adoption of computers made it possible for them to perform their task with high efficiency and speed.
8)In a few years, the TV set will be within the reach of the average family.
9)Calculating instruments were in existence long ago．And it was from those past calculators that modern computers evolved． 10)Despite their countless capabilities，the miracle chips must be programmed by human beings?
11)It is estimated that by the end of this year there will be 120 000 machine men(robots 1 working at various posts in service of the human race．
12)This instrument is portable，therefore convenient for the prospectors?13)I'm afraid your TV set needs repairing：It seems there 1s something wrong with the tube．
Ⅺ．
电子计算机包括以下五个基本部分：
输入端：这部分将从各种装置获得的信息译成计算机懂得的电码。最初的计算机采用穿孔卡片送人输入端。现在，这样的卡片以及穿孔带仍在使用，但增补了其他方法，其中包括磁带、磁盘和磁鼓。
存储器：信息就贮存在这部分里以供计算机其他部分需要时使用。现代化计算机最常见的存储器是各种磁芯制成的。这种磁芯存储器正在被微型集成电路块上的半导体存储器所取代。
运算和逻辑部分：计算机依靠这部分来处理、指导、加工大量的信息。计算机在这里对数字和数据进行运算和操纵。
控制器：这是计算机的交通警，它使指令贮存在存储器中并对指令进行解释。它调节存储器、运算和逻辑部分以及这些部分之间信息的流动。它还命令经过加工的数据从存储器移动到输出端。
输出端：这部分把经过加工的数据译成可以控制各式各样装置的电冲。这样，输出端可以采用文字或数字两种读出形式，显示在高速打字机上或明亮的阴极射线管上。
YIT． Omitted．
XIII．
The Role the Computers Will Play in Our Four Modernizations When the computers are widely used，we may have large numbers of computerized robots which make our lives easier.
Some of them, like the pocket calculator, can work much more quickly than human beings can. And they rarely make mistakes.
In some ways robots are better than people. They work quickly, but do not make mistakes. They do not get bored doing the same job over and over again. And they never get tired.
So robots are very useful in factories. They can be taught to do many different jobs. At first, their electronic brains must be shown how the job is done. A person moves the robot' s "arms" and "hands" through each part of the job. The robot's brain re-members each move. When the robot is put to work on its own, its brain controls the rods, wheels and motors which move its arm. When the robot is needed for a new job, its electronic memory is "wiped clean". Then it is taught how to do its new task.
Robots are also used for doing jobs which are dangerous. They can move objects which are too hot or too heavy for people to handle. They can work in places which are too hot or too cold for people. And they are not affected by poisonous fumes or gases. In scientific research, they may be used for doing such jobs as handling radioactive materials.
In short, the computers will play an important role in our four modernizations. With their help, we will be relieved of tedious, hard or dangerous work and have more time for more challenging and valuable things or even for entertainment.
Lesson 8
An Interactive Life
I .
1)An interactive life of the future will be extremely convenient and productive, and a huge amount of information will be available at the touch of a button, everything from airline schedules to esoteric scientific journals to video versions of Broadway.
2)Stepping into the past makes us well aware of the great difference between the past and the present. And the present will become the past of the future ,so we can imagine what the future will be.
3)Since anyone can record news with a video-camera and put it on the universal network for everybody else to see, there is no longer any need for news anchorman like Peter Jennings.
4)If you want to see a film, you don't need to rent a tape and play it on your VCR. Instead, you may pick one from the catalog shown on the TV and phone the library to have it beamed to you. Those game fans may do it in the same way by contacting another electronic library which has a large number of video tapes with recordings of the actual shootings and killings seen in video game shops. Those who want to do shopping at home do not need to look through catalogs published by clothing companies. They may watch video catalogs with models displaying clothes of the newest
fashion from various angles.
5)It is not considered genuine interactivity because it is not novel enough with but one step beyond passive viewing. It is still the traditional form of sitting on the couch watching.
6)That means a viewer has access to thousands of channels delivered through some combination of cable, telephone, satellite and cellular networks, which provide data from computer-based archives and information services.
7)Because a user might stand in front of a monitor receiver and just talk and listen, communicating with whatever or whomever some distance away.
8)It means an act or condition of moving towards the same place, result.
9)Because they were afraid its user would get one of Senator Proxmire's Golden Fleece awards.
10)Fibre optics will stop electronic highways from getting crowded and digitalization can translate all kinds of data into the simplest form of number and letter.
11) Intelligent agents are artificial devices which can solve problems, direct conduct by reasoning and which can function properly.
12)Because to build and maintain the information highway at present requires a large sum of money and a huge amount of other investment.
II .
1)He imagined that the machine could record informal communication between departments in a company but other people thought it could be used to record music.
2)Since large sums of money have been spent on an idea which is mainly in the planning stage, since great hopes have been put on such an idea, there certainly is a lot of exaggerated publicity.
3)For example, you film a video which you think has special artistic pretensions.
4)-"even for those who firmly believe in this ,it is difficult to work out the details of how it will actually function.
5) another electronic Library which has a large number of video tapes with recordings of the actual shootings and killings available in video game shops
6) It is just one step beyond passive viewing. It is still the traditional form of sitting on the couch watching.
7)ordering films which you will pay for watching and getting bills piled up by doing shopping at home paying with creditcards
8)Future programs may be the technological descendants of today's CD-ROM discs.
9)"Interactivity" for the time being may be the most used word which has little meaning but sounds impressive to outsiders while "convergence" follows "interactivity" closely in the second place in frequency.
10)At Present, politicians starting from President Clinton all the way down to lower-level officials are eager and willing to state that they are for the new medium.
11)The solution to the problem is t0 use fiber optics?
12)Digits are digits．Digits are really wonderful?
13)Try to think what the conversation would be like：“I have got a user who will
suit you fine!”
14)Interactivity may widen the gap between those people or nations with relatively much wealth or rich resources and those without．those who have access to the network and those who cannot afford to use the information highway?
Ⅲ．See the translation of the text．
Ⅳ．
1)personal computer私人电脑
2)differential aptitude test鉴别能力倾向测验
3)computer aided designing计算机辅助设计
4)computer aided manufacturing计算机辅助制造
5)United Nations Development Programme联合国发展方案(联合国发展署)
6)United Nations Institute for Training and Research联合国训练研究所
7)World Health Organization世界卫生组织(联合国)
8)unidentified flying object不明飞行物，飞碟
9)International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织
10)most favored nation最惠国
11)Special Drawing Rights(国际货币基金组织的)特别提款权
12)free on board装运港船上交货
V．
1)media，bacteria，phenomena，strata
2)species，fish，deer，sheep
3)potatoes．heroes。volcanoes，tomatoes，Negroes，ghetto(e)s
4)analyses，crises，theses，geneses
5)stimuli，genii，loci，alumni
Ⅵ．
information，data，network，intelligent agent，data highway， electronic library，interactive models，fake interactive，true interactive，television cables，fiber—optic cables，a TV monitor，hard disc，compact discs，multimedia。computer—based archives，information services，programmed electronic selectors，video telephony，data transmittal，digitalization。Pulses of light，unimedia，artificial intelligence．information high—way，universal information library
Ⅶ．
1)杰出人物统治论 2)类似人民党主义的主张
3)恐怖主义 4)穷人，贫民
5)民族主义 6)酒精中毒
7)多种文化融合论 8)象征主义，象征手法
9)多元论 10)唯一神教派
11)无产阶级性
ⅤⅢ．
1)院际 2)洲际
3)可互相转换的 4)在不同文化之间的
5)跨学科的 6)异族(不同宗教、人种问)的通婚
7)间奏曲，幕间演出 8)相互影响
9)相互联系 10)望远镜
11)电传排字机 12)电传
13)心灵感应的 14)技术统治论
15)专家政治论者 16)技术发展史
17)多极的 18)多能的，多用途的
19)在许多州有分公司的 20)大型综合性大学
21)一维的，一度的 22)单方面的
23)不分男女的 24)单一的，单元的，一致的
25)一年两次的 26)双语的
Ⅸ．
1)competitor竞争者
2)transmitter发报者
3)receiver收件人
4)terminator(月球、星球的)明暗界线
5)inventor发明者
6)recorder录音机
7)sticker屠夫；背面有粘胶的标签
8)carrier搬运人，递送人；航空母舰．
9)creator创造者；(大写)造物主
10)conductor售票员；(乐队)指挥
11)locker(公共场所供单人存放衣帽等用的)柜，小室
12)locator定位器，探测器
13)regulator管理者；调节器
14)detector发觉者；探测器
15)synthesizer合成物
16)condenser冷凝器，电容器
17)indicator指示物，指示器
18)controller审计官；调节器
19)sensor传感器
20)selector挑选者；波段开关
X．
1)There are no tickets available for Saturday's performance，let's do something else for the weekend．
2)The dress is available in all sizes．
3)To my knowledge．this is the most practical program they have ever conceived of．
4)The children have lots of fun playing the video games．
5)The play at the theatre was very poor fun．We hardly laughed at a11．
6)Right now．“tailoring” is the buzzword in executive suites of multinational corporations．
7)The programs of the music radio successfully cater to the different types of interest and taste among the listeners of varying backgrounds．
8)Some tabloids are trying hard to cater to the low taste of some readers for the sake of making money．
9)This oil refinery has a capacity of about one million tons of petroleum a year．
10)A stadium with a seating capacity of 80 000 is under construction．
11)It is the first time for the researchers have access to the valuable archives.
