英语专四语法总结—复合句【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】

复合句——名词性从句

一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。

1.what/whatever的用法 考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：

They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.

(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)

Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen. (what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的区别

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)

3.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.

(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别

(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；

(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；

(3)whether or not可以连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末；

(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；

(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；

(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；

(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。

5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。

 

第二篇：英语专四语法总结—虚拟语气【卧龙雪痕】

英语专四语法总结—虚拟语气【卧龙雪痕整理】【南阳师范学院外国语学院】

虚拟语气

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配：

主句 从句

与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did

与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+have done had done

与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do

如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.

There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.

(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：

主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now. (主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

(3)识别事实和假设混合句：

Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)

I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.

前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)

2.名词性从句的虚拟形式

名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：

(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake. In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.

(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：

The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away. It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：

John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.