毛 主 席 语 录

英美帝国主义都是纸老虎。学英语不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。

英 语 长 句 理 解 策 略

精诚外语学校四六级考试研究中心 编

英语重结构，汉语重语义, 因此，英语长句多，汉语短句多;西方人注重事实描述，汉人认为事在认为，因此，英语被动语态多，汉语主动语态多。这两点差别是英汉的两大最主要的差别。正确有效地理解英语长句的意思，是中高级英语学习者所面临的长期的而又主要的任务，对于备考CET-4级以上、PETS-3级以上以及备考TOEFL 、MBA入学英语考试以及考研和参加同等学力攻读硕士学位人员英语毕业考试者乃至英语专业学习者尤为如此。

1．英语长句构成的几种方式：

1.1并列成分多

例1． Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.

析：在这个句子中，turn off the bedside lamp 和 are fast asleep是并列，working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, keeping our rooms air-conditioned这些v-ing的也是并列。

例2. Prior to（在…之前） the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes（模式） of lacking any features that made them unique individuals（具有个性的个人） and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed（强加） by the male-dominated（男性主宰的） culture.

析：句中的修饰语多were stereotypes…及were also subject to…也是并列。

译：在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

1.2补充说明成分多，即同位语、插入语多 如例5中的for example及with almost unlimited entertainment available即为插入语。再如：

例3. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust（消耗） all known sources and reserves of these materials.

析：该句the time …是“expectation of life”的同位语, 进一步解释其含义（而time后面的句子是它的定语从句）。 译：可是现在人们意识到, 其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的, 人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”, 也就是说, 经过若干年后, 这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

1．3 从句多 例4: Thus the Arab Umayyad dynasty of caliphs（叶里发王朝）, which had moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique（寄生集团） that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

析：该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句，分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyad dynasty of caliphs 和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique。

译：人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团；伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。

2．理解英语长句的策略：

2．1从长期认真系统的学习中养成比较强的语感，力求可以一目了然明白句子的意思。

例5. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.

析：语感比较强的读者即能识别出该句的骨干结构为it is more … to do sth than to do sth else. 是一个比较结构。

译：譬如,对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

例6. It begins as a childlike interest in the grand spectacle and exciting event; it grows as a mature interest in the variety and complexity of the drama, the splendid achievements and terrible failures; it ends as deep sense of the mystery of man?s life of all the dead, great and obscure, who once walked the earth, and of wonderful and awful possibilities of being a human being.

析：同样地：语感比较强的读者即能识别出该句的骨干结构为It begins as…it grows as…it ends as… 译：我们对历史的爱好起源于我们最初仅对一些历史上的宏伟场面和激动人心的事件感到孩童般的兴趣; 其后, 这种爱好变得成熟起来, 我们开始对历史这出“戏剧”的多样性和复杂性, 对历史上的辉煌成就和悲壮失败也感兴趣; 对历史的爱好, 最终以我们对人类生命的一种深沉的神秘感而告结束。 对死去的, 无论是伟大与平凡, 所有在这个地球上走过而已逝的人，都有能取得伟大奇迹或制造可怕事件的潜力。

对无法一目了然明白理解的句子，则要通过以下方法分析句子成分结构，才能尽量准确有效地理解句子的意思。

2．2 英语句子表达理解原则：任何一个句子都是意思和语法的统一，即：既要意思通顺，又要语法正确。因此，可根据以上原则从谓语入手，找出主句从句的主谓宾, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

2.2.1一般情况下（除了存在谓语并列的现象外），一个句子如果有n个谓语，说明该句子包含有n—1个从句。如：

例7．Behaviorists（行为主义者） suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli（刺激因素） which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

析： (1) 该主句的谓语为suggest, 主语为behaviorists,宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。

(2) 该句共有五个谓语,分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, will experience等（即画线部分）, 这说明该句子包含有5—1个（即四个）从句。这五个谓语结构之间的关系为:

1） Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句;

2） who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child;

3） where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment;

4） which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli;

5） 在suggest的宾语从句中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.

在作了如上的分析之后, 我们就会对该句具有较为透彻的理解。

译：行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。再如：

在例1中，在这个句子中，turn off the bedside lamp 和 are fast asleep都是并列作为从句主语we的谓语，而working, driving, heating, keeping这些v-ing与前面的is一起都是并列作为主句主语the electricity的谓语。因此，尽管该句子有这么多的谓语，但由于他们存在着并列的现象，因此，该句其实是一个只包含一个从句的复合句。

例8: Environmentalists（环境保护主义者） who wish to protect the world?s beauty spots（风景名胜）, farmers forced off their land to make room for tourists? golf courses, governments worried about “moral pollution”, are just a few of those who feel uneasy at the sudden development of massive travel（大众旅游）.

析：本句有五个动词，但真正的谓语动词只有三个，即：wish、are、feel，但主句的谓语是are, 而主句的主语是environmentalists、farmers、governments。forced及 worried是过去分词作为定语，分别修饰前面的名词farmers和governments。

译：希望世界风景名胜得到保护的环境保护主义者，被迫让出土地给游客做高尔夫球场的农民，和担心旅游业一起“道德污染”的政府，就是一些对大众旅游突如其来的发展感到不安的人。

再看例5，全句仅有is一个谓语动词（to sit comfortably at home与to go out in search of amusement elsewhere为非谓语动词结构），因此，该句不含有从句。

2.2.2注意识别假谓语动词 动词分谓语动词和非谓语动词，后者所体现出来的不定式、分词（现在分词和过去分词）极其容易被误认为谓语动词，尤其不带to的不定式。

例A. All you need do is press the switch, and the motor starts.

你只需要按一下开关，马达就发动了。

例B. The only way we can do is stand together.