12)Only a few people had access to the details of the case.
13)The frontiers of medical science are being pushed farther onwards as time goes on.
14)The two rivals competed with each other so fiercely that they kept tabs on every move of the opponent.
15)The parents are pinning all their hopes on their son, so they've decided to send him to an expensive private school.
16)He is keen on all kinds of new things and has preference for computers.
XI.
1)Hawkins says the work-at-home market could be computer based and provide a market for teleconferencing and portable computing devices ,like the device with Newton as its name which is highly recommended by Apple chairman John Sculley.
2)The cowboys round up cattle while the consumers round up data. To avoid being overwhelmed by a large amount of incoming data ,the viewer will depend on an electronic device with coded instructions to choose from the mass of in- formation the kind of things he needs.
3)?the wires, cables or air can no longer carry such great number of signals.
4)Maes and others admit that there's a disadvantage to all these dreams.
5)Certainly these electronic devices are a precious source of valuable information.
6)If that is the situation, the best thing to do is to join in for future Changes.
XII.
prosper, constantly || being, what, computer, suite, computer-wise, artificial, that, reports || like, same, set, case, orchestrates, overall, judgment || up, best, automate, not, robots, also, automation, neurocomputers ||computerized, worth, have, 1995, way, escape, intelligence, basic, a
XIII. Omitted.
XIV.
The Impact of Science and Technology on Human Civilization Art creation is an unconquerable urge that can be found in every human culture.
Ever since our ancestors finger painted on the walls of caves, the technology of art has been improving. Chisels, brushes, paints, canvas, pencils, pastels, forges, foundries ,cameras--all are the products of technology. When our species wishes to make something beautiful, it first constructs tools.
Recently, a new tool of constituting a potential revolution in the future of art has arrived: the electronic computer is able to store, access and manipulate large amounts of data and large numbers of picture elements. The field of computer art is still in its earliest stages but already displays immense promise. In principle, computers can create works recognizable in the style of the old masters, as well as art of a kind never before imagined.
The opportunities open to gifted artists who are also expert programmers are unlimited. This is , at least so far ,an usual combination, however--perhaps because the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is mainly responsible for the overall conceptualizations essential for art, while the left is primarily in charge of the analytic thinking necessary of programming.
In another century, the sense of incongruity that many of us feel about mixing computers with serious aft will be out of date. Creating works of art with electronic computers will be on the mainstream of the history of art and, indeed, on the mainstream of the history of humanity.
Lesson10 The Trial That Rocked the World
I．
1)In the 1920s，when he was a teacher at a secondary school in Dayton，a little town in the mountains of Tenessee，he was charged with teaching evolution and had to be present in the court．The trial。however，rocked the world．After the trial，he studied at the University of Chicago and became a geologist for an oil company later．
2)The struggles were in fact struggles between ignorance and wisdom．religion and science．That showed the spread of science and truth was no easy task． 3)Because the result would effect the whole country，even the world．
4)Darrow and Malone thought that the Bible could co—exist with the Evolution Theory and it was acceptable for a Christion to be an evolutionist．Besides，the Bible should not be interpreted and accepted literally．Bryan just thought the opposite way.
5) The trial began with prayer by a local minister. This showed the connection of the religion (Christianity) with the law. Among 12 jurors three had never read any book except the Bible. One couldn't read. That showed that the religion and ignorance play an important role in the law. Judging by the fact above, the law and legal proce- dures in the U. S. at that time were not sensible.
6)John Scopes lost the case in the court, but he won in a real sense.
7)We cannot take the Bible literally. Actually there is something inconsistent in it. It can be accepted as a religious book whose interpretation should not be defined by some people only.
8)This article is intended to draw the world's attention to the Evolution Theory and persuade people not to be stubbornly hostile to science.
II.
1)We have some clever and unexpected tactics and we will surprise them in the trial.
2)The case had come down upon me unexpectedly and violently.
3)The fundamentalists believe in a word-for-word acceptance of what is said in the Bible.
4)that all life had developed gradually from a common original organism
5)Let's accuse Scopes of teaching evolution and let the court decide whether he is breaking the law or not.
6) People from the nearby mountains, mostly fundamentalists, came to support Bryan against those professors, scientists, and lawyers who came from the northern big cities and were not fundamentalists.
7)As my father complained angrily, "That' s no jury at all. "
8)He is here because unenlightenment and prejudice are widespread and unchecked.
9)People had to pay in order to have a look at the ape and to consider carefully whether apes and humans could have a common ancestry.
10)and the crowd, who were mainly fundamentalists, took his words showing no fear as if they were prayers, interrupting frequently with "Amen"
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.
Ⅳ.
1)legal terms: court, defence, criminal lawyer, leading councel for the prosecution, state legislature, trial, testify, a jury trial, case, indict, the U. S. Supreme Court, defend, presiding judge, attorney-general, open the session, juror, legality, witness, evidence, accuse, adjourn, verdict, jurymen, guilty, conviction
2)religious terms: fundamentalists , modernists, the Old Testament, fundamentalism, the Bible, agnostic, Catholic, Jew, infidel, God, Amen, Genesis"
Ⅴ.
1)Today the teachers are put on trial because they teach science, soon the magazines, books and newspapers will not be allowed to express new ideas.
2)"It is doubtful whether man (rather the fundamentalist) has reasoning power," Darrow said in a contemptuous way.
3)The Christian believes that God in heaven made human being but the evolutionist thinks human beings come from lowly animals. The implication is there is nothing lofty, noble about human beings in the eyes of the evolutionist.
4)This is a pun, i. e. playing on words. This sentence may have two different interpretations, depending on how you read it. If you pause before the dash, it means Darwin, the naturalist is correct. If you read out the whole sentence, it means Darwin the shop owner is directly inside.
5)Even the ape shuddered when it realized that it might share the same ancestry with human beings (especially the fundamentalists).
6) Malone considered the defeat a blessing in disguise, although Scopes was found guilty, they had succeeded in drawing the attention of the people all over the United States to this issue.
7)The statement conveys false modesty about being with the people and indicates regional narrow-mindedness and bigotry.
8)This shows that the jurors were ignorant, prejudiced and narrow minded. There couldn't be a fair and impartial trial.
9)Bryan's role is self-appointed. There is no need for Bryan to act as the spokesman. If a thing is true it does not need anyone, least of all Bryan, to defend it.
10) Bryan was dead against knowledge, Science and new ideas, so it was ironical to name a university after him because the function of a university was to spread knowl-edge, science and new ideas.
Ⅵ.
1)snowball: metaphor; grow or develop rapidly
2)circus atmosphere: metaphor; riotous holiday spirit
3)sprout: metaphor; grow or spring up quickly
4)spar: metaphor; fight with words, engage in argument
5)thunder: metaphor; say loudly and angrily
6)like a prairie fire: simile; spreading quickly, rapidly and overcoming all obstacles
7)scorch : metaphor wither, thoroughly defeat hot breath of his oratory: metaphor; the fiery speech, the caustic condemnation
8)a duel: metaphor; a life and death struggle
9)a storm of applause：metaphor；loud applause by many people
10)the oratorical duel：metaphor；the speech contest
11)spring the trump card：metaphor；take the most decisive course of action which one believes cannot fail
12)oratorical storm，blew up：metaphors；the great debate that took place like a fresh wind：simile；brought new and healthy changes．The great debate initiated by Clarence Darrow and Dudley Field Malone in the little court in Dayton brought new and healthy changes throughout the schools and legislative offices of the United States
Ⅶ．
1)hyperbole 2)transferred epithet 3)synecdoche 4)
ridicule 5)sarcasm 6)irony 7)sarcasm 8)antithesis
9)hyperbole 10)ridicule，simile 11)ridicule 1 2)oxy-moran
Ⅷ．
1)初级法院的裁决有利于父母，后来又作了相反的裁决。
2)立法部门制订法律，行政部门执行法律，司法部门解释法律。
3)三个证人出庭作证，证明他无罪。
4)他们呼吁速由一个公正的陪审团进行公审。
5)在美国法院，证人宣誓照实直说时，要把一只手放在《圣经》上。
6)自助者，上帝助之。
7)不管什么种族、民族和宗教信仰，在法律面前，法官应一视同仁。
8)Barristers是在法庭上进行控告或辩护的律师。
9)作为原告辩护律师，他就要尽力证明被告有罪。作为被告辩护律师，他就要为被告辩护。
Ⅸ.
1)At that time metaphysics was rampant．
2)I did not anticipate that 1 would get involved in this dispute
3)You must involve yourself in the work if you want to learn something.
4)The jury brought in a verdict of guilty and the judge sentenced him to three years' imprisonment.
5)Racial discrimination still exists in various forms in the United States though racial segregation is against the law.
6)I think we can reconcile the two views.
7)He seemed reconciled to the idea.
8)The spectators' hearts went out to the defendant.
9)The London papers expressed the view that the collapse of Nazi Germany was at hand.
10)He estimated the number of scouts on hand as ranging from three to five.
11)The project got under way soon after the signing of the contract.
X.
criminal, guilt, defendant, legal, defence, afford, at, prison, prepared || trial, cross-examine, prosecution, witnesses, attend, compelled, court, counsel, right || jury, evidence, accused, verdict, innocence, unammous, majority|| appeal, tried, offence
XI. Omitted.
XII.
