摘要

在实际工程结构的服役过程中，摘要

文基于随机结构反应概率密度演化的思想对于随机结构分析理论进行了深入的探讨，初步建立了随机结构反应概率密度演化的基本图景。

结构静力非线性分析是评价结构抗震性能的重要手段。对于具有双线型广义随机本构关系材料的结构，其塑性截面分布状态的演化过程即非线性损伤构形状态转移过程反映了结构内力演化的性质。无记忆特性结构的非线性损伤构形状态转移过程具有马尔可夫性，通过结构的力学分析可建立风险率函数与状态转移速率之间的关系，进一步考虑状态之间的逻辑关系，即可得到概率转移速率矩阵。对于有记忆特性结构及力-状态联合演化过程，可通过引入相应的记忆变量构造向量马尔可夫过程，并采用次序分析方法建立其确定性的概率密度演化方程。关于简单结构的情况进行了解析求解，并据以探讨了结构非线性构形状态演化的若干特征，发现了在实际应用中可能具有重要意义的稳定构形现象。讨论了力-状态的解耦问题。基于非线性构形状态本身的性质以及演化过程的规律，初步研究了可能的简化与近似方法。

??

最后，关于进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。

关键词I

湖南机电职业技术学院毕业论文 目录

1.2.1

......

第3章 结构非线性损伤构形状态的随机演化分析.........................3

......

3.2 结构非线性构形状态转移过程及其演化方程........................3

3.2.1 结构非线性构形状态转移过程分析............................3

......

第7章 结论与展望...................................................5

7.1 结论..........................................................5

7.2 进一步工作的方向..............................................5

致谢................................................................6

参考文献............................................................7

II

第1章 引言

第1章

1.1 概述

随着现代科学技术的发展和人们生活质量的提高，对于工程结构的性能提出了越来越高的要求。例如：现代精密仪器、

大型设备往往对于振动与位移有严格的限制；生命线工程结构，要求在大震和大灾作用下依然保有必要的功能，以为灾后救援与重建提供保障。20世纪中叶以来，尽管社会发展水平有了巨大的提高，然而由于灾害性作用而造成的损失却反而越来越大，这给结构工程学科带来了一系列新的挑战性课题。正是在这样的背景下，基于性能的设计思想开始浮出水面，并在近十年来引起了学者们强烈的兴趣。

??

“自然界只有一个，自然现象遵循着不依赖于人类意志的客观规律。然而，数理科学中却有着两套反映这些规律的体系：确定性描述和概率论描述。”（郝柏林，1997

） 虽然概率论方法的发展引起了科学家和哲学家们关于自然本质的讨论，但是直到本世纪五十年代以前，两套方法在各自独立的领域内都得到了长足的发展。六十年代以来，由于本质非线性行为特别是混沌、分形等现象的发现和深入研究，随机方法的重要性得到了日益深刻的认识（Mandelbrot，1995）。人们发现，在确定性非线性系统的长期演化行为中会出现与随机行为不能加以区别的现象。而采用概率密度演化描述的方法却能很好地描述其演化密度的长期行为（Prigogine, 1996；郝柏林，1997）。 1.2 随机结构分析现状1.2.1 经过三十余年的发展，线性随机结构在静力与动力分析方面的分析方法均已

1

趋于成熟。早期在物理学研究中使用的随机模拟方法于20世纪70年代初期引入随机结构分析以来，已经成为检验各种随机结构分析方法的基本手段。基于随机摄动展开的随机结构静力分析与动力分析也已于20世纪80年代基本完善（李杰，1996）。

??

2

第3章 结构非线性损伤构形状态的随机演化分析

第3章 结构非线性损伤构形状态的随机演化分析 ??

3.2 结构非线性构形状态转移过程及其演化方程

??

3.3.1 结构非线性构形状态转移过程分析

??

2.结构非线性构形状态转移过程

当广义控制截面?具有式（3.2）的广义本构关系时，可定义如下的截面示性数

?(?)??? 0, if E?E? 1, if E?E1

（3.2）

显然，结构的非线性构形状态就是结构的塑性铰（或发生塑性屈服截面）分布状态。结构的非线性演化过程可以通过可数状态空间S

?{0,1,2,?}中的非线性构3

??