我们能做的唯一办法就是团结。

例C. What has made many scientists begin to believe this fact is a remarkable consistency（惊人的一致） in findings from the types of studies in several countries with improved methods over those used in similar studies a few years ago. 译：使许多科学家开始相信这一点的是在几个国家进行的研究得到的惊人一致的结果，这些方法与前几年所进行的研究相似，但方法有所改进。

析：以上三例中的press 、stand和begin前都省略了to,因而这两个动词都不是谓语动词。

识别分词是否作为谓语的主要方法：一些分词在句子中是充当谓语动词或其他成分，常用以下方法判别：

1） 看现在分词前是否有be的任何一种表现形式，看过去分词前是否有be或have的任何一种表现形式。

在并列结构中，be或have经常省略如例1中的driving, heating, keeping中三个现在分词由于是并列

结构，它们前面都省略了is，因此它们是谓语；

2） 根据任何一个句子都是意思和语法的统一原则，从句子的一些语法线索以及句子的意思得到提示，如

例8的are让我们得知该句的时态为现在时，该句讲述的又是目前社会中的一种事实，因此句子中的

forced及 worried不可能是过去时，因而都是过去分词，它们在句子中都是作为定语，原来完整的形

式是who are forced…及who are worried…;

2.2.3 有时主语不是一个词或词组，而是一个主语从句。一个主语从句以单数处理。

例22: Whether big cities continue to grow, or to decentralize away（离开中心） from the dominant city into larger regional urban groupings, depends on many and varied factors, including the development of modern communication and transport systems.

析：该句的主语是whether A…or B, 谓语是depends on。

译：大城市是继续增大，还是在中心城以外更大区域内分散建造许多居民区，这取决于许多不同的因素，其中包括现代通讯和交通系统的发展。

在例C中，What has made many scientists begin to believe this fact 是这个句子的主语。这个句子其实是个带主语从句的主从复合句，整句的表语是consistency，其后的部分都是它的的语。

2．3 去掉定语及状语。在句子中，句子最主要的结构为主谓（宾）或主系表，因为它们这些成分表达了一个句子最主要的意思，定语状语因为在句子中起修饰说明或限定的作用，它们可被认为是句子次要的结构。解题时，可先去掉定语状语部分。句子中可做为定语状语的除了容易识别的词外，还有状语从句、定语从句、前面不带be

的介词短语和非谓语动词短语（不定式短语和分词短语），这些现象在句子中非常普遍。如上例（例22）的to grow or to decentralize away from the dominant city into larger regional urban groupings、including the development of modern communication and transport systems。再如下例（例9）中除了主谓宾books require revision和插入语外especially textbooks外，其他部分Modern scientific and technical是并列的形容词做定语，at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries做状语，其中at short intervals修饰谓语动词require，而if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries则修饰books require revision整个句子。

2．4 弄清楚句子中词（组）与词（组）之间的关系，分清哪些是并列成分、哪些是修饰语、哪些是同位语、哪些是插入语

并列成分的识别方法：1）并列排比现象，如例1; 2)通过and、or、also、either…or、neither…nor、both…and等并列连词,如例2的were…and were also，例10的designed to protect …and also to protect等。

插入语的识别方法很简单，其特征为完整的句子结构插入两个逗号或两个“－”，即：“Abcdefghijk, uvwxyz, lmnopqrst.”、“Abcdefghijklmnopqrst.”。如下例的“especially textbooks”即可视为插入语。

例9. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.

译：对于现代书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话, 那么就应该每隔较短的时间, 将书中的内容重新修改。

例21. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest

developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.

析：在此句中, “it is often said” 是插入语。

译：人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。

如果从意思来理解，插入语往往起着解释、说明或补充的作用。

例10．This was a defensive pact（盟约）, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to（追求） recover the Alsace-Lorraine Provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-Hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed（冲突） in the Balkans.

析：句中的who aspired to recover the Alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871为非限制性定语从句，起补充的作用。

译：这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。

对于语感不强的学习者来说，可以先把插入语去掉的方法来理解主要的意思。

修饰语主要有两种结构：定语结构修饰名词，状语结构修饰动词、形容词或副词。起修饰作用的定语结构或状语结构可以是一个或若干个词，也可以是一个或若干介词短语、分词短语或不定式短语，也可以是从句。这些词、短语或从句可同时使用。例10中的designed to protect Germany against the French修饰 pact，而who aspired to recover the Alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871修饰French, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans修饰Russians。

例11. The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.

析：句中number被 of the young people in the United States who can't read修饰，而 people 前面被the young，

后面被 in the United States 和who can't read的修饰。

译：大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。

2．5 弄清楚从句与主句、从句与从句之间的关系，切勿张冠李戴，即不可把主句的主谓宾与从句的主谓宾或从句间的主谓宾乱点鸳鸯谱。

该问题具体处理的方法主要根据意思和语法统一的原则进行。如例8中的are不只是作为governments的谓语，而是environmentalists、farmers、governments三个并列主语的谓语。

例12. Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.

析：句中的三个主谓搭配：which matters、the world possessed和everything…was known to…，注意千万不可把was当作其他任何名词的谓语。

译：近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。

例13． And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited only by the Western Europeans.

析：句中的were作为inventions的谓语，而不是Greco-Romans的谓语。

译：它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。

2. 6 弄清楚句子中的指代词所指代的对象 如：it, this, that, these, those, which, so, one, other及常用人称代词等所指代的内容。这些词和词组有时在本句中就能找到，有时则要到前面有关的句子中去找。结合上下文的意思进行理解。侠义的上下文指本句前后句子，广义的上下文指前后段落。

例3 中的三个it 分别指realized后的 that从句、to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”和 to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials。

例14. Taking his cue（暗示） from Ibsen`s A Doll’s House（易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》）, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband?s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.

析：句中which 指的是前面的A Doll’s House。

译：易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示, 从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。

例15. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

析：句中which 指的是前面的整个句子“The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this”

译：食品供应的增长将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着，我们在粮食生产和购销方面正陷入危机。

例16. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

析：句中others指的是前面的causes.

译：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而取得特定进展的必然结果。

例17. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes，and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.

析：该中的it是形式主语，they则指前面提到的“these processes”。

译：许多人认为：普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们并认为这些(科学家的)思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

例18. While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to（符合） one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. 析：该句中的one指前面提到的definition.

