Unit 1                  

                悖论常识

数学中有许多著名的悖论，有康托尔最大基数悖论、布拉里——福蒂最大序数悖论、理查德悖论、基础集合悖论、希帕索斯悖论等。数学史上的危机，指数学发展中危及整个理论体系的逻辑基础的根本矛盾。这种根本性矛盾能够暴露一定发展阶段上数学体系逻辑基础的局限性，促使人们克服这种局限性，从而促使数学的大发展。数学史上的三次危机都是由数学悖论引起的.

There are many famous paradox in mathematics, Cantor maximum cardinality paradox, bharara -- maximum number paradox, Richard's paradox Forti paradox, F Passos's paradox, base set etc.. The history of mathematics of the crisis, the contradiction that logic based endanger the whole theoretical system in the development of mathematics. The fundamental contradiction can expose the limitations given stage of development of mathematical logic based system, encourage people to overcome this limitation, so as to promote the development of mathematics. Three times of crisis in the history of mathematics is caused by mathematical paradox.

  

    数学悖论作为悖论的一种，主要发生在数学研究中。按照悖论的广义定义，所谓数学悖论，是指数学领域中既有数学规范中发生的无法解决的认识矛盾，这种认识矛盾可以在新的数学规范中得到解决。同时又带动了整个数学的发展，这便是数学悖论。

Mathematical paradox is a paradox, occurring mainly in mathematics study. According to the general definition of paradox, the mathematical paradox, refers to occur both mathematical specification can not solve the contradiction between the knowledge in the field of mathematics, this contradiction can be resolved in the mathematical specification of the new. At the same time also drives the development of the whole mathematics, it is mathematics paradox.

                  几个小悖论

                        伽利略悖论Galileo's paradox

每个人都知道“整体大于部分”这个事实，而伽利略在1638年提出“部分可以等于整体”的悖论。在数学上两个集合元素个数相等指它们之间能建立一一对应的关系。众所周知：1，4，9，16，… ，…是自然数全体的一部分，或者说开方数的个数比自然数的个数要少些，一般人认为这是真理。首先对这事实怀疑的是伽利略，他利用关于数学上的“相等”这种方法，发现自然数的集合1，2，3，…与其平方数之集12，22，32，…可以建立一一对应关系，因此从个数上来说它们应当相等。
     事实上，公理“整体大于部分”是从事物的有限量上总结出来的，而且仅适用于有限量，因此当被研究的对象是无限领域时，这条公理就失效了。

                            分球定理

   如果有人说，你能将一个地球那么大的东西分解成若干（有限）个部分，然后将这些部分分别经过多次旋转或者平移（都是刚性的，不做任何变形），重新拼接在一起竟然可以变得像乒乓球那么大，你是不是觉得不可思议呢？

    1924年，Banach-Tarski提出并证明的分球定理恰恰保证了这一点。该定理说：一个球U可以分解为两个不相交的集合X和Y的并，使得U全等于X，也全等于Y。两个集合全等就是说这两个集合可以分别分解为相同数目的有限个不相交的子集的并，其中对应的两个子集可以经旋转和平移完全重合。多次运用分球定理，当然就可以让地球这么大的东西全等于小小乒乓球啦。可谓“藏须弥于芥子”啊。

     这个极度违背人们日常常识的东西竟然是数学的定理？！是的，令人惊讶，但它与所有其它的数学结论都没有任何矛盾。有时候，常识也未必像你想象的那样永远可靠呢。

      简单的说，这个结论和大家的常识不一致的根本原因是两个集合虽然全等，但有可能它们都没有办法定义符合常识的体积（不是说体积为0哦，而是没有办法定义体积）。所以虽然地球和乒乓球全等，但它们的体积还是可以很悬殊的。

                               一块钱哪儿去了？
　　一个唱片商店里，卖30张老式硬唱片，一块钱两张；另外30张软唱片是一块钱三张。那天，这60张唱片卖光了。30张硬唱片收入15元，30张软唱片收入10元，总共是25元。
　　第二天，老板又拿出60张唱片。他想：“如果30张唱片是一块钱卖两张，30张是一块钱卖三张，何不放在一起，两块钱卖5张呢？”这一天，60张唱片全按两块钱5张卖出去了。老板点钱时才发现，只卖得24元，而不是25元。
　　这一块钱到哪儿去了呢？