4

第7章 结论与展望

第7章 结论与展望

7.1 结论

本文的研究工作初步探讨了随机结构反应的概率密度演化问题，对于具有不同类型本构关系的随机结构反应分析问题提出了两种分析方法，初步建立了随机结构非线性反应的基本图景，给出了具有一定普遍意义的分析方法。

??

7.2 进一步工作的方向

本文的研究虽然取得了初步的成功，但依然任重道远，尚有许多有待进一步深入进行的研究工作，这里择其要者简要讨论如下：

??

5

逾尺的札记和研究纪录凝聚成这么薄薄的一本，高兴和欣慰之余，不禁感慨系之。记得鲁迅在一篇文章里写道：“人类的奋战前行的历史，正如煤的形成，当时用大量的木材，结果却只是一小块”。倘若这一小块有点意义的话，则是我读书生活的最好纪念，也令我对于即将迈入的新生活更加充满信心。

回想读书生活，已经整整二十个年头，到同济求学将近五年，攻读博士学位也已三年了。进入同济大学以来，深深醉心于一流学府的大家风范。名师巨擘，各具特点；中西融合，文质相顾。处如此佳境以陶铸自我，实乃人生幸事。

……

XXXX年X月

6

湖南机电职业技术学院毕业论文 致谢

参考文献

[1] Elishakoff I., Ren Y. J. & Shinozuka M, Variational principles developed for and applied to

analysis of stochastic beams. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1996,Vol.122 (6): 559～565

[2] 吕西林，金国芳，吴晓涵.钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元理论与应用.上海：同济大学出

版社，1997

[3] 陈建军，车建文，陈勇.具有频率和振型概率约束的工程结构动力优化设计. 计算力学

学报，2001，Vol.18（1）:74-80

[4] 陈景润.组合数学. 郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1985

[5] 丁光莹.钢筋混凝土框架结构非线性反应分析的随机模拟分析:[博士学位论文] .上海：

同济大学土木工程学院，2001

[6] 丁义明,方福康,范文涛.离散动力系统的密度演化方法. 见：许国志主编.系统科学与工

程研究. 上海：上海科技教育出版社,2000:62-77

7

 

第二篇：外文系毕业论文写作格式范例

本科毕业论文(设计)

题目

院 系 外国语言文学系

专 业 名 称 英语

年 级 2010级

学 生 姓 名

学 号

指 导 教 师

二零一四年四月

A Discussion of Puns in English

A thesis

submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the School of Foreign Languages and Literatures

Chongqing University of Education

School:

Major:

Class:

Name: School of Foreign Languages & Literatures English

Student No.:

Supervisor:

Date: April, 2014

重庆第二师范学院本科毕业论文（设计）原创性声明

本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或未发表的研究成果。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。

作者签名：

年 月 日

Abstract: Political literature is a reflection of expressing a country’s political standpoint. Its theoretical and practical significance is of great importance as the growth of communication among the world. Therefore, the study of Chinese political literature is becoming a pressing issue for Chinese people. In the political linguistic context, political literature translation serves especially as a bridge to promote mutual understanding, deepen friendship and develop cooperation among different countries and nationalities. Moreover, along with the global economic integration and frequent cultural exchanges, mutual visits between leaders from different countries in the world are increasing in these decades. Political literature translation is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, the cross-cultural communication of political literature has gradually entered into the translation field.

This paper focuses on the study of Chinese political literature translation, under the guidance of functional equivalence theory. At first, it briefly introduces the definition, classification and functions of Chinese political literature. By utilizing the methods of comparative analysis and exemplification, this paper discusses the features and explores the translation methods of Chinese political literature in detail. It is concluded that three basic principles (faithfulness, accuracy and fairness) of Chinese-English translation of political literature should be obeyed before the translation methods (annotation, paraphrase, omission) have been properly applied in translation practice. Besides, three influential factors (language, culture, and translator) must be fully taken into consideration.