译：尽管关于历史的定义和历史学家几乎一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历吏看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。

2. 7弄清楚是否句子中是否存在一些特殊的语法现象，如倒装、省略、强调等

例19. Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex （一定） be a natural part of the universe.

析：句子中的画线部分为倒装，正常顺序为： the number of planets is so vast，so与后面的 that构成so…that句型。

译：虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

例20．For example，they do not compensate（弥补） for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged（物质条件差） 析：句子中的画线部分had he grown up为虚拟语气if he had grown up的倒装。

译：例如，它们不能弥补巨大的社会不公，因此不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果他在较好的环境中长大，会有多大才干。

朋友，你看完这些还得再做以下练习。

3. 练习题

敬告：1）当你做这些题目时，遇到生词可查词典，但只有到了实在无法明白句子意思时，才可参考答案；2）当你已经明白题目意思时，尽量把它译成地道的汉语; 3) 如果你做完这些练习后上了瘾，你可以趁热打铁去看《新概念》第四册，把里面的文章拿来推敲理解（到这时候，你已修成正果，你可以考虑到精诚以外的任何外语培训学校去兼职了）；4）使用本材料过程中如有任何疑问、建议、痛苦、委屈、不满，敬请发伊妹儿到：xmwaiyu@tom.com 谢谢！谢谢！！

3.1理解下列句子意思并译成汉语

1．This method of using “controls” can be applied to a variety of situations, and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as “Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?” and “Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”

这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况, 也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案, 从“铁生锈, 是否

必须有一定的湿度才行?”到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高?”

2．If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment , they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备, 而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长, 正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志, 他们就不会感到如此伤心, 所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去。

3. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free (游离状态), owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity (亲和力).

铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。

4. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

5．People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.

尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

6．Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure in the centers of the cities.

到目前为止, 经历了18和19两个世纪, 这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊, 而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。

7．It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.

一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型, 再往下学似乎就越来越难了, 这其中的原因, 也许教师比学生更容易理解。

8. They (the poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.

对于以往几代人来说, 旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫困的手段, 而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动, 因此首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。

9. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual

poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.

50年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而不见的现象, 穷知识分子以“跨掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国典型的穷人, 正是这个时候大批大学生被赶进了知识分子的贫民窟。

10. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位, 这在西方倒是人之常情。

11. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

假如没有那些以昆虫为食的动物保护我们, 昆虫将吞噬我们所有的庄稼, 害死我们的牛羊家畜, 使我们不能生存于世。

12．Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe.

虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分

13．Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women.

正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没有必要都是男的一样， 秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。

14. These changes are helping to influence some of the long standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do --but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.

这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些领域的男人来说，无疑也带来了一些问题。

15. “I found that work very interesting. ” he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it just seemed natural for me to go into something medical.”

他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。”

16. In other words, men enter ”female“ jobs out of the same consider action for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work .

换句话说，男人干起了“女人干”的工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。

17. Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women--or when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows?

我们能否预见这一天：那时秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会感到吃惊。

18. Its beginning obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century.

尽管新技术引起的失业的初兆被世界的经济衰退所造成的失业现象所掩盖，但是新技术引起的失业现象可构成20世纪末的巨大的社会-经济难题

19. It's humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.

被一台机器夺走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又无法抗衡，但真正令人伤心的是要费很大的劲才能找到新的工作。

20. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方面的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么联系的话，也是微不足道的。

21. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.

相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。

22. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past.

必须找到新的能源，这需要时间，而过去我们感到能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能出现了。食品供应的增长将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着，我们在粮食生产和购销方面正陷入危机。

23．This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to combine agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕作方式继续下去，而这种耕作方式使投入极少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

24. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.

除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食的程度，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

25. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify

them.

人们对智力那些不同表现的看法比人们对这些表现如何解释或分类的看法更为一致。

26. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides 'valid' or 'fair' comparison.

既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。

27. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which he possessed.

总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的孩子态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏其他孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

28. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and explanations.

科学研究的方法只不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的表达方式。

29. It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅秤在构造原理或工作方式上和化学家所用的天平存在差异，而是说与前者相比较，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。

30. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their own theories.

我们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上讲，力求从自然界找出某种自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。

31. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比，他们并认为这些思维过程必须是经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

32. Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.

这里大概不会有人在一整天里没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因

时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。

33. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. In short, a leader if the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。新学派的一位领袖坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学家发展的范围无所不及。”

34. Whether the Government should increase on the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

政府究竟是减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把问题的哪一方面看作是驱动的力量。

35. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

36. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

因此，在某一特定的情况下，究竟是采用测试还是采用其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

37. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.

一般地说，当所要测定的特征能精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

38. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstance.

例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大的才干。

39．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

40．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more

fascinating and delightful aspects. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更引人入胜的课题的。

同过去一样，将来必然会出现的新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

41. … and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power

……古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战；这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易，而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机器。

42．Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported the lords.

因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自足自给予的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活他们的主人。

43. Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.

毫不奇怪，苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织，在那里，长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。

44. Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society … where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.

我们的目的是在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会……在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。 45. This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan's grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.

成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀所取得的伟大胜利，助长了这一希望。旭烈兀是个佛教徒，而他的妻子是基督教徒。

46. At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial

discrimination is relatively minor.

处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，种族混合十分广泛，而且正在继续进行，因此，种族歧视较少。

47. He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now

unwilling to share authority with the "nationalist" Hungarian Communists.

他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者，曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了１６年，因而这时不愿与"民族主义的"匈牙利共 产 党人分享权力。

48. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,

and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniques.

它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家(或前者)将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源

的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家(或后者)把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。

49．There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry。

方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中各个具体领域适用的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。

3.2 长句理解及英译汉补充练习

Passage 1

One of the earliest and fastest-growing applications of space technology is the communications satellite ,which relays wide-band radio and television signals between widely geographical points. severely limited and acute scheduling problems are encountered because it is not feasible to relay more than one program at a time to distant points. Moreover, there is no way to bridge oceans with wide-band signals by means of microwave relay. The communications satellite has changed all this. The U. S. public television network has leased relay capacity in a commercial satellite. Western Union's WESTAR, and 149 of its 163 member stations are building 10-meter receiving antennas to accept educational and other programs from a central originating station located near Washington, D.C. When the antennas are all in place by the end of this year, the public network will abandon ground microwave and relay The shift to the communications satellite will sharply increase the capacity and flexibility of the public network to carry select any two of the programs, one for immediate use and one that can be recorded for later use.

