安徒生童话的艺术特色摘要:在安徒生初闯文坛,最需要善意的指导和支持的时候,这种类似的聒噪曾经一再搅 扰着他,窒息着他,使他脆弱的心灵备受煎熬,因此当他拿起写童话的笔时,这些情景就自 然而然地化为了上述生动的故事情节, 其中麻雀们聒噪的神态描绘得惟妙惟肖, 恰到好处地 揭示出讽刺对象那种庸俗浅薄、自作聪明、充满嫉妒的心态。 构成安徒生童话幽默风格的重要因素之一, 是其语言的幽默感, 这种幽默感往往活跃了整 个作品的气氛,十分富有感染力。例如《夜莺》的开头: “你大概知道,在中国,皇帝是一 个中国人;他周围的人也是中国人。 ”那种煞有介事的幽默令人忍俊不住。有时候这种幽默 的语气与内涵的哲理相结合,往往会形成某种格言化的效果,如“永恒的真理是很长的,比 这个故事要长得多”(《各得其所》) 关键字:人道主义、温和的幽默、浓郁的诗意、口语化 安徒生童话以其光芒四射的艺术魅力使世界第一次认识了丹麦, 认识了北欧, 它不仅给丹 麦,也给北欧,给世界留下了一份宝贵的文化财富。 安徒生童话艺术特色分为四点。 (一)鲜明的人道主义精神 安徒生的童话创作充满了人道主义精神,这是他的作品打动读者的突出特点之一。 安徒生在他的大量童话作品中热情地礼赞了人的价值,例如《树精》 ,那个原本舒适安乐地 生活在栗树上的小精灵, 以自己百年以上的寿命去换取短短一夜的做人资格, 当她以一个人 的身份来到巴黎,见识了种种现代人类种种文明生活的奇迹——美妙的音乐、地下迷宫、精 美的建筑、 大街上的车辆, 以及被人们叹为 “一朵艺术和工业的美丽之花” 、 “一朵童话之花” 、 “一座近代阿拉丁之宫”的巴黎博览会之后,她怀着一种真正满足坦然死去。表达了同样思 想和情感的还有安徒生的名作《海的女儿》 ,这是一篇震撼读者灵魂的杰作:年轻的人鱼公 主宁愿放弃三百年的寿命、 放弃海底王宫里舒适高贵的生活、 甚至放弃自己清脆美丽的歌喉, 而且还要忍受毒药将自己的鱼尾劈开的剧痛、 忍受鱼尾变成的嫩脚每走一步都像踩在刀尖上 般痛楚,在付出所有这一切物质上肉体上的沉重代价之外,她还要忍受被王子误解、失恋乃 至生与死的心灵考验,而所有这一切,只不过是因为小人鱼渴望作一个人、渴望拥有一个真 正的人才有的不灭的灵魂! 安徒生几乎是将人乃至人的灵魂放到一个高不可攀的地位, 他不 仅仅怀着一个人道主义者的忠贞信念, 而且还怀着一个十足浪漫主义者的强烈激情, 简直是 蘸着心中的血和泪在讴歌“人”这样一个宇宙至
高无上的万物灵长。小人鱼苦苦追求的“不 灭的灵魂”其实就是安徒生理想中人的生命价值所在,有了这个不灭的灵魂,才能进入生命 的高级境界,而人的生命是只有为了追求与奋斗才能获得不朽的价值。对于出身下层、饱尝 世态炎凉、靠自己不懈的努力和艰难的奋斗才获得艺术上成功的安徒生来说,平等、奋斗、 博爱等人道主义信念几乎是与生俱来地流淌在他的血液中。 他在大量的童话作品中淋漓尽致 地倾诉了这种对人的生命价值的信念, 这些作品几乎就是安徒生早年在逆境中挣扎奋斗的系 列写照。例如降生在养鸡场中、倍受歧视的丑小鸭,即使在最令人心灰意冷的逆境中,也任 然没有丧失对美好生活的向往;又如娇小美丽的拇指姑娘,虽然一再落入诸如癞蛤蟆、金龟 子、 田鼠、 鼹鼠等庸俗肮脏的窝巢中, 但始终不愿随波逐流, 终于找到了理想中的天国花园。 而《野天鹅》中的爱丽莎、 《白雪皇后》中的小格尔达等,则又都是凭着非凡的爱心、勇气 和坚韧的毅力,经过不懈的努力,即拯救了所爱的人,也赢得了自己的幸福的典型例子。人 的价值除包括人的灵魂、人的奋斗以外,还包括人的情爱。由于关注人的命运,安徒生格外 重视表现人间的情爱、像《小意达的花儿》《拇指姑娘》《野天鹅》《白雪皇后》《坚定的 、 、 、 、 锡兵》《柳树下的梦》等等,这里面既有天真无邪的儿童对花儿的怜爱,有小孩子与小动物 、 的友谊,有兄弟姐妹之间的手足深情,也有恋人之间甜蜜忠贞的爱情。由自己的坎坷经历出发, 安徒生在他的童话创作中将全部的热情和关爱都投注到那些出身卑微、 普普通通的劳动 者身上,而他笔下的那些兢兢业业的小人物,几乎都有一颗质朴、纯洁和高贵的心灵,特别 是在那些描绘和讴歌人间情爱的篇章中,这种纯洁、质朴和高贵的品质往往令人怦然心动。 比如《老头子的话总没有错》 ,在那一对儿贫穷老夫妻的生活中,充满了爱、信任、乐观和 宽容,尽管老头子的生意总是走下坡路,而老太婆的一个热烈的吻却能蓬荜生辉,这是多少 虽然堆满金钱但却充满嫉妒争吵、 尔虞我诈的上流社会人家无法得到的幸福人生! 再比如 《坚 定的锡兵》 ,那个只有一条腿、而且运气很糟糕的小锡兵,却始终怀着对小舞蹈家坚贞不渝 的爱情。与这些普通劳动者的高贵心灵形成鲜明对照的,是达官贵族、上流社会的虚伪、愚 蠢和自私,像《皇帝的新装》中的皇帝和大臣, 《豌豆上的公主》中的老皇后、王子和公主, 《陀螺》中自称是用“桃花木制成的”那个陀螺,等等,都是一些既愚蠢又虚荣的角
色,安 徒生通过自己的童话作品淋漓尽致地表达了对这些人物的鄙夷和抨击。 安徒生童话在充分肯 定和讴歌人的价值的基础上,恳切地关注着人的命运,特别是普通劳动者的命运。安徒生来 自丹麦下层社会,并且一生坎坷,因此他最关注那些和他的鞋匠家庭一样的下层民众,他们 的命运、他们的苦乐辛酸。纵观安徒生的童话,无论是早期的、中期的还是晚期的作品,无 不是充满了下层民众的民主意识, 早期的作品如 《打火匣 《大克劳斯和小克劳斯》 、 《丑小鸭》 、 《皇帝的新装》 ,中期的作品如《依卜和克里斯汀》《柳树下的梦》《卖火柴的小女孩》 、 、 ,晚 期的作品如《老单身汉的睡帽》《她是一个废物》等等。