人类工效学

课程设计与论文选题指导书

（木材科学与工程专业、工业设计专业试用）

（仅供参考）

韩维生

西北农林科技大学

2008.9 第一稿

2010.9 改编

引言

人机工程学是一门综合性的应用型学科，如果不实际应用，面对庞杂的数据资料难免会使人产生“雾里看花”的感觉。只有结合专业要求和培养目标完成一次应用实践，解决一定的实际问题或完成一项人机产品设计，才算实实在在地触摸了它，并能得到一定的收获。

人机工程学实验或作业的目的，是让学生经历一次较为完整的人机产品设计实践，引导学生收集文献资料、调查并发现现有产品的问题或不足、探索可能的改进或寻求更佳的解决方案。

允许以论文的方式代替设计，但论文的选题和写作必须接受指导，未经指导教师许可不得发表和泄露。

允许以外文翻译和产品的人机学分析代替论文，但学生必须是通过英语四级者，外文和案例的选择须经指导教师同意，翻译的汉文不得作为毕业论文（设计）的一部分。

允许以团队和项目的方式、在教师指导下进行产品设计。团队内各成员必须有明确的分工，其共同目标和设计要素必须一致。

允许有价值的设计在毕业设计阶段继续完善，并达到毕业设计的要求。

鼓励以木材为主体材料的设计。

鼓励分析问题、解决问题的设计。

鼓励与生产实践相结合的设计或论文。

鼓励不完善但富有创新性的设计。

不同的设计有不同的评判标准，对设计过程的评判取决于师生交流的程度。

目录

总体指导…………………………………………………………………………………4

实验一 工效学与家具尺寸………………………………………………………………………6

实验二 应用工效学进行设计……………………………………………………………………7

总体指导

调研

解决作业所涉及的问题，仅仅依靠教材是不够的。学生要完成作业，必须作两方面的调研：文献资料的调研和现有产品的调研。学生可以去图书馆、资料室、网络、一定的生活环境进行收集信息、观察调研。对现有产品进行调研时应现场绘制草图并测量主要尺寸，以便改进设计。通过调研，激发学生的学习主动性，培养学生自我钻研、改革创新的精神和应用人机知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。

选题

教师可以提供一定数量的作业题目供学生选择，学生也可以在征求老师意见的前提下自拟题目。建议题目与家具设计或制造相关，但不反对其它产品的人机学设计。学生应在一周内选定题目，中途不得更改，以免延误时间。大部分题目应该一个人独立完成，对于工作量大的题目可由2~3人完成。题目选定后报告给老师以便记录和跟踪辅导。

辅导

在辅导答疑过程中，教师只向学生作原则性、方向性等方面的指导，而不对具体问题作具体的回答。鼓励多方案的设计，鼓励“为不久的将来而设计”，鼓励多学科交叉、多技术融合的设计。

过程检查

问题的核心和关键往往是开头和中间。因此，在作业的开始和中间，教师应加强督促检查。有关调研工作应该在课外完成，而课堂时间是教师和学生交流的时间，学生要合理地安排时间和工作进度，保证按期完成工作。

交流

有条件的情况下，同学们应该多进行交流，互相启发。对于资料的应用，不应是照搬找抄，而应作一定的分析。在设计的最后环节应分享成果，以便开阔眼界和思路。

总结

学生在作业的最后部分，应就设计的结论、创新点、得失、优缺点、需要进一步研究的问题进行简要总结。

作业要求和格式

作业无固定的格式和版式，建议用A4纸打印若干张彩图，不反对手绘。作业应有设计图纸和设计说明。图纸应尽可能表达设计意图，采用三视图或配以透视图，应标注必要的三维空间尺寸和主要零部件的主要尺寸，并说明它们与人体尺寸的关系，对零部件明细表、结构和工艺不多要求。说明应简明扼要，包括题目、调研分析、方案构思、多方案比较、对本设计的说明（尤其是图样本身未能表达的问题）、小结，做到有理有据，最后注明参考文献和原始图片出处。所有作业纸张应装订成册，配以封面。

