初中语法介词

初中语法——介词通讲

(一) 知识概要

介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。

介词表示时间表示地点方位表示原因方式其他

about 大约在……时间about five o'clock 在周围，大约多远about five kilometres 关于、涉及

talk about you

above 高出某一平面

above sea level

across 横过 walk across the street对面 across the street

after 在……之后

after supper

跟……后面

one after another

追赶

run after you

against 背靠逆风

against the wall, against the wind

反对

be against you

among 三者以上的中间

among the trees

at 在某时刻

at ten

在小地点

at the school gate

表示速度

at high speed

向着，对着

at me

before 在……之前

before lunch

位于……之前

sit before me

behind 位于……之后

behind the tree

below 低于……水平

below zero

不合格

below the standard

by 到……时刻，在……时刻之前

by five o'clock

紧挨着

site by site

乘坐交通工具by air, by bick 被由

was made by us

during 在……期间during the holidays

for 延续多长时间

for five years

向……去

leave for Shanghai 为了，对于

be good for you

from 从某时到……某时from morning till night 来自何方 from New York

由某原料制成be made from

来自何处

where are you from

in 在年、月、周较长时间内in a week 在里面

in the room

用某种语言in English 穿着

in red

into 进入……里面

walk into

除分

divide into

变动

turn into water

near 接近某时near five years 在……附近near the park of 用某种原料制成

be made of

属于……性质

a map of U. S .A

on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面

on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于a book on Physics

over 渡过一整段时间work over night 在上方

over the desk

超过，高于over five pairs

past 超过某一时刻

ten past five

经过某地

walk past the park

since 从某时以来

since 1980

原因

Since you were ill

through 经过某一时期through his life 通过、穿过某地

through the forest

tilluntil 直到某时为止till five o'clock

to 差多少时间

five to ten

问，到，去往

to Shanghai

面对面

face to face

给予give a book to me

under 在……下面

under the desk

少于

under ten

在……管制之下 under the rule

with 用某种工具with a pen 带着，具有

with me

without 没有

without air

(二) 正误辨析

［误］ We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.

［正］ We got to the top of the mountain at day break.

［析］ at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。［误］ Don't sleep at daytime

［正］ Don't sleep in daytime.

［析］ in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month 3

/ year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。

［误］ We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.

［正］ We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.

［析］ in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th

［误］ He became a writter at his twenties

［正］ He became a writter in his twenties

［析］这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。

［误］ He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.

［正］ He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.

［析］在具体年岁前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age，等等。

［误］ We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.

［正］ We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.

［析］具体某一天要用介词on, 又如：on New Year's Day

［误］ I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.

［正］ I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.

［析］在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。

［误］ I haven't see you during the summer holidays.

［正］ I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.

［析］ during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为"整整，全部的时间"。如：It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。

［误］ At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

［正］ On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.

［析］ On 加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一听见， on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词)

［误］ In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

［正］ At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.

［析］ at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end＝at last是指"最终，终于"之意。 ［误］ Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

［正］ By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.

［析］ by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.

［误］ He came to London before last weekend.

［正］ He had come to London before last weekend.

［正］ He came to London two weeks ago.

［析］ before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。

［误］ I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.

［正］ I have studied English for three years since I came here.

［析］ since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态

［误］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.

［正］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.

［析］中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。 ［误］ Three days after he died.

［正］ After three days he died.

［正］ Three days later he died.

［析］ after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。

［误］ She hid herself after the tree.

［正］ She hid herself behind the tree.

［析］ after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。 ［误］ There is a beautiful bird on the tree.

［正］ There is a beautiful bird in the tree.

［析］树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree. ［误］ Shanghai is on the east of China.

［正］ Shanghai is in the east of China.

［析］在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China. 

［误］ I arrived at New York on July 2nd.

［正］ I arrived in New York on July 2nd.

［析］ at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。

［误］ He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.

［正］ He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.

［析］在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。

［误］ There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.

［正］ There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.

［析］在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.

［误］ This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.

［正］ This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.

［析］要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailor's shop (裁缝店)＝at a tailor's, at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在书店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家)

［误］ Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper?

［正］ Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper?

［析］在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。

［误］ The school will begin on September 1st.

［正］ School will begin on September 1st.

［析］这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。

［误］ In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

［正］ On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.

［析］译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光"在……的路上"应用on one's way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。［误］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.

［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.

［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.

［析］ in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。

［误］ I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.

［正］ I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.

［正］ I'll leave for Shanghai.

［析］ leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。

［误］ I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.

［正］ I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.

［析］ get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on／off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into／out of (a car, taxi…)

［误］ Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

［正］ Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

［析］ over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.

［误］ There is an old stone bridge above the river.

［正］ There is an old stone bridge over the river.

［析］ over还有一意为"跨越，横跨"。

［误］ The Dead Sea is under the sea level.

［正］ The Dead Sea is below the sea level.