在这些童话中,安徒生描绘和歌颂 、 了劳动者勤劳、勇敢、善良、诚实的美好心灵,并为他们所承受的不公正的命运给予深深的 同情和鸣不平:他们的勇气和才智丝毫不逊于那些达官贵族(如《打火匣》中士兵和小克劳 斯),他们的品格远比那些身居高位者高尚和优越(如《皇帝的新装》中说真话的小孩子),然 而他们往往辛苦劳累一生,却仍然得不到温饱,甚至在饥寒潦倒中悲惨地死去,如那个不得 不靠喝烈酒来抵御寒冷的洗衣妇、 冻死在圣诞前夜的卖火柴女孩。 安徒生十分理解和同情那 些即使是在贫困的生活中, 也怀有种种对未来的美好愿望和梦想的下层劳动者, 但是不公平 的命运常常是的她们的梦想像肥皂泡一样一个个破灭, 最后只剩下辛酸回忆和聊以自慰的幻 想,就像《柳树下的梦》中的鞋匠克努得、 《老单身汉的睡帽》中的老单身汉,安徒生对这 些人物几乎是蘸着心中的血和泪来描写的, 因此具有强烈震撼人心的艺术感染力。 安徒生不 是个思想家,在他有关民众命运的思考中,难免有时带有个人感情、阅历及其观念信仰等的 局限,因此,尽管安徒生有时对不合理的现实生活进行辛辣的嘲讽,对上流社会的愚昧和虚 伪予以毫不留情的揭露,尽管他对下层民众的同情是发自内心深处的、真挚强烈的,但却又 是充满哀怨和无奈的, 看不到出路的, 所以最终他还会死只能一再回到宗教中去寻求精神的 归宿,一再将求助的目光投向上帝、天国,把上帝当做“真理”和“博爱”的当然化身。在 这种充满悲怆感、 宿命感的艺术格调中, 隐隐透露出古老的北欧文化沉郁、 凝重的宿命色彩。 (二)童心的歌唱 安徒生童话拥有一种极其可爱的天真气息, 尤其是他的早期童话作品, 这种天真的气息自 然得如同由儿童心灵深处焕发出来的, 它来自安徒生对儿童心理的细致入微的体察, 他把这 种体察通过对
话、场面等描写生动地传递了出来。像《小意达的花儿》中小意达与年轻的大 学生(实际就是安徒生自己)之间天真无邪的对话,此外童话的结尾也描绘了一幅充满童趣的 天真画面:挪威的表兄弟是两个活泼的孩子。一个叫约那斯,一个叫亚多尔夫。他们的父亲 送给了他们的两张弓。 他们把这东西也一起带来给小意达看。 她把那些已经死去的可怜的花 儿的故事全都讲给他们听。 他们也就因此可以为这些花儿举行葬礼。 这两个孩子肩上背着弓, 走在前面;小意达手上托着那装着死去的花儿的美丽匣子,走在后面。他们在花园里掘了一 个小小的坟墓。小意达先吻了吻这些花儿,然后就把它们连匣子一起葬在土里。约那斯和亚 多尔夫在坟上射着箭,作为敬礼,因为它们既没有枪,又没有炮。又比如《柳树下的梦》中 的一个场面: 第二天他们带着姜饼带却格公墓去。教堂的墙上长满了最茂盛的常春藤;它冬天和夏天悬在墙上,简直像是一张华丽的地毯。他们把姜饼放在太阳光中的绿叶里,然后 把这个没有结果的沉默的爱情故事讲给一群孩子听。这叫做“爱” ,因为这故事很可爱--在 这一点上大家都同意。不过,当他们再看看这对姜饼恋人的时候,哎呀,一个存心折烂污的 大孩子已经把那个碎裂的姑娘吃掉了。孩子们大哭一通,然后--大概是为了要不让那个男恋 人在这世界上赶到寂寞--他们也把他吃掉了。但是他们一直没有忘掉这个故事。即使是拟人 化的场面描写,仍然充满了天真的童趣,比如《鹳鸟》“听着,现在你们得学着飞! : ”有一 天鹳鸟妈妈说。四只小鹳鸟也得走出窠来,到屋脊上去。他们走得多么不稳啊!他们把翅膀 张开来保持平衡。虽然如此,还是几乎摔下来了。 “请看着我! ”妈妈说。 “你们要这样把脚 伸开!一、二!一、二!你要想在这世界上活下去就得这样! ”于是她飞行了短短的一段距 离。这些小鹳鸟笨拙地跳了一下。砰!--他们落下来了。因为他们的身体太重了! “我不要 飞了! ”一只小鹳鸟说,同时钻进窠里去, “飞不到温暖的国度里去我也不在乎!“当冬天来 ” 了的时候,你想在这儿冻死吗?你想让那些小孩子来把你吊死,烧死,烤焦吗?我现在可要 叫他们来啦!“哦,不要叫吧! ” ”这只小鹳鸟说,同时像别的小鹳鸟一样,又跳到屋顶上来 了。 到第三天他们能够真正飞一点了。 于是他们就以为他们可以在空中坐着, 在空中休息了。 他们试了一下,可是--砰!--他们翻下来了,所以他们又得赶忙拍着翅膀。安徒生一生热爱 儿童,为儿童写作,倾听他们的心声。在他的时代,安徒生是
一个出色地把握了儿童心理奥 秘的伟大作家,所以,在他的童话中,淘气的小男孩宣称要用拖鞋做摇篮(《卖火柴的小女 孩》),孩子们在一起吹牛皮比赛谁的爸爸更能干(《孩子们的闲话》),衣衫褴褛的小女孩为 了不能看一眼哈巴狗的坟墓而伤心痛苦(《伤心事》),而赤身裸体游街的皇帝面前会冒出一 个孩子率真的声音: “可是他什么也没有穿呀! ”(《皇帝的新装》)……还有口语气息浓郁的 叙述语言,同样带有一种儿童口语式的单纯、天真、活泼和情境性。像《小克劳斯和大克劳 斯》“一个兵在路上开步走,一,二!一,二! : ”读者仿佛能够看见那个神气的士兵在路上 大步走着的情景。 《梦神》“世界上没有谁能像奥列·路却埃那样,会讲那么多的故事--他 : 才会讲呢! ”小孩子特有的夸张语调中流露出天真的艳羡和渴望。 《幸福的家庭》“这个国家 : 里最大的绿叶子,无疑要算是牛蒡的叶子了。你拿一片放在你的肚皮上,那么它就像一条围 裙。如果你把它放在头上,那么雨天里它就可以当做一把伞用,因为它是出奇地宽大。 ”这 里的牛蒡叶子完全是从小孩子的眼睛里看到的。 《玫瑰花精》“别作声!花亭里还有两个人 : 呢--一个漂亮的年轻人和一个美丽的少女。他们紧挨在一起坐着;他们希望永远不要分开。 他们彼此相爱,比最好的孩子爱自己的爸爸妈妈还要强烈得多。 ”这里已经是一个成年人对 幼小孩童讲故事时所特有的那种亲切温柔的口吻了。 (三)温和的幽默 安徒生的童话有一种特有的幽默风格, 这种幽默往往若隐若现在字里行间, 渗透在对话和 场景之中,一点也不尖锐、突兀或刻薄,而是闪烁着温和、机智的光泽,令读到它的人心中 荡起一片快活的涟漪,嘴边浮现一个会心的微笑。正是这种温和的幽默,形成了安徒生童话 所特有的温馨快活的魅力。比如: “唔,情形怎样?”一只来拜访她的老鸭子问。 “这个蛋费的时间真久! ”坐着的母鸭说。 “它老是不裂开。请你看看别的吧。他们真是 一些最逗人爱的小鸭儿!都像他们的爸爸--这个坏东西从来没有来看过我一次! ” --《丑小鸭》 钱猪装得非常满,连摇也摇不响--这的确要算是一只钱猪所能达到的最高峰了。他现在 高高地站在橱柜上,瞧不起房里一切其他的东西。他知道得很清楚,他肚皮里所装的钱可以 买到这所有的玩具。这就是我们所谓的“心中有数” 。--《钱猪》 安徒生常常运用他的温和的幽默作武器,来含蓄地解剖和讽刺丹麦社会中的一些达官权贵、 文坛小人、暴发户等等,讽刺他们的愚蠢、虚伪、骄横或奢侈。例如在童话《皇
