in case用法小结

原题如下：

1. John may phone tonight．I don't want to go out ____ he phones．（NMET 2000，春季）

A．as long as B．in order that C．in case D．so that

2．I should stay in the hotel all day _____ there is news of the missing child．NMET 2000上海春季）

A．in case B．no matter C．in any case D．even since

3．I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some ____ ．（NMET 2000）

A．at last B．in case C．once again D．in time

以上三题答案尽管相同，但in case在三题中的词义和语法职能并不一样，其用法使人困惑。今不揣浅陋，将以上三种用法以及与in case相关的几个短语用法，一并试予介绍和讨论。拙文拟分两个部分，先介绍各个短语的词义并列举实例；再讨论各个短语用法特点、同项用法的区别以及可转换为其他句型的用法。

（一）in case作短语连词，能引导状语从句。就其词义和语法职能来分，可引导两种从句。 其一：in case ／just in case引导目的状语从句作“以免，以备，以防”等解。如： He takes a torch in case it gets dark before he returns．

他带了手电筒，以备天黑以后回家之用。

I've bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch．

我买来一只童子鸡，以备你妈妈留下吃午饭。

I decided to stay at home just in case my friends came round．

我决定留在家里，以防朋友们不期而至。

I'll make some sandwiches in case you feel hungry on the journey．

我会做些三明治，免得你在旅途中饿着。

Buy one of his paintings now，in case they get more expensive．

现在就买下他的一幅画，以防他的画涨价。

You must be quiet in case the fish are frightened．

其二：in case接条件从句，意为“如果、万一”。如：

In case we fail，we won't lose heart．万一我们失败，我们决不会失去信心。 Add more coal in case the weather is cold．如果天气冷，就添些煤吧。

In case you get home before I do，could you start preparing dinner？

如果你在我之前到家，你能不能动手做饭？

In case they're late，we can always sit in the bar．

要是他们来晚了，我们总可以在酒吧里坐一坐。

In case you were thinking I'd lend any money，I'll tell you now—I won't．

如果你以往认为我总是借钱给你，这回对你说明白：我不借。

Little Melanie，in case you've forgot- ten，hasn't forgiven you．

如果你忘记了，小梅兰妮是不会原谅你的。

（二）in case作副词性短语，常置于句末，表示事先准备或预防的措施，作“以防万一”解。如：

She ought to be there in case．他应在那儿等着，以防万一。

I will keep some of these unused in case．我要保留一些不用，以备急需。

“I don't think there's any danger，”said the electrician，“but you'd better switch the electricity off in case．”电工说，“我看没啥危险，不过你最好关上电闸，以防万一。”

I'm sure they haven't forgotten but let's send them a reminder just in case．

我相信他们不会忘记，不过为防止万一，还是给他们发一封催促函吧。

The bus is usually on time，but start early，just in case．

那班汽车通常是准点的，但你还是早点动身，以防万一。

（三）in case of是短语介词，后接名词、动名词等。它带的短语置于句末常看作目的状语，作“以免，以防”解（A）；置于句首常视为条件状语，作“如果，万一”解（B）。但位置不是绝对的。如：

（A）The wall was built along the river in case of floods．沿河筑起防护墙，以防洪水。 You should keep a first-aid kit in the car in case of accident．

你应该在车里放一套急救用品，以备意外事故需用。

Many shops along the route have boarded up in case of trouble．

这条干道上沿途有许多商店都用木板钉上，（遮拦住玻璃门窗），以防止受到骚扰。 In case of rain I have an umbrella．我带了把雨伞以防下雨。

In case of need，I can make a trip to Boston．如有急事，我可以去趟波士顿。

In case of difficulty，you can reach me at this number．

如果有困难，你可以拨这个电话号码找我。

In case of my absence，some one will take my place．如果我不到，将有别人代替。 In case of my not being there，ask my brother to help you．

万一我不在那里，让我弟弟来帮助你。

In case of 和for fear of的用法区别

1. 作“提防”，“惟恐”这个意思讲，in case of 和for fear of 是同义词，但不一定能通用：in case of 只能用来引导名词，for fear of 多半引导动名词短语。

例如：In case of fire, break the bottle. 如果发生火灾，请把瓶打破。

I always put some money in my pocket in case of need. 我总是要在口袋里放一点钱以备需用。

2. 短语in case 是个连接语，作“假如”、“万一”讲。

例如：And now Hercules began to consider what he should do, in case Atlas should be drowned in the sea.