                              橡皮绳上的蠕虫
　　橡皮绳长1公里,一条蠕虫在它的一端。蠕虫以每秒1厘米的稳定速度沿橡皮绳爬行；而橡皮绳每过1秒钟就拉长1公里。如此下去，蠕虫最后究竟会不会到达终点呢？
　　乍一想，随着橡皮绳的拉伸，蠕虫离终点越来越远了。但细心的读者会想到：随着橡皮绳的每次拉伸，蠕虫也向前挪了。
　　如果用数学公式表示，蠕虫在第n秒未在橡皮绳上的位置，表示为整条绳的分数就是（推导过程从略）：
　　当n足够大（约为e100000）时，上式的值就超过了1，也就是说蠕虫爬到了终点。
　　                               棘手的电灯
　　一盏电灯，用按钮来开关。假定把灯拧开一分钟，然后关掉半分钟，再拧开1/4分钟，再关掉1／8分钟，如此往复，这一过程的末了恰好是两分钟。
　　那么，在这一过程结束时，电灯是开着，还是关着？这个问题实在是难！

Unit 2

        Physics

What Is Physics?

    Physics is the scientific study of matter and energy and how they interact with each other.   This energy can take the form of motion, light, electricity, radiation, gravity . . . just about anything, honestly. Physics deals with matter on scales ranging from sub-atomic particles (i.e. the particles that make up the atom and the particles that make up those particles) to stars and even entire galaxies.

Introduction to Newton's Laws of Motion

By Andrew Zimmerman Jones, About.com Guide

Origins of Newton's Laws of Motion

Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727) was a British physicist who, in many respects, can be viewed as the greatest physicist of all time. Though there were some predecessors of note, such as Archimedes, Copernicus, and Galileo, it was Newton who truly exemplified the method of scientific inquiry that would be adopted throughout the ages.

   For nearly a century, Aristotle's description of the physical universe had proven to be inadequate to describe the nature of movement (or the movement of nature, if you will). Newton tackled the problem and came up with three general rules about the movement of objects which have been dubbed by posterity Newton's three laws of motion.

In 1687, Newton introduced the three laws in his book Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which is generally referred to as the Principia, where he also introduced his theory of universal gravitation, thus laying down the entire foundation of classical mechanics in one volume.

Three Laws of Motion

1. Newton's First Law of Motionstates that in order for the motion of an object to change, a force must act upon it, a concept generally called inertia.

2. Newton's Second Law of Motiondefines the relationship between acceleration, force, and mass.

3. Newton's Third Law of Motionstates that any time a force acts from one object to another, there is an equal force acting back on the original object. If you pull on a rope, therefore, the rope is pulling back on you as well.

Einstein's Theory of Relativity

What is Relativity?

By Andrew Zimmerman Jones, About.com Guide

    Classical relativity (defined initially by Galileo Galilei and refined by Sir Isaac Newton) involves a simple transformation between a moving object and an observer in another inertial frame of reference. If you are walking in a moving train, and someone stationary on the ground is watching, your speed relative to the observer will be the sum of your speed relative to the train and the train's speed relative to the observer. You're in one inertial frame of reference, the train itself (and anyone sitting still on it) are in another, and the observer is in still another.

   the problem with this is that light was believed, in the majority of the 1800s, to propagate as a wave through a universal substance known as the ether, which would have counted as a separate frame of reference (similar to the train in the above example). The famed Michelson-Morley experiment, however, had failed to detect Earth's motion relative to the ether and no one could explain why. Something was wrong with the classical interpretation of relativity as it applied to light ... and so the field was ripe for a new interpretation when Einstein came along.

Unit 3

                  home network security

   Network systems are one of the key players in contemporary （现代）business life. Some networks are private while others are open to public access. The obvious example of a public network（公共网络） is the Internet.                                No matter whether your network is private or public it should have robust security （强大的安全性）and be safely protected.