上海师范大学
硕士学位论文
论安徒生童话的深层含义及其艺术特点
姓名:巨铭
申请学位级别:硕士
专业:英语语言文学
指导教师:王新球
20080401
摘要
安徒生是世界上伟大的文学天才,安徒生童话是一部以童话而名扬世界的文学巨著,并且成为了众多学者研究的对象。它作为一本儿童读物,对于儿童的人生观,价值观的构建有一定的影响。他的作品在传统和现代之间构成了一个平台,自然持久地融入到儿童教育当中,打破了传统的模式并且给儿童和成人提供了启发和创新的能力。这部流传了百年的巨著,至今经久不衰,为孩子以及成人带来美的启示。
本文旨在从思想内容和艺术手法两方面分析安徒生童话的特点。思想内容方面,把钟情死亡悲剧,体现博爱思想,和打破传统童话对女性的定位作为安徒生童话不同于传统童话的独特之处加以分析:艺术手法方面,既发掘安徒生有别于传统童话的独特的艺术特色,又从诗化语言、松弛的叙事结构、口语化三个不同角度进行了具体的分析。
本论文分为五个大部分:第一部分,全景式概述。大体上从不同的角度阐述了童话的研究状况以及安徒生童话的研究。第二部分,介绍了安徒生的生平以及他的童话创作。第三部分从安徒生童话思想内容进行具体的分析。从生命的寂灭这个凄恻忧伤的悲剧主题淋漓尽致地映证了其悲剧情结。在安徒生童话中人们可以发觉闪动着圣经人文思想的作品不时忽隐忽现地闪光。有关女性追寻的主题在安徒生的童话中也呈现出有别于传统童话的内涵。第四部分研究并分析了安徒生童话的艺术手法,从叙述方式,叙述结构和语言三个方面加以阐述。最后部分是论文的总结,试图提供一种见解,去读懂安徒生童话所具有的智慧.关键词:安徒生童话,思想内容,艺术特色
Abstract
HaIlsCMsti觚Andersen’sfairytaleshavebeenawell-kIlownliteratureintheworld.ForbothChildrenandadults,Andersenbelongstothewofld’s黟eatestclllturalgeniuses.Andersen’sstorieshaVebeenalwaysanobjectofmanystudies.Hisworl【s
appliedinfb肌atraditional觚d
eduCationalmodemplatfb姗naturally觚dpe珊卸entlyasatedmolo酉es,servingreVoltagainstroutinestereotypesandinspiring
adultsascreative觚dreV0lutionaryideasinchildr铋aIldwell.Beingatypicalwriting
forChildrcn,ithasexerteda乎eateducationalinnuenccuponthepfoperchildren’smoralityaIldValuefbmationofstaIldard.WithahistOryOfmOreth柚onehundred
enduringyearSsinceitspubliCation,llismonumentalworkhaswonpopular锄daccept孤ce
well硒to锄ong
adults.itsreadells勰dbrou曲t伊eatenli曲te姗entofbeautyt0childrenas
nisstudydeV0test0』hdersen’sfairy
fairytales,intendingt0analyzethecharacteristicsofHans
contentsaIldaItisticCllristi锄Andersen’stales劬mt、)I,oaspects:ideologicalaretecllIliques.Firstly,Andersen’sfairytales
C0ntents.Healwaysfavoreddifferem劬mtraditionalonesinideolo百caltra酉ctheme,challenged
tales锄dinte孕atedthetheattitudetowardsfemalecharactersintraditionalf缸ry
humanity0flOVeint0hisfairytalesaIldtOOkmultiplest锄dswhentellingthestOries.Secondly,AndersennotonlydeVelopedhis0wnulliquewaytOnarratestoriesbutals0createdhis协r),talesinViews0fpOeticlallgllage,type锄d
astnlCture.Thisthesisconsists
fairytalesfromtwoof俞eChaptersinunityofresearchfocusonAnderSen’sperspectiVes:ideolo西calcontentsandartistictechniques.