(1) 在这种技术出现之前，如果要将无线电的信号传送过地球弯曲的部分，唯一可行的方法是利用精细复杂而耗费巨大的一连串的微波塔。

(2) 以前在陆上微波仍为宽带通讯的唯一方法时，像阿拉斯加和夏威夷等遥远的地方就不能分享美国大陆所享有的电视服务。

(3) 两年以后，公营无线电网也将以较小（4.5米）的接受天线作类似的互联。

(4) 以前限于每次转播一个电视频道，现在公营电视网可经由卫星同时播送四个教学节目。

(5) 这一转变可大大缓解时间安排上的问题。公营广播网以前在依赖地面微波转播时，时间安排的问题曾使公营

广播网的灵活性受到限制。

Passage 2

Oil occurs almost exclusively in sedimentary rocks. In fact, the major petroleum deposits of the world occur in basins of extremely thick accumulation of sediments. The term oil refers to naturally occurring liquid hydrocarbons. Associated gaseous hydrocarbons are referred to as natural Most oil is simply not produced from the rocks in which it formed . This statement can be demonstrated in two ways. First, most petroleum deposits occur in relatively “clean” (uncommented) quartz or quartz of sands tones which could Most of the rocks in which oil This migration of oil from source to reservoirs is obviously a topic of considerable interest to geologists.

(1) 显然，这种共生关系不只是由于沉积岩为石油的贮积提供了合乎逻辑的产地，而且因为石油形成于沉积物之中。

(2) 但是许多事实都几乎不可避免地集中到这样的结论上，即石油是在沉积物还原环境中由动物遗骸，可能还有一些植物的遗骸的分解所形成的。

(3) 第二，目前正在形成，并似乎含有少量可能发育成石油的碳氢化合物的岩石，通常都没有石油储油层的特征。

(4) 因此，石油肯定是从其源岩转移到适合储油岩中，在这里，它十分顺畅地流动，从而才能通过油井提取出来。

(5) 如果我们已经完全了解石油转移的机制，而且还能够从沉积岩系中鉴别出源岩，那么我们就有可能预测油岩的产生，从而确定出有经济意义的石油矿床的位置。

Passage 3

First if one considers thinking to be a uniquely human endeavor and intelligence to be a uniquely human attribute, then, by definition, this process and attribute cannot be associated with a computer or other mechanical or artificial system. This argument, of course, discounts the precept that the essence of intelligence is

mysterious. On the other hand, if one could not tell the difference, then it could be said that the machine is as intelligent as man. This limitation game is an interesting approach which has not yet been fully explored. all things as having some degree of intelligence. This approach sidesteps or compromises the question “Are machines intelligent?” rather than truly answering it. must admit that his biological system along with the adaptive ability of his behavior both endowed by nature and the totality of his experience give him these unique powers of thoughts and intelligence.

(1) 但是，另一方面，人们又争辩说，如果认为在机器智能的计算、处理、决策、判断和思维能力

方面存在什么基本的物理限制，那么，这些限制也必然使用于人类的智能。

(2)19xx年，Turing提出了一种比较科学的方法来处理这种问题。他认为，通过实验和观察来比较计算机与人的行为，就可以回答计算机是否具有与人同样的智能的问题。

(3)如果观察者能通过提问准确地确定是人还是机器在做出回答， 那就不能证明机器是否具有智能或者机器是否具有与人一样的智能。

(4)或许，更合理的方法，是想象一个连续的智能空间，按照他们的相对智能水平，人、机器、动物、植物等等都能在这个空间中安排一个适当的位置。

(5)反对机器有智能的另一种普遍的论点认为，计算机是一种无声的机器，它只是按照人给出的程序工作。

Passage 4

Communication technology is in a period of revolutionary change. they will change the entire fabric of society. International cooperation, in the new era, will flourish with the help of worldwide computer networks. Human talent, the scarcest resource in the coming cybernetic age, will be made available worldwide. Communications are essential factor to a growing world economy. Business and social patterns will change as screen-to-screen communication proves more efficient than traveling. In the future, traveling will be more for pleasure than for business. Certain type of people may work at home much of the time, dialing computers and participating in teleconferences. In addition, they may shop at

home, receives education at home, be entertained at home, and interlink each other's homes with video devices. Furthermore, our concepts of privacy may change in a world of interconnecting computers.

In an ear of “Limits to Growth” in the conventional trapping of affluence and limits to growth in transportation, because of world's rapidly declining resources and rapidly growing population and pollution, there are no limits to growth in telecommunications or culture.

Physical communications like railways and canals had a major effect on the growth of the Industrial Revolution. To a large extent, they made it possible.

(1)这一时期出现了许多新的发明和进展，诸如，通讯卫星、光导纤维、大规模集成电路、计算机及微型计算机、数据库、分组交换网络等等。

(2)很少有技术能像通讯变革这样对人类生活的条件产生如此深刻的影响，而具有更大冲击力的通讯新发明仍然肯定会出现。

(3)20世纪的最后25年将成为一个历史的新纪元而被人们所永远怀念；正是在这个时期，人们获得了新的通讯手段来同别人、同图象和数据库系统，以及同复杂的机器打交道。

(4)银行事务将不通过现金和支票处理，人的信誉高于门第。

(5)信息革命也面临同样的情形，没有高度发达和完善的通讯，信息革命是不可能取得成功的。

Passage 5

Have there always been cities? Groups with primitive economies still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man's social existence.

Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor as of opportunity.

(3)What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right of the town” and the slums. Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is

there an systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them. But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities.

It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do. the problems return after the rebuilding was completed?

Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of cities must be solved. will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.