   There are several measures that need to be taken to protect home network security from possible malicious（恶意的） attacks.

first of all, use Encryption（加密）. So if you have forgotten your password and need to Recover Passwords or Confidential（机密的） Information saved in your computer SpotAuditor can Really Help You to do it !

Another way of securing your wireless access（无线接入） is to limit which computers are allowed to use it. Also very important to Change Default（默认） administrator passwords (and Usernames), to apply encryption technology（加密技术） to Change the Default SSID（服务集标识）, since it can be the start. If your competitors notice a roughly （大致的）designed network they are much more likely to attack it. So my tip is to change the default SSID the moment wireless security is applied to your network.

Securing your network should be treated with the utmost priority（最优先）. If your network security policy is designed and applied correctly you will never find yourself engaged in a confrontation （对抗）with intruders（入侵者）.

    Many folks setting up wireless home networks rush through the job to get their Internet connectivity working as quickly as possible. That's totally understandable. It's also quite risky as numerous security problems can result. Today's Wi-Fi networking products don't always help the situation as configuring their security features can be time-consuming and non-intuitive. The recommendations below summarize the steps you should take to improve the security of your home wireless network.

1. Change Default Administrator Passwords (and Usernames)更改默认的管理员密码（用户名）

At the core of most Wi-Fi home networks is an access point or router. To set up these pieces of equipment, manufacturers provide Web pages that allow owners to enter their network address and account information. These Web tools are protected with a login screen (username and password) so that only the rightful owner can do this. However, for any given piece of equipment, the logins provided are simple and very well-known to hackers on the Internet. Change these settings immediately.

2. Turn on (Compatible) WPA / WEP Encryption打开（兼容）WPA/WEP加密

All Wi-Fi equipment supports some form of encryption. Encryption technology scrambles messages sent over wireless networks so that they cannot be easily read by humans. Several encryption technologies exist for Wi-Fi today. Naturally you will want to pick the strongest form of encryption that works with your wireless network. However, the way these technologies work, all Wi-Fi devices on your network must share the identical encryption settings. Therefore you may need to find a "lowest common demoninator" setting.

3. Change the Default SSID更改默认的SSID

Access points and routers all use a network name called the SSID. Manufacturers normally ship their products with the same SSID set. For example, the SSID for Linksys devices is normally "linksys." True, knowing the SSID does not by itself allow your neighbors to break into your network, but it is a start. More importantly, when someone finds a default SSID, they see it is a poorly configured network and are much more likely to attack it. Change the default SSID immediately when configuring wireless security on your network.

4. Enable MAC Address Filtering启用MAC地址过滤

Each piece of Wi-Fi gear possesses a unique identifier called the physical address or MAC address. Access points and routers keep track of the MAC addresses of all devices that connect to them. Many such products offer the owner an option to key in the MAC addresses of their home equipment, that restricts the network to only allow connections from those devices. Do this, but also know that the feature is not so powerful as it may seem. Hackers and their software programs can fake MAC addresses easily.

5. Disable SSID Broadcast禁用SSID广播

In Wi-Fi networking, the wireless access point or router typically broadcasts the network name (SSID) over the air at regular intervals. This feature was designed for businesses and mobile hotspots where Wi-Fi clients may roam in and out of range. In the home, this roaming feature is unnecessary, and it increases the likelihood someone will try to log in to your home network. Fortunately, most Wi-Fi access points allow the SSID broadcast feature to be disabled by the network administrator.

6. Do Not Auto-Connect to Open Wi-Fi Networks不要自动连接到开放的Wi-Fi网络

Connecting to an open Wi-Fi network such as a free wireless hotspot or your neighbor's router exposes your computer to security risks. Although not normally enabled, most computers have a setting available allowing these connections to happen automatically without notifying you (the user). This setting should not be enabled except in temporary situations.