ChapterIistheintroduction.nincludesthepu叩oseofthisthesisalldliteraturereViewOffairytales锄dAndersen’sfairytales.ThisChapterfirstbeginswithfairytales’studiesfrOmdifferentapproachesillgenerala11dthengoest0Andersen’sfairytalesstudies.
ChapterIIattemptstomakeasketchybiographyofAndersenandageneralsuⅣeyOfhisfairytales,aIldintroducesmainattributes0fAndersen’sfairytales.
hlChapterIII,itillustratesAndersen’sfairytalesf硒mhisideolo酉calcontents.Amongtheseresearches,thethesisfocuses
biblicalapproachisused0nthethemeofdeathaIldcruelty,锄dtheto姐alyzeAndersen’sfa时talessoasto伊asptheessentialmotifOf10Veimpliedbetweenthelines.Tllletheme0ffemalechamcters’questinAndefsen’sfairytales
IIlChapterⅣ,itcanbeinquiredintothoroughly.theanistictechIliquesofAndersen’sfair),studies卸d锄alyzes
tales.T1lethesistriest0discusstheanisticwritingtecllIliquesusedinAndersen’sfairytales,reneCtitspoetic
ChapterVis
tryingtoaflavor’namtiVestmcture跹dnamtiVedis缸ctdevice.conclusionofthechamcteristicsofAndersen’sfai巧tales,pr0Vide孤insi曲tintotheintellectualexcellenceofAndersen’swofks.硒猡words:Andersen’sfairytales,ideol0酉calcontents,anistictecluliques
论文独创性声明
本论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外,不包含其他人或机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。其他同志对本研究的启发和所做的贡献均已在论文中做了明确的声明并表示了谢意。
作者签名:巨名参日期:2∞客?j’干
论文使用授权声明
本人完全了解上海师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留送交论文的复印件,允许论文被查阅和借阅;学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容,可以采用影印、缩印或其它手段保存论文。保密的论文在解密后遵守此规定。作者签名:踟艴硇憾:硼9、f揖、
Acknowledgements
Myheanful粤.atitudegoes
whose
ontomyacademicsupervisorProfessorWallg,f幻mwisdom锄dgenerositylbenefitinestimably.Hehelpedmeshapethisthinl【ingmythesis,gavemem锄yessentialinte印retationsrelatedtotheBible,柚dguidedmetoconstmcttheoutline0fthethesis.Hekindlytooktime
schedulet0readmy0f!f舶mbjsbusymanus嘶pt锄dtomal【emany
helpValuablesuggestions.I’mlucky
Mei--atohaVereceiVedthedirectaIldenC0umgementf幻mProfessorIthaIll【himforhisscholar衄Children’sliterature,锄d
akindness粕dhospitality.ItwaspleasuretodiscussH锄sCllristiaIlAndersenwithhim.Heshared
mewithhisfascinatillginsiglltsintoAndersen’sworl【S.
debttotheDanishscholars
areAnyone、ⅣritiIlg衄Anderscnowes锄incalculablewhose伽tst觚dingcriticaleditionsoflliswOrkS,letterS锄ddi撕estllebedrockof
allsubsequentstudy.The
gaVeEn酉ishtranslationsasofsomeAndersen’sworksandrcsearchwouldbemea铲eathelpwell.TllisthesisimpossiblewithouttheauthoritatiVeworksforwritingreference,aIldI锄de印ly伊atefultothem.
unfailinghelp加dpatienccI’dlil【epaniCularlyt0thaIlkmanylibrariansfortheir
iIltmcingrelatedbooks,百Vingmeuseful
t0infomation,etc.Lastly,mygreatestthanksgomymother,whoh嬲neVertired0freading
Anderscn’staleswithme锄dsharingher0wninterpretationswithme.
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IntroductionI.Introduction
Children’sliteratufetodayenjoyscentralityawarenessandconstitlltessuchas证eableproponionofneweducationalmaterialsthatitishardtoimagillewithoutpublish吨activity
forscholarship.
asait.Fair),talesareneverforchildrenonly'i11recentdecadestheyhaVereappearedcourse弱moVies,noVelsforadult,Vehiclesforpoppsych0109y,andofSimultaneously,itisworthymentioningtllattheyearof2005∞nbeconsidered
si驴ificant
觚nivefs盯ymomentofchildren’sliterature.AbigeV饥ttookplace:a0nthe200血0fHansChristianAnderSen’sbinh,therewerequitef色wdiscussionspublishedaboutAndersen卸dhisfairytales.Nowthere、,ival
Andersen’sofexplorillg柚dcritics柚dre.mte印retiIlgprof6蛐dme锄in笋of
nollfishing卸dworl【s锄ongtheliteraryreadersh硒bccome
HanSinvi90rating.Christi锄Andersen,thefirst【'anishwriterwhowonilltemationalreputationillthe19mcentury.HisextraordiIlary
itwass00nima西nation丘rstm柚ifestedindfam硒andnovels,butexpressedinfairytales.Oncehetumedt0theconlpositionoffairytales,a
tocomeintobeiIlgandmiraclewasbound
madeabrou曲thimcolossalwondreputation.Hebrea】【thfou曲丘DmthepopularnomofBrotherGrhnms’tal鼯byintroduciIlgintothegenrepe璐onalimagiIlationandrealisticelements,tllllsopeniIlgnewVistaforthegenre,smodemf0珊.AD卸ishscholarevcrnotes:‘‘Andersen,stalesembodVvariousillte叩retations,[and]
butadultchildrenmayfinditdif£iculttounderst锄dsomeabstractnotionsc锄”(Mitchell115).