Key words: functional equivalence theory; Chinese political literature;

characteristics; translation methods

摘要：随着国家与国家的交流逐渐增多，政治文献作为反映一个国家政治立场的有力依据，其理论意义和实践意义也逐步凸显，因此对汉语政治文献的深入研究迫在眉睫。特别是全球化政治语境中，政治文献翻译的桥梁和纽带作用在促进国家民族间相互了解、深化友谊、发展合作方面尤显重要。在全球经济一体化、文化交流日益频繁的趋势下，各国领导人之间的互访日益增多，政治文献翻译的跨文化传播也逐渐进入了翻译的研究领域。

本文以功能对等理论为指导，探讨汉语政治文献的翻译。论文首先阐述汉语政治文献的定义、分类以及功能，采用比较分析法和例证分析法，深入分析汉语政治文献的语言特点和翻译方法，从而得出本文结论：在汉语政治文献翻译中，忠实、准确、不偏不倚是三大基本原则，加注、释义、省译应该作为基本方法，还要适当考虑将三大影响因素---语言、文化、翻译人员作为必要的补充。

关键词：功能对等理论；汉语政治文献；特点；翻译方法

Thesis Statement

Hemingway’s war stories helped create a new prose style by employing extensive dialogs, shorter sentences, and strong Anglo-Saxon words.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ············································································································· 1

2. Literature Review ···································································································· 1

3. The Basic Concepts of Vocabulary ········································································· 6

3.1 What is vocabulary ·························································································· 6

3.2 The definition of a word ···················································································· 7

3.2.1 A minimal free form of a language ···························································· 8

3.2.2 A sound unity ····························································································· 8

3.2.3 A unit of meaning ····················································································· 9

4. How to Present Vocabulary ····················································································· 9

5. Helpful Tools ··········································································································· 10

6. Beneficial Activities ································································································ 12

7. Applying Semantic Theory ····················································································· 14

8. Conclusion ············································································································ 15

Notes ··························································································································· 17 Acknowledgement ······································································································ 16 Bibliography ··············································································································· 18 Appendix ····················································································································· 19

1. Introduction

With many followers and a large reading public, Doris Lessing is widely considered one of the most honest, intelligent and engaged writers of the day. According to Margaret Drabble, Lessing seems to be a lonely and embattled figure on the contemporary scene. (Drabble, 1972) John Leonard, a book critic of The New York devoted entirely to Lessing criticism. The Modern Language Association has published Approaches to Teaching the Golden Notebook (1989) in response to the fact that courses on Lessing’s works are beginning to appear in university calendars and many women’s studies and contemporary novel courses include selections from her writings.

2. Literature Review

American feminist critic Elaine Showalter comments that “Lessing’s early fiction (that is, the novels up to The Four-Gated City in 1969), has many similarities to Victorian feminine and feminist writing. Olive Schreiner, another South African novelist about whom Lessing has written an enthusiastic essay, obviously influenced the first Martha Quest books.”(Showalter, 1977, p308) Showalter sees Lessing’s The Golden Notebook as a monumental achievement from which her writing has undergone a massive shift, away from female concerns, and most determinedly away from the social realism she admired in the late 1950s.

In China, attention to Lessing began in 1987. With the translation of The Grass Is Singing published in 1999 and The Golden Notebook in 2000, Lessing is attracting increasing readers and critics. We can find quite a few articles on Lessing and her works in academic journals, though they are not so extensive as those in western countries. In two theses carried in academic journals, Li Xiangfu discusses the political and feminist themes and general features of the different stages of Lessing’s novels. Wang Jiaxiang and others briefly introduce Doris Lessing and her feminist ideology in literature. Ying Sufang discusses the narrative strategy of Lessing’s novels. Zhang Ermin introduces the thematic tendency of Lessing. Many articles focus on her

masterpiece, The Golden Notebook, covering its feminist theme and special structure of narration. There are still many other readers and scholars who study the characteristics, thematic tendency and stages of her literary creation, trying to systematize her literary works. Of course, there is no lack of the comments closely related to feminism and colonialism.