7. Assign Static IP Addresses to Devices设备分配静态IP地址

Most home networkers gravitate toward using dynamic IP addresses. DHCP technology is indeed easy to set up. Unfortunately, this convenience also works to the advantage of network attackers, who can easily obtain valid IP addresses from your network's DHCP pool. Turn off DHCP on the router or access point, set a fixed IP address range instead, then configure each connected device to match. Use a private IP address range (like 10.0.0.x) to prevent computers from being directly reached from the Internet.

8. Enable Firewalls On Each Computer and the Router启用每台计算机上的防火墙和路由器

Modern network routers contain built-in firewall capability, but the option also exists to disable them. Ensure that your router's firewall is turned on. For extra protection, consider installing and running personal firewall software on each computer connected to the router.

9. Position the Router or Access Point Safely安全路由器或接入点的位置

Wi-Fi signals normally reach to the exterior of a home. A small amount of signal leakage outdoors is not a problem, but the further this signal reaches, the easier it is for others to detect and exploit. Wi-Fi signals often reach through neighboring homes and into streets, for example. When installing a wireless home network, the position of the access point or router determines its reach. Try to position these devices near the center of the home rather than near windows to minimize leakage.

10. Turn Off the Network During Extended Periods of Non-Use在长时间不使用，关闭网络

The ultimate in wireless security measures, shutting down your network will most certainly prevent outside hackers from breaking in! While impractical to turn off and on the devices frequently, at least consider doing so during travel or extended periods offline. Computer disk drives have been known to suffer from power cycle wear-and-tear, but this is a secondary concern for broadband modems and routers.

If you own a wireless router but are only using it wired (Ethernet) connections, you can also sometimes turn off Wi-Fi on a broadband router without powering down the entire network.

Unit 4

什么是机器人What is arobot?1

   一提到机器人，大家可能就会想到电影、电视、科学幻想小说或者玩具中的机器人都是有鼻子、眼睛、手、脚，类似于人类的一种机器。其实并非如此，如果当你走进现代化自动工厂，想目睹机器人丰采的话，

你一定会大失所望。现代机器人，特别是工业机器人的尊容实在不敢恭维，不仅没有鼻子、眼睛，甚至也没有胳膊和腿。它们有的像机器、有的像怪物。有的脑袋又尖又长，有的肚子上长着脑袋，有的手长在了脚的位置，有的三头六臂。干活的方式也是千奇百怪，有的躺着做事，有的斜着身子搬运东西，有的是爬着行走携带重物，总之，这些机器人的外形是五花八门，但是它们的确是机器人，完全符合机器人的定义：when talk about robots, we may think of film, television,science fiction, or a robot toys. They all have noses, eyes, hands, feet.They just similar to humanbeings. In fact, it is not always true, when you walk into a modern automated factories,and want to witness robots’ splendor, then,You must be disappointed. Modern robots, especially industrial robots’ countenance not flattered, not only did the nose, eyes,even without arms and legs.Some of them are like machines, and some like monster.Some brains sharp and long, some head on their stomachs  , and some hands in the position of the feet, and some like superhuman.The way they work are strange, some of them  lying down, some leaned their bodies carrying things, some crawling walking carrying heavy loads,  in short,the shape of these robots are varied,but they are really robots,fully compliant with the robot's definition:

机器人是一种通过编程，可以自动完成一定操作或移动作业的机械装置。或者更确切地说，有象人的上肢那样高度灵活，能做复杂动作的机械。有视觉、听觉等感觉功能，有识别功能、能行动的装置。

A robot is a mechanical device through programming, can complete a certain operation or mobile operation automatically. Or more precisely, a human upper limb as highly flexible, can do complex movements of the machine. The visual, auditory, sensory function, device recognition function, to act.