MatchlessishishumaIlism,hisstrongbeliefiIl伊ace,hischanlpionshipofjusticcaIldeVefyone’sri曲tforhappiness.Hehadaboundlessloveforchildren锄da伊eatiIlsi曲tinthechildren,Ssoul.Hewasthepoetofchildhoodofalltinles.
his砧thou曲duringl疵timeAndersenwasnotedasawriterofnovels,plays柚d
poetryforadults,heisnowbestknownforhischildren’sfairystories.Andersen’sfairytaleshaVebeentranslatedintooVeronethousandlanguagesandillustratedbysomeoftheworld’sbestk110wnanistsfofchildren.Hisfirstchildren’sstoriesappearedinwefeenthusiasticanvrcceived.1835,锄d
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IntrOduction
“TllleworldofAndersen’sfairytaleshaSbeensu仃eredwith,dreamedof,deliberatedonandenjoyedmany,m锄yatimebyeachandeVerychild.BothwelI-knownandeVer-surprisiIlgitistendedycherisheddeepinthechild’s
inBulgarianPre-SchoolEducationhean”(RoussilloVa,“AndersenStrate酉es).ThusillAnderSen’swoddofrealisticfantasiesthechild’sself-real娩ationcontinually伊ows.Tlllesef缸tasiesillspirethechild’smanifestationsofcreativityinitscontactswiththeworld0feVeryday觚dillnuencetheirprI巧ections
“Happinessllponthechild’sspiritualexperiences,asanjhdersen’stalehasputit:c柚behidinginalittle锕ig
areaswell.”Andersen’sbest—knownstories
spirituallytme.Heisconsideredtobeself二portrait,inVentive,harsh,triumphantUglyDucklingandtheloyalLittleMemaid,the
the
thesteadfast弛depressiveFirSoldierandthel【illg-loViIlgN勘tingale,thedemonicShadow,the
himTree,觚dtheforlom“ttleMatchGirl.Theseaarecharacters彻dastorieswhichhaVemadeAndersen
historyasonehouseholdname,and酉Venplaceinliteraryofthe伊eatest卸dmostofi百nalEuropeanwriters.
1.1Thepurposeofthisstudy
Thewriterh硒thrcegoalsandwishes,soto
thesis.Thespeal【,wh朗settingareouttowritethisb弱ic硒s啪ptioninwritiIlgisthatfairytalesnot嬲childfen’sliterattlfeonly,butwithinthebroadercontextofl“erafystudies.Ukeallotherliterature,fairytalesaresusceptibleofseriouscriticalanalysis锄dunderst锄diIlg,卸dthatapplicationofreleVantcriticalquestionstoindividualworl(sassiststheadult—parent锄dteacher—inhisownreadiIlgofchildren’swritingandtheninhisbriIlgillgthemt0children.
Thesecondist0providereaderswithanewwayofcomprehendingfairytaleswhich
dothesestoriesconstitute锄impon卸t
deeper
thepanofchndren’sliterature.Whataresi铲ify?Whatenjoyduringme柚ingsdotheypossess?Fairytalesworl【sofaIteveryonemaybe酉仰iIlgyearsofhislifetimeaIldtheseworl【sofartmightlillgerinthedepthoftheadults’mind(Yu11).nou曲theyaremeanttoenchant柚demenain,theyalsoo此rameansofaddressingprofoundphilosophicalmeaning.UsingAnderSen’sfairytales够aunifyingtheme,mispaperdemonst豫teshowfair),taleshelppeoplegaintheirmodemandprofloundsignificance.2
上海师范人学硕:t学位论文Introduction
ThethirdgoalistoreVisitthefairytalesbyAnderseninordertoilluminatetheirgreatnessanduniqueness,andt0illtendt0make
fairytalesfromaatentativee任bntostudyAnderSen’ssonewresearchpefSpectiVe.WhyhasAndersenbecomepopularinthewond,especially丘omtheviewpoillt0fadults?ItisbecausethesocialthemesheexploredareofsuchreleVanceeVentothelifeoftodaythatAnderSenremainsvitalto璐a11.Thewriterwouldl设et0nlustmtewithsomeexamplesinthethesis.Intllestoriesthatpeople酉ossedoVcrwhentheywereyoung,fewunde璐tandwhydoestmgiccomplexbecomethethemethatAndersenusuallytall【sof,whydofcwAndersen’stalesinvolveprillceandprincess台omnow衄happilyliVingtogether,锄dwhyisthereacloserclationshipbetweenAndersen’sfaiD,tales柚dtheBible.
nishopedthattllisnoVelr%earchperspectivewithsomeorigillalViewsmayhelpbroadenandexpandthedeVelopmentofAmdersen’sfairytalesstudy.
1.2CriticalresponsetofairytalesandAndersen’sfairytales
’11linkingofthefair),tal髓predomillalltly
literatureof
fairyaSchildfen’sliterature,ofevenaschildren,ca肌0tbedefiIledaooommodateitsproliferationof0neuses锄dmeanings.Thetales“ca蛐otdimensionally,”柚din柚ycase,‘‘adultshavealways
talesforread,ccnsored,approved,锄d
7—3distributedtheso—called筋rychildrcn’’(Zipesa1).Asaliterarygenreforchildren,traditionalfairytaleshaveexcited
beenstlldiedbylotofcfiticalareSponses卸d
Varietyof
explosiVe
aream柚yarcsearcllerfora10nghistory.ReproducedindiscourSes,fairytaleSinthesecondhalfoftheare20血centu巧enjoyed孤asapopularity锄ongthepeople.FairytalesnowViewedVeryimpon锄tillthe6eld0fliteratllfe,psychology柚d
eVersociolog弘Researchersstudyfairytales丘omdifferentperspectiVeS.Marianotesthat:
Althou曲fairy
childhood觚dtalesarestillarguablethemostpowerfullyfo珊ativetalesofpe珊eatemassmediaforchildrcnandadults,itismostunusualto
cultunlfindthemdeemcdofmar百nalimponance锄ddismissed弱uIrwonhyof
criticalattention.Yetthestayingpowerofthesestories,theirwidespread柚d
aenduriIlgpopulafity,suggestthattheymustbeaddressingissuesthathave
si印ific柚t
therapeutic.socialfunction—whethercritical,conseⅣatiVe,compensatory,0r(xi)3
PsychologistBmnoBettelheimdaimsthatillplacein
an
a
fair)rtaletheinnerprocessestaking
as
indiVidual
are
extemal娩edalldbecomecomprehensible
representedbythe
丘guresofthestoryandits
eVents(25).Hedeemsthatli]keall铲eatart,fairytalesboth
so
deligllt
alld
instnlcI柚d
tlleirspecialgeniusisthattheydo
in
te咖s
whichspeak
directlyt0children.HealsobelieVesthatbydealingwithuniversalhumanproblems,panicularlythosewhichdeVelopillg
prc0伽py
thechild’smind,fairytalesspeakt0thechild’s
ego柚dencourageitsdcvelopment,、砸ile
on
at
thesametime
felievillg
preconsciousandunconsciouS
V0n
pressures(5-53).Based
Jun西锄ideas,M撕e.Louise
he0pensupthearclletypal
tothe
Frallzho埘s
diffe瑚lt
viewfromBettelheim
Bnln0,锄d
dinlensionoffairytalesstudi铭.F.ra北believes
0r
that,illcontrastherocsof
adVenturollssag弱,theheroes
heroillesoffai哆tales材e
abstmction—that
is,in
Jun舀antheof)r,archetypes(viii).