Because of the wording of the anti-evolution law, the prosecution had to believe that the Bible must be interpreted word for word. And Darrow sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the defence. Bryan agreed. Darrow read from Genesis : "And the evening and the morning were the first day. " Then he asked Bryan if he believed that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "How could there have been a morning and evening without any sun?" At this, Bryan did not know what to say. Darrow then asked if he believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered yes. Darrow asked, "And you be- lieve that God punished the serpent by condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?" "I believe
that." "Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that time?" This made Bryan angry. "Your honour," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow's questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs on Him .-. ""I object to that statement," Darrow shouted. "I am examining you on your fool ideas that no intelligent Christian on earth believes. "The spectators burst into a brawl. The judge used his gavel to calm them down and adjourned court until next day.
Lesson11 But What's a Dictionary For?
I .
1) the Atlantic. a "disappointment", a "shock", a "calamity", "a scandal and a disaster". the New York Times :speeding the deterioration of the language. the Journal of the American Bar Association: deplorable, a flagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility, a serious blow to the cause of good English. Life :a non-word deluge, monstrous, abominable, a cause for dismay.
2)The making of the dictionary involves $ 3.5 million and the efforts of three hundred scholars over a period of twenty-seven years.
3)Between the appearance of these two editions, the science of descriptive linguistics has come into being. Some of the major features of the science are: a)Atl languages are systems of human conventions, not systems of natural laws. b)Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, c)All languages are dynamic rather than static, d)"Correctness'can rest only upon usage, and all usages is relative.
4)New dictionaries are needed because English has changed more in the past two generations than at any other time in its history.
5)He uses facts to show the popular press is using the language that the Third International describes, even including the very editorials which scorn it.
6)He says many English words may be spelled and pronounced, with equal correctness, in either way.
7)Because the obvious is not necessarily easy to define.
8)Yes, it certainly has some.
Ⅱ.
1)a shameless example of irresponsibility in making the dictionary
2)What causes the abuse in the popular press?
3)Each language cannot be described according to other language, or even by its own past.
4)Every living language is in a process of constant change.
5)Even in spelling, which is so stable and hardly debatable, a dictionary cannot always decide absolutely which is right and which is wrong.
6) A dictionary should record the fact without bothering whether it can satisfy the vanity of those who use a dictionary to prove their unyielding position in an argument or help those who bet some money in support of their conviction.
7)Has the dictionary failed to do its duty?
8)Lexicography is a science and its judgment, like the judgment of God, cannot be swayed by anybody no matter what high social position he may occupy.
9)And this is also complicated, delicate, and always changing.
10)The editorial accuses the Third International of being pedantically and confusingly wordy.
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.
IV.
1)anemia 2)anesthesia 3)behavior 4)favorite 5)check
6)center 7)meter 8)defense 9)dialog 10)gram 11) program 12)modeled 13)practice 14)maneuver 15)Moslem
16)fulfill
V .
1)shame, disgrace 2)speed up the lowering of the quality 3)horrible, shocking/disgusting, very bad 4)quotations 5)difference, disagreement 6)forces 7)removed, taken away/irrelevant, not essential
8) given up, neglected 9)listeners 10) wordiness 11)increase
12)removal
Vl.
1)to see sth. as 2)hoax 3)to charge 4)to set up 5)to follow 6)quotation 7)to limit 8)to record 9)current
10)distinction 11)to be the business of
Ⅶ.
1)Life regarded the dictionary being full of words that have not come to be accepted.
2)The difference...is by no means insignificant, it is basic.
3) Modern linguistics take Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933)as its authority.
4)But if so, he has made unconsciously one of the biggest mistakes one is liable to make in dictionary making.
5)Anyone who tries to sort out the many meanings now included under door may have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy.
6)And, sure enough, in the definition which made the Post angry...
Ⅷ.
1)alliteration and sarcasm 2)assonance and antithesis 3)metonymy
4) metonymy 5) synecdoche 6) sarcasm 7)synecdoche
IX .
1)Never has a scholarly work of this stature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt.
2)Is all this a fraud, a hoax?
3)The first—and essential—step in the study of any language is observing and setting down precisely what happens when native speakers speak it．
4)Change is constant—and normal．
5)But he wants—and has a right to—the truth，the full truth．
6)And this，too，is complex，subtle，and forever changing．
7)The fine print in the lease?-and the rent is computed on the number of rooms．
8)But one thing is certain：anyone who?nonsense．
Ⅹ．
1)我们已达成了协议。
2)他总是从钱的角度考虑问题。
3)谈到这个男孩时他们总是赞扬。
4)从那时起两国一直保持着友好关系。
5)你必须把这件事记在他的帐上。
6)我们把成功归于你的帮助。
7)他的父母帮他开设了律师事务所。
8)他们被大雾耽搁了。
9)工作是困难的，但你一定要坚持下去。
10)她改行搞演唱了。
Ⅺ．
1)The Garden of Harmonious Interest was modelled on a garden in Wuxi．
2)He called on the children to model themselves on the PLA heroes．
3)This work may be relegated to philosophy．
4)Benjamin Franklin was as much a scientist and an inventor as a statesman．
5)He set down all the findings of every experiment in his notebook．
6)Can you sum up the central idea of this ancient poem in plain terms?
7)We should constantly adapt our thinking to the changing conditions.
8) The young soldier was frozen to death in the snow, his hands still hanging on to the gun.
9) The said company will furnish them with lodging and transportation.
10)The speed of motor vehicles is restricted to 55 km. per hour.
11)The cable message conveyed the deepest concern of the people in the capital for those in the quake-afflicted areas.
12)What can you infer about the author from the article it-self?
13)She has a preference for classical music.
14)The teacher urges the students to use English-English dictionaries in preference to English-Chinese dictionaries.
XII .
lexicography, it, dictionary, up, language, data, lexicographer, employed, selecting, fall, under, assembling, useful, for, their, establish, sometimes, of, changes, vocabulary, are, coinage, went, milestons, steps, that, such, listing, feet
XIII. Omitted.
ⅩⅣ.
Outline
At first, the author mentions the abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster's Third New International Dictionary and asks: what underlies all this sound and fury? He doesn't answer the question at once but introduces the newly appearing science of descriptive linguistics related to the making of dictionaries. From the general findings of the new science he draws a conclusion that dictionary is good only insofar as it is a comprehensive and accurate description of current usage. Then by citing facts he points out that the English language has changed a lot since the birth of the Second International, and the popular press vehemently attacking the Third International uses many words only to be found in it. Therefore it is necessary to have a new dictionary to respond to and record the changing language. At last, he states though there is room for improvement in the Third International, it is wise and practical to use the Third instead of the Second.
Lesson12 The Loons
I .
1)The Tonnerres were poor The basis of their dwelling was a small square cabin made of poles and mud, which had been built some fifty years before. As the Tonnerres had increased in number, their settlement had been added, until thc clearing at the foot of the town hill was a chaos of lean-tos, wooden packing cases, warped lumber, discarded car tyres, ramshackle chicken coops, tangled strands of barbed wire and rusty tin cans.
2)Sometimes, one of them would get involved in a fight on Main Street and be put for the night in the barred cell underneath the Court House.
3)Because she had had tuberculosis of the bone, and should have a couple of months rest to get better.
4)Her mother first objected to take Piquette along because she was afraid that the girl would spread the disease to her children and she believed that the girl was not hygienic. She then agreed to do so because she preferred Piquette to the narrator's grandmother, who promised not to go along with the family and decided to stay in the city if the girl was taken along.
5)The cottage was called Macleod, their family name. The scenery there was quite beautiful with all kinds of plants and animals at the lakeside.
6)The narrator knew that maybe Piquette was an Indian descendant who knew the woods quite well, so she tried to ask Piquette to go and play in the wood and tell her stories about woods.
7)Because Piquette thought the narrator was scorning and showing contempt for her Indian ancestors, which was just opposite to her original intention.
8)Because the narrator felt somewhat guilty. Piquette stayed most of the time
in the cottage and hardly played with the narrator. At the same time, she felt there was in Piquette something strange and unknown and unfathomable.
9)That was the very rare chance she was unguarded and unmasked, so that the author could perceive her inner world.
10)Her full name is Vanessa Macleod.
11)Just as the narrator's father predicted, the loons would go away when more cottages were built at the lake with more people moving in. The loons disappeared as nature was ruined by civilization. In a similar way, Piquette and her people failed to find their position in modern society.
Ⅱ.
1)who looked deadly serious, never laughed
2)Sometimes old Jules, or his son Lazarus, would get involved in a rough, noisy quarrel or fight on a Saturday night after much drinking of liquor.
3)She often missed her classes and had little interest in schoolwork.
4)I only knew her as a person who would make other people feel ill at ease.
5)She lived and moved somewhere within my range of sight (Although I saw her, I paid little attention to her).
6)If my mother had to make a choice between Grandmother Macleod and Piquette, she would certainly choose the latter without hesitation, no matter whether the latter had nits or not.
7)Normally, she was a defensive person, and her face was guarded as if it was wearing a mask. But when she was saying this, there was an expression of challenge on her face, which, for a brief moment, became unguarded and unmasked. And in her eyes there was a kind of hope which was so intense that it filled people with terror.
8)She looked a mess, to tell you the truth; she was a dirty, untidy woman, dressed in a very careless way.
9)She was brought in court several times, because she was drunk and disorderly as one could expect.