答辩

为了交流，同时避免作业雷同，至少在课程结束一周内，学生应亲自将作业的打印稿交给老师，同时回答老师提出的1~2道问题。

参考题目

坐卧类

1某种椅子（如与电脑桌结合）的人机学设计

2学生床的人机学设计

桌台类

3电脑桌的人机学设计

4 阅览桌的人机学设计

5绘图桌的人机学设计

6阅报桌的人机学设计

7校用实验台的人机学设计

柜类

8书柜的人机学设计

架类

9书架的人机学设计

10期刊架人机学设计

11报纸架的人机学设计

12光盘架的人机学设计

其它单一产品类

13书车的人机学设计

14书梯的人机学设计

15书踏的人机学设计

生活方式类

16为坐而设计

配套设计类

17图书馆配套家具的人机学设计

室内设计类

18本科生公寓的人机学设计

实验安排

实验一与实验二是相关的，是同一题目不同阶段的安排。

实验一 工效学与家具尺寸

（实验一的内容仅指在课时内的作业内容）

1作业目的

了解并逐渐熟悉某种家具的人机尺寸。

2作业内容

1）测定某种家具的三维总体尺寸和主要局部尺寸、主要零部件的人机尺寸；

2）与人体尺寸及其计算结果进行对比，从而分析现有产品。

3方法步骤

测量法

文献资料数据分析计算法

比较法

1）根据选题，分析家具的尺寸。

2）测定家具的有关尺寸。

3）针对某尺寸，查阅相关资料及标准，进行适当的计算。

4）将理想数据与现状数据进行对比。对比时可参考人机国家标准和家具国家标准。

5）分析现有产品。

6）提出初步的改进意见和方案。

4作业要求

1）人体尺寸的数据选用要合理。

2）计算要有依据和步骤。

为进一步的设计提供参考依据

实验二 应用工效学进行设计

（实验二的内容仅指在课时内的作业内容）

1作业目的

    通过具体的产品设计，掌握人体工程学的基本知识，培养应用工效学设计产品或环境的初步能力。

2作业内容

    应用各种人机知识，设计一种家具，或配套家具，或应用人机知识进行特定场所的简单室内设计。

3方法步骤

三视图、效果图

编写设计说明

1）根据选题，分析可能的主要人机问题。不仅包括尺寸，而且包括其它方面的问题。

2）理论结合实际，应用人机知识解决问题。

3）绘制三视图。

4）简要作出设计说明。

5）完善设计文件。

4作业要求

按总体要求和格式。

评分准则：

1、 设计说明不少于2页或3000字。图纸包括三视图和效果图。

2、 根据设计说明的详细程度、设计功能造型等的新颖性、复杂性综合定成绩。

人类工效学论文选题方向15/41

Activity Theories for Work Analysis and Design （ID:  AC）

The challenge of activity-driven approaches for changes

Objective

In August 2000, the International Ergonomics Association Council adopted an official definition, writing that 《ergonomics is a systems-oriented discipline which now extends across all aspects of human activity 》 It was decided in July 2005, to form a Technical Committee named 《 Activity theories for work analysis and design 》. Its objectives are:
   ? To develop a research community interested by cultural and historical approaches of human conduct in ergonomics.
   ? To document and to disseminate theories and methods based on these approaches for field analysis and design.
   ? To organize collaborative events for researchers and practitioners interested by this area.

After two previous events of the TC ATWAD (Maastricht, 2006, and Helsinki, 2008), the 17th triennial IEA congress provides the opportunity to create a unique forum for exchanges and dialogues with the Chinese and Asian communities interested by activity-driven design approaches for changes. “Activity approaches” is understood in the broad sense. Cultural and Historical Activity Theory, but also situated approaches of action and cognition at work, or workplace studies and practice-based approaches are welcome.