(1)对我们来说，生活中要是没有广大城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较近期才发展起来的。

(2)如果没有城市的支持，简直很难想象会有大学、医院、大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。

(3)可是，近几年人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。

(4)诚然，一个宏伟的重建项目也许能为需要工作的人提供就业机会。

(5)遗憾的是，过去我们在总体目标方面意见是一致的，但在涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也根本没有采取行动。

Passage 6

We took as our first objective the problem of productivity. The result, as you all you know, is that productivity is higher now than ever before.

Then we embarked on a nation-wide scheme of regional planning, both industrial and social, thereby ensuring that areas of the country which had for years been under-productive and undersupplied with social amenities were able to contribute more effectively to the national effort. to university, the nation's educational resources were extended and revitalized in a way that over the years will ensure that our greatest national asset ( our children and young people ( will continue to get the education that they deserve.

Finally, we made sweeping reductions in government expenditure.These new projects have enabled us to lay a firm foundation for better things. It is at this stage that we may confidently begin to examine the route we wish to follow in the future.

(1)如果考虑到我国劳动力的素质，那么我国生产率的平均水平一直低于我们理应达到的水平的情况延续的太久了。

(2)哪里存在阻碍生产率发展的做法，我们就在哪里加以反对。我们实施了许多旨在更加合理地安排劳动力的措施，我们大大改进了劳资之间的关系。

(3)其次，我们实施了国家有史以来教育发展方面最庞大的计划。

(4)我们对中央和地方主管的各个领域进行了及其严格的财政检查。同时，不论在哪里，只要出现效率不高和浪费现象，都一概加以反对，一些非必要的项目也同时下马。

(5)在一定程度上，正是由于采取了这些节约措施，在其他方面的许多重要的新项目才得以实现。

Passage 7

People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution.Many of these waste products can be prevented or disposed of sensibly, but clearly while more and more new goods are produced and made complex, there will be new, dangerous wastes to be disposed of, for example, the waste products from nuclear power stations. Many people, therefore, see pollution as only part of a larger and more complex problem, that is, the whole process of industrial production and consumption of goods. However, the land itself is gradually becoming worn out as it is being used, in some cases, too heavily, and artificial fertilizers cannot restore the balance.

(4) In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three or four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which cannot be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, and waste combine to be problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess consumption and careless disposal of the products we use in out daily lives.

(1) 污染的形成，是由于人类向环境中排放一些全新物质，通常是人造物质；或者是由于大量地向环境排放天然

物质，如油轮中石油泄放到海洋中。

(2) 工业生产的整个过程帮助人们制造出日常生活中所需使用的各种物品和机器，同时，也必然产生大量的废弃物，从而破坏环境平衡和生态平衡，这已为人所知。

(3) 有的人则把环境污染问题主要看成是农业中的问题，农业中新的生产方式的采用，使得农民们能从地里收获更多的粮食以适应人口的不断增长。

(4) 不管形成污染的原因是什么，只要公司、个人，以及政府做出进一步的努力，许多污染无疑能够得到控制。

(5) 广告助长了这种浪费，因为广告不但诱使人们购买既不想要也不需要的东西，而且使人们扔掉许多已经买到手的东西。

Passage 8

After the World War II, the invention and increasing use of the microchip brought about great changes in the structure of And there is now talk of a fourth industry, the information industry. Of course, there are roughly two different groups of job-holders in the service sector itself. The jobs in the first group, such as retail sales, food services, trucking and other services, which are unskilled occupations, are low wage, while in the second group are high-paid investment bankers, computer programmers, high technicians, etc., who are able to solve complicated problem by applying information. And the second group of service job-holders represent the future in economic development. must meet the basic requirement of computer literacy and constantly think up new ways to meet the changing demands of increasing productivity.

More and more people are learning to competent in using personal computers, digital communications and factory robots. Breakthroughs in bio-engineering, artificial intelligence, new materials, and still unimagined fields of technology and management will greatly advance productivity. The only way to greater knowledge is through education and training. (5) The educational system of a society ought to enable its members to make rapid transition to the above-described knowledge-based work. Otherwise, that society will inevitably lad behind.

(1) 在第一产业（农业）和第二产业（制造业）仍保持其重要性的同时，第三产业（服务业）已有了迅速的发展。

(2) 在工业化的世界里，也就是在美国、欧洲和日本，当今约2/3的职业是在服务部门，而且这个数字还在增长。

(3) 有人论证说，在未来人们不应再划分白领和蓝领，而应划分知识型工作者和非知识型工作者。

(4) 领先的将是具有先进知识的人，系统分析员、计算机科学家和程序编制员、管理分析员以及发明家和研制人员在工业化国家里最为重要。

(5) 知识，如同资本、物质资源和汗水一样，已经变成了生产的一个必要因素(也许是最基本的因素)。 Passage 9

(1) attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to us causes and effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel; in political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Regan won the 1984 Presidential election; and in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens.

Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quit complex. One reasons for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. (2) For example, consider the following causal chain: Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by here employer (effect).

(3) upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy.

Sound reasoning and logic, while present in all good writing, are central to any causal analysis. (4) Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the “after this, therefore because of this” fallacy. This fallacy leads people to believe that because on event occurred after another event the first event somehow caused the second: That is, they sometimes make causal connections that are not proven. (5) number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.

(1) 每当你试图回答一个问及“为什么”的问题时，你就是在进行因果分析了：也就是说，你正在努力寻找决定某个结果的某个原因或一系列原因。

(2) 而且，由于根本原因产生的结果本身有成为枝节原因的可能，从而产生一个因果链。

(3) 因果分析如此复杂的第二个原因是：某个结果可能是由任何个可能的或实际的原因造成的，而某个原因又可能引发任何个可能或实际的结果。

(4) 能进行令人信服的因果分析的作家必须客观分析有关材料，并且谨慎地组织文章，进行阐述和发挥。

(5) 例如，某学校实施了一项免费早餐计划，在此之后，学生们的表现有了改善，我们不能由此认为这一改善是由于那个免费早餐计划。

Passage 10

(1) giving attention to a threatened environment, are all seen as a threat to both affluence and self-fulfillment? However, Yankelvich comes to the conclusion that the “me” generation is on the wane. More people are becoming concerned with problems of society and are taking a mature look at responsibilities rather than mere personal wish-fulfillment. Such a change is necessary as a condition for tackling out social problems. (2) The well-known futurist Alvin Toffler writes along lines similar to the analysis of Yankelovich regarding a required change in values. In the Third wave, he speaks of the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution as the first and second great waves in human development. (3) Now, he says, we are entering a third wave in which many of the values and traits of older industrial society are fading. In line with the third wave, he continues, are those who recognize that the most urgent problems of the world (food, energy, arms control, population, poverty, resources, ecology, climate, the problems of the aged, the breakdown of urban community, the need for productive, rewarding work ( can no longer be resolved within the framework of the traditional industrial framework.