III. See the translation of the text.
IV.
1)-ious: religious, rebellious, furious, obvious, conscientious
2)-ible: edible, eligible, visible, resistible, sensible
3)-able：separable，passable， standable manageable，readable，under-
4)-1y：manly，godly，deadly，motherly，monthly
5)-ive：sensitive，objective，decisive，aggressive，retrospective
6)-ul：beautiful，careful，lawful，handful，joyful
7)-less：soundless，meaningless，merciless，restless powerless
8)-y：dirty，healthy，sticky，showy，cloudy
9)-al：personal，national，conventional，traditional，hysterical
10)-ar：singular，polar，circular，similar，familiar．
Ⅴ.
1)walk in limping manner一瘸一拐地走路
2)presence that causes embarrassment令人尴尬的人(或事)
3)eyes that do not smile不会笑的眼睛
4)a sound that ululates哀鸣
5)mockery that chills令人发冷的嘲笑
6)a birch log that is burning还在燃烧的白桦圆木
7)hope that terrifies令人生畏的希望
8)a resort that flourishes繁华的度假胜地
9)odours that penetrate强烈的气味
10)lumber that is warped弯曲的木材
11)car tyres that are discarded被人扔掉的汽车轮胎
12)strands of barbed wire that are tangled together，wire that are barbed搅成一团团的铁丝网
13)wild strawberries that are bruised表皮被擦伤的野草莓
14)a tree trunk that has been fallen伐倒的树干
15)shoppers who are offended被得罪的顾客
16)call that is drawn out for a long time拖长音的呜叫声
Ⅵ．
the water glistening greenly as the sun caught it；
All around the cottage were ferns?on the thin hairy stems；
two grey squirrels gossiping from the tall spruce beside the cottage，beach； icy water；
at night the lake was like black glass with a streak of amber which was the path of the moon?：
and flew out onto the dark still surface of the water：
there was no wind that evening?spearing through the stillness across the lake； etc．
Ⅶ．
1)a rough and noisy quarrel or fight
2)very much
3)I'm absolutely sure
4)Why is that important? Why should I care?
5)1 am not supposed to walk unless it is necessary．
6)things like that
7)what exactly
8)Are you crazy or what? My father and I and the others
9)first—class，fine name
lO)excellent
Ⅷ．
1)grabbed 2)lure 3)stifled 4)howling 5)swung 6)
thrashed 7)teetered 8)squawking even once 9)squashed lO)scrambled 11)flickered
Ⅸ．
1)shack指胡乱搭盖的、简陋的小屋；home尤其指一个或长或短的住处，并与此地有着感情和忠诚的紧密个人联系。
2)bad words指有教养的人不讲的话；obscenities指令人讨厌的脏话。
3)miraculously意为“神奇地”，“奇迹般地”；strangely enough 意为“特别奇怪地”，强调了“奇怪”的程度。
4)cottage指乡村或旅游胜地的小屋；villa指用于避暑消闲的 阔气的乡间别墅。
5)meticulously指过于细心，太拘小节；carefully有精细彻底或辛勤努力地的意思，表示以小心谨慎陶行为来避免错误 的出现；curious hands为转换修辞用法，实际上不指手，而 指那个小孩好奇；strange—looking意为“奇怪的样子”，指人的表情、外表看上去奇特或奇怪。
6)sullen意为“愠怒的”、“赌气的”；unhappy是常用词，表示 “不高兴的”。
7)respectfully指满怀敬意地；respectably指值得尊敬地。
8)rebuff表示断然拒绝；refusal意为不能照办或不能做某事，其“拒绝”的语气强，常强调态度坚决，有时甚至是粗鲁无礼。
9)path这里是指一长道反射的月光；reflection意为“反射”或 “被反射”，尤指镜中或静水中之映像。
10)suspect意指认为某事可能存在或发生，近于猜想；doubt 则指怀疑，不相信。
11)respond意为“反应”，不仅表现在语言上，还指作出积极的 行动；reply指对提出的问题或要求，经过认真考虑后，通过 书面、口头或某种行动的方式作正式的答复或回答。
12)astounded指非常惊讶；surprised语气稍轻一些。
13)conventional指与正式的标准或原则相符或被其接受；traditional指跟传统一致的；reject表示拒绝同意、承认或相 信；resent指对人或事感到不快或气愤。
14)settlement指一小块或孤立的居住区；smell是常用词，指 气味，香臭不论；odour常指较浓的、易察觉或辨别的气味， 如chemical odours。
X．
1)What about cycling to the Fragrant Hills?
2)Only after her mother's death did the daughter realize that she was beginning to understand her mother．
3)She is a quiet person who does not enjoy other's company．
4)Seeing the funny look on his face．she could not help bursting into laughter．
5)The money does not belong to him．He borrowed it from a friend．
6)The second generation of immigrants are stiIl marginalized，belonging neither among the white society，nor among the Chinese Amarican community．
7)The Amarican couple put him up on the sofa in the living room for the night．
8)She opened her mouth but said nothing．Her mouth was round as though she wanted to sing a song．
9)He asked me how to set about learning a second foreign language．
10)This decree ceased to be effective last year．
11)This important news failed to find its way into the news paper．
12)I had trouble in making him change his mind．
Ⅺ．
occupants，annihilated，from，year，massacre，place，great，assassinated，pay， remaining， refuge， children， cavalry， overlooking，turn，fired，loose，tepees，over，original，children，who，hit，since，few
XII．Omitted．
ⅩⅢ．
My Childhood
I was born in a small village and my whole childhood was spent there． At that time, the countryside was poor and few families could afford a black—and—white television， let alone a colour TV．Fortunately，there was a film projection team in our people’s commune and it added to the happiness of my child—hood．
I became fascinated with films without my knowing it，and seeing a film became one of my major funs after schoo1． There was not a film On every day．Generally I would feel satisfied with one film every two or three weeks，though it was often reprojected in different villages．1 was happiest when my own village had a film on. Once the news came to me，I got excited，my spirits raised． Surely I would go to the place where the film was to be on after school in the afternoon．1 was very pleased when l saw two deep holes dug，two long poles erected，and the screen hung high between the poles．After an early supper，I would carry along bench and occupy a better position，usually near the place in which the projector was to be，because it was also fun watching how the machine and tape worked．1 was not always SO lucky to get an ideal place，particularly when I toured with my elders to see a film in villages far away，as far as four or five Li on occasions．If I had classmates there，1 would be a little luckier since I had asked them to get a bench ready for me．Otherwise，I had to sit right under the screen，or if I chose，see the firm behind the screen．However，no matter where I found myself；I enjoyed seeing a film． Seeing a film in the open air was one of the major means of entertainment during my childhood．An old story as it is，I keep a place for it in my heart all the time．
Lesson13 Britannia Rues the Waves
I .
1)Britain is sorry that she has lost her dominance on the high seas. Britain was proud of being the lord of the sea for along time, but now she regrets that she no longer enjoys a naval supremacy.
2)Shipping is a major successful industry in Britain because it makes over ￡l 000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings, which is of vital importance for the country. The reasons for the success are that the British ship-owners have put in big investment and that there has been a conference fixing prices to avoid cut-throat competition.
3)The stiff foreign competition comes from two main directions: from the Russians
and the Eastern bloc countries who are massively expanding their merchant navies and doing their best to step into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping companies, and from the merchant fleets of the developing countries, who are struggling to take over a big share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East-routes over which Britain used to have a total dominance.
4)A "conference" is in fact a cartel, whose role is to fix prices for all the member nations and companies. 5)The oil-tanker fleets.
6)Because freight liners carry all sorts of different cargoes, so if there is a slump in" one particular industry, they may depend on others and survive.
7)The Third World countries regard a merchant navy as a symbol of their national power and have expanded their fleets at an incredible rate. Yes, they are.
8)They turn to high-technology investment. Yes, they are for the time being.
9)On one hand, Russia wants to earn hard currencies, on the other, a deeper motive is that it desires to increase its sphere of influence in the world.
10)The major problems are the Soviet Union's massive expansion of its merchant navy and undercutting of Western shipping companies, and UNCTAD, which guarantees the developing countries a major slice of the shipping trade. The problems also show that the capitalist world is divided rather than united as one.
Ⅱ.
1)cutting their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies
2)who are determined to take the biggest share of the trade
3)Britain has important interests in these trade routes.
4) They make it more difficult to make a large amount of money when economic conditions are favorable.
5)But they make it easier to survive when economic conditions are unfavorable.
6)More and more oil tankers the world over lay idle.
7)Much of the fleet carries goods between foreign countries.
8)British companies are doing much business on the line between Japan and Australia.
9)Developing countries consider a merchant navy very important because it is a sign of their economic power, so after they have set up a national airline, the next thing they would like to have is a merchant fleet.
10)Neither the growth in Russia's trade nor that in world trade would demand such a rapid development of Russia's cargo-liner fleet.
11)These ships would certainly make it possible for she Soviet Union to exert its influence on countries far away from its territory.
12)When these smaller shipping companies go bankrupt, a big part of the few old industries that have been doing well and earning huge profits will close down.
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.
IV.