［析］在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。

［误］ There is a big tree in the front of the house.

［正］ There is a big tree in front of the house. 

［析］ in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.

［误］ It took them two days to walk across the forest.

［正］ It took them two days to walk through the forest.

［析］ across 作为介词有两个主要意思：① 横过，如：I want to walk across the street.② 对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother. ［误］ The sun sets toward the west.

［正］ The sun sets in the west.

［析］ towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.

［误］ Do you have no other clothes except those?

［正］ Do you have no other clothes besides those?

［析］ beside 是"在……旁边"，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是"除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……"，如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。

［误］ Can I write the exam paper with ink?

［正］ Can I write the exam paper with a pen?

［正］ Can I write the exam paper in ink?

［析］ with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。

［误］ I'm earlier today. I came here by his car.

［正］ I'm earlier today. I came here in his car.

［析］在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi

by train=in a train

by bicycle=on a bicycle

by ship=on a ship

by boat=in a boat

by bus=on a bus

by plane=on a plane

by air 空运

by land 陆运

by sea 海运

on foot on horseback

by phone by letter by radio

by air mail by hand

［误］ A lot of French wines are made of grape.

［正］ A lot of French wines are made from grape.

［析］ made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.

［误］ This is a good dictionary in English grammar.

［正］ This is a good dictionary on English grammar.

［析］关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。

［误］ Do you have the key of the door. 

［正］ Do you have the key to the door.

［析］ key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of。

［误］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.

［正］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.

［析］ have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。

［误］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me.

［正］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me.

［析］ be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.

［误］ He was good for skating.

［正］ He was good at skating.

［析］ be good at 为"擅长某事"，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。

［误］ It was good to you to help my little boy.

［正］ It was good of you to help my little boy.

［析］这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.

［误］ My parents were very pleased at me.

［正］ My parents were very pleased with me.

［正］ My parents were very pleased at my studying.

［析］ be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。

［误］ He is agree with me.

［正］ He agrees with me.

［误］ He againsts me.

［正］ He is against me.

［析］同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。

［误］ I haven't heard letters from him.

［正］ I haven't heard from him.

［析］ hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。

［误］ Teacher. May I call at you this weekend?

［正］ Teacher. May I call on you this weekend?

［析］作为"拜访"讲call at其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。

［误］ Do you know the girl on white?

［正］ Do you know the girl in white?

［析］ in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of order(出故障)

［误］ He looked at me at surprise.

［正］ He looked at me in surprise.

［析］ surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，To one's surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise. 8

［误］ She didn't come to school because of she was ill.

［正］ She didn't come to school because she was ill.

［析］ because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain.

(三) 例题解析

1 - Thank you ＿＿＿ the beautiful flowers!

- Not at all.

A in B on C at D for 

［答案］ D. 

［析］由于某事向某人道谢应用for。

2 Can you answer this question ＿＿＿ English?

A by B in C with D from



［答案］ B. 

［析］ in 表示用语言、声音、或材料，如：He answered the question in a low voice. 3 Look ＿＿＿ the map ＿＿＿ China ＿＿＿ the wall, please.

A after, of, in B at, of, in

C after, in, on D at, of, on 

［答案］ D. 

［析］ look at 为"看"，而on the wall为"在墙表面挂着"，而in the wall 则是"在墙内"，如：There is hole in the wall.墙上有个洞。

4 - When did Mr Green arrive in London?

- He arrived there ＿＿＿ the evening of December 6th.

A at B in C on D to

［答案］ C. 

［析］ in the evening / afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。

5 We won the relay race. And there was a big smile ＿＿＿ our teacher's face.

A off B near C on D between

［答案］ C. 

6 The twins got on well ＿＿＿ their classmates.

A to B in C with D about



［答案］ C. 

［析］ get on well with与人相处很好。

7 - Please remember to come to my birthday party.

- I see. I'll come ＿＿＿ Saturday evening.

A in B at C on D for



［答案］ C. 

8 Let's hurry， or we'll be late ＿＿＿ school

A to B at C with D for



［答案］ D.

［析］ be late for，而 come late to，如： Don't come late to school

9 They will have a maths test ＿＿＿ two days

A for B at C in D after



［答案］ C.

［析］三天之内应用in，而不要受中文影响用after， after three days 是个不定的时间范围，即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是after three days。

10 My brother joined the army ＿＿＿

A 1989， March B in March， 1989

C March， 1989 D 1989， in March 

［答案］ B.

［析］在月份、年、前用介词in，而日子前用on。

11 He couldn't work out the maths problem ＿＿＿ your help

A without B under C for D with



［答案］ A.

［析］在某人帮助下应用with，如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily 而要是没有你的帮助则用 without your help

12 Granny took one look at us ＿＿＿ her glasses

A by B through C on D in



［答案］ B.

［析］ through 为穿过……。

13 We had our breakfast ＿＿＿ a quarter ＿＿＿ seven

A /， to B in， to C at， to D on， to



［答案］ C.