No one would object to seeing these problems solved if the solutions were simple and inexpensive of effort and if we were fully in accord on social goals. (4) Obviously, though, as our discussion of conflicts of interest makes clear, we are not in full accord on what to do. In many cases, too, the solution of social problems involves too much expense and effort to awaken the interest of “me” centered people. (5) Another important consideration is that while the tasks before the American economy loom increasingly large, economic stagnation is occurring in varying degrees in the United States and much of the industrialized world. What are the possibilities for coping with our social problem under these circumstances?

(1)从社会问题的角度来看，自我实现的渴望再加上追求致富，使得我们未能从外部来看待社会和社会需求。

(2)这种变化也是必要的，因为面对20世纪70年代自我实现的价值观所提倡的追求致富的不断膨胀，我们的经济将会显得无能为力。

(3)他说，现在我们正在进入第三次浪潮，旧工业社会的特征和价值观有许多都逐渐过时了。

(4)不过，很显然，正如我们对利益冲突的讨论所清楚表明的，我们还没有就该做什么达成完全的一致。

(5)另外值得着重考虑的一点是：在美国经济所面临的任务变得日益严重的同时，在美国和其他大多数工业化国家都出现了不同程度的经济停滞不前。

Passage 11

For more than two decades, America's public schools have been expected to cure society's discontents. (1) In the mid-Seventies, we instructed our schools to go one step further — to look first to the wants of the individual, to nurture a child's discovery of self, while at the same time distracting him from his attempts to reduce his school to rubble.

(3) To rehabilitate our schools, we must look to the hard realities of why our system of public education is not working and learn from them.

Schools are asked to do too much. Racial, economic, and sexual inequalities, poor parenting malnutrition crime; and a lengthy list of other social disorders unquestionably affect an individual's capacity to participate in society. But while education can enhance the students' ability to cope with, and to change, the conditions of life around them, it cannot, in and of itself, make them better. In thrusting the schools to the forefront of social change, we have diverted their energies from their basic purpose — education.

The issue of acculturation of ethnic minorities provides a case in point. Greater emphasis has been placed on bilingual education in the public schools as the number and variety of ethnic minorities have grown in the nation. (4) $90 million in aid, the federal government extracted a pledge that the public schools offer bilingual courses in 20 languages, from Arabic to Vietnamese.

While we do not yet know what effect the study of major courses in a native language has on a child's ability to learn English, we may be allowed the suspicion that it will prove as counter-productive as it sounds. In addition the burden these extra courses place on the schools is obvious.

(1) 50年代中期我们曾要求学校创造一个种族和谐的气氛，那时在美国任何其他地方的生活都还没有这种气氛。

(2) 60年代中期，当我们的年轻一代参与了一场造反运动而这场造反似乎会危及到我们作为一个国家所信奉的全部理想时，我们又坚持要学校恢复社会秩序并保持现状。

(3) 很清楚，为把教育制度变成社会变革的主要手段的旷日持久的不明智的努力已经引发了诸如半文盲的激增等一系列问题。

(4) 我们不主张各学校改进教授英语的方法以使语言不再构成学习的障碍；同时还主张增加用学生们的母语教授的课程的数量，以使学生们在他们的祖国开始的学习进度得以继续，不受阻挡。

(5) 一旦我们不再对学校提出过分的要求，它们就能继续解决如何才能更有效地完成它们的根本任务 (教育这一急迫的问题)。

Passage 12

An office is the “Brain” of a business. (1) what has happened and what is happening.

Information comes into an office in all sorts of ways but the main items of information come in regularly. (2) Offices collect information, then they classify it.

This work of collection is common in an office from the sorting of mail every morning to the accountant's work in finding out the final figure for year's profit. Classification always requires the arrangement of the same kind of information, often into lists or columns. For this work, correctness, accuracy and speed, as in all office work, are essential.

There is no value, however, in collecting the figures that mean nothing. Figures are guides that should help us make decisions. (3) On this kind of information and from the known figures, a choice is made and a series of such choices may mane a policy.

A firm which has three factories may find, for instance, from its figures, that one factory is losing money and a choice may lie between either a change of manager, a cut in production, an increase in production or closure of the factory. Whichever one of these decisions is taken becomes the policy. Consequently there is a constant search for more and more exact information.(5)

(1) 在办公室里，人们将各种数据、表格和资料（信息）加以汇编以便让经理们或企业的主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。

(2) 职员们的一部分任务就是收集这种资料（信息），将它分类并填成这样的一份表格，这份表格要使这种资料（信息）易于解释，易于理解。

(3) 对资料（信息）和报表所做的解释，应能给我们显示出成败之所在，哪里有赢利以及哪里出现了亏损。

(4) 很显然，形成决策的那个决定的好坏，只能取决于它所依据的资料（信息）的好坏。

(5) 经理们必定需要在掌握一切必要的情况之后才能做出最佳的决定，对他们来说，要求得到越来越多的资料（信息）是很正常的。

Passage 13

A number of foreign words still look like foreign words; there are often expressions which were originally used by people who wanted to sound particularly well-educated. has been written”); a.m. and p.m. (meaning before noon and “after noon”) came into the language at this time. In addition to the words brought to English by foreigners, there are plenty of words which the British have collected from the countries they have settled in all over the world. Over 5000 of the words in common use in English today are words of foreign origin. Some of them are clearly recognizable as foreign like “au pair” or “rendezvous”; others now look so English that only a language historian knows where they came from.