1)NATO--North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织(北约)
2)OAS—Organization of American States美洲国家组织
3)OAU—Organization of African Unity非洲统一组织(非统)
4)ASEAN—Association of Southeast Asian Nations东南亚国家联盟(东盟)
5)OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织
6)SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈
7)UNESCO—United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization联合国教科文组织
8)M．I．T．-Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院
9)BBC—British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司
10)V．I．P．-very important person重要人物
11)GMT—Greenwich mean time格林威治平均时
12)GNP—gross national product国民生产总值
13)KGB—Komite Gossudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti(Committee of State Security)国家安全委员会(克格勃)(苏联)
14)ICBM—inter—continental ballistic missile洲际弹道导弹
15)radar—radio detecting and ranging雷达
16)laser—light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光
V．
1)the sea and shipping：merchant navy，merchant fleet, sea routes,the high seas，tonnage，ship—owners，shipping companies．merchant ships，shipping managers，sailing-ships．steam-ships，shipowners，shipping conference, shipbuilding boom．shipping industry，oil-tanker fleet, charter rates，tankers，bulk carriers，dry cargo，bulk—carrier fleet．shipping sectors，freight—liner services，liner— freight vessels，agreed routes，ports, shipment, liner ship，freight rate，cargo—liner fleet，sea—lanes，shipping fleet，shipping lines．
2)economy and trade：foreign exchange，balance of payments，in deficit，shipping trade，undercut，invest，grant． tax concessions，competition，oil prices，depression。crisis，demand，slump，bankruptcy，customer，manufactured goods，cross—traders，profitable，foreign currency． high—technology investment，investment，container service, warehouse，a code number，trading partners。revenue，liner trade，seaborne trade，profit，hard currency． imports，payment，trading ties，international business
Ⅵ．
1)grab the headlines 2)were being elbowed out 3)the lion's share
4)cash in on 5)made a big killing 6)having weathered 7)is around
the corner 8)the pinch of poverty 9)big lO)throw in the towel
11)made up 12)a slump
Ⅶ．
1)peril常暗指近在眼前的危险，而且很可能造成损失或伤害；danger是常用词，表示危险，但不一定迫在眉睫或不可避免。
2)grants指补贴给的钱；loans指借的钱。
3)sophisticated指不仅现代而且复杂，含有高精尖端技术等意；modern按时间划分，包括现在的和刚刚过去的，时间跨度可能相当长，也可能很短。
4)ruin意为“毁灭”；affect仅指产生不良影响。
5)depression指(经济)萧条；crisis指(经济)危机，比前者严重得多。
6)influence常用以表示无形的力量，指看不见的影响；affec常指看得到的影响。
7)lease指租赁，租借；charter是包租。
8)ratify指正式批准；pass指一般的通过。
9)invention指首次发明的东西；discovery指原本存在，现被发现的东西。
10)ability 能力。指能力，常常指能把事情干好；capability指潜在的。
Ⅷ．
1)mercantile 2)fleet，shipping，marine 3)significant，key
4)ships 5)vital 6)freight 7)slump 8)grow, increase
9)lines 10)plus 11)to drive 12)coordinated
Ⅸ．
1)Oil is considered the lifeline of industry．
2)The Soviet Union has already carved its way into the trade with the African countries．
3)The recession is biting deeply into the auto industry.
4)They tried to cash in on the internal conflict of the country．
5)Admiral Jellicoe said that if something was not done promptly to stop the losses，the Allies would have to throw in the towel before the end of the year．
6)They were elbowed out 0f the competition.
7)Big trouble lies just around the corner．
8)Officials insist that the country will be able to weather the boycott．
X．
1)Oil is the vital lifeline of the national economy in many Middle Eastern countries．
2)The Third World countries are bent on developing their industries independently．
3)Some Western countries were afraid that the oil—producing countries would drive them out of business by undercutting them．
4)The British government promised to put up the money needed to solve the problem 0f unemployment．
5)Saudi Arabia’s proved reserves of on are by far the greatest in the world．
6)The Chinese people stood the test of the Cultural Revolution．
7)These veteran soldiers have all weathered the test of many battles during the Second World War.
8)We are still a long way from the goal of the four modernizations.
9) Many scientists and technicians are out to learn foreign languages so as to be able to read first-hand reference materials.
ll)A new telegraph building will be completed and put into service soon.
12)Iraq's expansionism was under attack from the press all over the World.
13)The military expenditures of that country increase at a rate of 4% to 5% every year.
XI.
first, were, perhaps, thousand, the, Navy, coal, in, switch, which, all, to, of, tons ||growth, automobile, wars, surge, these, and, determined, by, shortest, oil, East, western || closure, following, Egypt, after, 1967, a, known, crude
XII. Omitted.
ⅫⅠ.
The Shipping Industry in China
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China is1949, its shipping industry has witnessed an enormous expansion.
In the last thirty years and more, the shippment of passengers and freight has increased by over 1600%, passenger turnover by over nine times, and freight turnover by round about ninety times. The total tonnage of ships and barges has risen by over fifty times, and the volume of freight handled at ports and harbours both along the coastline and on the Yangtze River has become more than twenty times larger. As for navigational engineering, ships and harbours, machine-production industry, communications navigation, shippment monitoring, succouring and salvaging, and the research and education involved, all these sectors have developed at a rapid rate. In the total volume of freight turnover of all means of transportation, the shipping industry ac-counts for over 40% in the early 1980s, which is high above its share of less than 20% in the 1950s. As for the foreign trade freight, the shipping industry is also playing a more and more important role.
At present, China' s merchant navy is capable of arriving at more than 400 ports in the world. China has built up a relatively massive shipping system.
Lesson14 Argentia Bay
I.
1)The President was actually referring to the national anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner.
2)See Note 20 and Exercise IX. 1)
3) Admiral King ordered him to put himself at Mr. Harry Hopkins' service and the President wanted to meet Mr. Harry Hopkins before Churchill came to call.
4)Hopkins' estimate was that the Russians would hold. The Soviet Union needed anti-aircraft guns most. He was for , assisting the Soviet Union.
5)No, they didn't. Churchill thought that if U. S. helped Russia, it would hurt itself soon. Roosevelt thought the U. S. would help Russia to defeat the Germans because Hitler was threatening the world peace and he must be destroyed.
6)According to the author, Roosevelt was Number One Man.
7)The major problems were. excessive and contradictory requests from the British
services, unreal plans, unfilled contracts, jumbled priorities, and fouled communications. Building new ships to replace U-boat sinkings came first, because no war material could be used against Hitler until it had crossed the ocean.
8)Their immediate need was a hundred fifty thousand rifles. These rifles were not as expensive and unavailable as ships, airplanes, tanks, and men.
9)Burne-Wilke wanted to have a word with him. The British asked for two destroyers to escort them back. The request was put to Henry indirectly and tactfully as I see it.
10)First, Henry would escort the Prince of Wales with two of American destroyers, disembark in Iceland, and return with the two ships. Second, the U. S. would soon be escorting all ships to Iceland and Franklin Roosevelt. Junior would be sent along as a naval aide to Churchill while he toured the U. S. Iceland base. head a military supply mission to September. Third, Henry was to the Soviet Union in
11)Over the ship was hanging a subtle gloom because the conference was not productive as expected by Churchill.
12)Henry answered it was a rare privilege. He didn't accept the invitation because he thought once was plenty.
13)No, he didn't.
14)Because there was not a shred of increased American commitment.
15)Because many countries were British colonies.
16) Perplexed looks, lengthening faces, and headshakes. The questions centered on why the U. S. didn' t increase its commitment. Henry' s explanation was that the American people didn't want to fight Hitler.
Ⅱ.
1)Compared with the British vessel which had gone through many a battle and weathered the storm, the Augusta which was new and clean and which carried King seemed to be from another world.
2)A group of British navy men were cleaning the deck in a spirited way.
3)His visits to London and Moscow were widely covered by newspapers all over the world.
4)He's having the best time of his life, sir.
5) The Russians will fight on. And it will be difficult for them to manage to carry on the fight.
6) Hopkins extended one of his weak and feeble hands and used his thin bony fingers to count the things the British wanted to have.
7)But it will make it difficult for the Americans to reject their second demand.
8)Their empire is very weak in that area (in Asia).
9)The British will also try, subtly but hard, to reach an agreement that the U.S. should give more and earlier assistance to Britain than to Russia.
10)The two leaders made their handshake last longer than usual to give photographers time to take pictures. At the same time they smiled and greeted each other.
ll)Somehow Roosevelt looked just a little more of a Number One Man.
12)Pug was more familiar with the crippled President than the one on the front-pages standing upright.
13)Throughout the talk of big imaginary plans ... one pitiful item appeared again and again.
14)If Russia was defeated, Hitler might try to conclude the war successfully with a large-scale airborne attack on England.
15)It was rather risky and daring (sportsmanlike) of Churchill to give the German soldiers a good chance to attack him on the high seas.
16)We would have to be careful not to make excessive use of those good angels, otherwise they would refuse to protect US.
17)There are too many claims on the limited naval force so we are badly in need of destroyers for escorts on our way back.
18)We could do with two more destroyers on the escort force on our return journey.
19)Victor Henry could be vaguely aware of a feeling of helplessness which was difficult to perceive but which permeated the place.
20)They were over conscious of their country's plight.
21)Their conversation showed that they were not sure of the American aid though they felt a little hopeful.
22)There in the Soviet Union things are going badly for the Russians.
23)You may experience some adventure during the voyage.
24)The film was interesting but without any important meaning.
25)For Victor Henry, it was an embarrassing half hour.
