争取高分，从第一印象开始---被人忽视的argument开头
本帖最后由 irvine666 于 2009-2-25 16:07 编辑
浪迹作文版也有差不多快3个月了，不断的从前人那里拿出资料和心得来充实自己而不主动的贡献一点东西，时常也有那么一些“不劳而获的感觉真好，难怪贪婪是罪”的想法。然而3个月的100 percent的准备，（我相信这个时间跨度比这里绝大多数板油的准备GRE时间还长了） 也让我有了不少的个人心得，我一直认为，有了想法却窝藏是一件很浪费的事情，我们的爷爷的爷爷的爷爷….说的好：“一个想法的分享，等于千万个灵感的诞生”。我不敢说下面我要写的东西究竟符合ETS的兴趣与否 --- 实际上ETS的兴趣到底是什么，到底喜欢怎么样的文章，到底扣分都扣在什么些地方，我想除了ETS自己，没有任何人能够说的清楚 --- 然而作为弱势群体的考生，哪怕只有1%的可能性被扣分，也应当付出100%的努力去避免，这个才是取胜和高分之道，同时也期望着各位看了我的这些想法以后，对Argument能有一些启示，那么我就真的没有白写这么个东西。
陆陆续续的Argument也写掉了20来篇了，从最开始的照着范文写直到抛开范文红着脸来憋，每一个字感觉都是一种折磨，再到现在头痛时间的问题，一些很有趣的问题就在我脑中不断的盘旋和缠绕，其中的第一个就是开头问题。如何开头？如何在短的时间内吸引到阅卷人的良好印象?曾经当我在对如何下笔开始argument一筹莫展之际，翻遍了AW精华区，也没有找到答案，当时一度令我很沮丧：大家都不屑于讨论的一个东西，居然就把我给难倒了，我也别去考什么GRE了，回家去农妇山泉有点田吧。直到最近当我回头，总结掉我所写过的所有argument以后，我才发现了一个草率的开头可能是绝大多数XDF型同学们忽略掉的一个最大的扣分点。
一个开头对于行文有什么帮助？Argument的开头到底要表达一些什么信息？开头，类似于每一段话的TS一样，应当是全文的TS,一个好的开头不仅能够让ETS老师迅速的抓住你的思维结构和逻辑论证过程，而且能够使自己的下文论述更加充分。很多同学都会在不知不觉当中发现自己的论证开始偏离题目的要求，尤其是在举出可能性的时候，经常有的可能性让人一头雾水，或者让人感觉到过于极端，这就是没有一开始就理顺文章的逻辑的结果。如果我说：argument开头是最不能忽视的，我想，经过了XDF洗脑的同学们第一时间就会呸我两口：开头结尾一共写5分钟，照着模板套套写完就行了，哪里用去想？然而，大错特错。 先不要着急扔鸡蛋，为了弄清楚这个问题的实质，我最近拾起了让我最反胃的模板，仔仔细细的研究了一番它们的开头。给我的结论是：一无是处。
常见的模板开头一般是两种类型：
1直截了当，这种模板通常的方式就是 In this argument, the author concludes that… however,
it suffers from several logical flaws. 简单实用吧，然而，除了告诉阅卷人：我开始行文了！以外，这种开头还有别的用处么？当ETS的老师批的头晕脑胀四肢发慌的时候，流水线一般出现在他面前的居然是几百几千份这种工厂里面出来的开头，看着就倒胃口的压缩食品，他会怎么想？“你说的东西没错，但是除了几个单词以外，实在是看不出什么内容，真TM恶心。”估计当时给你的文章档次就压了一级。更何况，ETS提倡的是思维的展现，不是你打字的速度，更不是你抄写的能力，这种开头如何能够配得上高分？可笑的是新东方的老师们，一遍一遍的强调着：开头要简洁，一句话足矣，时间用的越少越好。来给广大的中国考生洗脑，被洗脑的考生们又把这种思想开始淳淳善诱师弟师妹们，造成了现在的普遍的错觉：开头不重要。时代在变化，ETS 的胃口也在变化，然而这种理念持续了足足有8年之久或者更长，却从来没有变过。无怪乎最近两年的AW成绩普遍的开始下降，细小之处就能看出端倪来。
2固定逻辑式，这种模板的表述一般来说是：In this argument, the author concludes that… To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that … and provides the evidence that … A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.
对于这类型的开头，从本意来看，比第一种强多了，但也会是最大的败笔之处。因为令人遗憾的是，绝大多数的同学们使用这种开头的目的，不是为了理清楚题目的逻辑关系，而是为了凑字数，他们忘记了思考，一种务必要贯穿整个写作过程的speculation. 为了方便的说明我的观点，特地找了一篇这样的模板型开头，感谢flyex童鞋.
38.Thefollowing memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council.
"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
In this argument, the arguer concludes that daily use of lchthaid will help people to prevent colds and lower absenteeism. To support this conclusion, the arguer cites the evidence that in East Meria, people seldom to the hospital for the treatment of colds because of the high consumption of fish in that
place. Carefully examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the arguer’s suggestion.
我想，很多童鞋当写完这么一个开头的时候，下了考场自我感觉都会非常的良好，觉得4分在手了，内容写的稍微全面一点的话，5分也不在话下，那么我现在告诉大家，这样的开头，其实是彻底的失败，从内容表达上来说，这个开头只值3分或者更低。不信？看我接下来的说法。
我们先来分析一下文章的结构：(?表示推出)
A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds
通过这句话，我们能够发现作者的第一步推理：study reports(已知) ? EM的人为感冒而看医生较少是 indeed exist.（推理1） ? EM的人感冒少（推理2）
Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds.
这句话可以得出第二部推理：这种现象（推理2）+ 鱼类消费高（事实1） ? 鱼类对这种现象有帮助（推理3） ? 鱼类的某种物质对抑制感冒有帮助（推理4）
Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we
recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."
然后下一个推论：感冒是主要的旷工借口（事实2） ? 感冒是主要的旷工原因（推论5）+ 推论4 ? 鱼类的某种物质可以抑制感冒，减少旷工。（推论6）? 鱼油中提炼的营养品可以抑制感冒，减少旷工（推论7）
最后是结论：推论7 ? 吃这种营养品可以预防感冒，减少旷工（结论）
实际上，是这么多步奏的推论和隐含前提的共同作用，才得出这么个荒谬的结果，而上面那位童鞋仅仅把得出结论的原因归咎为：the evidence that in East Meria, people seldom to the hospital for the treatment of colds because of the high
consumption of fish in that place.当ETS老师看到这样的开头的时候，第一个反应估计就是：这个人题都没读懂就开始瞎写。自然后面的评价不会高到哪儿去。
那么，一个好的开头究竟应当有些什么内容？
正如我上文提到的，开头的最大的作用应该在于帮助写作的时候理清文章的脉络，一个好的开头应该就是一个文章的缩影，应该给阅卷的老师三个直观的印象：1. 这些逻辑点确实是来自于文章的抽象2. 这个学生抓的逻辑点都是正确的。3.从这些逻辑点的顺序当中可以猜测到该生的正文论证顺序。
仍然举上面那篇argument为例子，当最开始看到题一步步阅读的时候，脑子里面就应该开
始抽象出一些作者的推论了，或许大家都不能第一遍看完就列出我上面写的那么详细的多步推论，（就连我自己也不行…）然而，大概的推论过程应该在你的脑子里面很清醒的展现出来，比如类似这样的缩略版：
Study ? 感冒的人少
感冒的人少+吃鱼多 ?鱼里面有物质对感冒有效
鱼对感冒有效+感冒是第一请假理由 ? 吃鱼油可以避免请假
我想，在短短的1分钟内，能够理论这么一个思路，就足够了，ETS的老师也明白你不可能再30分钟的时间里面面俱到，但是你有了这样的思维，至少就和其他的上来就开始套模板的开头不一样了，接下来我们可以这样开头：
Grounding on the study in East Meria, supposing that eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds, and then synthesizing the two hypothesizes and another factor that colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, the author accordingly suggests that the daily use of Ichthaid is a good way to prevent colds and lower
absenteeism. However …
类似这样的开头，首先并不花时间，因为除了一些连词和动词以外，大部分都是照抄原文，经过简单的练习以后，绝对能够在3分钟之内搞定，然而，它的价值却比模板高的多。当ETS拿到这么一个开头的时候，首先他必然会对你的综合能力感到满意，因为这些逻辑关系，的确是文章当中提到的，也是顺理成章的关系；其次你在这样一个开头里面传达了一个信息：我接下来要批的东西，已经都在这个开头里面啦。老师们都是很有经验的，很容易就能看出你这篇A，主要批的是三个东西：1.study的真实性，代表性或者全面性, 2. 那个supposing的合理性, 3.综合结论的谬误。接下来他们在读你的正文的时候，自然而然会有一种感觉：这个学生的逻辑性不错，至少段落之间，是绝对没有问题的，因为他的开头已经告诉了我，他的批判是按照逻辑来的。
我没有想过提供更多可借鉴的东西，更不希望大家把我给的那个开头的例子总结成某个新的模板，我更希望通过这篇不算太长的文章传递一种新的，有别于XDF的思想，模板是我一直痛恨的东西，机缘巧合之下我也没有去成XDF，算是我的不幸，因为我必须用比别人更长的时间来入门，也算我的幸运，因为我的内心深处的思想是自由的，没有受到任何拘束。当我写的文章多了，我自己也有了固定的表达方式，我不知道这算不算是我的模板，会不会阻碍我的进步，但我知道自己在不停的思考，不停的试图从每一微小的方面提高，满足ETS那变态的要求。常言道：“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”，不可否认，新东方和一些其他的陈旧思维在速成和入门方面，的确是做出了不可磨灭的贡献。然而，写作是一门艺术，端
正写作的态度更是一种财富，当大家都开始蜂拥的追求更快更方便的途径的时候，ETS关闭了高分的大门，唯有不停的思考，不停的总结，才能够返璞归真，真正懂得：考试的目的不是折磨人，而是一种化蝶前的蜕变。
1 （考古/论断/大并列小递进）Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have The Brim River is very deep and broad(3), and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat(1), but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river(5)—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and small game(4). It follows that the
so-called Palean baskets were not unique to Palea(2). ★★★★★33
1. The author fails to consider the possibility that the Paleans may arrived in Lithos through other
means. (I.T) ★★★★
2. The Palean basket could arrive other place through many possible methods such as trade, or
boats possessed by other culture. (I.T) ★★★★
3. In Palean times, the Brim River may not be as deep and broad as it is currently. (C→P) ★★
★
4. The fact that there are abundant resources currently does not indicate that those resources also
existed in Palean times. (C→P) ★★★
5. Other reasons other than food shortages may well result in the migration of a culture. (I.E) ★
★★
2
3 227, （城市，社会/提议/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a local newspaper. "In order to attract visitors to Central Plaza downtown and to return the plaza to its former
glory(5), the city should prohibit skateboarding there and instead allow skateboarders to use an area in Monroe Park(2). At Central Plaza, skateboard users are about the only people one sees now, and litter and defaced property have made the plaza unattractive(1). In a recent survey of downtown
merchants(3), the majority supported a prohibition on skateboarding in the plaza. Clearly, banning
skateboarding in Central Plaza will make the area a place where people can congregate for fun or for relaxation(4,6)." ★★★
1. The author unfairly assumes that it is the presence of skateboarders that result in the current
situation of the plaza. (confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★
