GRE写作规则（Argument部分）

一、学会使用TS

不仅全文要有TS，每个段落中也要有自己的TS，这样写起来思路清晰，看起来也省力，TS放在段首。 目标：在一个段落中不能找到任何一句与TS无关或与TS冲突的句子，但过渡到下一段的过渡句例外。 要善于使用连词

二、保证段落的连贯性

a)表示时间顺序的连词

when, after, meanwhile, at last, soon, …

b)运用表示方位的连词

beneath, below, over, above, overhead, near to as, ….

c)表示转折的词

but, yet, however,…

d)引出其他说法的词

otherwise, on the other hand, still ,yet, ….

e)进一步说明前面观点的词

moreover, in addition, besides ,what’s more,…

f)表示结论的词

thus, as a result, consequently, therefore, in summary, to sum up, all in all,

g)表示确定的结论

of course, no doubt ,undoubtedly, certainly, …

三、语言要简洁

切忌累赘，表述要完整

四、euphony [和谐, 悦耳]

不要一味使用短句，要多用些长句。

尽量避免意群由相同长度的句子构成，要善于使用从句、复合句、并列句

??,ifnot,?

?,ifany,? 插入语

In fact, the problem was so serious that I had to …. = The problem was so serious, in fact, that长句不适合做转折句或小的结论句，此时可以用短句。

- 1 - . …. …

“TS（short）＋1～2（long）＋1（short）?”，每段有1～2个短句足矣，短句一定不能多。一般开头、结尾或一大段长句后可以用短句。

GRE写作讲义

2002/06/11

GRE作文：analysis on an issue/argument

GRE作文与GMAT作文类似, 可以相互借鉴

在ETS的网站上www.GRE.org有事先公布的作文题目, 一定要下载下来练习如何准备GRE作文：狂背单词, 狂背范文(Times等外文刊物写。

读题的首要任务：快速准确的找到逻辑错误 针对机考的写作要求：

1. 文章字数≥300words, 尽可能的多些。

2. 避免语法错误, 如单词拼写、单复数、主谓搭配、冠词的用法3. 结构框架：段数≥3段, 以5段最合适。在段落中注意要少用简单句的起承转合, 用连接词过渡(如 as a result…)。

4. 一定要回头检查, 哪怕少写两个句子。

5. 文章的头尾要写好, 对ETS提供的作文题目, 要求将所有的题目都写出提纲。☆8月间《GRE写作宝典》将出新版本, 内容会有增减, 请到时复印新增章节。

Argument部分要求此部分作文成绩≥5分, 考前准备： 1. 熟悉每一道题 2. 背诵提纲

[抓主要逻辑错误]

3. 掌握基本逻辑知识 [GRE逻辑单题部分有用]

4. 掌握开头、结尾模式 [事先把开头和结尾写好, 注意要有5. 掌握分析技巧 6. 背诵基本句型

7. 练习写50～100篇文章, 培养语感和写作熟练程度

8. 可以把机考的250道题目和提纲全部输入电脑, 进行机考适应性训练。

- 2 -

, ), 坚持每天背2篇。最好整段整段的背, 时态、语态等。, 多用些长句。注意句子之间

Top Sentence主题句 ]

/其中老题更有帮助。

★人都是有惰性的, 可做可不做的往往不会做, 现在要扭转过来, 一定要坚持做。这是任何想取得成功的人都必须要走的一步, 不管其聪明与否。把目标量化、细化、具体化。

其他注意事项：

写作语言一定要是书面语言。简洁≠简单句

注意时态, 一般现在时, 引用的例子往往是过去时。

写好的文章要找人改, 比如老师或同学等。

审题：

1. 论点

先找题目的结论、主张, 论点的位置一般在文章的最后一句, 前面往往有so, therefore, consequently等信号词。

2. 论据

①evidence 证据, 如fact, example, data, 引用authority等

②※, 主观假设, 有待论证。驳斥方向：驳斥假设的不完整性, 驳斥样本的单一性, 对主要的错误不能一笔带过, 而是要大力驳斥。

Argument第一段写法：

第1句：指出结论

In this argument, the arguer concludes(claims) that …..