Themes

 Submissions are invited in all areas of theoretical and empirical research in ergonomics: intervention, design and change, well-being and occupational health, etc.

 Presentations

Next to oral presentations, posters, round table discussions may be proposed. The proposal will either focus on theoretical and empirical research or intervention. Presentations will be published in the proceedings of the IEA 20## Congress.

Submission and Important dates

Abstracts can be submitted at the IEA Congress website (www.iea2009.org).

Please make sure to select the Track ID as a keyword when submitting your paper.

Submission of 500 word abstract: November 15, 2008.

Notification of acceptance: January 1, 2009.

Full paper: April 1, 2009.

Affective Design（ID:  AF）

The Affective Product Design (AF) Track is accepting submissions for the AF Track at the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. This track encourages symposia, panels, and demonstrations that address affective/emotional design and evaluation of products. The content could include laboratory, field and case studies, conceptual models, and demonstrations. Relevant topics include novel methods for measurement of affect, cross-cultural and usability issues in affective design, development of affective design standards. Symposia with papers that combine Affective Design methods with particular domain areas (e.g. healthcare, transportation, building and construction) are especially welcomed. We are also interested in demonstrations of new products/tools/software/methods that address affective issues for young and elderly users.

Aging（ID:  AG）

The IEA Aging Technical Committee is accepting submissions for the Aging Track at the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. Aging Track encourages symposia, panels, and demonstrations that address for example Aging and work, Promotion of Work ability, Health and Well being of Aging workers, Female workers and Aging, Age management, Gerotechnology, Aging workers and technology, Aging and working hours, Aging and learning.

The content could include laboratory, field and case studies, conceptual models, and demonstrations. Symposia with papers that combine aging with particular domain areas (e.g. healthcare, transportation, building and construction) are especially welcomed. We are also interested in demonstrations of new products/tools/software/methods that address affective issues for elderly users.

Agricultural Ergonomics（ID:  AR）

The IEA Agriculture Ergonomics Track (formerly the Primary Industries Technical Committee) is now accepting submissions for the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. This Track calls for proposals for symposia, panels, workshops, field demonstrations and papers that address current or emerging issues in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, viticulture and any other land-based industries. In particular we are interested in proposals related to any of the following topics:
    ?  Ergonomic applications in production agriculture
    ?  Ergonomic applications in labor-intensive agriculture
    ?  Agricultural machinery and equipment design and safety
    ?  New technologies in agriculture
    ?  Agricultural health and safety
    ?  Special populations in agriculture: youths, elderly, migrant and seasonal workers, etc.

The interest of this track also cover other predominantly rural occupations including fishing and the transportation and primary processing of produce – for example log truck driving, initial seafood processing and sawmill work.

The content of these offerings could include case studies, reports of laboratory research, and descriptions of field methods, conceptual models, evaluations, implementation approaches and intervention programme design. Demonstrations or examples of new products/tools/software/methods that have had impact in addressing common ergonomics problems or livelihood issues in these industries would also be very welcome.

In particular, we are looking for contributions covering novel methods of qualitative and quantitative data collection in the field, and also any presentations that discuss methods for the reliable evaluation of intervention effectiveness in rural communities.

Children and School Ergonomics（ID:  CH）

Papers on all aspects of ergonomics for children, youths and students are encouraged to be part of the Children and School Ergonomics Track organized by the IEA Technical Committee on Ergonomics for Children and Educational Environments (ECEE). Suggested scope of topics might include: backpacks, furniture & equipment, product development, technology use, and education. Panel discussions and joint presentations with members of other tracks are welcome.

Development of practices and work changes （ID:  EW）

Themes

In the work environment, formal and informal training plays an essential role as a means of contributing to and supporting many technical and organisational changes. While training programmes are often designed for operators to adapt, the studies based on the ergonomic analysis of work have shown they can have another status allowing actors themselves to “appropriate” changes by making the learning activity and work the main focus of the training, and reiterating the relevance of treating the issue of well-being along with the economic and management considerations.