2. There may be some negative impacts of allowing skateboarders to use part of Monroe Park.
(adv:disadv) ★★★
3. The survey was based only on data from downtown merchants, thus could not be
representative of all citizens. (selective sample) ★★★★
4. The author unfairly assumes that banning skateboarding in Central Plaza would suffice to
make the plaza an attractive place. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
5. The author fails to consider other possible means to regain the plaza?s prosperity. (necessity of
the solution) ★★★
6. Skateboarding may actually be helpful for achieving the city's objective of providing a fun and
relaxing place for people to congregate. (adv:disadv) ★★★
4 （商业，地产/建议/对比+并列）The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site. "Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time(1,2,5). Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged
$168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000(3,4,6). Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month(7). Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams." ★★
1. The author provides no evidence that the quality of a real estate firm is directly proportional to the
number of its agents or the number of hours per week that its agents work. (U.C) ★★★
2. The author does not provide any information about how many Adams agents work part-time.( ex
parte information) ★★
3. Last year?s sales result may not be representative. (selective sample) ★★★
4. The disparity in sales volume can readily be explained by factors other than the comparative quality
of the two firms, such as serving area and location.(NCR) ★★★★
5. For lack of data concerning the average number of homes sold per agent, we cannot evaluate the
actual performance of agents in the two firms.(V.D) ★★
6. The fact that the average sales price of a home sold by Adams is higher than the average price
of a home sold by Fitch does not indicate that Adams is more effective in selling homes than Fitch. (NCR) ★★★★
7. The disparity in the speed of a sale is explainable by other plausible factors that would change
through the time, or some essential differences of the two properties. (F.A/I.C/P→F) ★★★★★
5 （交通安全/提议/类比）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians(4), the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies(5) from 50 per day to 30 per day(6) during the summer season(7). By limiting the
number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents(1,4) that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau(3), when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals(2)." ★★★★
1. The author assumes that all other conditions in Balmer that might affect the rate of
moped-pedestrian accidents will remain unchanged after the restrictions are enacted. (P→F) ★★★
2. The author fails to consider other possible explanations for the 50% decline in Torseau's moped
accident rate last year. (NCR) ★★★★
3. Balmer Island and Torseau may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★
4. The author provides no evidence that the same restrictions that served to reduce the incidence
of all "moped accidents" by 50% would also serve to reduce the incidence of accidents
involving "mopeds and pedestrians" by 50%. (U.C) ★★★
5. We do not know what percentage of mopeds in Balmer Island is rented by the six companies.
(V.D) ★★★
6. The author fails to provide accurate data about the current number of mopeds rented by the six
companies per day. (I.I) ★★
7. The proposed regulation may not be necessary for the author?s purpose. (necessity of the
solution) ★★★
6 45, （动物/推测/并列）The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal. deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends(2) that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns(4) across the frozen sea(3)." ★★★★★
1. The accuracy of the reports from local hunters can be cast doubt on. (selective sample) ★★★
★
2. The global warming trends may have no effects on the specific region mentioned by the
editorial. (C.S) ★★★★
3. Alternative explanations can also account for the decline in arctic deer population.(NCR) ★★
★★
4. The change in climate patterns does not necessarily lead to the decline in deer population, deer
may adapt themselves to the new weather by certain means. (NCR) ★★★★
7 44, （经营/决策/大并列小递进）The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books.
"Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better
compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★
1. The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A)
★★
2. We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of Regal
Books after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I) ★★★★
3. No evidence could guarantee that opening a café at Monarch will attract substantially more
customers.(I.E) ★★★
4. The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children?s book section and
opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
5. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★
6. The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S) ★★★
★
7. Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number of
children may increase. (V.D) ★★★
8. Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensure
that the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children?s book will also decline. (NCR) ★★★
(chong98) (chong99)
8 （学校建设/提议/并列）The following appeared in a memo written by a dean at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a new
dormitory(4). Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends(1), should double over the next fifty years, thus making existing dormitories inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has increased(3) in recent years(2). Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, an attractive new dormitory would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham(5,6)." ★★★24,100,226
1. The dean assumes without justification that the trends of increasing enrollment will continue in
the future. (C→F) ★★★
2. The dean unfairly assumes that the rent for off-campus apartment will continue to increase in
the following years. (C→F) ★★★
3. We do not know if the average rent for off-campus apartment has increased to an extent that
students cannot afford. (I.I/confusing comparison with variation) ★★★
4. The dean fails to illustrate that current dormitories in Buckingham could not meet students?
housing needs. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. A new dormitory would be neither sufficient nor necessary for attracting prospective students.
(sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★
6. The dean?s assumption that more prospective students will enroll at Buckingham conflicts the
dean?s purpose of solving the housing problem. (negative evidence) ★★★
9 (chong88) (chong90)
10 （人类学/论断、预言/——）The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist. show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents(1) than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture
is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid(3).
Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.(4)" ★★★★
1. Talking more about their biological parents does not indicate that those children were reared
by their parents. (U.C) ★★★★★
2. We do not know how many of the children interviewed by Dr. Karp were actually from island
of Tertia. (I.I ) ★★★
3. The facts cited by Dr. Karp do not necessarily prove that the observation-centered method used
by Dr. Field is invalid. (I.E) ★★★★
4. No evidence could guarantee that Dr. Karp?s team will establish a more accurate understanding
of island cultures just because they are using the interview-centered method. (I.E) ★★★★★
5. There may have been dramatic changes in nurturing patterns of Teria children during the past
20 years. (P→F) ★★★
11
12（教育/提议/递进）The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University. assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent.(2) Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega
graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University(3,7). To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors.(4,5,6)"
★★★211, 238
1. The dean provides no evidence about the number or percentage of Omega students who participate
in the procedure. (V.D) ★★
2. The argument also assumes unfairly that the grade-average increase is the result of the evaluation
procedure—rather than some other phenomenon. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
3. The dean's claim that grade inflation explains why Omega graduates are less successful than Alpha
graduates in getting jobs is unjustified. (NCR) ★★★★
4. The dean ignores other possible ways by which Omega can increase its job-placement record.
(necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. Merely terminating the evaluation system might not suffice to enable Omega?s graduates to
secure better jobs. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
6. The dean fails to mention the positive effects of the evaluation system. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
7. The graduates from the two universities may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★
13（道路交通/提议/大并列小类比小递进）The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper.
But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit(4) and the accident rate throughout Prunty County (2)has decreased only slightly(3). If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County
completed five years ago(7): increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads(8). Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported(6) accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago(5)." ★★★★55,119
1. The author fails to rule out the possibility that not enough time has passed to determine the
effectiveness of this change in reducing the accident rate. (I.E) ★★★
2. The author ignores the possibility that the accident rate on the county's major roads has decreased
while on minor roads not subject to the speed-limit reduction it has increased. (I.I) ★★★★
3. The argument assumes that all other factors affecting highway accident rates have remained
unchanged since the county lowered its speed limit. (P→F) ★★★
4. The fact that most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit does not indicate that the policy is
ineffective. (NCR) ★★
5. The author unfairly implies that the higher speed limit in Butler County has not served to
increase the incidence of road accidents in that county. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★
6. The cited statistic involves only "reported" accidents in Butler County, we do not know the
percentage of accidents which are going unreported in that county. (I.I) ★★★
7. The situation at Prunty County and Butler County may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★
8. The author fails to demonstrate that road improvement will be both sufficient and necessary to
guarantee fewer accidents in Prunty County. (sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★★
14 194, （社会，就业/建议/对比）A recent study suggests that people who are left-handed are more likely to succeed in business than are right-handed people. Researchers studied photographs of 1,000 prominent business executives(3) and found that 21 percent of these executives(1) wrote with their left hand(2). So the percentage of prominent business executives who are left-handed (21 percent) is almost twice the
percentage of people in the general population who are left-handed (11 percent). Thus, people who are left-handed(5) would be well advised to pursue a career in business(4), whereas people who are right-handed would be well advised to imitate the business practices(6,7,8) exhibited by
left-handers(9). ★★★★★
1. The author fails to indicate what fraction of all business persons are left-handed. (V.D) ★★★
2. People who write with their left hand are not necessarily left-handed. (U.C) ★★★
3. The 1,000 executives from the study are not necessarily representative of the overall
population of prominent business executives. (are the respondents representative?) ★★
4. The photographs in themselves prove little about the causal relationship between
left-handedness and the ability to succeed in business, many prominent executives might have risen to their status not by way of their achievements or business acumen but through other means. (NCR) ★★★★
5. The facts cited by the author do not indicate that all people who are left-handed are suitable for
pursuing careers in business. (C.S) ★★★
6. The author unfairly assumes that people who are right-handed also have strong will to succeed
in business. (U.A) ★★★
7. Merely imitating the business practices exhibited by left-handers may not suffice to guarantee
business success. (NCR/sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
8. Some business activities exhibited by left-handers could not be easily imitated. (feasibility of
the conclusion) ★★★
9. The author assumes without substantiation that the way in which left-handed people conduct
business is the only way to succeed in business. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
15 (chong51)
16137, （城市，生活休闲/预言/递进+并列）The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.
"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and
boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough(1). But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River(2). Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase(3), so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements(5) to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River(4)." ★★
1. The author simply assumes that it is the quality of the water in Mason River that prevents
residents from using it for recreational activities. (NCR) ★★★★
2. No evidence could illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed plan, and how much time would it
take for the plan to be effective, thus we cannot ensure that recreational use of the river will automatically increase. (I.I) ★★★★★
3. The author fails to consider if Mason River is suitable for those water sports favored by residents
in Mason, and if residents are willing to use the river for recreational activities. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
4. Granted that recreational use of the river is to increase, we are not convinced that the use of the
publicly owned lands along the river will also increase. (U.A/H.G) ★★★
5. The author does not provide evidence to illustrate the necessity of increasing budget for
improvement s to the public lands. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
17
18 （传媒/决策/并列）The following is a memorandum from the business manager of WLSS television station.
"Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increasingly more time to covering national news and less time to covering weather and local news. During the same time period, most of the
complaints(1,4) we received from viewers were concerned with the station's coverage of weather and local news(2,3). In addition, several local businesses that used to run advertisements during our late-night news program have just cancelled their advertising contracts with us(5). Therefore, in order to attract more
viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues, we should expand the coverage of weather and local news on all(7) our news programs(6)." ★★★173
1. The manager fails to provide the total number of complaints received before our coverage of
news were changed. (confusing comparison with variation/V.D) ★★★
2. The manager simply assumes that those complaints are representative of the opinions of our
entire audience. (C.S) ★★★
3. The manager fails to analyze the actual attitude of our audience toward the late-night news
program, the program might be welcome although there are a few complaints about it. (I.I) ★★★★
4. The manager fails to inform us the details of the complaints we received, thus we cannot
evaluate if these audience are dissatisfied with the quantity of weather and local news. (I.I) ★★★★
5. The manager unjustifiably assumes that it is the change in our coverage of news that caused
those businesses to cancel their contract with us. (NCR) ★★★★
6. The manager ignores many other possible methods to attract more viewers and to increase
advertising revenues. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
7. The necessity of expanding the coverage of weather and local news on all our news programs
is open to doubt. (C.S) ★★★
19 (chong17)
20 (chong18)
21 (chong10)
22 242, （教育/建议/类比+并列）The following appeared as an editorial in the student newspaper of Groveton College.