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it.

Whitman is unable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whose citizens could not find

refreshment in its buoyant democratic realism.(Chase，1989: 165)

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, 2001a).

3. The Basic Concepts of Vocabulary

3.1 Definition of vocabulary

All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. The term vocabulary is used in different senses, not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period, such as old English, middle English, and modern English vocabulary.

3.2 The definition of a word

This question has occupied the attention of scholars and experts for ages; the definition of a word has always been controversial …

When we talk about a word, we tend to think in visual terms１, in this way a word can be defined… Grammarians insist that a word be a free form that can function in the sentence. To sum up, the definition of a word will cover the following points:

3.2.1 A minimal free form of a language

3.2.2 A sound unity

3.2.3 A unit of meaning

Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function２.

4. How to Present Vocabulary

…

8. Conclusion

正文内引用格式说明

① 如果已经在文内提到作者和图书出版年代，则没有必要再给引用注释。

In a 1983 study, Deborah Mayo has been questioning the scientific validity of experiments involving laboratory animals.

② 如果文中提高了作者的姓，则需在其后给出图书出版年代。

Mayo (1983) questioned the scientific validity of experiments involving laboratory animals.

③ 如果文内没有给出作者和出版年代，则需要在相应位置标明，直接引用需标

明页码“p”

An early study (Mayo, 1983) questioned the scientific validity of experiments involving laboratory animals.

When “Brutus is making his rounds” (Rosenkoerrer & Browes, 1991, p.277), nursing home patients exercise, converse, and relax with a well-trained dog.

④ 如果图书作者为两名，则用“&”在引用注释中把他们联结起来

One recent study (Franklin & Hayes, 2001) criticized the cosmetics industry for its inaccurate and inhumane testing procedure.

⑤ 如果图书作者超过三名，可以用“and”悉数列出，也可以使用“et al”省略

后面的。

The ineffectiveness of current driver-education programs concerns insurance companies (Heinrich et al., 1992).

⑥如果图书作者不明，则引用标题开始的两个或三个重要词汇。

The secure good research assistantships, graduate students should learn everything they can about the university’s privately funded grant projects (“Getting the First”, 2001).

⑦如果是从其他文献中间接引用，则使用“”，在参考文献中只需要列出间接文献的信息。

According to Restif de La Bretonne, few people in eighteenth-century France took baths “and those who did confined them once or twice per summer” (cited in Braudel, 2001).

⑧同一段落里，如果对同一文献进行重复引用，相互之间没有其他文献插入，只需要在括号中写出作者名字，或者用“”，代替作者的名字。

(Adams) or (Ibid.)

⑨如果直接引用文字较长（超过40个单词左右或超过三行），则需要另起一行，将引文与论文文字分开，并注意缩进十个英文字母，引文不需加引号,页码用“p”或者“pp”。

Beard (1969) explains the consequences of the young child’s egocentric thinking:

He attributes life and feeling, in the first place, to all objects, though later

only to those which move; he believes that natural objects are man-made

and that they can be influenced by his wishes or by action at a distance.

(pp.24-26)

⑩如果引用了同一作者同一年发表的多篇文章,要在引文年份后加a, b或c以区别。

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, 2001a).

Notes

1. visual term ??

2. syntactic function ?

注释的格式

1. 论文如有注释，一律采取尾注（Endnote）的方式，即在论文末尾给出详细的注释。

2. 在正文需详细注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码1, 2, 3……；在全文之后写尾注，尾注需与正文中所标识的顺序号一一对应

3. 尾注格式如下：

Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.1

① 评价性尾注

1See Blackmur (1995), especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this extraordinary animal. On the problem related to yaks, see Wollens (1989, pp.120-135); for a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).

In a recent interview, Weller (1998) reiterated this point even more strongly: “I am an artist, not a yak!”(p.124)2 ② 解释性尾注 3

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisor, Professor X, both for his intellectual guidance and for his warm and constant encouragement during the process of writing this thesis. With patience and prudence, he labored through drafts of this thesis and pointed out defects in my theorizing. Therefore, I owe all the merits in this thesis, if any, to him, though I am fully aware that the thesis might still contain some mistakes, for which I bear the whole responsibility.