［析］具体时间点前用at，而差几分几点用to，这里应译为：我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。 14 I learn French ＿＿＿ the radio every day

A on B in C from D at



［答案］ A.

［析］从收音机中听到某事应用词组 on the radio。

15 It's good manners to wait ＿＿＿ line

A in B on C at D with



［答案］ A.

［析］ in line 为排队。

16 How many English words had you learnt ＿＿＿ last term?

A by the end of B at the end of

C to the end of D till the end of 

［答案］ A.

［析］ by the end of 为动作的截止时间，与完成时态相配合

17 The manager was very satisfied ＿＿＿ his work

A in B on C about D with



［答案］ D.

［析］ be satisfied with 为固定搭配。

18 John hit Jack ＿＿＿ face

A on the B in the C on his D in his



［答案］ B.

［析］英文中的某些动词其后要接人，然后加介词＋the＋身体部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。

19 I was born ＿＿＿ the night ＿＿＿ September 15， 1978

A in， on B at， on C at， in D on， of 

［答案］ D.

［析］在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。

20 It's a bad manner to laugh ＿＿＿ people when they are ＿＿＿ trouble A over， in B at， in C in， at D at， for



［答案］ B.

［析］ laugh at 嘲笑某人， laugh over 笑着谈论某人或某事， in trouble 陷入困境。 21 I can't do this work well ＿＿＿ Tom's help

A under B for C without D from



［答案］ C.

22 Don't shout ＿＿＿ the old woman。 You should be more polite ＿＿＿ her A to， at B at， to C in， for D from， for



［答案］ B.

［析］ shout at 为"冲某人喊叫"，而 be polite to somebody 为"对某人和气。" 23 We must be strict ＿＿＿ our selves ＿＿＿ everything

A with， in B in， with C with， to D to， of



［答案］ A.

［析］ be strict with 对某人严格要求。

24 He went to the football match ＿＿＿ lunch last Sunday

A to B without C behind D between



［答案］ B.

［析］ without lunch 未吃午饭。

25 The people's Republic of China was founded ＿＿＿ 1949

A with B on C since D in



［答案］ D.

［析］在年代前用in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时，所以不能用since。

26 Mr Black got to Hangzhou ＿＿＿ a few days

A in B after C on D at



［答案］ B.

［析］这句话应译为：几天之后 Mr Black 到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事，所以选B。

27 - Has the teacher given you any advice ＿＿＿ your English study?

- Yes， he has

A from B with C on D in



［答案］ C.

［析］给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用on。

28 You may depend ＿＿＿ him He is ＿＿＿ honest man

A on， a B in， an C on， an D at， the



［答案］ C.

［析］ depend on 为"依靠某人或某事"，而 honest 的首字母 h 不发音。

29 ＿＿＿ my joy， I can answer this question

A With B To C By D For



［答案］ B.

［析］ To one's joy 意为"使我高兴的是。"

30 The teacher asked the students to look ＿＿＿ the word in the dictionary A for B at C up D after



［答案］ C.

［析］ look for 寻找， look at 看， look after 照顾， look up 查字典。

31 A little monkey is playing ＿＿＿ a tree and there are a lot of bananas ＿＿＿ it A on， on B in， on C on， in D in， in



［答案］ B.

［析］树上长出的果实为 on the tree 而其他外来之物要用 in the tree，表达在树上。

32 I go to school ＿＿＿ bus every morning.

A. in B. by C. on D. at

 ［答案］ B.

 ［析］ by后直接加交通工具，表示乘某种交通工具去某地。

33 No one likes a person ＿＿＿ bad manners.

A. without B. on C. out of D. with

 ［答案］ D.

 ［析］ with bad manners 有不良习惯的人。

34 The policeman was surprised ＿＿＿ the news.

A. into B. for C. at D. out of

 ［答案］ C.

 ［析］ be surprised at 对某事吃惊。

35 He had to sell newspapers ＿＿＿ seven.

A. at an age of B. at the ages of C. at the age of D. at age of

 ［答案］ C.

 ［析］ at the age of 在几岁时。

36 The little girl couldn't help ＿＿＿ when she saw a large dog. A. cried B. to cry C. crying D. cries

 ［答案］ C.

 ［析］ couldn't help＋动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事，或禁不住做某事。 37 Jack was born ＿＿＿ March 1st, 1978.

A. on B. in C. at D. of

 ［答案］ A.

 ［析］日期，时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。

38 Edison was very interested ＿＿＿ science when he was a boy. A. to B. on C. in D. about

 ［答案］ C.

 ［析］ be interested in something 对某事感兴趣。

39 The teacher was very satisfied ＿＿＿ her answer.

A. in B. on C. for D. with

 ［答案］ D.

40 The story happened ＿＿＿ Beijing.

A. in B. with C. for D. on

 ［答案］ A.

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