Aftermanyyearsofresearch
on
fairy
tales,Franz∞ncludes:one锄d
the
触lfa时tales如deavor
complexand
t0describe
S0
s锄e
us
psychic
fa%but
a
fact
so
far-reaChiIlg卸d
difficultfor
t0realizein
allitsdi圩crent
a
auspectsthathundreds0ftales锄dthous柚ds
0frepetitio璐w“h
musici柚’s
V撕ation
hlhis
a
aure
needcd
th如t11e
th锄e
isnotexhausted.
(2)
fairytalesusiIlg
b00l【,刀lP觑纪伊,.e纪砌刀D,凡z幻,砌正绻,FhIlz觚alyz∞some
fo姗ulawhichdiVides
tllesearchetypalstoriesintofollr
stages,namelytheexposition,
thepeopleiIⅣolVed,theupsanddo、vnsofthe
storyandtheritede
sortie(fjmishingof
the
story).
Heilbrunhasalsoaddressedthequestion0fhowthestoriescirculatillgillthecultm.cregulatetheliVesalldfashiontheidentity:
I七t
us
a伊ee
on
tllis:thatwelive
ollr
liVes
throu曲texts.11lese
tous,l像ethe
mayberead,or
chanted,or
exp两enced
us
ele咖nically'0rcome
fo皿edus
all,they
mothers,tellingthesestories
ofwhatconventions
have
mu珊u血gOfour
dem觚d.Whatevertheirf0珊ofmedium.
are
arewhat
whatwemust
use
tomakeollr
new丘ction.Outofoldtales,wemustmakcnewlives.
(109)
Heilbrunendorsesthenotionof
appropriating,reVising,andrevitalizing“oldtales’’iIlordertoproducenewsocialdiscoursesthat
c柚,iIltum,refashion
our
lives.
AnotherVoicecoulddetailtheuniquecontributionthatfairytalesc柚and
domake
4
上海师范人学颂l二学位论文
IntrOduction
tothechild’smoraleducation.Somefolkloristsbelievethatfairytalesofferlessons0ncon.ectbehaVio璐,adVisingyoungreaderson
howt0suaccedinlifc.Manyeducators
area
aCclaimthat
aSa
memberofchildrenliterature,fairytalesper|.ectt00ltoeducate
senses
andadaptthechildrentotheworldbyinstillillgpoliticalthem.
“Fairytales
helpschildren
to
0r
socialofValueinto
social
unconsciouslyacquire
humanwisdom,
conventions柚dm卸yVirtues”(Liu39).
ne
Grimmsinsisted
0n
thesacredqualityofthe
fa时tales
theycollected.11heir
航船e秒口以胁“s幽D纪砌胁,mal【es柚e肋n
tocaptllrethepure,anlesssimplicityofa
peoplenotyettaintedbythecormptinginnuencesofciVilization.“Thesestories盯esuffusedwiththesamepuritythatmakeschildrenappe盯somaⅣelousandblessed”
仁06-07),Whihelm
GrimmdeclarediIlhisprefacet0the
colle嘶on.Uke
the
G血皿s,
Dickenshailedthe“simplicity,”“purity,”卸d“innocentalsopraisedthetales
as
extravag孤ce”of
fairytales,yet
powerfIllillstnlmentsofconstmctiVe∞Cialization:
Itwouldbehardtoestimateits
way
the锄ount
these
0f
gentleness锄d
channels.
mercythathasmade
courtesy,
锄ong
us
throu曲sli曲t
F0fbeamnce,
considerationforthep00randaged,killd仃eatm锄tabho玎.cnccoftyrannyandbmte
of翘inlals,the10Veofnature,
force?m柚y
such900dthingshaVe
be明first
nourishedinthechild’sheartbythispowerfIllaid.(qtd.inMafiax哟
W.H.Auden
decreedGriInms’FairyTalest0be“amongthefe啊indispensable,
can
common-propenybooksuponwhichWestemcultufe
mucht0say,headded:“thatthesetales
befounded.”Itishardlytoo
r锄knexttotheBiblein
onon
imponance”(1).
Aswofksofan,researchershavedonelotsofstudies
ofliterature.FairytaleshaVeworthexploringillaspects
thisunique
fbm
andnature
aesthetics,anisticfeaturcs
aIldna玎ativecharaderisticsinrecenttwentyyears.Researchersl设eZhouXiaobo,HongXuntaohavefocusedtheirfesearchconsideredessentialthat
on
literar),觚d
aestheticalperspectiVes.ItisnowaIld
adults—parents,teachers
can
educators—be
well
infomedfbmsof
ab叫t
fairytales
s0
thatthey
helpchildrentobecomebetterreadersofall
literature.AndalsotheculturalheritagefiIldstheexpressioniJl
fa时tales,throu曲which
itiscommunicatingtothechild’smind;folkloristsandliIlguistsapproachfair),talesinways
gemanetotheirdiscipline.
1llthewestemworld,thepublicationofAndersen’sfairytalesiSsecondt0theBible;
5
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IntroductionwhileillChina,thereisnobookc锄exceedtheAndersen’sfairytaIesinthela玛eamountofversionsandpublishing.I—iHongyeremarks,‘‘T1lechculationandreadingofAndersen,sf缸rytalesiIlChinaisamostsignificantphenomenoninthehistoryofreading(19).