So English is in a state of permanent development. Both in Britain and abroad it is gaining new words and expressions,

(1) 在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动，人们都想显示自己博学多才，从而形成了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。

(2) 今天，这些字词用得太普遍了，大多数人甚至不大了解这些缩略字母实际代表什么，所以今天使用这些字词当然也就不能表示知识渊博了。

(3) 英文中甚至还有些中国字， 我确信中国人决不会从我们的发音听出这些原来是中国字，typhoon（飓风）来自“大风”；to kow tow意思是“叩头”；sampan（舢板）是一只小木船。

(4) 据说英文有400万词汇，没有人能认识所有的词，一个受过良好教育的人词汇量超不过20万。

(5) 因此，如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的，你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词，你可以这样安慰自己说，可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字呢！

Passage 14

Personality is to a large extent inherent (A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring.

One place here children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution.

The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that Obviously, it is neither practical no desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. (It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock. B's are important and should be encouraged.

(1) 但是环境也一定有很大的影响，因为如果竞争对父母很重要的话，那么竞争在其孩子的生活中也很可能成为一个主要的因素。

(2) 太多的学校采取“只要能胜，再大代价也付”的道德准则，而且用拿得出成绩与否来衡量自己成功与否。

(3) 太想赢了可能会带来危险的后果，记住第一位马拉松运动员菲迪皮茨在跑到终点倒下死去之前说的一句话：“高兴吧！我们终于胜利了！”

(4) 通过考试来竞争的优点有点让人怀疑，但是明明知道会失败还去竞争，这肯定是有害无益的。

(5) 这个世界需要各种各样类型的人，而学校有一个很重要的责任，就是设法使每一个孩子的个性适合他今后可能干的工作。

Passage 15 most part keep themselves busy with innumerable trifles of whose earth-shaking importance they are firmly persuaded.

delicious when they come. Provided a man does not have to work so hard as to impair his vigour, he is likely to find far more zest in his free time than an idle man could possibly find.

The second advantage of most paid work and of some unpaid work is that it gives chances of success and opportunities for ambition. In most work success is measured by income, and while our capitalistic society continues, this is inevitable. However dull work may be, it becomes bearable if it is a means of building up a reputation, whether in the world at large or only in one's own circle. Continuity of purpose is one of the most essential ingredients of happiness in the long run, and for most men this comes chiefly through their work. In this respect those women whose lives are occupied with housework are much less fortunate than men, or than women who work outside the home. The domesticated wife does not receive wages, and no means of bettering herself, is taken for granted by her husband (who sees practically nothing of what she does), and is valued by him not for her housework but for quite other qualities. But when work is interesting, it is capable of giving satisfaction of a far higher order than mere relief from tedium.

(1) 然而我认为，对大多数人来说，只要工作量不是过大，即使所做的工作再单调也总比无所事事好受。

(2) 因此，工作之可取首先在于它可以产生无聊厌烦感，因为当一个人做着虽枯燥乏味但却是必要的工作时所产生的无聊感与他终日无所事事而感到的无聊相比就微不足道了。

(3) 人们要求增加工资收入，既是为了得到更高的收入带来的更多的舒适，也是为了获得成功。

(4) 当然这并不包括那些很富有，可以将居室和花园布置得漂漂亮亮，引来左邻右舍羡慕赞叹的妇人们，但是这样的妇女较少，而且对大多数妇女来说，家务劳动给她们所带来的满足却不像其他工作给男人和职业妇女带来的满足那么多。

(5) 大多数工作给予人们消磨时间的满足感和帮助人们实现哪怕是微不足道的抱负的满足感，这种满足感足以使一个从事枯燥乏味工作的人比一个终日无事可做的人快乐。

Passage 16

And successful theory in the physical science is expected to make accurate predictions. Apart from experimental confirmation, however, something more is generally demanded of a theory.

When one seeks information of this kind in the quantum theory, certain conceptual difficulties arise. For example, in quantum mechanics an elementary particle such as an election is represented by the mathematical expression called a wave function, which often describes the electron as if it were smeared out over a large region of space.

This representation is not in conflict with experiment; on the contrary, the wave function yields an accurate estimate of the probability that the electron will be found in any given place. When the electron is actually detected, however, it is never smeared out but has a definite position. Hence it is not entirely clear what physical interpretation should be given to the wave function or what picture of the electron one should keep in mind. ccording to this view the quantum theory is concerned only with observable phenomena (the observed position of the pointer) and not with any underlying physical state ( the real position of the electron.)

(1) 对于某项明确界定的实验，科学的理论应该正确地详述其结果，或至少应该指出各种可能结果的正确几率。

(2) 作为原子、分子、基本粒子、电磁辐射和固态物理基础的现代理论，它（量子力学）为所有这些领域提供了计算实验结果的方法。

(3) 它不但要确定一项实验的结果，而且要解释隐藏于观察结果背后的潜在物理现象。

(4) 换言之，这种理论不仅要说明仪器指针在针面上的位置，而且还要解释指针为何在那个位置。

(5) 由于这一类的不确定性，许多物理学家发现，最合理的是把量子力学当作只是一套规定实验结果的法则。

Passage 17 Communicative language teaching is not a single, narrowly-defined methodology, rather, it is based on a set of related principles that are widely accepted among language teachers today.

This emphasis tends to place more importance on the needs of learners as they actually use the language than on the abstracted study of the language itself. Grammar is not ignored in the communicative classroom, for students need to be able to use the grammar effectively for others to be able to understand them. However, CLT de-emphasizes language knowledge (being able to recite a rule) in favour of language use (being able to construct a correct sentence in a meaningful context).

While not all language tasks can be so directly related to student needs, at the least they should involve the natural use of language in realistic situations.