"To combat the recently reported dramatic rise in cheating among college and university
students, these institutions should adopt honor codes(8) similar to Groveton's(9,10), which calls for students to agree(1) not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated(2). Groveton's honor code replaced an old-fashioned system in which students were closely monitored by teachers and an average of thirty cases of cheating per year were reported. The honor code has proven far more successful: in the first year it was in place, students reported(5) twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later(6), this figure had dropped to fourteen(3,4). Moreover, in a recent survey conducted by the Groveton honor council(7), a majority of students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without." ★★
1. The assumption that students will keep their promise under the existence of the codes is
unwarranted. (U.A) ★★★★
2. The author unfairly assumes that Groveton students are just as capable of detecting cheating as
faculty monitors, and that these students are just as likely to report cheating whenever they observe it. (U.A) ★★
3. The author fails to illustrate that the number of cases of cheating at Groveton would be higher
if we did not adopt the honor code. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★★
4. Other factors could also explain the decreasing number of cases of cheating at Groveton. (post
hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★★
5. The author fails to investigate the number of cases of cheating which were not reported. (I.I)
★★★★
6. We do not know the situation of cheating in other years. (I.I) ★★★
7. If the students will be forthright under the circumstances in which the survey was set is
suspicious (are the respondents being forthright when answering the questions?) ★★★★
8. The author fails to consider the negative effects of adopting such honor codes. (adv:disadv) ★
★★
9. The honor code may not be as same effective at other colleges and universities as it was at
Grovetown. (C.S) ★★★
Other measures could be taken to combat cheating. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
23 (chong10)
24 (chong28)
25 (chong100) (chong102) (chong164)
26 (chong28)
27（）
28（食品，保健/预言/并列）The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia. salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia.(4,5)" ★★★★
1. Salicylates may not have the same effect as aspirin in treating headaches although they are of
the same chemical family. (F.A) ★★★★
2. Other factors may also lead to the decline in the number of headaches in the study mentioned
above. (NCR) ★★★★★
3. The author does not inform us what fraction of foods consumed by citizens of Mentia contains
salicylates, and how many of the citizens prefer such kind of foods. (I.I) ★★★
4. The author fails to consider factors other than food, such as environment, lifestyle, etc. that
may result in the increase in the number of headaches suffered by citizens of Mentia would increase (I.T) ★★★
5. Granted that salicylates are effective in treating headaches, we cannot hastily infer that they
would also be effective in preventing headaches. (U.C) ★★★
29（）
30
31 214, （教育，城市，社会/论断/
The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For
example, Parson City typically budgets(1,2) twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents(3,4). It seems clear,
therefore, that Parson City residents care(5) more about public school education than do Blue City residents. ★★★★
1. The city?s budget for its public schools is not an accurate indication of the value it places on
public education. (U.C) ★★★★
2. The author fails to inform us what fraction of the total budget are used for public schools in
each city, thus we cannot evaluate which city cares more about public school education. (V.D) ★★★★
3. Many other differences between Parson City and Blue City may also contribute to the
differences in the amount of money they budget for their public schools. (I.C) ★★★
4. We do not know the amount of students who go to public schools in the two cities, thus we
could not evaluate the argument. (I.I) ★★★★
5. The amount of city budgets for public schools may not represent residents? attitude towards
public school education. (U.C) ★★★★★
32（生产，劳动安全/对策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents(2,4) than nearby Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta(6) and thereby increase productivity(1), we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our
employees will get adequate amounts of sleep(3)." ★★181
1. The president provides no evidence that overall worker productivity is attributable in part to the
number of on-the-job accidents. (NCR) ★★★
2. The president assumes that some accidents at Alta are caused by fatigue or sleep deprivation. (U.A)
★★★★
3. The assumption that Alta's workers would use the additional hour of free time to sleep or rest is
open to doubt. (U.A) ★★★
4. The president fails to consider that the per-worker accident rate might reveal that Alta is actually
safer than Panoply, depending on the total number of workers at each company. (V.D) ★★★
5. The president fails to consider possible differences between Alta and Panoply which render
them incomparable. (F.A) ★★★★
6. Merely shortening the work shifts might not suffice to reduce the number of on-the-job
accidents. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
33（社会，能源/预言，论断/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum from the planning department of an electric power company.
"Several recent surveys indicate that homeowners are increasingly eager to conserve energy(1) and
manufacturers are now marketing many home appliances(2), such as refrigerators and air conditioners, that are almost twice as energy-efficient as those sold a decade ago. Also, new technologies for better home insulation and passive solar heating(2) are readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, we anticipate that the total demand for electricity in our area will not
increase(3), and may decline slightly. Since our three electric generating plants in operation(5) for the past 20 years have always met our needs, construction of new generating plants should not be necessary(4)." ★★★
1. The author provides no evidence that homeowners who are eager to conserve energy would
purchase and use those energy-efficient home appliances. (U.A) ★★★
2. We are not informed about the price of those energy-efficient home appliances and the cost of
employing the new technologies, thus could not predict if residents could afford using them, and if they are willing to pay for these technologies. (adv:disadv/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
3. Many factors could lead to the increase in the demand for electricity in the future. (sufficiency
of the conclusion) ★★★★★
4. The author fails to rule out many possibilities which might render one or more additional
generating plants necessary. (C→F) ★★★★★
The old plants might be less energy efficient than a new plant using new technology, or might have some negative effects on environment and economic. (adv:disadv) ★★
34（管理/提议/——）The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the company's president.
"In an effort to improve our employees' productivity(1), we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from their workstations(3) need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities(2), such as shopping or playing games(4). By installing software(6) to
detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic(5) at Climpson, and improve our overall profits(7)." ★★★
1. The vice president fails to provide any information about current performance and productivity
of our employees, thus the assumption that their productivity should be and could be improved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A/necessity of the solution) ★★
2. The vice president unfairly assumes that most of our employees use internet for personal or
recreational activities. (U.A/I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★★
3. The vice president ignores the necessity for some employees to use the Internet in their work.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
4. Employees could still spend much time on personal or recreational activities even though the
Internet access is banned. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★★
5. The vice president overlooks the negative effects of the proposed activity on employees? morale,
thus the better work ethic mentioned above is not guaranteed. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
6. The vice president fails to consider possible negative effects of installing such software on the
performance of computers, and fails to provide the cost of installing the software. (adv:disadv) ★★★
7. Since Climpson?s profits would be determined by many factors, adopting the proposal may not
sufficiently ensure greater profits. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
35（经营/论断/并列）The following appeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment building to its manager.
"One month ago, all the showerheads on the first five floors of Sunnyside Towers were modified to
restrict the water flow to approximately 1/3 of its original force. Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are not yet available(3), the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints(4) about low water pressure, no problems with showers(2) have been reported since the adjustment(1).
Clearly, restricting water flow throughout all the 20 floors(6) of Sunnyside Towers(5) will increase our profits further(7)." ★★182,213
1. The modification was taken place only one month ago, thus many negative effects might not
have emerged yet. (reliability of the survey) ★★★★
2. The owner does not provide detailed information about the usage of the first five floors of
Sunnyside Towers, perhaps water flow is not a problem here at all. (I.I/selective sample) ★★★
3. Without any actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment we cannot evaluate
if the modification could actually save water. (I.I) ★★★
4. The fact that a few people complained about water pressure does not necessarily indicate that
all other clients are satisfied with the modification. (F.D) ★★★
5. The owner ignores many negative effects of restricting the water flow. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
6. The owner hastily assumes that the restricting on water flow could be successfully carried out
to all other floors of Sunnyside Tower. (C.S) ★★★★★
7. Adopting the owner?s suggestion alone may not suffice to ensure increased profits. (sufficiency
of the solution) ★★★
36（）
37（）
38（）
39（）
40 （保健/论断/并列）people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study(2,3,4). Since bone
fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis(1), this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis. ★★★★49
1. Although bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, they may well result from other
causes. (U.C) ★★★★★
2. People who consistently consume dairy products in the study may do so just because they are
more likely to suffer from bone fractures. (confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★
3. The author does not provide detailed information about the studied people who consistently
consume dairy products and those who do not. (are the respondents representative?/I.C) ★★
★★
4. Other reasons, such as aging, genetic factors, lifestyle, etc. may also account for the higher rate
of bone fractures of the people mentioned in the study. (I.T) ★★★
41 （生活，安全/论断/递进）The following appeared in a health newsletter.
"A ten-year nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago, approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereas today that number is nearly 80 percent. Another study, however, suggests that during the same ten-year period, the number of accidents(1) caused by bicycling(3) has increased 200 percent(2). These results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they are wearing helmets(4) and they take more risks as a result(5). Thus, to reduce the number of serious injuries from bicycle accidents(7), the government should concentrate more on educating people about bicycle safety(6) and less on encouraging or requiring bicyclists to wear
helmets(8)." ★★
1. For lack of data concerning the accident rates and total number of bicyclists, the assumption that
wearing helmets actually increased bicyclists? risks is open to doubt. (V.D) ★★★★★
2. Other factors may also result in the increase in the number of accidents. (NCR) ★★★★★
3. The author fails to indicate that how many bicyclists involved in accidents are wearing helmets.
(I.I) ★★★★
4. The author unfairly assumes that wearing helmets will necessarily create false senses of safety in
bicyclists. (U.A) ★★★
5. The assumption that bicyclists will take more risk when they feel safe is unfounded. (U.A) ★★
★
6. The author falsely assumes that educating people about bicycle safety will be effective in
reducing the number of serious injuries. (NCR/U.A) ★★★
7. The author fails to consider accidents caused by other vehicles and the severity of injuries, thus
the proposed education may not be sufficient for ensuring safety of bicyclists. (I.I/U.C) ★★
★
8. Requiring bicyclists to wear helmets would still be necessary to ensure bicyclists? safety. (I.T)
★★★★
42 （城市/提议/并列）The following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the island of Tria. "Erosion of beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat to our island and our tourist industry. In order to stop the erosion(1), we should charge people for using the beaches(2,3,5). Although this solution may annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will reduce the number of people using the beaches and will raise money for replenishing the sand(4). Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby island of Batia(7), will help protect buildings along our shores(6), thereby reducing these buildings' risk of additional damage from severe storms(8). And since the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result(9), the beaches will be preserved and the area's tourist industry will improve over the long term(10)." ★★★
1. The author fails to illustrate the extent of erosion in Tria, thus we cannot evaluate if any
measures are necessary to resolve the problem. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
2. The author ignores other possible methods to stop the erosion. (necessity of the solution) ★★
3. The author fails to illustrate that charging people for using the beach could effectively stop the
erosion. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
4. The author fails to analyze how much money should we charge to raise enough money for
replenishing the sand, and if the charge is feasible. (I.I/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
5. The author ignores some negative effects of the charging policy. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
6. The author fails to demonstrate if the buildings alone our shores need to be protected.
(necessity of the solution) ★★★
7. The fact that replenishing beach sand has served to protect shoreline buildings on nearby Batia
does not indicate that Tria would also achieve its goals by following Batia's example. (F.A) ★★★
8. The author unfairly assumes that replenishing sand would suffice to reduce the building?s risk
of damage from severe storms. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
9. The assumption that the proposed actions will necessarily make the seashore more attractive is
open to doubt. (U.A/sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
10. Adopting the actions proposed by the author might not sufficiently improve Tria?s tourist in the
long term. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
43 （社会/预言/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg. been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper (1)as they did in previous years(2,3). Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double(5). Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey(6) said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.(4,7)" ★★★
1. Aluminum and paper may account for only some of the materials West Egg's residents can recycle.
(V.D))
★★★
2. We do not know the actual amount of recycled garbage in previous years, thus the doubling may
be insignificant. (V.D) ★★★
3. An increase in the amount of recycled materials does not necessarily indicate a decrease in the total
amount of trash deposited in the city's landfill. (U.C) ★★★★
4. The recycling habits of West Egg residents are not the only factor affecting how quickly the
landfill will reach capacity. (I.T) ★★★★
5. The assumption that increased charges for trash pickup will serve to slow the rate at which the
landfill is reaching capacity is unwarranted. (U.A) ★★★
6. The mayor provides no evidence that the survey's respondents are representative of the overall
group of people whose trash goes to the city's landfill. (Are the respondents representative?) ★★★★
7. The mayor fails to consider many other factors that may change in the future. (P→F) ★★★★
★
8. The consultants may have already taken the recycling factors into consideration when they
made the prediction, thus the assumption that the available space in our landfill will last for longer than predicted is unfounded. (U.A) ★★
44 （环境/对策/递进）The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally. "Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land(4,5) in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster(3,8), since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase(2) products that are made with CCC's copper(1) until the company abandons its mining plans(6,7)." ★★
1. The author fails to demonstrate the critical assumption that most consumers can reliably
distinguish products that are made with CCC?s copper. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
2. The author fails to consider if most consumers are willing to cooperate in the boycott. (feasibility
of the conclusion) ★★★★
3. CCC?s mining activities do not necessarily lead to pollution and environmental disaster.
(NCR/I.I) ★★★★★
4. We do not know what portion of CCC?s land is inhabited by endangered animals. (I.I) ★★★
5. We do not know what fraction of the one hundred square miles of land will be used for CCC?s
mining activities. (V.D) ★★★
6. The author ignores the possibility that other measures could also be taken to prevent the
harmful result. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
7. The author hastily assumes that the proposed boycott will sufficiently prevent pollution and
environmental disaster. (sufficency of the solution) ★★★
The definition of the term disaster is very vague, thus we cannot evaluate if the disastrous results will necessarily emerge. (definition of the term ‘disaster’) ★★
45 39, （教育/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Humana College.