26)The declaration is in high-sounding words, but contains nothing substantial in terms of aid to Britain by the United States.
27)There was clear cut condemnation of the Nazi regime, but no promise of more U.S. aid.
28)I would think the Roosevelt-Churchill conference might have decided on more things than that.
29)Pug thought it better to give a clear, direct answer. Ambiguity would not bring any good, only more illusions and disappointments.
30)Lend-Lease is no hard work, it just means the American people will have more jobs and earn more money.
Ⅲ . See the translation of the text.
Ⅳ.
sailors, officers, destroyers, battleship, admirals, generals, cruiser, vessel, accomodation ladder, main battery guns, quartermaster, the Navy captain, gangway, quarterdeck, gang-plank, bridge, cabin, afterdeck, marine, submarine, naval aide, wardroom, major-general, U-boat, flagship, embark, disembark
V.
deck--floor, bulkhead--wall, stem--head, stern--tail, port--left (or left-hand side), starboard--right (or right-hand side), galley--kitchen, wardroom--living
(or dinning)quarters for officers，bunk——bed
Ⅵ．
1)aluminium 2)armoured 3)colour 4)favour 5)grey 7)programme 8)metre 9)labour
10)manoeuvre
Ⅶ.
1)mist是薄雾；fog意义广泛，可指各种各样的雾。 2)chores是日常琐事；tasks意义宽泛得多，可指任务 工作、作业、功课等。
3)brass band为铜管乐队；symphony orchestra指弦乐队。
4)beckon是用手或身体其他部位示意；call除了用姿势，还可 用话语。
5)belittle意为贬低，带有故意挑剔的意味;diminish一般不含故意的成分。
6)hobble指跛足而行；totter指行走不稳定，往往暗示年老体弱；stagger指醉酒或头脑昏沉时脚步踉跄。
7)hitch指一拉一拉地移动，如瘸子行走的样子；move较为抽象，只表示“移动”，“运动”，不涉及移动、运动的方式。
8)blouses指水手、士兵的紧身短上衣；shirts指衬衣。
9)sip比drink更具体，指一小口一小口地喝，呷。
10)start后常接动名词或不定式，接名词时意为begin(开始)；start on后接名词，意思是开始做某事。
11)paine(!expression指情绪不高；painful expression指因痛 苦而产生的表情。
12)heartily表示热烈地，热情地；happily表示幸福地，喜悦地。
13)detach表示让??去干别的事；dismiss意为开除。
14)secrecy warnings指看得见的，告诉人们这是秘密地点的警告；secret warnings是看不见的，也不让别人看见的警告。
15)remark是简短地说，比较随便地评论；comment往往用于正式场合；plod意为费力地缓慢行走；stroll指悠闲地漫步。
Ⅷ．
1)plodded 2)walked 3)hobbled 4)tottered 5)stroll
6)diminished 7)reduced 8)belittle 9)dwindled
10)minimize 11)felt 12)is fully aware of 13)are conscious of
14)sensed 15)clustered 16)swarmed 17)rounded up
18)mustered
IX.
1)The Augusta is an American cruiser and at that time the United States nominally was not at war with Hitler while the Prince of Wales was a British battleship and Britain had been fighting against Hitler's Germany for over a year. Hence the statement "from America to England and from peace to war".
2)At places on the part above the main deck there were new welds. These were damages caused by the gunfire of the German battleship Bismarck. The welds looked like stick-ing plaster put to new Wounds.
3)This time Hitler has attacked a country too big for him to conquer.
4)Britain was no longer the Number One power of the "free democracies',. The United States was taking over this position. 5)As soon as the two parties agreed that priority should be given to the building of ships, all other requests and programs would have to be crossed out.
6)This simple yardstick rapidly revealed what were lacking in the U.S. war industry at the time.
7)Wines and spirits are forbidden in your Navy or you're not allowed to drink on board, are you?
8)The President is the man who lays down all Navy regulations and he can adapt them as he wishes.
9)Blockade ... would in time weaken the German control of Europe.
10)They were over conscious of their country' s plight.
ll)They vote according to their political suspicions or intuitions to protect their political careers. They try to figure out what the electorate want and then vote accordingly. In this way they hope the electorate will be pleased and they will be able to be re-elected.
12)You are our favorite．We feel kinship with you．You are the players from our side，all right；we are the spectators，we stand on your side。we have sympathy for you．When you play，we cheer you．
X．
1)The wilderness—ringed Argentia Bay in Newfoundland looked gray and it was very quiet there．
2)Droves of blue jackets were doing a scrub—down in high spirits．
3)They prolonged the clasp for the photographers．talking and smiling．
4)Pug observed that not one of them was taking photos when he hobbled．
5)The sailors swarmed into a ring around the two men, laughing and cheering．
6)Franklin Roosevelt listened attentively．his eyes were shining and he was smiling all the time．
Ⅺ．
1)他把钢笔丢了，还是一支新的呢。
2)主干道上来往的车辆越来越多。
3)别这么夸我，我会让你失望的。
4)他逐渐出了名。
5)瞥这一眼就够了，不用再请了。
6)19xx年底时，他们的纯收入是近五年来最低的。
7)19xx年春季来临时，德国的军事形势几乎没有什么变化。
8)他用含混的语言掩饰真正的用意。
9)经过三周激烈的谈判，达成了交易。
10)医生一心扑在病人身上。
11)我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。
12)在禁酒期间，美国有些城市滴酒不售。
13)她喜欢面包上什么也不涂。
14)诗人要亲身体会一下各种各样的感情，从狂喜到悲痛欲绝。
15)那个国家尚未成为该国际组织的正式成员。
16)他只懂一点儿法语。
17)别开他的玩笑。
18)别放在心上，我是说着玩儿的。
19)汽车在公路上疾驰。
20)他们得精打细算，使钱能勉强用到发工资时。
Ⅻ．
1)We believe that victory is in sight．
2)They warn there is no obvious remedy in sight.
3)After the toasts by the host and guest，the band struck up an American folk song．
4)They struck up a friendship right after their first meeting.
5)To improve your diction， you must pay attention to the shades of meaning of words．
6)The African nations might press{or more stringent sanctions．
7)I didn't press him for further explanation?
8)The world newspapers are focusing their attention on the summit conference being held in Geneva.
9)Demonstrators took to the streets by the thousands.
1O)The communique struck the reporters as one of historical significance
11)The U．S．president returned from the Mideast last week，only to find a new war raging on the domestic energy front．
12)Disappointed and exhausted，the general retired earlier than usual，only to be awakened soon after midnight.
13)There is more to the vote than approval of the canal treaty．
14)We 100ked at it more carefully to see whether there was more to it than we assumed in the past．
15)This mountain stream makes sounds similar to those of a guitar．Hence the name “The Spring of Jade Guitar"
ⅩⅢ．
re—elected， naturally， endorsement' domestic， met， appealed，nations，defense，called，submitted，designed, limitations, make, available, This, authorized, transfer, articles, any, vital, also, nations, shipyards, law || made, arsenal, American, to, Axis, worth, services, production, officially, neutrality || announced, extended, one, common, broke, set, vast, was, mistakes, undid, England, had, pinning, German, front
XIV. Omitted.
XV.
"If Hitler wins in Russia, he wins in the world; if he loses in Russia, he' s
finished". That's also President Roosevelt's opinion for Hitler' s invasion of Soviet Union.
If the United States interfered and declared war on Germany, the serious condition would be lessened. But Roosevelt lacked the support of the Congress and many of the people. Anyway, he did quite a lot in favour of the Soviet Union and Anti-Fascist League. He was going to send a military supply mission to Soviet Union, and he was ready to send a government representative to Moscow.
At that time, the life in America is peaceful and comfortable. People did not want to fight against Hitler nor anybody. And the congressmen tried to avoid any damage and loss of property from the war. Thus the extension of the draft was won just within one vote.
On the other hand, the condition then was profitable to the United States. It benefited from the war through the arms trade and other service trade. The passage of Lend-Lease Act is one indication.
At last America joined the war, that was for the sake of the situation.
Lesson15 No Signposts 1n the Sea
I .
1)He can appreciate the grace of her gestures and the beauty of her clothes ,for the good taste of which he praises her.
2)Yes, he appreciates natural beauty, but he was not always like that.
3)The moon and the cool water of the swimming pool provided him with relaxation, and a feeling of serenity of mind and sublimation of emotion.
4)He likes the stern cliffs best, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, because they are full of possibilities and only the most daring can climb on to the top.
5)An Italian is in charge of the lighthouse. He loves his job so much that he will not quit it for anything.
6)He imagines that one may live an idyllic life there.
7)Because suffering and sin can be found everywhere human beings live，including those two islands，one being a leper colony，the other a penal settlement．
8)The green flash means the green light seen in the sky the moment the sun sets under the horizon．and only in certain cases does it appear．
Ⅱ．
1)The Colonel，an Empire builder who is not too disgustingly aggressive，sometimes tries to talk to me about public affairs．
2)Or maybe my suppressed inclination has been brought out under Laura's unintentional influence．
3)1 was as puritanical as a Pharisee and I viewed with contempt a11 those who lived a less practical life than my own and regarded them as inhabitants on the moon．
4)Just imagine how I have changed now．Here I stand。sentimental and sensitive，like an o ld unmarried woman painting a water—colour picture of sunsets．
5)Before I die，1 want to enjoy beauty to my heart's content．
6)I imagine devoted religious people must be experiencing a thorough catharsis as I do now when they leave the solemn confessional after gaining pardon of their sins．
7)There is a trace of simple poetic quality in his character．
8)1 also like the unusual information he conveys to me from time to time without speaking emphatically．
9)There is quite a lot of knowledge stored away in the Colonel’s mind，which is not interesting except for that．
10)This is quite another Edmund Carr，who has changed so much!