How do changes in the form of employment (development of precarious jobs, or atypical working hours), organisation of work (combined industrial and trade constraints), technologies (increasing use of new technologies of communication and information) transform the practice of training from the viewpoint of the training staff, but also for ergonomists and the way they view the field of training? How have research and practical exercises based on the ergonomic analyses of work, contributed to transform work through training or give clues to the actors in the work environment for them to detect, understand, and take action in a situation that is changing?
- 1 - The relation between training, work and health
    The present context of intensification of work and harshening of working conditions calls for a reflection on the relationship between health and work. The construction of health all along the professional course is more than ever an issue. This construction implies acquiring knowledge, individual and team skills, either by means of training programmes or throughout the activity of work. Can the broad issue of work be considered today outside the context of building knowledge and know-how, constructing the experience of workers? Can the conditions under which training is organised be viewed as determining factors of health at the workplace? Can they impact the subsequent elaboration of strategies in relation to health at work?
- 2 - Transmission between beginners and experienced workers
    Approaching the question of training through intergenerational relations implies focusing on the central issue of skills and adjustments at work and placing them it perspective with regard to job requirements. What kind of knowledge and skills do different workers hold in the context of a rapidly changing environment in terms of organisation and work tools? Do the present employment issues have an impact on the relations between different generations at work, mutual assistance processes, transmission of knowledge and exchanges at the workplace? What kind of complementarities can the different forms of organisation of work build and preserve?
- 3 - Job trainers
    The job of trainers has often been studied from the viewpoint of knowledge transmission, pedagogy and effectiveness of training, but rarely are the constraints these operators are faced with and the resources they have available (whether personal or organisational) taken into account. Consequently, how can the analysis of the work activity contribute to reflect the overall activity of trainers (teaching, but also preparation, evaluation, administration, technical watch etc.) either in its individual or collective dimension? Understanding the trainers’ work activity in broad terms and not only as a teaching activity may also prompt us to ponder over their working conditions as well as the health of operators and their development throughout their professional life. Finally, the public and private dimensions of the trainers’ professional activity refer the method of analysis of work to its different forms of implementation.
- 4 - NICT, learning and teaching activities
    New information and communication technologies have deeply impregnated the environment of work and professional training for the past two decades. How are these new tools being integrated into training situations (e-learning, 3D or VR simulations…)? In addition to learning how to use NICTs at work, how and to what extent do they actually change the learning activity of trainees and the professional activity of trainers?
    How can an anaysis of the activity of trainers contribute to the designing of NITCs?
    The use of NITCs is often shown as beneficial for learning situations: how and by what means do they truly contribute (or not) to ownership of professional knowledge and know-how?
- 5 – Work analysis and training design
    Participation of trainers in the analysis of their work activities can form a training framework of its own. Many studies have stressed the positive role of self-confrontation to develop the operators’ skills.
An analysis of the work activity is also a prerequisite to design training modules: does it solely contribute to elaborating the contents of training or does it also allow to perceive training situations, seize the progression of learning or even contribute to designing training tools? In these different contributions to the designing of training courses, how are the end-users taken into account: trainers and trainees?
- 6 – Evaluation of results and impact of training
    As we have noted in previous symposiums, research studies and experimentations with training presently relate both to the design and organisation of training courses and to the activity of trainers. If an attempt were made to review and draw a balance of these experiences, what outcome would be expected? How can the progress currently made in our knowledge of training issues – trainers – trainees – work – optimise training and its benefits at the workplace and in the interest of health preservation? How can the knowledge acquired at a training session be evaluated? Can a comparison between an individual’s performance of an identical or equivalent task before and after training provide a relevant evaluation?
- 7 - Introducing the company employees to work analysis
    For a number of years now, training of company employees or institutional employees is included in the practice of ergonomics. Training union members to analyse work is one of the aspects covered. It is also being considered in relation to other issues (MSDs, age, psycho-social risks…) and to other actors (HR functions, occupational medicine, engineering,…). The symposium could be an opportunity to take stock of the progress made with this tool of ergonomics, its contents and impacts.

