开头：

In this argument, the arguer arrives at the conclusion that [……]. The conclusion is based on […….]. In addition to this, the arguer provides evidence/cites the result of a survey that […….]. Although this argument seems reasonable at the first glance, this argument is problematic in that it suffers from several critical fallacies. The reasons are stated as follows.

Alternative explanations:

First of all, the arguer commits a [……] fallacy in assuming that [……] can simply be attributed to […….]. While admittedly, […….] might be an element in [….], it is hardly the only one. To establish a direct relationship between AA and BB, other conditions should be eliminated. Such conditions include [….]. Perhaps [……] or [………..]. Thus, […….]. As a result, without ruling out such alternative explanations for [……..],the argument is not persuasive enough to conclude that […………..].

Assumptions&不同:

Secondly, even the assumption that[……..] is convincing, it’s unwarranted for the author to assumes that (同 ) . It is entirely possible that（不同或者变化）outweigh the surface similarities, and thus, [不成功…untenable…]. For example,[……]. Or perhaps, [……].Thus,[…导致不同….].As a result, the argument is definitely flawed unless the author can convince me that (all the conditions that related to (..) have remained unchanged during this period of time/the same).

Specific evidence:

Finally, even if the evidence turns out to be valid, the arguer unfairly

assumes that […..]. Nevertheless, the arguer offers no evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Thus, there is no guarantee that [….] and it’s warranted to doubt that [。。。]. For instance, it’s very likely that

[…….]. […….]. And as a result, […….]. So only if such kind of possibilities are eliminated can the author […….].

结尾：

To sum up, the argument lacks credibility and persuasiveness because of the invalid evidence cited and seriously flawed logical reasoning. To bolster the conclusion, it’s better for the arguer to provide the information with respect to.(the imparity between AA and BB)... and eliminate alternative explanations. Meanwhile, further investigation and analysis is needed. If the given factors above are taken into consideration, the argument would have been more advisable(reasonable) and logically acceptable.

商业大环境

小不能指大（调查对象，region）

大不能指小

绝对数值相对数值

比率

A过去做可以得到效果，B现在做可以得到效果。

A得到效果不一定是因为做了这个。即使A是因为做了所以得到效果，过去和现在不同。即使过去和现在相同，A和B不同。.

 

第二篇：新GRE写作Argument 模板 By Jason Lee

新GRE写作Argument 模板

——By Jason Lee

﹡审题+提纲：2min

﹡开头+结尾模板：5min

﹡中间三段：7min*3=21min

﹡补完结尾（检查润色）：2min

一、开头

-In this argument, the author concludes that...

-To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that…

-Close scrutiny of these supporting evidences, however, reveals that none of them lend any credibility to the author’s conclusion.

二、主体段落

展开段落一：

-Firstly, the author has tried to reach the conclusion that…by pointing out that…but this argument has failed to see some significant factors.

-For instance,

-Or, another scenario can be that …

展开段落二：

-Secondly, by analyzing the conclusion of this argument, we can find the unstated assumption that…

-However, the validity of this assumption is challenged by some other possibilities. -It is likely that…

-It is of equal probability that..

展开段落三：

-Finally, even if the foregoing assumptions were all confirmed valid, there remain doubts that render the author’s whole reasoning logically flawed.

-To be more specific,

-Absent evidence to confirm this assumption, it is entirely possible that…

1. Assumptions

◆First of all, the author unfairly assumes that…

◆After all, the author provides no evidence that…

2. Specific Evidences

◆The author fails to offer any evidence to warrant this crucial assumption.

◆Only if the author could provide the evidence that…can this argument be confirmed valid.

◆The assumption cannot be substantiated until the author could provide that…

◆As long as the evidence(that/of…) could be offered, the author’s view might be reasonably justified.

3. Questions

◆The first question of vital prominence could be whether…

◆Only if the answer were positive, can the argument be substantiated. In contrast, if the answer were negative, the argument would be considered logically flawed.

4. Alternative Explanations

◆The explanation offered by the author does not suffice to be evaluated as justifiable based on the given evidence. Alternative explanation could involve that …or that… ◆The author’s conclusion unfairly ignores… so a better explanation might be… ◆Without considering and ruling out other possible reasons, the author cannot successfully convince me that…

*5. 补充一些攻击Flaw的句型

(1)样本不足或不具代表性/调查不可靠

◆The author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable.

◆Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of…

◆The survey methodology might be problematic in several respects:

◆As a result, the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion in light of the survey until adequate evidence is given to lend credibility to it.

(2)错误类比（忽略个体差异）

◆The author is drawing a false analogy between A and B. It is entirely possible that A and B own divergent situations. Perhaps…Without taking such differences into consideration, it is unconscionable to claim that…

(3)方案并非最佳

◆The argument fails to consider other possible options for…

Perhaps by…or by…

◆In short, without weighing the given suggestion against alternatives, it is unconscionable to claim that…

(4)非充分/非必要条件、

◆The validity of the view that…is never equivalent to the justifiability of the deduction that…

(5)时间顺序混淆为因果关系/普通关联混淆为因果关系

◆However, the conclusion that A is exclusively responsible for B based on the fact that B occurred after/ at the same time of A is unjustifiable.

◆Yet the correlation alone amounts to scarce evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.

(6)错误推论

Absent evidence to warrant this deduction, it is entirely possible that

Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the author’s claim that… The fact (that…) accomplishes nothing towards bolstering the recommendation.

*6. 段内/段间承接

Absent the evidence,

If this is the case,

Perhaps,

Even assuming/Even if…

…does not necessarily indicate that…

三、结尾

-In sum, the argument not only is logically unsound but also relies on several doubtful assumptions.

-To reinforce the argument, the author must qualify the recommendation by accounting for possible alternatives and providing comprehensive evidence.

-To better assess the argument, we would expect the author to provide adequate information with respect to…