第2～3句：

指出事实

指出假设 To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that …… In addition, the arguer reasons[推理] that ……

第4句：指出原论者范有逻辑错误

The argument suffers from two(several, certain) critical(essential, crucial, fundamental) flaws that …

Argument正文写作

1. 段落数3~5, 最好与找出的主要逻辑错误的数目相等, 不要太多。

2. 每段4～5句, 1～2短＋3长。

3. 每段的开头写TS。

4. 注意标点后的空格。

文中避免使用人称代词, 比如I think, I believe, 等, 可以用It’s believed that…代替。

主观意见不要写进argument.

- 3 -

结尾写作：P67-P72

用一句话说明作者未完成对自己结论的支持。注意行文的前后呼应。

逻辑错误的分类

一、数据类的逻辑错误

1. survey

a)结果不具有代表性 (representativeness)

The survey lacks representativeness.

调查数量：issue of quantity 多少个sample

调查质量：issue of quality 具不具有随机性

解法：

①确定调查总群体包含的子群体 whole group ? sub group

②看每一个子群体在总群体中所占的比重

③按比例抽取样品(考虑子群体权重)

④子群体中样品是否具有代表性, 是否是随机抽取的

b)procedure 调查程序

以《宝典》P46 Q46为例

调查对象：只调查了1000个成功的商人, 而不是所有商人或所有左撇子商人, 对象范围过窄。

反驳：未考虑失败的商人中左撇子的比例；未考虑其他领域(政治??)成功(失败)左撇子的比例；左撇子太多, 学谁, 学了就能成功吗？

划波浪线的部分可省略]

The information provided in the argument is too vague to be ….

Granted that this …. , we can not …. that ….

c)sample 本身的问题 How large in the samples?

- 4 -

P54Q79 M城的病假多的原因未说, 可能是水土不服或M城环境不好??

反驳：医生多不证明病人多；L镇的平均年龄大不表示L镇的人们寿命长；大城市更容易吸引年轻人入住, 所以其平均年龄小??

d)hasty generalization (neglect relevant evidence)

The argument commits the fallacy of hasty generalization.

有无考虑反例, 有无考虑相关的其他可能性, 是否犯了以偏概全的毛病??

P36 Q6 就犯了hasty generalization 的错误

①只调查了男性, 未提到女性

②病人一定是男性吗？

③不能让所有病人都去强化锻炼(例如孕妇)

④回答的人数所占的比例不清楚, 回答是否具有真实性

⑤还有许多人由于种种原因(如死亡、离开等原因)未回答调查, 代表性受到质疑

⑥被调查者来自部分行业, 部分地区, 代表性不够广泛

So the survey is absence of the actual number of respondents.

The assumption that … is based on hasty generalization. 它忽视了其他因素 result in / cause / lead to是中性词, contribute to是褒义词, 只能用于好的结果]

【要点】：

☆通过什么方法抽取的样品, 是否具有随机性

☆样本是否具有完整性, 有无漏洞

☆是否存在作者所忽略的反例

※尽量找反例和其他被忽视的证据。

e)问题本身的问题 What question is asked?

问题本身是否有倾向性或误导性, 有没有缩小被调查者的选择范围？

例如, 人可分为两类：image man 和 essence man 前者比较注重公众形象, 调查时可能会选择违心的选项。

- 5 - 注：… [

二、post hoc, ergo proter hoc 后此谬误, 持续性因果错误

[把时间顺序关系混同于因果关系, 即认为如果A发生在B之前, 那么A是B的原因]

三、concurrence 同时性因果错误

[A, B同时发生, 断定A, B间存在因果关系]

例如, 某机构调查了该市犯罪率和放映暴力电影之间的关系, 认为暴力电影导致了青少年犯罪率的上升, 因此主张设立机构(1)审查电影是否具有暴力内容(2)对电影观众实行年龄限制, 不允许青少年观看暴力

反驳：犯罪率上升可能有许多原因, 比如失业率上升了, 执法不严, 教育环节出了问题

, 原文无法证明青少年犯罪率的上升是由放映暴力电影所导致??