(1) 在过去的几十年中，人们在考虑语言的方式以及人们如何学习语言的方式上发生了一些重要的变化，这些变化导致了被称作教学法的产生。

(2) 语言不仅仅是一整套规则，而且是“创作意义的极有潜力的源泉”，这一概念是交际法的中心内容。

(3) 从强调语言本身转移到强调在特定环境下学习者对语言的需要，导致了教学计划较大的灵活性和对语言的练习更多的注重。

(4) 比较理想的情况为，这些与学习者试图用第二语言交际时在实际生活中将会碰到的同种情况相类似。

(5) 因此，对一些将来想在有许多说英语的客人的旅馆中工作的学生来说，一种适当的练习可能是把旅馆服务台职员和想定房间的客人之间的情景扮演出来。

Passage 18

Between now and the end of this century, there will be many exciting developments and also many difficult problems to deal with. compounds and water only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. The possible effects of some scientific fields, such as lasers and cryogenics (低温学), are difficult to imagine and both have already a number of uses. controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. The question is whether it will be most used for peaceful

purposes or as deadly weapon. had a close-up view of Venus or Mars.

(1) 也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。到20xx年世界人口预计将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、稻谷和牲畜的优良品种。

(2) 世界面临的另一个问题是废物处理，有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温把废物处理掉。

(3) 事实上，由于石油已感短缺，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，要解决能源问题，科学家们也将设法更多地利用太阳能。

(4) 低温学的过冷作用将液体氮及某些气体变成“超流体”， 将某些金属变成“超导体”， 使它们没有电阻，从而可以用许多方法改变世界的面貌。

(5) 但是，最重大的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面，过去最大的困难使代价太高，但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以多次使用而不仅仅只使用一次而已。

Passage 19

hooking their machines up to the telephone through a device called a modem these computer users from school children to homemakers to business executives are gaining access to what are known as on-line information services.both to subscribe to the information service and for each use of the services data. CompuServe is the oldest and largest on-line service with 280,000 current subscribers and 8-12 thousand more signing up each As Faith Lapadus learned from Jan Bowers, a spokesperson for CompuServe, (5) there is no typical CompuServe subscriber because there are so many different kinds of computer services available.

(1) 许多自己购买了计算机的美国人正在利用着它的一项特别的功能。

(2) 实际上，他们正在把家用计算机连接到储存大量信息的巨型主机计算机上，这些计算机也许安置在几千公里以外。

(3) 这确实是一个提供各种服务的计算机网络，它能把美国和整个世界的计算机使用者们连接起来。

(4) 也许你想知道，计算机服务公司和其他用电脑提供信息的公司怎样影响了计算机使用者们的生活方式。

(5) 因为可以提供各种各样的计算机服务，因此，没有具有代表性的用户。

Passage 20 great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conqueror or a general or a soldier. And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors. Fighting means killing, and civilized people ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes rather than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that that side which has killed most has won.

That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. of living creatures on the earth as one hundred years; then the hole past of man works out at about one month, and during that month there have been civilizations for between seven and eight hours. So you see there has been little time to learn in, but there will be oceans of time in which to learn better. and as I say, we must not expect too much.

(1) 经常且异常光荣地出现在历史书上的多数人物是伟大的征服者、将军和士兵，然而真正有助于推动文明的人通常是不被提到的。

(2) 动物彼此相斗，原始时代未开化的人也是这样，因此善于争斗就是善于做动物或者原始时代人所善于做的事情，但这不是文明或开化的表现。

(3) 尽管确实今天人们不在大街上互相争斗、厮杀，也就是说我们在日常生活中已经开始走上了遵守制度，彼此举止适度的阶段，但是许多民族和国家还没有学会这些，他们的举止和行动仍然和未开化的人一样。

(4) 科学家推断，地球上有某种生命以水母方式生存了大约12亿年，但人类历史仅仅100万年，文明的人类充其量大约8000年左右。

(5) 如果我们设想人类文明的过去经历仅仅大约7～8小时，我们可以估算出他们的未来，那就是说能估计出从今天到未来某天之间的整个时期，大约10万年，到那时太阳变得太冷了以致再不能维持地球上的生命。

Passage 21

Many people say that the British do not work hard enough, and there may be some truth in this complaint. Certainly for

some years past production in Britain has been in creasing much more slowly than in most other European countries, and the lack of progress is causing great Others blame the workers, over anxious to protect their jobs and to resist labor saving techniques. Some say that there is not enough incentive, that if a man is successful he only pays more taxes, that if he is lazy the unions and the welfare state protect him. Others blame the economic policy of the Government for not doing enough to encourage investment in the ?right? directions. The standard working week is generally between forty one and forty four hours, though very many workers work a few extra hours at overtime rates. banks and most offices have stayed shut on Saturdays. Shops have a five and a half day week, closing for the afternoon on the local ?early closing day?, which is Wednesday or Thursday in most towns. Except in small towns few people can go home in the middle of the day, as they have long distances to travel from home to workplace; in London the journey is for many people an hour or more each way. Many large organizations provide canteens where their staffs can get lunch quickly and cheaply; other people mostly provide themselves with sandwiches or have snacks in pubs, or choose between the many types of small restaurants that have grown up in the past few years.

But advertisements in newspapers are very much used too, particularly for specialist jobs. Fortunately for the newspapers, advertisers do not use abbreviations as much as in France and their notices are a useful source of general information. People?s perceptions of the system are determined more by prejudices and myths than by facts; and terms like ?free enterprise?, ?competition?, ?the workers?, ?the capitalist class?, ?monopoly capitalism? and ?exploitation? are used with varying and uncertain meaning, often so as to express prejudice rather than any objective reality.

(1) 一些人(把这一点)归咎于资方，说他们无忧无虑地享受其特权，大肆挥霍，并受其行业协会保护太多(以至于不思进取)。

(2) 所有这些观点都有一定道理；同时自满的人会强调低失业率和已经取得的进步，虽然这种进步相对较慢。

(3) 对工厂工人来说，除那些轮流上班的外，每周通常工作五天，从周一到周五，每天八点钟上班，中间有一两次茶点时间和中午一次较长的午饭时间。

(4) 在工人找工作和雇主招工人的过程中，他们可以得到政府开办的劳工介绍所的帮助，这种介绍所19xx年就设立了。

(5) 英国的经济体制，虽名义上是资本主义，现在实际上是几种体制的综合体，它的纯资本主义成份所占的比率可能比任何其它西欧国家经济中的都小。