AChiIleseScholaronAndersen’sstudyeVerremarl【s,iIlme%fly20mcentury,withtheinfluenceofWestemcivilization,H.C.Andersen’sfairytalesjustspreadtoChiIla.舡e枷y嬲1913,zhouZuoren,chiefcampai印eroftheNewCulturalMoVement,alrcadyintroducedAndersentoChina.DuringtheMay-FounhmodemistEm,Chineseliteratimadeeverye肋nt0promulgateandpopul撕zehisf撕ytales,∞iIltrodudng彻d仃anslatingAndefsen,sfairytaleswerethenregarded硒amajorcultllralprojectillthe1920s.The1950ssawthepublicationoftheconlpleteworl【sofAnde硌eniIlalinesetr觚slati仰OaaoLa,“ontheStudyofAndersenillChilla’,).
hthe∞dyperiodoftime,ChilleseliterarycriticismaboutAnderscnwas伊eatlyinnuencedbytheWestemrealistictrendiIlthe19也centll巧.T0exposethe“ilsillthedarkoldsociety锄dtosympathizewiththetragicexperienccofthelowersocialstratabecameak弓ythemeinAndersen’sfairytales.Tbacertainextent,Chinesescholars’discllssion0fAnders朗卸dhisfairytaleswasalsOillfluencedbytlleD锄ish面ticGeo玛eBrandes.Realism锄dhumallitarianismwerethe押0basicpriIlciplesofaestheticsusedbyChineseschola塔,i.e.sin西ngtheprais鼯ofthetme,the900d,andthebeautiml,toc弱tigatethefalse,theu舀y柚dtheeVil.BeforeAndersen’stinle,manytaleswercbasedonfou【legend,whichweref盯f幻mrealityandne哲ectedbysociety.Anders锄w鹋thefirstt0explofethemesandmaterial丘omthesocialreality柚dletthetalestakerootsinthesoilofpeople’slife.nisisthe伊eat觚dimmonalcontmutionmadebyAndersentochildren’slitefatureeVerywhere.1111950sChinesewritersandtr卸slatofsof白irytalessuch硒YeJunjian,ChenBochui,etc.,wroteshortessaystocallontheyoungergenerationtostudy√‰dersen’sfairytalesandhismethodofcreatiVeworktoretumt0thetmlyrealisticwayofcreation.IllYeJunjian’sessaynamed“Anders即’sCreationofFairy1阻les,’’Ybsaid,‘‘Andersen’scfeationiSnotpreaching.EVerycfeationitselfisacompletewofkofan.Henevercasually鹏espersonificationforatableoracha远锄dneverr锄domlyletsthemspeakandactashumallbeiIlgsiIlordeftoreflectreality觚ddissemillatehisidea”(45).Andersenponraysthefairytalefigureswiththeir6
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
Introduction
owncharacteristicsandfcatllrcs,fullofVivid
柚dmany
fairytalefiguresponrayedbyAndersen
are
details肌dtme
to
l疵.Forexample,”neU誉yDuddiIl∥isponrayed懿the
personalexperienceandidealofAndersen.
触er
舶m
1980sthefese甜ch
on
Andersenandhis
fa埘tales
inChiIlahavekeptaway
thchistorical
can
criticism—toh动ly
beheard丘omliterary
singoftheworkingpeople锄d
critic娩ethe
capitalism.1t
theorists,critics锄dautho砖mentioningthe
philosophy
of
theme,l锄guage觚dartist巧iIl瞄erkegaard卸d
and
AnderSen's
worl【s.Combinedwith
A丑dersen’saesthetics,somecriticsattempttoelaborateanisticValue
0n
profb咖d
i埘IplicationsiIlAndersen’stales.1’lleynotethatb嬲ed
thechildren’s
Viewpoims,Andersenpaysanentiontothesubtle0fhumanbeillgsinmodemsoCiety.
Ⅵ,llileinthewestemworld,thereseardl
on
emotion柚d
thecomplicatedsitllation
theHansChristian
Andefsen锄dhis
fairy
tal髓diVersifies.Wrestemfemillists卸dwomenwriterSapproachAndersen’stal懿f如m
di蠡陀renthaVe
an酉es.Fbmillists
rcaders
focuscriticalattention
on
fairytalesandbreakthespellsthat
ench锄ted
oVer
for咖tllries.By
exposingtheroleoffairytalesillthecllltIlral
a
stm991e
a
gender'femillism
transfomsfairy-talestlldiest0
new
approach锄dsparl【s
debatethatwoIlldchangethewaysocietythiliI【saboutfairytales.Inaddition,some
schola璐t巧toanalyzeAndersen’sfairytales台om
themselves;
namtive
Andersenfull
structllreofstoriesthe
t0
somecritics
inte印ret
some
bold
stories
by
舶m
Jung’stllose
psycholo百calapproach.Ev’ensome
on
critics百Ve
demonstrations
interestingstoriesbased
Freud’spsychoanalysistheory;somecriticsemploy
M掀ism
Viewpointt0explainAndersen,sstoriesandmakeNowadays,youngerDaIlishscholafsmakesociologytorediscovefAndersen’sworks.
use
iIlteresting柚dValuableattempts.
oflingIlistic
disciplille,stmctllralism柚d
7
上海师范大学硕:士=学位论文
AndersenandHis
Fa时Tales
Ⅱ.AndersenandHisFail’y1’ales
2.1ABiogmphicalsketch
Andersen
was
on
HansChristianAndersen
upillOdenseofDenmarbtheonly
son
bom锄dbrou曲t
of
a
丘ee-thinl【ingshoemakef,butwaseⅡlbitteredbyhislackofAndersen’smothefw硒uneducated,sheopenedAndersenrecciVedlittleeducation,勰achildhewasof
forhis
fomaleducati伽.~thougll
son
theworldoffolklore.
l【illds
hi曲ly
emotional,suffe血gall
fears柚d
humiliationsbecauseofhistallnessandef诧millateinterests.Encouragedby
hisparentsheconl】posedhiso、釉fair),talesandarrangedpuppettheatreshows.His
fatherloVedliteratllre.“Myf乱her孕atifiedmeillallmywishes,”wroteAndersen
in砀P
凡毋死如可^秒£归.“lpossessed
As
a
hiswholehean;heliVedfor
me”(86).