【术语】：青少年犯罪 juvenile delinquency; 儿童犯罪 teenage delinquency

P55Q82 反驳：(1)开拓市场, 不在乎收税(2)污染企业, 无处可去, 只好到此??

四、cause of over simplification 因果关系的简单化

P64Q117 反驳：升职、加薪应该考虑多方面的因素。class的大小不反映老师水平的高低

, 研究资金多不代表研究能力强(也许是因为善于交际)??

五、false analogy 错误类比

未考虑背景差异

Music CD/Cloth 利用radio做广告, 利润提高, CD成功?Cloth 必定成功

反例：服装可在TV上做广告；一定是广告带来的利润吗？(管理?)；也许CD

The arguer commits the fallacy of false analogy.

六、incomplete all-selected comparison 忽略了某些重要方面的比较

七、composition 【逻】综合法, 合成推理

整体与部分关系逻辑错误 [不是正式的逻辑错误, 不能套用例句]

例如个体优秀, 整体不优秀

The arguer commits the fallacy of that …..

It’s not all-running cutting….

八、begging the question(circular reasoning)【术语】循环论证

- 6 - , 外来人口引起(英语小班), 行, ?? 电影。的犯罪率增加等 政手段强迫学生上课价格比较低

把关键性假设当成事实来证明假设本身

例：上帝是存在的, 圣经如是说。

九、false question of authority 作者引证的其他领域的权威在该领域未必是权威 十、false dilemma 把解决问题的复杂选择简化为非此即彼的2种选择

Assumption假设例句

The arguer commits the fallacy of ….

The arguer unfairly /groundlessly assumes that …..

The argument rests on the unfoundedly / groundlessly assumption that ….

The arguer fails to establish the casual relationship between F and A. 未建立必然因果关系 F、A可展开 F: facts that….

The major problem with the assumption is that ….

Another problematic assumption is that ….

The arguer fails to provide sufficient evidence to support the assumption that…

The reasoning[推理] that …. is

Another assumption is in short of legitimacy.

Another assumption in short of legitimacy is casual relationship claimed by the arguer in the analysis.

The arguer fails to convince us that….

The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that … A: assumption that ….

Evidence事实例句 .

contribute to(prep.)＋好结果

Another point worth considering is that …

- 7 -

The arguer ignores/neglects (主观/客观)other relevant evidence concerning that ….

The arguer oversimplify/overemphasize the issue of ….

The fact that ….. says little/nothing that(about)….

The fact that… does not insure that….

The surveys on which the argument rests lacks representativeness/ credibility ….

and therefore does not lend strong support to the assumption/conclusion.

The statistic evidence on which the argument rests is too vague to be informative.

[the importance of]

论证句式

正文分析

推测： P88 尽量避免拼写错误/机考

It’s equally likely/possible/unlikely/impossible that ….

maybe , perhaps, possibly, 分句

One possibility is that …

文中避免使用人称代词, 比如I think, I believe, 等, 可以用It’s believed that…代替。

主观意见不要写进argument.

结尾句式

P67-P72

用一句话说明作者未完成对自己结论的支持。注意行文的前后呼应。

【结尾句式补充】：

In sum, the arguer fails to validate (the conclusion)that…..

To solidify the argument, the arguer should supply more concrete evidence to demonstrate that ….

In addition, the arguer would have to rule out the above-mentioned possibility that may undermine the arguer’s claim(conclusion).