机器人的分类The classification of robot

    现代机器人按用途分类，可以分类三大类，一类是娱乐机器人。它们一般在公园、商店等服务，在游乐场所等活动，通常都是逼真的模拟人或动物形象。一类是机能辅助用机器人。这类机器人一般是指为身体有缺陷的人设计的自动装置，可以帮助伤残人克服机能障碍，提高行动和工作能力。再一类就是工业用机器人。它们是现代机器人的主流，受到各国的重视。The classification of modern robot according to use, can be classified in three categories, one category is entertainment robot. They generally service in the park, stores, activities in the playground, usually is the realistic simulation of human or animal form. One is the function of assisted robot. This type of robot is generally refers to the design of automatic device physically handicapped people, can help disabled people overcome dysfunction, improve operations and the ability to work. Another category is the industrial robot. They are the mainstream of modern robot, the attention of the world.

未来的机器人Future robot

    未来的机器人将走向标准化，与人更接近，更加微型化，会更广泛地应用于医

疗和航空领域，将来有一天，当我们走在街上，将会见到大批机器人在街道上

左穿右绕，灵活走动。Future robot will move toward standardization, closer to the people, more miniature, will be widely used in medical and aviation fields, one day in the future, when we walked in the street, will see a large number of robots in the streets around the left wearing the right move, flexible.

Unit 5

                           关于建筑材料

                        On construction materials

通过对相关科技英语文章的阅读，我对我所读的专业相关的建筑材料有了如下新了解：

                   

一．建筑节能技术，以遮阳、隔热技术为主，有条件的可推广太阳能技术；

One is the construction of energy-efficient technologies, with sun shading, heat insulation technology, conditional can promote solar technology;

二．化学建材，以塑料管、新型防水材料、建筑涂料为主；

Two is a chemical building materials, plastic pipe, new waterproof materials, building coating;

三．混凝土新技术，扩大预拌混凝土的应用范围，提高预拌混凝土在大中城市的使用量，推广使用高强性能混凝土；

Three is a new technology of concrete, expand the scope of application of ready mixed concrete, improve the use of ready mixed concrete in large and medium-sized city, promote the use of high performance concrete;

四．高效钢筋，以推广应用Ⅲ级钢筋和钢筋焊接网为主；

Four is a high bar, to promote the application of steel and welded mesh;

五．住宅建设技术，积极推广质量、性能好的新型墙体材料，无有害气味、辐射和符合环保要求的新型装饰材料，新型厨卫设备与用具，新型隔热材料，变压式排烟道等先进适用技术；

Five residential construction technology, and actively promote the new wall material quality, good performance, no smell, harmful radiation and meet the requirements of environmental protection decorative materials, equipment and appliances, new kitchen, new heat insulation materials, pressure swing type flue and other advanced applicable technology;

六．在建工程和现有建筑物的检测和加固补强新技术，重点推广先进的检测新技术以及粘钢和碳纤维加固技术、钢筋化学锚固、裂缝注浆等加固补强新技术；

Six is to strengthen and reinforce the new detection technology in the construction and existing buildings, focus on the promotion of advanced detection technology and sticking steel and carbon fiber reinforcement technology, reinforced chemical anchoring, crack grouting reinforcement technology;

七．信息技术，重点推广建设领域先进、较成熟的建设工程管理软件等等。

Seven is the information technology, focus on promoting the construction of advanced, mature project management software.

新能源又称非常规能源。是指传统能源之外的各种能源形式。指刚开始开发利用或  正 在 积 极 研 究、有 待 推 广 的 能 源，如 太 阳 能、地 热 能、风 能、海 洋 能、生 物 质 能和核聚变能等。

New energy and conventional energy. Refers to various forms of energy outside of the traditional energy. That just started to develop the use or are in the positive research, have to be pushed wide energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, bio mass energy and fusion energy.

Unit 6

                   What is mechanics ?    

Mechanics is the branch of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment. The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes . During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics. It is a branch of classical physics that deals with the particles that are moving either with less velocity or that are at rest. It can also be defined as a branch of science which deals with the motion and force of the particular object. The system of study of mechanics is shown in the table below:

           Automotives

构成

1.冷却系：The cooling system:

2.润滑系：The lubrication system

3．燃油供给系：Fuel supply system:

           4．启动系：起动机、蓄电池。Starting: starter, storage battery

5．点火系：火花塞、高压线、高压线圈、分电器、点火开关。The ignition system: spark plug, high-voltage wire, coil, distributor, ignition switch.