Gender and Work（ID:  GE）

The IEA Gender and Work Technical Committee is accepting submissions for the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. This track encourages symposia, panels, and demonstrations that address gender and work from a diversity of perspectives. The interactions between gender, sex and the science and practice of ergonomics can occur with respect to the physical, social or organizational aspects of work. Content could include: consequences of the gendered division of labour for the health of men and women; gender-sensitive product design; differences in intervention strategies according to the gender of the work force; interactions between work schedules and domestic responsibilities of women and men; training programs for women entering physically demanding jobs; gender differences in the experience of musculoskeletal symptoms; gender and compensation for occupational health problems. Selected papers may be retained, after review, for publication in a special issue on gender that is being planned with the journal Ergonomics.

Healthcare Ergonomics（ID:  HE）

The IEA Healthcare Ergonomics Technical Committee calls for submissions for the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. The topics could address ergonomic research on for example the area of Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment, Rehabilitation but also Patient Safety, Hospital Ergonomics and Training in Healthcare. We welcome as well single papers as proposals for symposia, workshops or initiatives for meetings on international research collaborations.

Human Computer Interaction（ID:  HU）

The Human Computer Interaction Track awaits your submissions for the IEA 20## Congress that will be held August 20## in Beijing, China. The track calls for proposals that can be:
      ?  Interactive sessions: e.g. panels and workshops
      ?  Symposia: one or several sessions on a specific theme, either scientific, technical or a mix of
         both
      ?  Scientific research and review papers or posters
      ?  Technical case study papers, application papers (or posters).
      ?  Proposals for any other format of presentation or for an interactive activity are also welcome.

The interest of this Track includes all emerging issues in the HCI area, in particular, innovative and future-looking HCI technologies. Suggested topics for contributions include, but are not limited to:
      ?  Novel User Interface                                 ?  Scenario-based Usability Engineering
      ?  Multi-modal Interfaces                              ?  Affective User Interface
      ?  Mobile computing and RFID                   ?  User Interface for Small Devices
      ?  Intelligent/Adaptive Interfaces                 ?  Tangible/Touch User Interface
      ?  Context-dependant Systems                  ?  HCI and Web 2.0
      ?  Usability Evaluation                                  ?  User Experience

Office and Furniture Ergonomics（ID:  OF）

The Office and Furniture Ergonomics Track would like to invite proposals from researchers, practitioners and students in relation to current and emerging issues related to office and furniture ergonomics. Very specifically, this Track would be interested in innovative research that can promote the importance of ergonomics, especially in the Asian region. The proposals can be related to case studies, lab or field research, scientific models, evaluations or implementation approaches to various issues in relation to office ergonomics. Studies that emphasize design approaches will be highly valued.

Organizational Design and Management（ID:  OR）

The IEA Technical Committee on ODAM invites you to submit papers, posters, panels, workshops and round tables related to any of the following topics:
     ? Organizational design and management / Macroergonomics
     ? Participatory ergonomics
     ? Macroergonomics in healthcare systems
     ? Sociotechnical systems
     ? Cross cultural issues perspectives of macroergonomics
     ? Occupational health, stress and well-being
     ? Organizational and technological change
     ? Job and organization design

Process Control（ID:  PC）

The Process Control Track is accepting submissions for the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. Process Control has changed from being the prerogative of specialised operators in complex industries to become something that many people encounter, and is affected by, in their daily work. The PC Track encourages symposia, panels, workshops, and presentations that address practical and theoretical issues of process control in both the industrial and private sphere. Relevant topics include: practical approaches to design, operation, and maintenance of process control environments; changes from localised process control to integrated operations; interface and interaction design; training in real and synthetic environments; the proper use of automation; joint systems; decision making and decision support; function allocation and work design; distribution of roles and responsibilities; control of beyondthe-design-base scenarios, etc. Field studies and other experiences from the process control in the “wild” are encouraged.