"Last year the number of students who enrolled in long-distance degree programs at Omni University increased by 50%(1,2). During the same year, Omni showed a significant decrease from prior years in
expenditures for dormitory and classroom space, most likely because instruction in the long-distance programs takes place via interactive video computer connections(3). In contrast, over the past three years, enrollment at Humana College has diminished and costs of maintaining buildings have risen. Thus, to increase enrollment and solve the problem of budget deficits(6) at Humana College, we should initiate and actively promote long-distance degree programs(5) like those at Omni(4,7)." ★★★
1. We do not know the actual number of students who enrolled in long-distance program at Omni
University last year, thus the 50% increase might be insignificant. (V.D) ★★★
2. We do not know the total number of enrollment, and actual tuition income at Omni last year. (I.I)
★★★
3. Other factors may well explain the decrease in expenditures for dormitory and classroom space
at Omni. (NCR) ★★★
4. Possibly Omni and Humana are not comparable at many aspects. (F.A) ★★★★
5. The president does not provide any information about the cost and any possible requirements
of installing such a program. (adv:disadv/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
6. The president does not consider other possible causes that may result in budget deficits. (NCR)
★★★
7. The president overlooks other methods that could be applied to solve the problem. (necessity of the solution)
★★★
46 （健康，社会/论断，预言/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora. computer ownership are also highest(3), it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services(4), the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause(5), and fitness levels will improve when the economy does(6)." ★★★201
1. The standard for fitness may vary during past 20 years. ( P→F) ★★★★
2. Although the regions mentioned by the author have relatively highest fitness levels, it is still
possible that their fitness levels are declining compared with themselves. (confusing variation and comparison) ★★★★
3. High levels of computer ownership do not indicate that citizens of these regions will spend
more time on using computers. (U.C) ★★★
4. The low expenditures on fitness-related products and services may not directly result in low
level of fitness. (NCR) ★★★★
5. The low expenditures on fitness-related products do not necessarily resulted from the decline
in the economy. (NCR) ★★★
6. The author fails to convince us that once the economy improves, people will spend more money
on fitness-related products and services, and their fitness levels will therefore be improved. (sufficiency of the conclusion) ★★★★
47 （经营/对策/类比）The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Armchair Video, a chain of video rental stores
"Because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Armchair Video's ten video rental stores. Raising prices is not a good option(1), since we are famous for our special bargains. Instead, we should reduce our
operating hours. Last month(3) our store in downtown Marston(4) reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 P.M. rather than 9:00 P.M. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any film released more than two years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies(2,5), we should now adopt them(6) at all other Armchair Video stores as our best strategies for improving profits(7)."
★★★182,185
1. The owner fails to sufficiently illustrate that why raising prices would not be a good solution
for improving profits. (I.E) ★★★
2. The fact that few customer complaints were received does not indicate that most customers are
satisfied with these policies. (F.D) ★★★
3. The new policies were implemented only one month ago, the situation of this month might not
be representative of that of the whole year, or the negative effects might not have emerged yet. (P→F /reliability of the survey) ★★★★
4. The success of the new policies at one store does not ensure that adopting them would
necessarily be successful at all other Armchair stores. (C.S) ★★★★
5. The owner fails to provide any information concerning the possible change in the profit of the
store in Marston after the policies were adopted, thus we cannot evaluate if we should adopt them at all other stores. (I.I) ★★★★
6. The owner fails to consider many negative effects of the new policies.(adv:disadv) ★★★
7. There are many other possible measures we can adopt to improve profits. (necessity of the
solution) ★★★
48 （生活/建议/并列）The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement. "Because of its spectacular natural beauty and consistent climate, Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire(4). As a bonus, housing costs in Clearview have fallen(1) significantly during the past year(2), and real estate taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns(3).
Nevertheless, Clearview's mayor promises(5) many new programs to improve schools, streets, and public services(6). Retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians(7) in the area is far greater than the national average(8)." ★
1. The variation in the housing costs does not indicate that Clearview has advantage in housing
costs. (confusing comparison and variation) ★★★★
2. We cannot guarantee that housing costs in Clearview will not increase in the future. (P→F) ★
★
3. We need to know the average real estate taxes of the whole nation, non-neighboring cities
might enjoy even lower real estate taxes. (I.C) ★★★★
4. We do not know other conditions in Clearview which would influence retirees? decisions, such
as commodity price, transportation, etc. (I.I) ★★★★★
5. We do not know if the mayor can keep his promise, and how long does it take to finish those
improvements. (U.A) ★★★
6. The mayor?s promise might just indicate that those facilities are in bad condition now.
(negative evidence) ★★★
7. The number of physicians does not necessarily indicate the quality of health care.(U.C) ★★
★★
8. Although the number of physicians in Clearview is relatively high, the per capita number
might be relatively low. (V.D) ★★★
49 (chong45)
50 （医药保健/论断/——）A folk remedy* for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study, 30 volunteers(1,2) with chronic insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a controlled room where their sleep was monitored(7). During
the first week, volunteers continued to take their usual sleeping medication. They slept soundly but wakened feeling tired(4). During the second week, the volunteers discontinued their medication. As a
result, they slept less soundly than the previous week and felt even more tired. During the third week, the volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the previous two weeks(3,5). This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia(6,8). ★★★
*A folk remedy is usually a plant-based form of treatment common to traditional forms of medicine, ones that developed before the advent of modern medical services and technology.
1. 30 volunteers are too small a sample that can hardly be representative. (quantity of the sample)
★★★
2. We do not have any detailed information about the 30 volunteers, e.g. the severity of their
insomnia, their physique, etc., thus we could not evaluate if they are representative. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★★
3. The author does not inform us about the volunteers' sleep patterns prior to the experiment.
(I.C/ex parte information) ★★★
4. How soundly or long a person sleeps, or how tired a person feels after sleep, is irrelevant to
whether the person suffers from insomnia. (U.C/definition of the term ‘insomnia’) ★★★
5. The study fails to inform us how the volunteers felt after sleep during the third week, thus we
could not evaluate the actual effect of lavender flowers on sleep. (I.I) ★★★
6. Granted that the volunteer?s sleep was improved through the three weeks, we cannot ensure it
is the lavender that caused the result, other factors could also account for the improvement. (NCR) ★★★
7. The study should include another group of people who do not sleep on such pillows as
counterparts. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★★
8. The author cannot hastily conclude that the volunteers? insomnia has been thoroughly cured
without any follow-up studies. (C→F) ★★★★
51 （餐饮/提议/并列）Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have
complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change(1). Furthermore, many(3) servers have reported that a number of(3) customers who still ask for butter do not complain when they are given
margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish margarine from butter, or they use the term "butter" to refer to either butter or margarine(2). Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter(5), the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast(4) as well. ★★★185,213
1. Some customers might be unhappy but didn?t complain. (F.D) ★★★★
2. The fact that few customers complain when they are given margarine might be explained by
other factors, not necessarily by the explanations provided by the author. (F.D) ★★★
3. The author fails to indicate the actual number of servers who reported, and what percentage of
the whole server group do they make up, thus we cannot evaluate if the fact cited above is significant. Also, the author does not tell us the percentage of customers who do not complain. (V.D) ★★★
4. The author hastily assumes that customers in other regions will respond to the change similarly
as southwestern customers. (F.A) ★★★
5. The author fails to provide any information concerning the possible change in the profit of
Happy Pancake House after the replacement, thus we cannot evaluate the overall effect of the recommendation mentioned above. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
52 (chong35)
53 （生活保健/论断/并列）The citizens of Forsythe have adopted healthier lifestyles(7). Their responses to a recent survey(1) show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations(2) than they did ten years ago(3). Furthermore, there has been a fourfold increase in sales of food products containing kiran(5), a substance that a scientific study has shown
reduces cholesterol(4). This trend is also evident in reduced sales of sulia, a food that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat(6). ★★★48
1. The reliability of the recent survey is open to doubt, who responded? The number of
respondents? (are the respondents representative?) ★★
2. The government nutritional recommendations do not necessarily represent standards of healthy
lifestyles (U.C) ★★★
3. The government nutritional recommendations may have changed during the past decade.
(C→P) ★★★
4. The increase in sales of food products containing kiran does not necessarily indicate that the
citizens are leading healthier lives, people may purchase these food products for other reasons. (U.C/NCR) ★★★★
5. The author fails to inform us if there are any unhealthy ingredients in those food products
which contain kiran. (adv:disadv) ★★★
6. The fact that few of the healthiest citizens regularly eat sulia does not demonstrate that sulia is
unhealthy. (U.C) ★★★★
7. The author ignores many other factors that could be used to evaluate if people are having
healthier lives. (sufficiency of the evidence/I.E) ★★★★★
54 （考古，环境/推测/Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions(2), because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals(1). Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites(3) where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals(4). Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions(5). ★★★★
1. The fact that no evidence showing significant contact between humans and the mammals has
been found does not sufficiently prove that there was no any such contact at all.
The argument treats a lack of proof that humans might be responsible for the extinctions as constituting sufficient proof that they were not. (does the study make any difference?/I.E) ★★★★
2. Even if humans had no significant contact with mammals, human activities might cause
negative effects on mammals in different ways, thus human activities might have caused the species? extinctions indirectly. (I.T) ★★★★★
3. The author fails to prove that those discovered sites were inhabited by humans. (U.A) ★★★
4. The fact that no bones of large mammals were found at the sites does not sufficiently
demonstrate that humans have not hunted those mammals. (I.T) ★★★★
5. The author ignores other factors besides climate change and environmental ones that could
also explain the extinctions. (F.D) ★★★★
55 （文化娱乐，商业/预言/并列）The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine. "Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined(1) over the past two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what features they thought were most important in a video game(2). According to the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which require the most up-to-date computers(4). Whirlwind has just introduced several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at people 10 to 25 years old(5), the age-group most likely to play video games. It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to increase(6) dramatically in the next few months(3)." ★★★212
1. The author fails to take into account other factors that might also lead to the decline in their
sales of video games. (NCR) ★★★
2. Many other questions that are directly related to the conclusion are ignored by the author. (what
question was asked in the survey) ★★★★
3. The author fails to consider other features that may also influence the overall quality of a game.
(I.T) ★★★
4. The author fails to analyze how many players have access to such most up-to-date computers.
(I.I) ★★★
5. No evidence could indicate that players 10-25 years old will also prefer such kind of games.
(C.S) ★★★
6. Sales of video games would be determined by many factors, thus the mere fact cited by the
author could not ensure increase in our sales. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
56 （商业，生产/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc.