I am also very grateful for the opportunity to study class under my American teacher Katie Howard and Prof. So-and-so, teacher of Methodology. Meanwhile, I want to thank the College Library from which I got enough useful information, with the help of which I finished my paper.

Last but not the least, big thanks go to all my classmates who gave me lots of helpful suggestions in eventually finishing this thesis.

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黄海翔．小议成语汉译英的形象处理 [J]．大学英语，1999（1）．

贾玉新．跨文化交际学 [M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997．

宋志平．语用翻译与习语误译分析 [J]．外语与外语教学，1998（7）．

参考文献的格式说明：

1. 英文文献在前，中文文献在后，均按照字母顺序排列，不加序号。

2. 参考文献的基本格式为：作者姓名．书名．出版地：出版社，出版年．

3. 中英文参考文献类型以单字母标识（外加方括号）。专著为M,论文集为C,论文集中析出文献为A,报纸文章为N,期刊文章为J,学位文章为D,研究报告为R,标识不明文献为Z.

4. 英文参考文献格式：

①一人撰写的著作：作家的姓在前，名在后

Swell, Arthur. Katherine Mansfield-A Critical Essay [C].New Zealand: Unicorn Press,

1936.

②两人撰写的著作：其中第二位作家姓名不用颠倒，即第二位作家的名在前，姓在后

Leech, G. and M. Short. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose Foreign Language [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.

③三人及以上撰写的著作：只需写出第一位作家姓名，其余用et al.表示

Chiu,Aman et al. Dictionary of Contemporary English [Z],2nd ed. Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1998.

④选集：主编用ed.表示

Warnar, Alan, ed. Advanced English [Z]. Shanghai: Fudan University Press. 2002. ⑤译著：翻译用Trans.表示

Flaubert, Gudtave. Madame Bovary [Z]. Trans. Gerard Hopkins. New York: Dell Publishing Company, Inc.,1959.

⑥多人合著选集中的一篇文章

Halliday, Michael. Linguistic Function and Literary Style: an Inquiry into the Language of William Golding’s The Inheritors [A], S. Chatman, ed. Literary Style: A Symposium [C]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

⑦作家论文集中的一篇论文

Woolf, Virginia. A Terribly Sensitive Mind [A], The Essays of Virginia Woolf [C], Vol.4. London: The Hogarth Press, 1994.

⑧学术期刊中的论文

Miller, Hillis J. and Jin Huimin. The Permanent Rhetorical Reading [J]. Foreign Literature Review, 2001(1).

⑨ 学位论文的基本格式：姓，名.论文题目.学位授予单位，授予年份.

Femandes, Nadine Therese. Race, Romance, and Revolution: The Cultural Polictics of Interracial Encounters in Cuba[D]. University of California,

Berkeley, 1996.

⑩网上论文:

Cotter, Sean. The Translators’ Humiliation: Venuti, Schleiermacher, and Lucian Blaga. 1 Oct. 2013. <http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classica/rhetoric.html>.

5. 中文文献格式：

①一人撰写的著作

冯庆华．实用翻译教程 [M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997．

②两人撰写的著作

邓炎昌，刘润清．语言与文化 [M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1989． ③译著、编著

拉曼·塞尔顿编．文学批评理论[M]．刘象愚，陈永国等译．北京：北京大学出版社，2000.

④著作中的论文

翟世镜.弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的小说理论[A] .论小说与小说家[C] .上海：上海译文出版社，1986.

⑤期刊中的论文

宋志平．语用翻译与习语误译分析 [J]．外语与外语教学，1998（7）

⑥学位论文

洪希.教师职前教育课程设置中的中英比较[D]，西北师范大学，2009.

⑦网络资源

万明刚.教师教育课程体系研究──以师范大学教育学院教师教育课程体系建构为例.20xx年9月17日.

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Appendix

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