Psychophysiology in Ergonomics（ID:  PS）

The Track on Psychophysiology in Ergonomics is accepting submissions for the IEA 20## Congress in Beijing, China. The track encourages symposia, panels, and demonstrations that address research, application and evaluation of products related to the use of psychophysiological techniques in applied ergonomics research. Relevant topics include the use of psychophysiology to investigate safety-related performance in aviation and driving environments, application of psychophysiology to evaluate display designs and HCI, affective computing, and ambulatory use of psychophysiology in work environments. We are also interested in empirical work that addresses psychophysiological concepts of human mental workload, stress and fatigue. The content for the symposia could include laboratory research (including task simulation) or applied psychophysiology in the field. .

Service and HF Practice（ID:  SE）

Despite the fact that the service sector plays an important role in contributing to the national economy of most advanced industrialized countries, its representation in ergonomics research and practice is underrated. The term “services” comprises – exemplified as technical services for industrial physical goods production along a product lifecycle – invention and customer demand oriented engineering, marketing and provision, production planning & control, enterprise resource management, logistics and warehousing, repair and maintenance, recycling and reuse. So contributions to the Track on Service Ergonomics and Human Factors Practice are invited, concerning:
     ? analysis of service tasks and respective environments by adapted or specialized methods in terms of description, simulation and intervention
     ? allocation of functions of and in services to units, system components in departments and companies and their consequences in terms of employment modes, labour conditions and design of workplaces
     ? life cycle phases of service products in service engineering and practical service design combined with anticipative exploration and evaluation of stressors and strain for service personnel
     ? quantity modelling of services with consequences for cooperation in service providing, personnel management and personnel measurement, workload and strain symptoms (e.g. burn-out)
     ? quality modelling of services with impacts on competency and “confidence” aspects in the interrelation of providers and customers, especially in terms of HF of service quality management and “game theory” considerations
     ? typologies of services especially respecting variables of necessary human inputs and properties (like qualifications and skills) of the service workforce
     ? role-, functions-, actions-models in services with consequences for evaluation and design of cooperation, coordination, communication (C3-processes) as focuses of service management and teamwork
     ? special support of services by information technologies, like Workflow Systems, Advanced Planning Systems, CASE-Computer Aided Service Engineering, Teleservice etc. and change management of labour partition by technological innovations
     ? promotion of “service engineering” as discipline with the objects “service design” as company unit, with a specific human resource management over the service product lifecycle, with a professionalized view on the different phases of service demands analysis, service invention and design, service planning, implementation, service test and control etc. This disciplinary development should especially include “human factors” as essential component of service engineering.
     ? comparative analysis of “service engineering concepts” like prototyping, reverse engineering, normative phase and cascade modelling, spiral and feedback/feed forward modelling in terms of the HF/ergonomics role in the development process

Work With Computing Systems（ID:  WO）

The overall objective of the IEA Technical Committee on WWCS is to advance knowledge about the ergonomic design and evaluation of interactive computing systems used in the work and business systems of commercial and nonprofit organizations. Special attention is paid to promoting users’ health, well-being and productivity and to the interaction between theory and practice.
    This Track encourages interdisciplinary submissions addressing case, field and laboratory studies on work with computing systems as well as innovative models, methods and tools concerning the following themes:
     ? Usability of workplace computing systems and Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
       at work
     ? User interface design for aging workers
     ? User diversity for new and future technologies
     ? Social responsibility
     ? Software ergonomic standards and standardization
     ? Vision during ICT work
     ? Future user interfaces utilizing eye and EEG data
     ? ICT and stress

20##级木材科学与工程专业人体工程学设计课题（2008秋）