"A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented "Endure" manufacturing process(1), which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the "Endure" process, but the new study shows that the average
Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities(2), say that they most value Dura-Sock's stylish appearance and availability in many colors(3). These findings suggest that
Dura-Sock can increase its profits(4,6) by discontinuing its use of the "Endure" manufacturing process(5)." ★★★
1. The vice president fails to rule out the possibility that the customers purchases new Dura-Socks
frequently just because they favor the “ Endure” process. (I.T) ★★★★
2. The customers surveyed in northeastern United States cities may not be representative of all our
customers. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★
3. The study cited by the vice president does not imply that our customers no longer care about the
durability of socks. (I.E) ★★★★
4. The vice president fails to inform us the cost of using “Endure” process, thus we cannot
evaluate the president?s conclusion. (adv:disadv) ★★★
5. The vice president fails to consider the negative effect of discontinuing the use of the process.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
6. The vice president fails to consider and analyze other factors that would influence our profits.
(sufficiency of the solution) ★★
57 (chong56)
58 （管理/提议/——）The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the company's president.
"In an effort to improve our employees' productivity(1), we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from their workstations(3) need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities(2), such as shopping or playing games(4). By installing software(6) to
detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic(5) at Climpson, and improve our overall profits(7)." ★★★
8. The vice president fails to provide any information about current performance and productivity
of our employees, thus the assumption that their productivity should be and could be improved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A/necessity of the solution) ★★
9. The vice president unfairly assumes that most of our employees use internet for personal or
recreational activities. (U.A/I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★★
10. The vice president ignores the necessity for some employees to use the Internet in their work.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
11. Employees could still spend much time on personal or recreational activities even though the
Internet access is banned. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★★
12. The vice president overlooks the negative effects of the proposed activity on employees? morale,
thus the better work ethic mentioned above is not guaranteed. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
13. The vice president fails to consider possible negative effects of installing such software on the
performance of computers, and fails to provide the cost of installing the software. (adv:disadv) ★★★
14. Since Climpson?s profits would be determined by many factors, adopting the proposal may not
sufficiently ensure greater profits. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
59 （地产，建设/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the president of Bower Builders, a company that constructs new homes.
"A nationwide survey(1) reveals that the two most desired home features(2) are a bathroom with a whirlpool tub and a large kitchen. Homes in a nearby development built by our competitor, Domus Construction, have whirlpool tubs and have sold much faster and at significantly higher prices than the average(3,4). To increase our sales and profits, we should include whirlpool tubs and larger
kitchens as standard features(6) in all our new homes(5,7,8). Since our recent buyers(10) have voiced no complaints about small yards(9,10), we can also increase profits by decreasing the size of our yards." ★★
1. The result of the nationwide survey does not necessarily apply to all specific regions. (C.S) ★
★★★
2. Many other features are also important for consumers when they buy new houses. (sufficiency of
the solution) ★★★
3. The president unfairly assumes that it is the whirlpool tubs that resulted in the fast selling and
higher price of the development built by Domus. (NCR) ★★★★★
4. The president fails to provide any information about the profits Domus gained from the
mentioned development. (I.I) ★★★
5. There may be many other differences between Bowers and Domus. (F.A) ★★★
6. Merely Including the new features in new homes may not sufficiently ensure our sales and
profits to increase. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★
7. The president fails to illustrate the necessity of including the features in all new homes.
(C.S/necessity of the solution) ★★
8. The president fails to consider the possible cost of providing these features, thus we cannot
ensure that our profits will certainly increase. (adv:disadv) ★★★
9. The fact that no complaint about small yards has been received does not indicate that there will
be no negative effects of decreasing the size of yards at all. (I.E) ★★★★
10. The feedback from the recent buyers may not be representative of all consumers. (C.S) ★★
★
11. The fact that recent buyers did not complain does not indicate there will not be any
dissatisfaction in the future. (C→F) ★★★
60 （生活，经济/预言，建议/并列）The following appeared in a letter from a firm providing investment advice to a client. and climate forecasters at Waymarsh University(1) predict that this weather pattern will continue for
several more years. Furthermore, many new homes have been built in this region during the past year(2,4). Because of these developments, we predict an increased demand for heating oil(3) and
recommend investment in Consolidated Industries(5), one of whose major business operations is the retail sale of home heating oil." ★★★★15
1. The accuracy of Waymarsh University?s prediction is open to doubt. (credibility of the evidence)
★★★
2. The author does not provide any information about the actual amount of heating oil used due to
the cold weather last year, thus we cannot evaluate the argument. (I.I) ★★★★
3. Other new heating fuel may be available currently. (I.T) ★★★
4. No evidence could guarantee that new homes in this region will continue to use heating oil as
fuel for heating. (U.A/ P→F) ★★★
5. Granted that the demand for heating oil will increase, we cannot guarantee that investing in
Consolidated Industries will be profitable. (H.G) ★★★★
61 （社会/提议/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a memo from a budget planner for the City of Grandview.
"To avoid a budget deficit next year, the City of Grandview must(6) eliminate its funding for the Grandview Symphony.
attendance at the Symphony's concerts-in-the-park series doubled(2,3). The Symphony has also
announced an increase in ticket prices for next year(4). Such developments indicate that the Symphony can now succeed without funding from city government and we can eliminate that expense from next year's budget. This action will surely prevent a budget deficit(5)." ★★★
1. We do not know the base amount of private contributions to the Symphony the year before last,
thus we cannot evaluate if the contributions were significant. (V.D) ★★★★
2. The fact that attendance at the concert series doubled does not necessarily indicate that the
Symphony is operating successfully. (U.C) ★★★
3. The facts cited by the planner, including the increased private contributions, popularity of
concert series, may not recur in the following years. (P→F) ★★★★
4. The planner does not inform us how much will the ticket prices actually increase. (I.I) ★★
5. Eliminating the funding for the Symphony alone may not prevent a budget deficit sufficiently.
(sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★
Other measures could also be taken to prevent a budget d eficit. (necessity of a solution) ★★★ 62
63 （儿童，体育/提议/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.
"Throughout the country(1) last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer(10), over 80,000 of these young players(2) suffered injuries(3,4,5). When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players(6) in several major cities also reported
psychological pressure(7) from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities(8,9). Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages(11), we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition(10) for children under nine." ★★
1. The fact that many young players suffered injuries throughout the country does not necessarily
indicate that Parkville should discontinue athletic competition. (C.S) ★★★
2. Without the total number of children who participated in the competitions we could not
evaluate the situation. (V.D) ★★★
3. The author does not differentiate the severity of injuries. (I.I) ★★★
4. We need to know how about the injury-rate of those young players compared with children
who do not participate in these games. (lack of controlled experiment) ★★★
5. We do not know the rate of injuries before children participated in these games, thus could not
evaluate if the situation are getting worse. (confusing comparison and variation) ★★
6. The players in the recent study might not be representative of all young players. (are the
respondents representative?) ★★★★
7. The young players at Parkville may not necessarily also suffer psychological pressure as the
players do in those major cities. (C.S) ★★★★
8. The author unfairly assumes that children would use the time for academic activities if they
did not take part in those games. (U.A) ★★★
9. No information about the academic performance of the children who participated in
youth-leagues is provided, thus we could not judge if we need to discontinue athletic competition to guarantee more academic activities for these students. (I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★
10. The fact that many children were injured in softball and soccer games does not indicate that we
should discontinue all other athletic competitions. (C.S) ★★★★★
11. The author fails to consider the positive effects of athletic competition. (adv:disadv) ★★★
★
64 （艺术，考古/推测，预言/递进）Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures Kali(1), we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues(2,3). This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could only be used for life-size sculptures(4). It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found(5). In light of this development, collectors should expect the life-size sculptures to decrease in value and the miniatures to increase in value(6). ★★★★★
1. The recently discovered molds of human heads and hands are not necessarily used by Kalinese
artists for sculpting. (U.A) ★★★★
2. Granted those molds were used for sculpture purpose, we cannot hastily conclude that Kalinese
artist also use molds to create all life-size statues. (H.G) ★★★★
3. No sufficient evidence is provided to prove that Kalinese artists did not use any sculpting tools
and techniques to create life-size statues. (I.E) ★★★
4. Other possible factors would also lead to the differences between miniature statues and life-size
statures. (F.A) ★★★★
5. Alternative explanation could also explain why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been
found. (NCR) ★★★
6. The author?s assumption that the life-size sculptures will decrease in value and the miniatures
to increase in value is unwarranted. (U.A) ★★★★
65 （社会/对策/park's parking lots last month(2) revealed the park's drop in popularity: the recordings showed an average of only 50 cars per day(1,3). In contrast, tiny Carlton Park in the heart of the business district is visited by more than 150 people on a typical weekday(4). An obvious difference is that Carlton Park, unlike Stanley Park, provides ample seating(5). Thus, if Stanley Park is ever to be as popular with our citizens as is Carlton Park, the town will obviously need to provide more benches, thereby converting some of the unused open areas into spaces suitable for socializing(6). ★★★43
1. The number of cars at the park?s parking lots may not be a good indication of the park?s
popularity. (U.C) ★★★★
2. There may be some special reasons last month that resulted in the dropped popularity of Stanley
Park. (selective sample) ★★★★
3. The author does not provide information concerning the number of visitors at Stanley before
the cameras were mounted. (confusing comparison with variation) ★★★
4. Many other differences may render the two parks not comparable. (I.C) ★★★
5. The author fails to convince us that it is the ample seating that makes Carlton so popular. (NCR)
★★★★
6. The author fails to consider the possible negative effects of converting unused open areas into
public social spaces. (adv:disadv) ★★★
66 （商业/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States. cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers(3). Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way(4) to improve profits(6) in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese(5) and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses." ★★★
1. The situation last year may be unusual, it does not indicate that domestic cheddar cheeses will
also be popular in the future. (P→F) ★★★
2. The situation at the newest store might not be representative of all stores. (selective sample/C.S)
★★★★
3. The president does not provide any information about the subscribers of Cheese of the World,
thus they may not be representative of United States consumers. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★★
4. Many other better ways might be available to improve profits of our stores. (necessity of the
solution) ★★★
5. The president fails to consider the negative effects of discontinuing the inventory of imported
cheeses. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
6. The president does not provide any information about the actual profit of domestic and
imported cheese respectively, thus we cannot evaluate the president?s conclusion. (I.I) ★★★★★
67 （经营管理/决策/并列+类比）The following appeared as part of a business plan developed by the manager of the Rialto Theater.
"Despite its downtown location, the Rialto Movie Theater, a local institution for five decades, must make big changes or close its doors forever. It should follow the example of the new Apex Theater in the mall outside of town(1). When the Apex opened last year, it featured a video arcade, plush carpeting and seats, and a state-of-the-art sound system(2,3). Furthermore, in a recent survey, over 85 percent of
respondents (4)reported that the high price of newly released movies prevents them from going to the movies more than five times per year. Thus, if the Rialto intends to hold on to its share of a
decreasing pool of moviegoers, it must(6) offer the same features as Apex(5)." ★★★63
1. The manager offers no evidence that the two theaters are indeed comparable. (F.A) ★★★
2. We are not informed about the actual profit and the number of moviegoers of Apex since its
opening. (I.I) ★★★★
3. The manager unfairly assumes that the success of Apex, if there is any, was result from those
new features mentioned above. (NCR) ★★★★★
4. The reliability of the survey on which the argument relies is not guaranteed. (are the
respondents representative) ★
5. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of these fashionable features.
(adv:disadv/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
6. Other solutions can also be used to achieve the manager?s goal. (Necessity of the solution) ★
★★
68 （保健/建议/并列+对比）The following appeared in the Sherwood Times newspaper.