- 8 -

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to the arguer’s claim.

To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more specific evidence concerning that ….

As it stands, the argument is not very reasoned.

To make it logically acceptable, the arguer should demonstrate that…

Additionally, the arguer would have to provide more evidence to validate the conclusion.

To conclude, the argument is not persuasive as it stands.

Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer would have to present more facts that…

Besides, to better assess the argument, we need more…

In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.

To make the argument more logical, the arguer would have to prove that…

Moreover , I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that….

Issue写作

有争议话题，没有标准答案，采取什么立场完全取决于证据，只要能自圆其说就行。

关键在于结论前的论证过程。

写作规律：

P141

是非问题写作 第5步，可以一句话结束。论证过程中可用讲故事的方式。

Issue写作需要注意的问题：

(1)立场问题；(2)结构问题；(3)开头的问题；(4)结尾的问题

1. 立场

共有5种： ①agree；②disagree；③agree with concession = concede有保留；

④disagree with concession；⑤refuse to take sides中立；

☆针对前两种结构(agree/disagree)

P72 Issue 36

第一段阐述自己的立场

第2～4段正文部分直接提出3个理由

第5段结论

- 9 -

☆针对第3，4种结构

P68 Issue 7

长句 we learn，in short，by experience

最后 admittedly 承认一些合理的地方

However，the opposing viewpoint is not without merit(advantage).

Although I agree that…，I insist that…

Why do some people agree that…? possibly they think that…

☆针对第5种结构

P71 Issue 32 counterpoint对照

开头段的写作问题：

明确说出要探讨的问题以及在此问题上的立场。

①背景陈述＋立场

②陈述相互冲突的观点＋立场

③问句＋问答＋立场 (自问自答)

④讲故事(impressive)＋立场

⑤题目的观点＋立场

The argue hold that …. According to the title statement….

⑥用一句话说明自己的立场，2～3句阐述自己的理由(开门见山)

⑦格言＋立场

As a saying goes/ /There is an old saying that “God helps those who help themselves.most cases.

固定套路

1. There is much controversy over the issue of…

Some people claim that…，while others argue that…

In the last analysis，I believe that….

2. The issue of… may arise much controversy among people of diverse backgrounds.

Although many people believe that …，I believe that…

3. Nowadays，it is widely believe that …

As apposed to the commonly held view，I would insist that …

4. The speaker asserts that … ，while I agree that…

5. There is much concern over the issue of….

The arguer advocates that…

We do not have to look very far to see the (in)validity of the argument.

正文的论据

(1)在段首写出TS

(2)每个段落不要含太多观点，最好一段一个（single）focus

- 10 - which is true in ”，

(3)写法：

①example or fact (evidence or data)

for example，as example，to illustrate，as an illustration

②引用权威authority交待background

③analogy

imagine，support，consider

All men make mistakes，I am a man，so I make mistakes.

2002/6/25

把抽象词汇换成具体词汇。如important太抽象了，换成landmark，corner-stone，pave the way for… excellent换成outstanding

第三人称单数的反性别歧视做法：he?he or she 或 s/he

【例】Unless a person undertakes more than he possibly can do，he will never do all he do. 将he改成one或he or she或把单数人称变成复数型式person?people，he?they

挖掘自身潜力，去做一些你认为自己做不到的事情(超越你能力之外的事情)

句式一定要多样化，使用从属/并列连词造句。

句子开头可以使用下列方式：

介词短语/名词短语/状语从句/分词短语/形容词短语/副词状语(one，one never)/倒装结构/代词??

散句/圆周句的使用；排比句

全心全意的做一件事，很少有不会成功的。

串句：

(1)逗号＋连词

(2)分号

(3)分号＋连接副词 如however，nevertheless，therefore

……；however/consequently ……

当分不清该用逗号还是分号的时候，可以用and做连词。 ……，but……

标点符号的用法：

句号：结束陈述句(主谓宾)，祈使句(动词开头)，陈述性语句(间接问句)

省略号：

… the story is amazing … and very organized.