You’d better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

3. 同if不一样，用作连词引导条件句时，in case这个短语通常用于陈述句，不用虚拟语气，而且意思也不一样。

例如：

In case I ask for leave, will she agree? 如果我请假，她会答应吗？

If I were to ask for leave, would he agree? 如果我请假，他会答应吗？

4. 即使主句是将来时态，由in case 引导的从句，仍然使用现在时态。

例如：

In case the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall hold a meeting. 如果明天天气好的话，我们将召开一次会议。

Henry will resign in case you drive him too hard. 如果你欺人太甚的话，亨利就会辞职不干。

5. 作“以防”来讲，in case相当于for fear that, 并可以通用。

例如： I wrote it down in case/ for fear that I should forget it. 我已把它抄下了，免得忘记。

I must stay at home this morning in case/for fear that he comes to see me. 我今天上午必须呆在家里，恐怕他会来看我。

6. In case这个短语，英美英语中的意思有时候并不相同。

例如：I will come in case I am wanted. 我会来的，因为也许有人要找我。（英式英语）

I will come in case I am wanted. 我会来的，只要有人找我。（美式英语）

 

第二篇：Against 用法小结

Against 用法小结

prep.

1. 与动词连用

（1）常与push、press、lean、hang、stand 等词连用，表示“紧靠、压

迫”，有时不必译出。

例如 to push against the door 用力推门

to throw the ball against the wall 用球击墙

（2）常与struggle、fight、turn、speak、rise、act、vote、contend、argue、

strive、testify、discriminate、 offend 、rage、 exclaim、cry out 等连用，表示“反对”或“反抗”。但这类动词中有些可以与介词with连用，意思相近。不过用against 比用with的语气强，着重表示在困难中斗争或反抗的意思。

例如: They were fighting against/with the enemy他们正在和敌人战斗。

The firm is too small to contend against/with large international companies. 这家公司太小, 难以和国际性大公司竞争。

2. 表示相反，有“逆行，逆?方向，对着；跟?反方向”的意思

例句: to drive against the traffic (汽车)逆行

against the current 逆流

3. 表示“预防、防备”

例句: We are all taking medicine against the cold.我们都服药以防感冒。

Save money against a rainy day (谚)储蓄金钱, 以备不时之需; 未雨绸缪。 下面还有一些词和against 连用, 表示“ 预防, 防备, 准备” :

Prevention against 预防 provide against 准备, 预备

Prepare against 防备 ready against 预防, 准备

Guard against 防备, 谨防 caution against t 警告, 谨防

Warn against 谨防 lay up against 储存以备

Protect against 保护, 免受

例句: We provided against a poor crop. 我们防备歉收。

4. 表示“在??的情况下”

It is difficult to talk against this noise在如此喧闹的情况下谈话相当困。

5. 表示对比关系，有“与??对比，对照、衬托”

例句: He was elected by a majority of 30 votes against 15.他以30票对15票的多数当选。

The pine trees were black against the morning sky. 在早晨天空的映照下, 那些松树是黑的

green against the gold 金黄色打底的绿色

6. to be against 有三种含义, 初学者往往受汉语影响, 误将against 当动词用,

应特别留心。

（1）表示“反对”

例句：I knew she was against us. 我知道她反对我们

（2）表示“违反”

例如： against one's will 违心地，违背意愿地

（3）表示“紧贴着”

例句: the house against the church 教堂隔壁的房子

（4）表示“不利于”

例句: an evidence against him 一个对他不利的证据

7. 表示“根据”

例句: I checked my watch against GMT. 我以格林尼治时间对表。

8. 表示“以??为交换条件”

例句: to trade one thing against another 以物易物

9. 表示“ 用??抵付”

例句: Many bills were entered against her accounts. 许多账单被记入她的账户。

10. [方言]到(某时)之前；不迟于：

例句: We must finish our work against Saturday. 我们必须在星期六之前做完我们的工作。

adj.[通常作表语](对措施、提议等)反对的；对立的；对抗的(尤指成功、机会等)可能性不大的；不利的

短语

1. as against与…比较，比起…来

2. be against(something)

a. 违背，违反，无视，不顾(利益、愿望等)

b. 反对

c. 不利于

3. dead (set) against[口语]断然反对；正对着

4. over against

a. 在…对面；正对着；和…相反

b. 与…形成对照；与…比较起来，和…对比[见over]

5. up against

a. 与…开始接触；与…接触着；接近于

b. [口语]面临…的，面对…的，碰到(困难)；遭到(反对)

c. 违抗，顶撞[见up]

6. up against it[美国口语]面临困境的，面临困难的[见up]