6．曲柄连杆机构：连杆、曲轴、 轴瓦、飞轮 、活塞、活塞环、活塞销、曲轴油封。Crank connecting rod, crankshaft,: bearing, flywheel, piston, piston ring, piston pin, the crankshaft oil seal.

7．配气机构：汽缸盖、气门室盖罩凸轮轴、气门进气歧管、排气歧管、空气过滤器、消音器、三元催化增压器。Valvetrain: cylinder head, valve chamber cover for camshaft, valve intake manifold, exhaust manifold, muffler, air filter, three element catalytic supercharger.

底盘

    底盘由传动系、行驶系、转向系和制动系组成。The chassis is the transmission system, driving system, steering system and brake system.

Unit 7

基因工程在我们生活中的应用

Application of gene engineering in our life

1.转基因鱼

  Transgenic fish fast growth, resistance to adverse environment, good meat (China).

2.转基因牛

   Transgenic bovine milk containing human growth hormone (Argentina).

3.转黄瓜抗青枯病基因的甜椒Transgenic cucumber bacterial wilt resistance gene in sweet pepper

4.转鱼抗寒基因的番茄Turn the fish cold tolerance gene in Tomato

5.转黄瓜抗青枯病基因的马铃薯Transgenic cucumber resistance gene to bacterial wilt of potato

6.不会引起过敏的转基因大豆Did not cause allergic transgenic soybean

7.超级动物

  Introduction of storage protein gene super sheep and super mouse

8.特殊动物

  Into human gene with special usage of pigs and mice

9.抗虫棉

   Bacillus thuringiensis toxin proteins can be synthesized to kill bollworm, this part of the gene into cotton cells in vitro tissue culture, then can obtain transgenic cotton.

1.基因工程药品的生产：

Many drugs are extracted from the production of biological tissues. The material sources to limit production Co., its price is very expensive.

Microbial growth is rapid, easy to control, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. If the gene into the microbial cell corresponding medicine composition, allowing them to generate the corresponding drug, can not only solve the problem of output, but also reduce the cost of production.

⑴基因工程胰岛素

Insulin is the specific medicine for treating diabetes, a long time can only rely on the extracted from pig, cattle and other animal in the pancreas, pancreatic 100Kg can extract 4-5g of insulin, the yield is low and the high prices one can imagine.

The synthesis of insulin gene into Escherichia coli, the 2000L medium can produce 100g insulin! The large-scale industrialized production not only solves the problem of drug production that is more precious than gold, also makes the price reduction of 30%-50%!

⑵基因工程干扰素

Interferon in the treatment of viral infection is simply "a panacea"! The past from human blood extraction, 300L blood was extracted from 1mg! The "precious" degree since Needless to say.

Recombinant human interferon alpha -2b (An Dafen) is Chinese first national production of recombinant human interferon α -2b, anti-virus, inhibit tumor cell proliferation, regulating the body's immune function, widely used in the treatment of viral diseases and tumor, is the main drug currently the drug of choice for viral diseases internationally recognized treatment and tumor biology therapy.

 Unit 8

     Space exploration is the discovery and exploration of outer space by means of space technology.Physical exploration of space is conducted both by human spaceflights and by robotic spacecraft.

First human flights

     The first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1, carrying 27 year old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes. Gagarin's flight resonated around the world; it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration: human spaceflight.

First planetary explorations

     The first artificial object to reach another celestial body was Luna 2 in 1959.^[8] The first automatic landing on another celestial body was performed by Luna 9^[9] in 1966. Luna 10 became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.^[10]

Key people in early space exploration

     The dream of stepping into the outer reaches of the Earth's atmosphere was driven by the fiction of Jules Verne^[11][12][13] and H.G.Wells,^[14] and rocket technology was developed to try to realise this vision. The German V-2 was the first rocket to travel into space, overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure. During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers. The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to be used as long-range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery, but in 1961 when USSR launched the first man into space, the U.S. declared itself to be in a "Space Race" with the Soviets.