He left his home for five years，now he returns without….

问号： A or B？ 不确定的内容

- 11 - … 3点，句首，句中 …. 4点，句尾或整句省略

The book dates back 200 BC(?).

逗号：

不要用逗号隔开一句话中的词组或固定搭配

一句话有2个并列的简单句可不用逗号而直接用and

He studies literature，arts and crafts，history and other subjects.

Almost every knows how to make money，but not a one knows how to spend it.

引出下文的开头词：

anyone，frankly，really，moreover，similar

Frankly，the company is…

限定性修饰词：Politically，he proved to be inept.

Quite hurt，he left home with sadness.

非限定性定语从句

The Grand Hotel，which has housed celebrities for many years，remained unchanged.

附加说明:

His suggestions，nevertheless，did not have any value.

A is living in China；B，Japan.

分号：

(1)隔开不用连词的2个独立句子

The war must continue；we must be satisfied only with victory.

(2)隔开用hence，therefore等连接副词所联系的独立句子

The fund is inadequate；therefore the project will be closed down.

(3)在长句中用来隔开已经有逗号的成分

These officials are Mark，president；Susan，general manager；…

??；for example，??

圆括号：插入/补充/解释

缩写词：

学位只能用缩写 BA Ph.D. M.D.

称呼Dr. Mr. Mrs. Ms.

外来语 i.e. e.g. et al etc. p.s.

所有国家的名字除美国外都用全称。

Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested.

正文段落结构：

- 12 - 区分相关又不属于句子结构的成分。 注意后面的小点

illustration举例；logical division分类论述；comparison and contract比较和对比；cause and effects因果；definition下定义；process

confidence＋constancy＋curiosity＋courage = success

归纳

正文写作

(1)有TS (2)让读者看出你的论据 (3)结构(句与句之间关系，对照，类比，因果等)

结尾写作

(1)最后一句话结束

(2)方式

? 重申立场(将第一段末句重述?同义变换P215)

? 重申立场＋总结理由(简述正文TS，同义变换，只复述正面观点，强调立场)

In conclusion，I believe that ….

I believe that … not only because … but (also) because….

? 重申立场＋引申/扩展(进一步升华，强调自己立场的正确性，对方的谬误)

时间安排:2～3月准备

写作提纲――题库全看

重点的写、改，一天2篇，提高速度

背诵范文

修改：结论、语法、句法

词汇：红/黑宝书，逆序 尤其是argument的开头和结尾部分

凡事豫则立，不豫则废

【修辞知识】

1.明喻simile

1. 明喻simile

(1)描写性(2)说明性(3)启发性

When I started working in the company，I felt like a new kid at school.

Cartlos Lchder was to cocaine transportation what Herry Ford was to cars.

句型：A is to B what/as C to B.

His birth is as though he was dropped on to the earth from an eagle’s wing.

明喻引导词：like，not unlike，quite like，somewhat like，a bit like，as if，as though，as it were，be comparable to，be compared to，akin to，be analogous to，similar to

一些常用的比喻手法：

- 13 - 2.暗喻metaphor 5.委婉语euphemism 3.夸张hyperbole 6.双关pun 4.借代melonymy

与生命有关的

as black (old，ugly) as sin as straight as truth

as cold as charity/ice/marble/ stone 冷若冰霜 as obstinate(unavoidable)as fate as fierce as death as cold as death as greedy as death as universal as death as bright as glory

职业有关的 as rich as king

as gaudy as princess as cunning as a lawyer as sober as a judge as upright as a soldier as healthy as a boy

金属有关的

as shining as crystal as good as gold as heavy as lead as fair as silver as clear as crystal

as true as steel(钢，褒义)adv.绝对可靠 as pure as pearl

as bold as brass.厚颜无耻的 as cold as iron(铁，贬义) as hard-hearted as diamond as dull as lead