Ⅲ．See the translation of the text．
Ⅳ．
1)(拉)特别，持定 2)(德)闪电战 3)(丹)祝你健康、干杯 4) (法)
代办 5)(意)协奏曲 6)(法)政变 7)(法)布置，舞台美术
8)(法)缓和 9)(法)冷菜，冷盘 10)(意)间奏曲 11)(日)和服
12)(汉)叩头 13)(俄)富农 14)(西)强壮男子 15)(瑞)餐前冷菜
6)(拉)现状 17)(西)节日 18)(印地)(印度的)王公 19)(阿拉伯)(穆斯林国家的)酋长 20)(希)我想出了，我找到了
V．
1)fill(V．)：He filled the position capably．
fill(n．)：Let her cry her fill．
2)ripple(n．)：The moon danced on the ripples of the lake．
ripple(V．)：A laughter rippled through the hall．
3)marble(n．)：He stopped to admire a statue in marble．
marble(v．)：All the book edges were marbled．
4)pile(n．)：The actress’fan mail forms a huge pile．
pile(V．)：He finished a whole dish piled high and thick with meat．
5)touch(V． )：Her words touched him to the quick．
touch(n．)：I have a mild touch of flu．
6)range(n．)：Da Vinci had a wide range of interests．
range(V．)：The size of computers range from that of a button to that of a room．
7)beach(n．)：He was drowned while swimming at the beach．
beach(v．)：They found a small boat beached on the shore．
8)catch(v．)：1 was nearly caught in the shower．
catch(n．)：Nothing could give the angler a greater delight than a good catch．
9)hump(n．)：He was born with a hump on his back．
hump(v．)：When the cat saw the mouse，it humped its back for a jump．
10)obscure( adj．)：The meaning of that sentence is obscure to me．
obscure(v．)：Later successes obscured his earlier failures．
Ⅵ．
grey，white，rich colours，dark red，olive green，midnight blue， blacker， more
golden， bleached， yellow， golden brown，green，red，a tender palette of pink and blue，blue， purple, emerald
Ⅶ.
1)pass our time pleasantly 2)beginning 3)level of existence
4) grown up 5) dry and barren 6) inner places (parts) ? stern/forbidding 7)lonely 8)tells/reveals 9)except
10)moved backward ? hidden ll)intense bluishgreen 12)joy/happiness
Ⅷ.
1) cram 2) disperse 3) crept 4) scribbled/jotted down
5)soared/rocketed 6)Work is piling up 7)lounging
8)receded 9)snatched 10)slapped him
lX. metaphor :
1)a new Clovis, loving what I have despised ?
2)an Endymion young and strong
3)the sea ? with no ripples at all but only the lazy satin of blue
4)the red ball (the sun)
simile :
1)it is as in a moving picture that I can note the grace of her gestures
2)dismissive as Pharisee
3)as sentimental and sensitive as any old maid doing water colours of sunsets
4)my imagination ?so austere in the foreground but nurturing what treasures of tenderness, like delicate flowers, for the discovery of the venturesome
5)?gives a cry like a sea-bird
6)? we are as pleased a children when our game succeeds
7)I like the footfall of naked feet in the dust, silent as a cat passing.
8)the faint creaking, as of the saddle-leather to a horseman riding across turf alliteration :
1)on a less practical plane
2)And now see how I stand, as sentimental and sensitive as any old maid
3)clear of cloud
4)I would never have believed in the simple bliss of being
5)the hiss of sudden spray
X.
1)metonymy 2)metonymy 3)euphemism 4)personification 5) transferred epithet
6)hyperbole 7)transferred epithet and9 ) onomatopoeia 10) trans
XI.
1)imperial 2)simple 3)high 4)jealous 5)ignorant 6) clear 7) exaggerated 8) beaten
9) obvious 10) confident 11 ) disappointed 12)inadequate 13)close 14)interested
15)beautiful 16)conscious
Ⅻ.
1)He has a good eye for water-colours.
2)The daughter ventured to object to her parents's arrangement of her marriage.
3)Pressed by poverty, he took to stealing.
4)My long journey was beguiled with novels.
5)I suppose you have read Mark Twain.
6)He concentrated all his attention on this problem to the exclusion of all others.
7)Failure to make the right decision at once will make the whole thing very difficult if not impossible.
8)Our problems are piling up. We must solve them as quickly as we can.
9)The sentries are relieved every four hours.
10)There was a touch of irony in his remark.
ll)Memories of childhood are gradually receding.
XIII. Omitted
XIV.
A Visit to Yellow Mountain
I was here at last! Standing at the foot of Yellow Mountain, I tried to convince myself that I was where I was. It was a hot day, and the sky was clear of clouds. We were sweating even before we began to climb the mountain early in the morning. The steps were so numerous that they looked like a ribbon winding its way to the sky. All along the way, birds were chirping among the trees and bushes, where leaves were stirring with every movement of the pure mountain air. Now and then a mountain stream ran down, leaping from rock to rock and filling the valley with laughing murmurs. When I looked up occasionally, the mountain tops could be seen clearly against the vast blue sky. I went on cheerfully, leaving my companions behind most of the time.
When we came to the Guest-Greeting Pine, all of us were very excited. She stood at the edge of an overhanging rock, stretching out her hands to us. How friendly she and the Yellow Mountain were !
Lesson16 1776
I.
1)The Second Continental Congress was convened in Philadelphia in 1776. It was important because it witnessed the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
2)He was not for independence.
3)These united colonies are free and independent states, they needn't be loyal to the British Queen any more they have nothing to do with Great Britain in terms of politics.
4)The vote was on the motion to postpone indefinitely the resolution of independence or proceed with the debate. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Dela- ware, Connecticut, and Virginia were for~ Pennsylvania, Maryland, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were against, and New York abstained. Among them, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut are New England states, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland are middle states, and Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia are southern states.
5)Dickinson didn't deny there were crippling taxes and other grievances. He argued that Britain was the noblest and most civilized nation on the face of the earth. He offered a gentler means of redressing them instead of revolution and violence.
6) Dickinson maintained that seperation out of the British Empire meant total destruction to the continent, while Rutledge was against independence in that South Carolina, which he represented, would probably fall into the hands of people from other states when independence was gained.
7)Rutledge, representing South Carolina, changed to become for independence.
8)Hancock did so to make the vote on independence official and formal.
9)Because he thought if the vote was not unanimous, those colonies opposing independence would fight on the side of England against those favouring independence, resulting in internal strife and bringing destruction to the continent.
10)He wanted to postpone the debate because there was no written declaration of independence to vote on.
11)A literary society refers to men of letters. Bartlett says a congress is not a literary society because congressmen are politicians rather than writers who are fond of emotional and poetic expressions.
12)The passage was about the crime of Britain doing black slave trade and maintaining slavery in America. Rutledge wanted to delete it because in his native state ,South Carolina, black slavery was legalized and part of their life.
13)One was Britain, the other was the North of the united States. The former encouraged the trade of slavery, and the latter carried and sold slaves.
14) The triangle trade went like this, Americans went to Africa, bought slaves, and carried them back and sold them in America. The New England made the fortunes.
15)Franklin was angry because John clung to a minor topic- slavery instead of the central one--independence. John insisted that the abolishment of slavery should be included in the declaration, in such a case, southern states would not approve it because they do not seem to be able to go without slavery. Therefore, Franklin thought it was necessary to make some sacrifice or compromise to get the declaration approved unanimously.
Ⅱ .
1)The Deep South speaks in unity and complete agreement.
2) What position do you take on the question of independence?
3)Been drinking and eating too much again, old man?
4)I only wish that King George felt all over his body the pain that I now feel in my big toe.
5)North Carolina submits to South Carolina with respect.
6)It seems that in Georgia majority opinion is against independence but Hall
(Georgia's delegate) is for independence.
7)For the obvious reason that we can no longer hear our continued connection with Great Britain.
8)Mr. Adams, you are good at making such pleasant word as "property" sound quite disgusting, which is annoying.
9)Why, even your own cousin has fled from justice and for his capture of death a reward has been offered by the British troops stationed in America.
10)I'm perfectly able to defend myself, Mr. Dickinson.
ll)And up to now, "Brother" Sherman, the devil (referring to Adams again) has been winning without making an effort.
12)Though it has been proposed in the name of Virginia, it reflects the spirit of Adams.
13)You are moving ahead of time. We are not ready for independence.
14)General Washington is in the battlefield.
15 )They are typical of opportunistic and cowardly sentiments of North Carolina.
16)If we are brave and courageous, we'll" be able to defeat a bigger army.
17)Mr. President, South Carolina demands that the question be put to vote.
18)A declaration of this kind would be in keeping with the fine manners and proper way of doing things in Europe.
19)Don't play any tricks now, Mr. Adams. You have to think up something better for an answer.
20)Answer directly--what would be its purpose?
21)When one talks about one's own rebellion, it's legal, though other people consider it illegal from their point of view.
22)Are there any who wish to amend, delete, or alter the Declaration ?