"A recent study reported that pet owners have longer, healthier lives on average than do people who own no pets(1,2). Specifically, dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart disease. In light of these
findings, Sherwood Hospital should form a partnership with Sherwood Animal Shelter to institute an 'adopt-a-dog' program(3,5). The program would encourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease(4,7), which will help reduce medical costs(6) by reducing the number of these patients needing ongoing treatment. In addition, the publicity about the program will encourage more people(9) to adopt pets(8) from the shelter, which will reduce the risk of heart disease in the general population(10)." ★★60,114
1. No causal relationship between owning pets and healthier lives of the pet owners is established.
(confusing concurrence with causality/confusing the cause and the effect) ★★★★★
2. There may be other differences between people who own pets and those who do not. (I.C) ★★
★★
3. Pets could cause other health problems. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
4. The author fails to illustrate that owning a dog would have the same positive effects on
recovery of heart disease as it has on preventing heart disease. (C.S) ★★★
5. Some patients may not be willing to adopt a dog, or capable of owning dogs, or could afford
raising a dog. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
6. The patients may suffer form other health problems, thus their medical expenses would not
necessarily decrease even if owning a dog could indeed lower the risk of heart disease. (sufficiency of the solution/U.A) ★★★
7. The author unfairly assumes that at least a significant number of people who adopt pets from
the shelter will have risks of heart disease. (U.A) ★★
8. The author fails to illustrate that adopting other pets would have the same effect on preventing
heart disease as owning a dog has. (C.S) ★★★
9. The author hastily assumes that the proposed program would be appealing to the general
public. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
10. Since the risk of heart disease in the general population might be influenced by many factors,
implementing the program alone may not sufficiently reduce the risk. (sufficiency of the solution/U.A) ★★★
69 （工程建设/决策/并列+对比）The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a large, highly diversified company.
"Ten years ago(4) our company had two new regional office buildings built in two different regions. The buildings were erected by two different construction companies—Alpha and Zeta. Even though the two
buildings had virtually identical floor plans, the building constructed by Zeta cost 30 percent more to build, and its expenses for maintenance last year were twice those of the building constructed by Alpha. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the Zeta building has been higher(2) than that of the Alpha building every year since its construction(1). Such data, plus the fact that Alpha has a stable workforce with little employee turnover(3), indicate that we should use Alpha Construction Company, rather than Zeta(6), for all(5) future building projects." ★★17,41,233
1. The vice president fails to consider many other differences between the two regions and the two
buildings. (I.C) ★★★★★
2. The high expenses for maintenance of the Zeta building last year might be an unusual case, and
do not necessarily continue in the future. (P→F) ★★★
3. A stable workforce with little employee turnover tells nothing about the construction quality of a
construction company. (I.E/U.C) ★★★
4. The vice president unfairly assumes that the working quality of Alpha is still superior to that of
Zeta today as decades ago. (P→F) ★★★★
5. The facts cited by the vice president do not necessarily indicate that Alpha has advantages over
Zeta in constructing all kinds of buildings. (C.S) ★★★★★
6. The vice president fails to consider other competent construction companies besides Alpha and
Zeta. (F.D) ★★★
70
71 （交通运输/建议/类比+并列）The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times. "Traffic problems here in Waymarsh are obviously reaching record levels. While just three months ago it would take me 15 minutes to get to work, it now takes closer to 25(1,2). Waymarsh should follow the example of our neighboring city Gearsville. Last year, Gearsville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work with coupons for free gas(7). Pollution levels in Gearsville have dropped since the policy was implemented(3), and several friends(4) who live in Gearsville tell me that their trip to work is quicker than it used to be. With the terrible traffic and high pollution(6) in Waymarsh, we must implement a policy similar to Gearsville's(5)." ★★18,55
1. The author fails to prove that the situation faced by the author is not an unusual case. (C.S) ★★
★★
2. The author unfairly assumes that the current situation will continue in the future. (C→F) ★★
★
3. The author fails to establish a causal relationship between implementing the policy and drop of
pollution levels in Gearsville. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
4. The author?s friends may not be representative of all Gearsville residents. (C.S) ★★★
5. Implementing the policy similar to Gearsville?s might not be equally effective in Waymarsh.
(F.A) ★★★★★
6. We do not know the actual level of pollution in Waymarsh and the causes for the pollution, thus
implementing the policy may not necessarily improve Waymarsh?s traffic and environment. (I.I/NCR) ★★★★
7. The proposed reward policy may result in some negative effects. (adv:disadv) ★★★
72 （就业/论断/并列）The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.
"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading(8). The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs(1,2) have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many(3) of those who lost their jobs have found new employment(4). Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay
above-average wages(6), and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time(5)." ★★★183
*Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.
1. The author does not provide the actual number of new jobs created, perhaps the number is still
lower than the total number of laid-off workers although it is higher than the number of jobs eliminated. (V.D) ★★★
2. The author fails to demonstrate that the newly created jobs since 1992 are suitable for those
workers downsized by corporations. (I.I/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
3. The report does not clearly demonstrate what fraction of workers who lost their jobs have found
new employment. (V.D) ★★★
4. We are not informed what kind of new employment did those workers find, and if these jobs are
high-paying jobs. (I.T) ★★★
5. The author fails to inform us how many laid-off workers engaged in those highly paid and
full-time jobs mentioned by the author. (I.I) ★★★
6. The fact that many new jobs are in industries that tend to pay high wages does not necessarily
guarantee that these new jobs are also highly paid. (U.C) ★★★
7. The statistics cited by the author still does not rule out the possibility that many laid-off worker
do face serious economic hardship before they find a new job. (I.E) ★★★
73 （教育/论断/并列）The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice(2) of any music student aware of its reputation(1). First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training(3), so that students typically begin their training at a very young age(4). Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date professional equipment(5), and its faculty includes some(6) of the most distinguished music teachers in the world(7). Finally, many(10) Mozart graduates have gone on to be the best known and most highly paid(9) musicians in the nation(8). ★
1. The author does not inform us the amount of tuition charged by Mozart Music School, and if
the gifted students could afford it. (I.I/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
2. Other music schools may be more suitable for some students. (necessity of the solution) ★★
★★
3. The author fails to illustrate that intensive practice and training are important and necessary for
all music students. (U.A) ★★★★
4. Beginning intensive practice and training at very young age may cause some negative effects
on music students. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
5. We are not sure whether the equipment and facilities are available to all new students. (I.I) ★
★★
6. We are not informed about the performance of other faculty members, students are not
necessarily taught by those most distinguished music teachers mentioned in the argument. (I.I) ★★★★
7. Other music schools may also have ample facilities and famous teachers. (ex parte information)
★★★
8. The author unfairly attributes the graduates? success to the education they received in Mozart
School of Music. (NCR) ★★★★★
9. The argument simply equates being best known and highly paid with musical achievements.
(U.C) ★★★
10. The argument fails to provide information concerning the general employment condition of the
school?s graduates. (I.I/C.S) ★★
74
75 （政治经济/对策/先并列后递进）The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper.
"The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms (2)throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market(1,3) has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per
gallon(4,5,6). To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices(8). Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers(7)." ★★
1. The author unfairly assumes that Excello's milk prices reflect those throughout Batavia. (C.S/quantity
of the sample)
★★★★
2. The number of dairy farms does not necessarily indicate the supply of milk. (U.C) ★★★★
3. Even the production of milk in the country increased in general, no information is offered to show
whether the production in Excello also increased. (C.S) ★★★
4. We are not informed about how much did the price of milk actually increase after adjustment for
inflation. (I.T) ★★★
5. The author fails to consider the variation in the demand of milk. (I.T/I.I) ★★★
6. The author does not provide a cost benefit analysis. (I.I) ★★★
7. The author fails to consider other possible methods that may guarantee lower prices and an adequate
supply. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
8. The proposed regulation may lead to undesirable consequences. (I.T/unexpected consequences)
★★★★★
76 （经济，投资/建议/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.
"Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol(1,5), and today low-fat products abound in many food stores(2). Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol(7), the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease(3,4). We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company(6)." ★★★★66
1. The author fails to assure us that the survey results accurately reflect the desires of most consumers,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. or that the results accurately predict consumer behavior. (Are the respondents representative?) ★★ The fact that low-fat foods are in abundant supply in food stores does not necessarily indicate an increasing demand for low-fat dairy products or a diminishing demand for high-fat dairy products. (NCR) ★★★★★ The newsletter concludes too hastily that Old Dairy profits will decline. (U.A) ★★★ The argument fails to provide any information about other products marketed by Old Dairy which may be low in fat and cholesterol. (I.I) ★★★ The author fails to consider other factors that may influence the consumers? decision in choosing food. (I.T) ★★★ The mere fact that many Old Dairy?s food products are high in fat and cholesterol does not necessarily prove that their stock is not worth investing. (I.T) ★★★★ The author ignores the possibility that Old Dairy may change its policy and main product in
the future. (P→F) ★★★
77 （城市/决策/类比）The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell. "Two years ago(1,5), the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent(6). The best way(4) to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View(2,3)." ★2,237
1. The arguer fails to point out how the golf course and resort hotel actually contributed to the
economy of Ocean View. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
2. Ocean View and Hopewell may not be comparable. (F.A) ★★★★★
3. The argument relies on an unwarranted assumption that Hopewell lacks golf course and resort
hotel, or that the existing ones are not attractive enough. (U.A) ★
4. The arguer ignores other possible methods that may improve Hopewell?s economy more
efficiently. (necessity of the solution) ★★★
5. The mayor assumes too hastily that the golf course and hotel will continue to benefit Hopewell's
overall economy. (P→F) ★★★★
6. The 30 percent increase in tax revenues of Ocean View does not indicate that its economic
condition is better than Hopewell?s, because we do not know the base amount of tax revenues to begin with. (V.D) ★★
78 （生产，管理/决策/对比）The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a food-distribution company with food-storage warehouses in several cities.
"Recently we signed a contract with The Fly-Away Pest-Control Company to provide pest-control
services at our fast-food warehouse in Palm City, but last month we discovered that over $20,000 worth of food there had been destroyed by pest damage. Meanwhile, the Buzzoff Pest-Control Company, which we have used for many years, continued to service our warehouse in Wintervale, and last month only $10,000 worth of the food stored there had been destroyed by pest damage(1). Even though the price charged by Fly-Away is considerably lower(2), our best(5) means of saving money is to return to Buzzoff Company(4) for all(3) our pest-control services." ★★17,93,233
1. The situation in Palm City and Wintervale might be quite different. (F.A) ★★★★★
2. The vice president does not inform us about the actual price charged by each company, thus we
can not evaluate if we can save money by adopting the president?s advice. (lack of comparison) ★★★★
3. There may be some difference between the specialty of the two company on pest-control, thus it
is too hasty to use Buzzoff for all our pest-control services. (C.S) ★★★★
4. There may be many other pest-control companies which can do even better than the two
companies for us to choose from (F.D ) ★★★
5. Other methods can also be applied to achieve the president?s purpose of saving money.
(Necessity of the solution) ★★
79 173
80
81 （健康卫生/论断/——）The following appeared in a business magazine. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk(5). This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans(2) and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea(4), five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals(3) are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods." ★★★
1. We do not know how many tuna cans did Promofoods sell in total last year, thus could not
evaluate if the eight million return cans are among the batch which caused the problems.(I.I/V.D) ★★★
2. We do not know if tuna cans are the only kind of food Promofoods sell last year, hence we
could not evaluate if the test makes any sense. (does the test make any difference?) ★★★
3. The author fails to rule out the possibility that it is the three remaining chemicals that resulted
in the problem. (I.E) ★★★
4. The author generalizes too hastily that the tested cans do not contain any chemicals that pose a
health risk at all. (C.S) ★★★
5. The chemists failed to examine the samples for other chemicals or substances that could cause
dizziness and nausea. (does the study make any difference?) ★★★★
82 （商业，生产/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of marketing at Dura-Sock, Inc.