动物方面的

as faithful as a dog as jealous as a cat as stupid as an ass驴 as big as a bull as fat as an ox

as harmless as a sheep as loving as a dove鸽子

as proud as a peacock adv.非常高傲 as blind as a bat as drunk as a bear as cruel as a lion as eager as a hawk as crafty as a fox

as clever as a hare as hungry as a wolf as sharp-eyed as a eagle as sleepy as an owl as free as a bird as thirsty as fish

as silly as a crab螃蟹 as busy as a bee

as beautiful as a butterfly 其他

as merry as the day is long非常快乐as cool as a cucumber adj.极为冷静的as cross as two sticks adj.非常生气的as drunk as a lord adv.酩酊大醉as drunk as a sow adj.酩酊大醉的as dry as a chip adj.枯燥的 as hard as nails adv.身体结实as clean as a whistle adv.光滑as cheap as dirt adj.极便宜的as clear as a bell adj.健全的 as easy as pie adv.极容易 as fresh as paint adj.精神饱满的as fussy as a hen with one chick 瞎操心

, , 洁净

adj.在小事上- 14 -

冷酷

2. 隐喻

You must become a surfer. The guys around you are either with you or against you，and you’ve got to catch the wave.

Your life is one long curve，full of turning points.

Sometimes you get into what I call a bubble boom，but every bubble bursts.

Police work on the inner-city streets is a domestic Vietnam (war)，fought by confused and misdirected troops. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.

He regards the problem in the company as a thorn in his flesh.

使用隐喻时注意东西方文化差异，喻体必须为大家所熟知的东西。

3. 借代

借代体的类型：人体部位名称，著名人物、事物名称，动植物名称，地理位置或地理名词，各种工具名称，专业术语。

Mark has ruled the company for many years，and with a brilliant ear and an iron fist.

Nixon’s action in Middle East will strengthen his hand in China.

Brain drain has become the number one concern in this country.

The president should show his teeth on the issue.

Even from distance you can see the road snaking up to the top of the mountain.

The line may be hard to sell in Europe，but many people believe easing sanction would be a carrot to dingle before a reformist government.

New York is a social[社交] Olympics，and the rest are try-outs.[热身]

Growing labor shortage will give workers more leverage to demand more salary.

I can not figure out why he is so fond of the bottle.[酒精]

The restaurant is noted for the good table.[dish]

You spent millions of dollars on the project and you came out until nothing on the bottom line.

He refused to give the bottom line of the bid，though we offered him some payoffs.

Times(News)weekly，Readers’ digest

4. 夸张

His sister made an exploding success in the field of mathematics.

Herry’s two sons are different in a thousand and one ways.

Prices are soaring.

When I heard this news，my hair may seen to stand on end.

There were oceans of blood.

It’s no crime to have mispronounced one word.

It would be a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.

I can eat a wolf now.

enjoy the world-wide popularity誉满全球

second to none adv.首屈一指

薪水：peanuts chicken-feed 房子：pigeon hole

5. 委婉语

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身体状况(缺陷、疾病、死亡)，不幸、贫穷、失意，犯罪、丑闻，敏感职业，战争，人品、智力 pregnant :be in a frailly way，be inconvenient，be expecting

die :to pass away，to depart，to go to heaven

fat: plump，stout(in)，chubby，weight watcher

thin: lean(in)，slim，willowy

old age: getting on in years，past one’s prince，feeling one’s age，in one’s second

old people: senior citizens

mad: be of unsound mind

ugly: plain，homely

a stupid man: a slow learner，a under-achiever

funeral: memorial service

grave yard: memory garden

cancer: a growth

poor: needy，underprivileged，the indigent

dismissal: lag off

slum: substandard housing

penniless: out of pocket，hard up，badly off，in reduced circumstances

juvenile delinquent 少年罪犯

6. 双关

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