23) I had hoped the work proper would show my opinion clearly.
24)We'll keep this word tyrant, he will continue to be a tyrant.
25)Good God] Fishing rights! How long shall we go on wasting time in trifling.
26)To us in South Carolina, black slavery is our special custom and we love it as part of our life.
27)Rutledge has found his target.
28)Many things weightier than money are involved in this issue.
29)Be brave to accept what's happened, John--it's over.
30)The price for keeping the slavery clause is too high for us.
31)Don't boast of the good things you've done before. Perhaps now you still have to do something worthy.
32) No matter how much we disagree with them, we shouldn't order them to do this or that like ordinary office workers.
33)But in any case, don't act like a coarse, scolding woman.
34)The question of American independence depends on what you say.
35)I'm sorry, John --I just didn't expect that.
Ⅲ. See the translation of the text.
IV.
president, members, secretary, custodian, bell-ringer, chamber, tally board, session, gavel, pass, abstain, abstention, absence, postpone, unanimous, delegation, delegate, proceed
second a motion, move a motion, say Yea, say Nay, where does Congress stand, pound the gavel, call the question, the Chair would like to ..., vote on sth.
Gentlemen, the usual morning festivities concluded, I will now call the congress to order.
The Chair takes this opportunity to .."
The Secretary will read the roll.
Mr. President, I second the proposal! The resolution has been proposed and seconded.
Congress will now proceed with the debate.
Mr. Secretary, you will record the vote. Hear me out.
I move for a postponement.
It has been moved and seconded.
All those in favor of the motion to postpone signify by say "Yea".
The vote again being tied, the Chair decides in favor of the postponement. So ruled.
Move to adjourn.
Any objections? Yes! I have objections.
Congress stands adjourned !
Hear me, Mr. President!
I've got one!
Over here !
Gentlemen, please !
No objections.
The Congress will now vote on -"
I'd remind you, gentlemen, that a single "Nay" vote will defeat the motion, resolved.
V.
1)Chris, Kit 2)Dave 3)Don 4)Ed, Ned, Ted 5)Fred 6)Jim
7)Joe 8)Mick, Mik 9)Pat, Paddy 10)Bob, Rob ll)Rod 12)Sam
13)Bill, Will 14) Cathy 15) Dolly 16)Bess, Betsy, Betty, Liza, Elsie, Lisa, Liza, Liz 17) Bella 18)Jackie 19)Jo 20)Kate, Kathy, Kitty
21) Maggie, Madge, Meg, Peg, Rita 22)Pat
VI.
1)shout, yell 2)What position does Georgia take 3)Keep them in order/tell which is which 4)understand 5)g0 on bearing/tolerate
6)eating and drinking too much 7)it rests with me 8)got what you desired
9)have ruined us 10)continue with it ll)Be on the watch/Be careful
12)understand 13)has defeated us 14)don't press me hard 15)agree with
them/join them
Ⅶ.
1)You would second the motion, you little weasel!
2)These are precisely the sentiments of North Carolina.
3)Why do you want independence?
4)You are so safe, so fat, so comfortable in Pennsylvania.
5)We have no army, no navy? but God bless our soul, we have spirit !
6)Take it easy, John!
7)You have (I offer you) my sympathies, Mr. Morris.
8)I move to adjourn!
9)The proposal has been moved and seconded--do you have any objections?
10)That passage about slavery is just another literary license then.
11)Well, Mr. Rutledge, what do you want?
12)John, put first things first! The first thing is Independence I It's America !
13)I ask for a poll.
Ⅷ.
1)for if we do not make clear what our problems are and fight for independence blindly, we may end by losing everything
2)We are not yet ready for independence. You are going too fast.
3)Whenever there is any risk or danger, you remain behind the scene, so that if we should fail you'll still be free of trouble.
4)Would you go on with all these Mterations and deletions until you take away all of its fighting spirit?
5)Don't boast of your past achievements! Perhaps it is time you made new contributions.
6)but in any case, stop being rude and scolding
7)We are about to face the deadly struggle courageously with our Declaration of Independence.
8)This paper is evidence of our "treason", for which crime we can be hanged.
IX.
1)they mill about over in that corner--near the two Carolinas. (ridicule)
2) They'll be wanderin' in any time now, sir--with Old Grape 'n' Guts leadin' the pack. (ridicule)
3)Where'd y' go for it, man--Jamaica? (sarcasm)
4)tria juncta in uno (irony)
5)a tribute to the eternal peace and harmony of the Delaware delegation. (irony)
6)Been living too high again, eh, Pappy. (ridicule)
7)The usual morning festivities concluded. (sarcasm)
8) After what Rh(,de Island's consumed, I can't say I'm surprised. (ridicule)
9)If you say so. (sarcasm)
10)They won't be satisfied until they remove one of the Fs from JEFFERSON' s name.
(sarcasm)
11)Just another literary license. (sarcasm)
12)What's that smell floatin' down from the North--could it be the aroma of hypocrisy?(sarcasm)
13)They might have kept their document intact, for all the difference it will make. (sarcasm)
14)And is that how new nations are formed--by a nonentity -trying to preserve the anonymity he so richly deserves. (sarcasm)
X.
1)You mustn't think our Northern friends merely see our slaves as figures on a ledger --- (figure.1)a number sign;2)a whole human body)
2)If we don' t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately. (Hang together, remain united, support each other. The second "hang", die by dropping with a rope round the neck. )
XI.
l)euphemism 2)innuendo, sarcasm 3)euphemism, mild sarcasm
4)metonymy 5)metonymy 6)metonymy 7)metonymy 8) euphemism 9) hyperbole 10) antithesis 11 ) synecdoche 12) hyperbole 13) metonymy 14) alliteration 15) euphemism, 16)metonymy, antithesis
XII.
1)Hopkins didn't wait until McNair finished his words. The Latter was not introducing to the former a doctor but a delegate by the name of Dr. L.yman Hall.
2)When Thomson said that, Mr. Hopkins, having drunk too much rum, had gone to the restroom. And "passes" reminded the members of "pisses" or pass water.
3)Franklin was awakened by Dickinson's hard strike against the table and he expressed his anger in a humorous way by saying "how can a man sleep if you start banging". Dickinson, who was also witty, retorted by saying "how is a man to stay awake", implying that Franklin's speeches were so boring that everyone present would fall asleep if he spoke. By the last sentence, he meant "I'm sure no one wants to listen to your speaking, so you'd better go on with your sleep. "
4)Hancock was actually asking the members to come to sign the Declaration of Independence. Earlier, Dickinson, who was against separation，referred to the acts of those for in dependence as treason．
ⅩⅢ．
1)你的秘书今天又迟到了，你最好说说她。
2)证据有力地证明了他的诚实。
3)不要在背后说同志们的坏话。
4)在辩论中他坚持自己的立场。
5)他会请我们喝香槟吗?
6)我当然要遵守诺言。
7)我现在时间很紧。
8)治疗后病有些好转。
9)他待同志们很好。
10)女房东给新来的客人打扫了一个房间。
11)这所房子需要修缮。
12)我们差点出了大事故。
13)你什么时候发现钱包不见的?
14)教训非常深刻。
15)让我们忘掉分歧，一起工作吧!
16)他把一半财产投资在一桩生意里。
17)达成的协议决不可以撕毁。
18)这个他可没料到。
XIV．
1)The General Assembly of the United nations is now in session.
2)The resolution was adopted by 74 to 31 with 8 abstentions．
3)We can go there by train in the event the weather is not fit for flying．
4)You could leave the building by the fire，escape in the unlikely event of fire．
5)Many people are skeptical about the talks producing any positive results．
6)The listeners were skeptical about the truth of the story。
7)We hope the new medicine will effect a cure．
8) The old head of the factory is always the workers in the workshops except to be found among the workers in the workshops except when he has meetings.
9)His account of the event is correct except that some details have been omitted.
10)Leaders at various levels without exception should not abuse the power in their hands.
ll)The old lady regarded the unexpected visitor with suspicion.
12)The students have a high regard for their teacher's opinion.
13)The speaker referred us to Chomsky's grammar book.
14)The book makes several references to the American War of Independence.
15)The lease is overdue. You've got to renew it.
XV.
1)3, 2, 1, 4
2)4, 6, 2, 5, 1, 3
3)10, 8, 3, 2, 7, 9, 1, 4, 11, 6, 5
ⅩⅥ. Omitted.
XVII.
A Summary of Scene Three
The President declares that all the members begin debating Virginia's resolution of independence. Dickinson is against independence because Britain, he says, is the greatest empire on earth and Americans can enjoy its protection and share its
benefits. Though things are not perfect with the British Empire, Americans should take some gentle measures to solve the problem instead of resorting to violence, rebellion, and treason, ac-cording to him. Then arguing with Franklin, he says it is accept-able for an American to be called an Englishman. At this, Franklin retorts by saying an American is not given full rights of an Englishman and therefore Americans require a new nation. Dickinson says American people don't think so, and over this John launches a debate with him. Then the focus goes to Rut-ledge from South Carolina. He is worried that his native state may fall into the hands of the people from other states. Other members against independence join the debate and say it is not right time to be independent. Besides, they are worried that American troops are too weak to defeat British forces. At this, John points out that it is no problem if the troops are brave and courageous enough. The debate is so heated that two parties get involved in a fight. Rodney tries to intervene, only to suffer a stroke and be sent home.
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