"A recent study of Dura-Sock wearers suggests that our company is wasting the money it spends on its patented "Endure" manufacturing process(1), which ensures that our socks are strong enough to last for two years. Dura-Sock has always advertised its use of the "Endure" process, but the new study shows that the average
Dura-Sock customer actually purchases new Dura-Socks every three months. Furthermore, Dura-Sock customers surveyed in our largest market, northeastern United States cities(2), say that they most value Dura-Sock's stylish appearance and availability in many colors(3). These findings suggest that
Dura-Sock can increase its profits(4,6) by discontinuing its use of the "Endure" manufacturing process(5)." ★★★
7. The vice president fails to rule out the possibility that the customers purchases new Dura-Socks
frequently just because they favor the “ Endure” process. (I.T) ★★★★
8. The customers surveyed in northeastern United States cities may not be representative of all our
customers. (are the respondents representative?) ★★★
9. The study cited by the vice president does not imply that our customers no longer care about the
durability of socks. (I.E) ★★★★
10. The vice president fails to inform us the cost of using “Endure” process, thus we cannot
evaluate the president?s conclusion. (adv:disadv) ★★★
11. The vice president fails to consider the negative effect of discontinuing the use of the process.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
12. The vice president fails to consider and analyze other factors that would influence our profits.
(sufficiency of the solution) ★★
83 (chong84)
84（环境/论断/对比）The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.
"The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly indicates the global pollution of water and air(1,4,5). Two studies of amphibians in Yosemite National Park(2) in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant
numbers of each species. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observed in the But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline(3) because it does not explain the worldwide decline." ★★★★207
1. The author does not provide information concerning the level of pollution at different regions,
thus the assumption that pollution is responsible for the decline in the numbers of amphibians everywhere is unwarranted. (I.I/C.S) ★★★★
2. A specific case in Yosemite National Park could hardly be representative of the situation
throughout the world. (quantity of the sample) ★★★
3. The argument fails to rule out the introduction of trout as a cause for the decline in the
numbers of amphibians despite it could not explain the worldwide trend. (I.E) ★★★
4. The author provides no direct evidence to show that it is the pollution that resulted in the decline
in the number of amphibians. (NCR) ★★★
5. The author ignores factors other than the pollution and the introduction of trout which could
explain the decline in amphibian numbers in Yosemite. (F.D) ★★★★
85
86 （失业，就业/论断/对比）The following appeared in a memo at the XYZ company. greatly from Delany's services: last year those who used Delany found jobs much more quickly than did This would be a mistake because eight years ago, when XYZ was using Walsh, only half of the workers we laid off at that time found jobs within a year(2,3,4,5). Moreover, Delany is
clearly superior, as evidenced by its bigger staff(7) and larger number of branch offices(6). After all, last year(10) Delany's clients took an average of six months to find jobs, whereas Walsh's clients took nine(8,9)." ★★
1. The author unfairly attributes the successful employment result of the laid-off employees who
used Delany to Delany?s assistance. (NCR) ★★★★
2. The fact that only half of the laid-off workers found jobs within a year may not result from
ineffectiveness of Walsh. (NCR/I.C) ★★★★
3. Many factors could explain the differences between the employment results of using each
company. (I.C) ★★★★
4. Without any comparative data, we cannot determine if the employment result of workers who
use Walsh eight years ago are poor. (lack of comparison) ★★★★
5. Many conditions would have changed during the past eight years. (P→C) ★★★
6. The size of staff and number of branch offices do not necessarily indicate the quality and
effectiveness of a company?s service. (U.C) ★★★★
7. A bigger staff may just indicate that the efficiency at Delany is lower. (negative evidence) ★
★
8. There is no significant difference between finding job within six months and within nine
months. (I.E) ★★
9. Without detailed description of jobs found by Delany?s clients and Walsh?s clients respectively,
and without more information about their clients, we cannot evaluate which company is more effective. (I.I/I.C) ★★★★
10. A single year's placement statistics hardly suffices to draw any firm conclusions. (selective
sample/ P→F) ★★★
87 (chong85)
88 (chong90)
89 (chong86)
90 （商业/决策/并列）The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products. We should therefore build our next new store in
Plainsville(5), which has many such residents(8). Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs(1). The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full(2,7). We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age(3,4)." ★★14,40
1. Strong sales of exercise apparel do not necessarily indicate that Plainesville residents would be
interested in NW's products, or that these residents are interested in exercising. (U.C) ★★★
2. The popularity of the local health club is little indication that the residents in Plainsville live much
healthier lives now, and that NW will earn a profit from a store in Plainesville. (NCR)
3. The memo contains no evidence to support the assumption that people who exercise regularly are
also interested in buying health food and health-related products. (U.C) ★★★
4. The fact that a certain fitness program is mandatory for Plainesville's schoolchildren
accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation. (NCR) ★★★
5. The arguer does not provide any information regarding the cost of building such a new store
thus we can not be convinced that the new store will be profitable.(adv:disadv) ★★
6. The arguer fails to consider other possible factors besides residents? interest in healthy lives
that may contribute to the success of their existing stores.(confusing concurrence with causality) ★★
7. The recommendation fails to substantiate that this interest will continue in the foreseeable future.
(P→F) ★★★★
8. The arguer unfairly assumes that Plainesville residents will prefer NW over other merchants that
sell similar products. (U.A/I.T) ★★
91
92
93
94 （管理/提议/——）The vice president for human resources at Climpson Industries sent the following recommendation to the company's president.
"In an effort to improve our employees' productivity(1), we should implement electronic monitoring of employees' Internet use from their workstations. Employees who use the Internet from their workstations(3) need to be identified and punished if we are to reduce the number of work hours spent on personal or recreational activities(2), such as shopping or playing games(4). By installing software(6) to
detect employees' Internet use on company computers, we can prevent employees from wasting time, foster a better work ethic(5) at Climpson, and improve our overall profits(7)." ★★★
15. The vice president fails to provide any information about current performance and productivity
of our employees, thus the assumption that their productivity should be and could be improved is open to doubt. (I.I/U.A/necessity of the solution) ★★
16. The vice president unfairly assumes that most of our employees use internet for personal or
recreational activities. (U.A/I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★★
17. The vice president ignores the necessity for some employees to use the Internet in their work.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
18. Employees could still spend much time on personal or recreational activities even though the
Internet access is banned. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★★★
19. The vice president overlooks the negative effects of the proposed activity on employees? morale,
thus the better work ethic mentioned above is not guaranteed. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
20. The vice president fails to consider possible negative effects of installing such software on the
performance of computers, and fails to provide the cost of installing the software. (adv:disadv) ★★★
21. Since Climpson?s profits would be determined by many factors, adopting the proposal may not
sufficiently ensure greater profits. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
95 （生产/决策/大并列小递进）The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.
supplier(1), we should resume production(5). This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat(2), there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years(3,6), customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago(4), and our company profits will increase(7)." ★★★
1. The author fails to substantiate the assumption that the new fabric supplier will be a reliable
supplier of alpaca, and fails to provide any information about the quality of the fabric they supply. (U.A/I.I) ★★★★
2. The fact that competitor stopped making alpaca coats may just indicate diminishing consumer
demand for them. (negative evidence) ★★★
3. Other factors may change during the past five years. (P→F) ★★★
4. The assumption that consumers will be willing to pay significant higher prices for alpaca overcoats
is unwarranted. (U.A) ★★★
5. The author fails to consider the possible cost of resuming production. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
6. The fact that clothing prices have been steadily increasing for five years suggests that consumers
might have less disposable income for purchasing items such as alpaca coats. (negative evidence) ★★
7. The memo's claim that the company's overall profits would increase thereby is unwarranted.
(U.A) ★★★
96 (chong95)
97
98 (chong99)
99 44, （经营/决策/大并列小递进）The following is a recommendation from the business manager of Monarch Books.
"Monarch Books should open a café in its store(5) to attract more customers(3) and better
compete with Regal Books, which recently opened a café(1,2). would clearly attract more customers. The café would require relatively little space. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section(4), which will likely become less popular(8) given that the last national census(6) indicated a significant decline in the percent of the population(7) who are under age ten." ★★★
9. The manager offers no evidence that the two bookstores are comparable at every aspect. (F.A)
★★
10. We are not informed about the possible change in the profit and number of customers of Regal
Books after Regal has opened the new café. (I.I) ★★★★
11. No evidence could guarantee that opening a café at Monarch will attract substantially more
customers.(I.E) ★★★
12. The manager fails to consider the negative effects of cutting out children?s book section and
opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★★★
13. The manager fails to consider the possible cost of opening the café. (adv:disadv) ★★★
14. The result of a national census may not be properly applied to a certain region. (C.S) ★★★
★
15. Although the percent of children in the general population has declined, the total number of
children may increase. (V.D) ★★★
16. Granted that the number of children who are under age ten has decreased, we can not ensure
that the number of children who go to our bookstore, or the need for children?s book will also decline. (NCR) ★★★
100 （文化娱乐/论断/并列）The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.
"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away(1); thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself(3,7). Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe(4), and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight(2). Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan
spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment(5,6). It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money." ★★★235
1. If the demand for a live jazz club in Monroe were as great as the applicant claims, it seems that
Monroe would already have one or more such clubs. (negative evidence) ★★★
2. The popularity of Monroe's annual jazz festival and of its nightly jazz radio show does not
necessarily indicate that jazz is extremely popular in Monroe. (NCR) ★★★★
3. Granted that jazz is extremely popular in Monroe, we cannot ensure that those jazz fans will attend
the jazz club. (U.A) ★★★
4. The mere fact that several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe lend no significant support to
the applicant's claim. (I.E) ★★★
5. The result of the nationwide study could not ensure that Monroe residents are willing to spend
much money on jazz entertainment. (C.S) ★★★★
6. The arguer also does not inform us how much of the $1000 goes to club admission. (V.D) ★★★
7. The scale of Monroe?s jazz market, and the profitability of the proposed club are open to doubt.
(I.I) ★★★★
101 （生活，保健/建议，论断/对比）The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"There is now evidence that the relaxed manner of living in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville(5) report fewer days of sick leave(1) taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Mason City(5). Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician(2) for its one thousand
residents(3), but in Mason City the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. And the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher(4) than that of Mason City residents. These
findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities(6,7)." ★★
1. The number of days of sick leave taken by individuals does not necessarily indicate their
health status. (U.C) ★★★★
2. The proportion of physicians to residents is not a good indication of the health level of citizens.
(U.C) ★★★★
3. The fact that Leeville has lower proportion of physicians to residents may just suggest that
residents here may have difficulty in finding adequate health care. (negative evidence) ★★★★
4. The author ignores many other differences that would contribute to the higher average age of
Leeville residents. (I.C) ★★★★
5. Leeville and Mason City are not necessarily representative of all small towns and big cities.
(C.S) ★★★★
6. Granted that living in small towns does promote better health and greater longevity, we cannot
ensure that living at small communities would have the same advantages. (U.C) ★★★★
7. The author fails to consider the disadvantages and inconveniences of living in small towns.
(adv:disadv) ★★★★
102 (chong100)
103 (chong101)
104 (chong32)
105 (chong32)
106 (chong32)
107 (chong66)
108 (chong66)
109 (chong17)
110 (chong17)
111 (chong47)
112 (chong47)
113 （生产，管理/提议/并列）The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.
"Many other companies(1) have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read
Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours(4,5); another graduate(2) rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year(3). Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee—a small price(6) to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong
subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly(8) by requiring all(7) of our employees to take the Easy Read course." ★★
1. The director commits a fallacy of false analogy, are these companies comparable? (F.A) ★★
★★
2. The condition of only two graduates tells little about the actual effect of the course. (quantity of
the sample) ★★★★
3. The director fails to establish the causal relationship between taking the Easy Read course and
the reading ability of the first graduate, and the promotion of the second graduate as well. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★★
4. No information about the reading speed of the first graduate before taking the course is
provided, thus we could not evaluate the effect of the course. (confusing comparison and
variation) ★★★
5. We do not know what kind of reading material did the first graduate read, thus cannot evaluate
this piece of evidence. (I.I) ★★★
6. Without providing the prices of other similar courses, the assumption that 500 dollars is a
cheap tuition is open to doubt. (lack of comparison) ★★★
7. The director fails to convince us that all employees at Acme Publishing Company need to
improve their reading speed. Not every worker has to attain a lot of information in their workplace. (C.S) ★★★
The director assumes without warrant that the benefits of the course will outweigh its costs. (adv:disadv) ★★★★
114 (chong117) (chong78)
115 (chong69)
116 (chong78)
117 (chong78)
118 (chong14)
119 (chong120) (chong22)
120 (chong22)
121 (chong62)
122 (chong121) (chong62)
123 (chong41)
124 (chong121) (chong62)
125 (chong123)
126 (chong113)
127 (chong113)
128 (chong129) (chong35)
129 (chong35)
130 (chong131) (chong51)
131 (chong51)
132 (chong134)
133 (chong131) (chong51)
134（社会/提议/并列）The following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville. "All(1) students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years several accidents(2,3) in and around Centerville have involved teenage
drivers. Since a number of(6) parents in Centerville have complained that they are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive(5), some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget(6) cannot afford to pay for driving
instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school(8,9) is the only(7) solution to this serious problem(4)." ★★
1. The author?s assumption that all students in Centerville need to take the course is open to
doubt. (C.S) ★★★
2. The arguer fails to point out the severity of accidents, and who actually caused these
accidents.(I.I/necessity of the solution) ★★★★
3. In the absence of comparative accident rate during earlier years, we cannot evaluate if the
situation are getting worse and if the program is necessary. (lack of comparison) ★★★
4. The high accident rate might be caused by many factors, thus implementing the program alone
may not suffice to ensure lower accident rate. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
5. Having no time to teach their children to drive does not necessarily imply that the parents are
unable to ensure their children to be safe drivers, the safe-driving course is not equal to driving instruction. (U.C/necessity of the solution) ★★★
6. The author fails to inform us the percentage of parents who have no time to teach their
children to drive and who are on tight budgets. (V.D) ★★★
7. The proposed program sponsored by the high school may not be the only solution to the
problem. (F.D) ★★★★
8. The author fails to consider if the high school are qualified to offer the program. (feasibility of
the conclusion) ★★★
9. The author fails to consider if the high school has the responsibility and enough funding to
sponsor the program, and if students will accept it.(feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★★
135 (chong137)
136 (chong134)
137 193, （教育/建议/对比）and science teachers(1) calls the usefulness of daily homework into question. In the district of Sanlee, 86 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week, whereas in the district of Marlee(6), less than 25 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week(2). Yet the students in Marlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be required to repeat a year of school(3) than are the students in Sanlee(4,5,9). Therefore, all teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more than twice(7) a week(8), if at all. ★★
1. The result of the survey lacks credibility because many teachers in other subjects were actually
excluded from the survey. (selective sample) ★★★
2. The author provides no information about the respective total amount of homework assigned
each time in Sanlee and Marlee. (U.C/I.I) ★★★
3. The author fails to establish the causal relationship between homework frequency and
students? performance. (NCR) ★★★★★
4. Many other differences between Sanlee and Marlee could explain the differences in their
students? grades and likelihood to repeat a year of school. (I.C) ★★★★★
5. The students? grades and likelihood to repeat a year of school are not a good indication of the
quality of education. (U.C) ★★★★
6. The two districts may not be representative of the state's school districts overall. (C.S) ★★★
7. The author fails to illustrate why we should assign homework no more than twice a week, but
not more or less. (I.E) ★
8. The author ignores some negative effects of assign inadequate homework. (adv:disadv) ★★
★
9. The author unfairly assumes that any educational activity is valuable only to the extent that it
enhances overall grades. (I.T) ★★★
138 (chong120) (chong22)
139 (chong61)
140 (chong137)
141 (chong61) (chong139)
142 (chong41)
143 (chong61)
144 (chong53)
145 (chong60)
146 (chong60)
147 (chong74)
148 (chong74)
149 (chong74)
150 (chong60)
151 (chong53)
152 (chong153)
153 （商业/提议/——）The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals.
"One year ago(3) we introduced our first product, 'Bargain Brand' breakfast cereal. Our very low prices quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies(1). Although the companies producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although several plan to introduce their own budget brands(4), not once have we needed to raise our prices to
continue making a profit(2). Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business and begin marketing other low-priced food products(5) as quickly as possible." ★★★
1. The director unfairly assumes that it is the low price of Bargain Brand that attracted those
customers. (NCR) ★★★★
2. The argument contains no information concerning the actual profits of the company after
?Bargain Brand? cereal was introduced. (I.I) ★★★
3. The director over optimistically assumes that the strong sales of Bargain Brand breakfast
cereal last year will continue in the following years. (P→F) ★★★
4. The director fails to provide any substantial evidence to show why other companies? strategies
constitute no threat to our company. (I.E) ★★★
5. The director hastily assumes that the company will succeed in selling other food products
through their low-price strategy. (C.S) ★★★★
154 (chong60)
155 (chong60)
156 (chong74)
157 (chong158)
158
159 (chong5)
160（社会治安/决策/对比）The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.
"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and
vandalism there declined almost immediately(1). The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district(3) but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting
is apparently the most effective way(4) to combat crime(7), we should install such lighting throughout(6)
Amburg(2,5). By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city(8)." ★★★239
1. The president unfairly assumes that it is the installation of high intensity lighting that resulted
in the decline in vandalism in Belleville. (post hoc, ergo propter hoc) ★★★★
2. Belleville and Amburg might not be comparable at many aspects. (F.A) ★★★★
3. The author fails to point out in what places do most vandalism at Amburg take place, thus we
cannot evaluate if the police patrols are ineffective. (I.I/U.A) ★★★
4. The president ignores many other effective ways to combat crime. (F.D) ★★★★
5. The president fails to consider the cost of installing high intensity lighting throughout Amburg
and if we could afford it. (adv:disadv/feasibility of the conclusion) ★★★
6. Granted that installing such lighting could reduce vandalism, the necessity of installing the
lighting all over Amburg is open to doubt. (C.S) ★★★★
7. Granted that installing such lighting could reduce vandalism, we cannot guarantee that it
would deter other types of crimes since vandalism is not the only type of crime in Amburg.
(C.S) ★★★★
8. The president unfairly assumes that the proposed actions would sufficiently guarantee
revitalization of city neighborhoods. (sufficiency of the solution) ★★★
161 (chong113)
162 (chong61)
163 (chong36)
164 (chong25)
165 (chong54)
166 (chong36)
167 (chong32)
168 177, （城市，政治/论断/大并列小类比）The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.
"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local
issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city(1). It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes(2) and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club(3) has always had an open membership
policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents(4,5) have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years." ★★★
1. The assumption that residents necessarily understand the business and politics of the city better
than nonresidents is unwarranted. (U.A) ★★★★
2. Paying city taxes is neither sufficient nor necessary for one to fully understand local
economical and political issues. (U.A/sufficiency/necessity of the solution) ★★★
3. The two cities might not be comparable at many aspects. (F.A) ★★★★
4. We do not know what percentage of Elm City?s Civic Club members, and what percentage of
Elm City?s citizens do the 25 nonresident members make up. (V.D) ★★★
5. We should not simply exclude nonresident members merely because they are minority. The 25
nonresidents at Elm City?s civic club might have great contributions to Elm City?s business
and economy. (I.T) ★★★★
169 (chong77)
170 233, （工程建设/决策/对比+并列）The following appeared in a memo from the vice president of a company that builds shopping malls throughout the country.
"The surface of a section of Route 101(1), paved two years ago by McAdam Road Builders, is now badly cracked and marred by dangerous potholes. In another part of the state, a section of Route 66(1), paved by Appian Roadways more than four years ago, is still in good condition(2). Appian Roadways has recently purchased state-of-the-art paving machinery, and it has hired a new quality-control
manager(3,4,5). Because of its superior work and commitment to quality, we should contract with Appian
Roadways rather than McAdam Road Builders(9) to construct the access roads(6,8) for all(7) our new shopping malls." ★17,41,93
1. Only one of all roads built by each company is compared, and only one section of each road is
compared, thus we cannot evaluate the overall quality of construction of the two companies. (I.C) ★★★★
2. Many other factors that would influence the condition of a road are ignored by the president.
(I.C) ★★★★★
3. The arguer does not provide any information about the machinery used and the status of
quality-control personnel at McAdam. (ex parte information) ★★★
4. No information about the performance of the new quality-control manager at Appian is
provided. (I.I) ★★★
5. Many factors besides equipment and on-site management would also affect the quality of a
pavement job. (I.C) ★★★★
6. Granted that the quality of routes paved by Appian is superior, we cannot guarantee Appian
could also do an excellent job in constructing the access roads for shopping malls. (U.C) ★★★
7. The president hastily assumes that Appian is capable of constructing the access roads of all
new shopping malls. (C.S) ★★★
8. The president fails to consider if Appian are willing to contract with the company to construct
access roads. (feasibility of the conclusion) ★★
Other competent companies might be available for the president to choose from. (F.D) ★★★ 171 (chong3)
172 (chong160)
173 (chong5)
174 (chong39)
相同题目
18/20
10/21/23
24/26/28
7/98/99
45/49
15/51/130/131/133
35/52
56/57
34/58/94
69/70/115
74/147/148/149/156 83/84
86/89
85/87
9/88/90
17/93/19/109/110 38/95/96
25/100/102/164
101/103
32/104/105/106/167 66/107/108
47/111/112
78/116/117/114
14/118
22/119/120/138
62/121/122/124
41/123/125/142
113/126/127/161 35/128/129
132/134/136
135/137/140
61/139/141/143/162 53/144/151
60/145/146/150/154/155 152/153
157/158
5/159/173
54/165
36/163/166
39/174
160/172
3/171
77/169
argument全部官方范文分析写在前面的话1官方范文的重要性不言而喻论坛里对官方范文的态度也有褒有贬有人说这些6分的官方文章都是…
ArgumentSample1InthisargumenttheauthoremploysavarietyofevidenceaboutPaleans…
GRE写作argument全部官方范文分析汇总写在前面的话1官方范文的重要性不言而喻大家对官方范文的态度也有褒有贬有人说这些6分的…
6开头1Inthisarticletheauthorconcludesthatthedeclineinarcticdeerpopu…
GRE写作Argument高分范文题目Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthegenera…
argument全部官方范文分析写在前面的话1官方范文的重要性不言而喻论坛里对官方范文的态度也有褒有贬有人说这些6分的官方文章都是…
GRE写作Argument高分范文题目Thefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthegenera…
ThenotionprovidedbythearguerthatBargainBrandshouldexpandtheirmarketingseems…
ArgumentSample1InthisargumenttheauthoremploysavarietyofevidenceaboutPaleans…
GRE写作Argument满分范文题目TheMozartSchoolofMusicshouldobviouslybethefirs…
6开头1Inthisarticletheauthorconcludesthatthedeclineinarcticdeerpopu…