Copenhag锄,but
teenager,hedecidedt0mal【ehisfortuneinthetheaterSof
whenhefailedheattendedsch001.After伊aduationill1827,hebe昏mhiswritiIlgc盯eerilleamest.AndersenwrotepublishedillAs
a
a
a
travelsketchandhis
poem“皿eD灿g
child,’w嬲
bom.
a3penhagen
joumal.Th朗thenextyearacollectionofpoemswas
novelistAndersenmadehisbreal(through
a
with刀论却,D协口幻rPill
boy’sinte伊ation
1835,thesto巧
wasautobio伊aphicalanddepicted
p00r
illtosodety,anU舀y
Ducl【lingthemeofself-disc0VeryinwhichAndersenfetumedinseVeralofhiswofl【s.
ne
b00kgailled
intem缸0nal
suCce豁柚dduriIlghis
lifeitremainedthemostwidely
readofaUhisworl【s.hl1837,Andersen’s
Andersen’sfamemostrests
noVel锄炒口尉砒舱,.w懿finished.
be锕een1835锄d
this锄d
asa
onhis而毋勋胁口耐跏晓譬,written
in
a
1872.砌f%乃纪加,.C死f艮打绷,appeared
small,cheapbool【letill1835.hl
followingeadycollections,Andersenretumedt0thestorieswhichhehadheard
child,but肿dually
hestanedtocreatehisowntales.T1lethirdVolume,publishedin
1837,contained“TheLittleAndersen’sotherbestC1ausandBig
Mermaid”觚d“The
talesare“Little
Emperor’sNewClothes.”Among
hown
U酉yDucl【ling,”“1meTinderbox,”“Little
Claus,”“P血cess
andthePea,”“T11eS玎owQueen,”“TlleNiglltingale”
锄d‘‘The
SteadfastTin
Soldier.,,With
thesecollections,iIlspiredbythe酽eattraditionof
8
上海师范人学硕:£学位论文
AndersenandHjs
Fa时Tales
2危e彳,口6砌行Ⅳf助窍andBfothersGrimm
thefatherofthemodemfairytales.
on
theotherhand,Andersenbecameknown
as
Be铆een
theyears
1840锄d
1857Andersenmade
adventuresin
a
jo啪eys
throu曲outEurope锄d
England,recordinghisimpressions锄d
numberoftraVelbool【s.Hewrote
histravelillgabroad,
锄d
rewrotehis
memoir§一劢P励毋死跆盯岣,三咖.DuriIlg
rel觚ed锄d
mamed柚d
Andefs朗wasabletobemore
receivedbyfamousanists,authors锄d
musiciansandseVeralheadsofStates.He
neVer
wasdeeplyenamored0fthe
ofhislifewasspentill
renownedsillgerJennyL血d,the“Swedishthehomes
Nightingale.”Much
of蚯ends卸d
a
helongedfor
a
familyofllisown.HediediIl1875,attheageof
seventy,afterlongillness,prcSumably
c柚ccr.His
lastfaifytaleswerepublishedin
1872.Thesecondcollectededitionof156fairytal%锄dlongerstoriesappeafediII1875beforehisdeath.
2.2The
gene髓lsurvey0fAndersen’sfairytales
A卫dersenw弱creditedwithwritingthefirStorigillalfairytheywerecalledliterarylakenfromlifc;every
tales(not
a
retellin曲,卸d
characterishavelmown
tales,
f;血y
tales.Hewrote
one
a
letterto
his衔end:“EVery
how彻d
one
ofthem,not
ofthemisinvented.1iSfamousforhis
th哪all”(qtd.inwullschlager
eitherofhisowrIlinventionfoll【talesretoldwith
0r
4).Andersen
based
0n
fa衄stories锄dother
are
fblkthemes.Severalofthem
traditionalcreditfor
Anders∞’s
stylisticembellishments.Heisoften舀Ven
illtrodudngtoDanishlitemtllrein
illf0皿al,idiomaticstylethatis
hadpreViouslylacked.
“ne砸nderBox’’锄d‘‘皿ePrincess锄d
folldore.“SwiIleherd”酉Ves
winniIlg
a
a
thePea”areexamplesofAmdefsen’swaywith
t0thef01心oreplotofacleversuitof
sources
simplehonictwiSt
princesshand.Andefsen90tothertales仃omlitefafy
aIldretoldinhis
ownwords,e.g.“TheEmperor,sNewClothes.”FinallythereillVentedby
are
thetalesAndersen
himself,oftenexpressinghisownyeanlingforsuccess,admirationandlove.
“ne
Snow
Queen”加d“TlleUttle
M锄aid”archismost缸lousworksusiIlgmagic
Soldier”projectsinto
Ducl【liIlg”is
a
fancy觚d
whichiswith
a
a
somefoll【talemotifs.“TheSteadfastTinromantic,tragicloVestory;“The
thelivesoftoys,
U甜yexpandedanimalfable
a
moralpaJticlllart0Andersen’sand
a
hean;“ne
IjttleMatchGirl”distillsto
pure
essence
l【indofsentimentalpathosthatoftenc010rsAndersen’sfiction.
9
Andersen,simponallce
asa
creatoroffairytalesis
inlmense.Whilebefore
him
a
fewfolk
卸thofs—CharlesPemult0f
France,theGrimmBrothersof
Gem锄y—collected
talesderivingf内morallore.UnlikeCharles
Pe仃ault卸d
asa
BfotherGrimms,Andersendid
not{ustwritedownthestorieshehadheard
hewent
on
child仃omhismotherand伊andmother’
t0composenewtalesofhisown.And
eV明when
heretold
an
excltlngstory’marriest0the
hemade
dr锄aticch卸geS.In“胁derl)ox,’’forinst锄cc,theP血cess
betterthanliving
a
haVe
s01dierattheendnotbeCauseshe10veshim,butforpracticalreasons:herparents
been
dead,锄d“Sheliked【beiIlgqueen】much
prisoner
ln
tllecoppef
palace,,(9).Andersen
hissmaU
haddonesomethiIlgradicallydi£I'ercntinthefairy’talegenfewith
a
h锄dfIll
ofstoriesabout
boldsoldiefwith
a
sword觚d
enchantedtinderbox;
call
俩0headstrongth】『0u曲呐enty
who
brothers;avefyrefinedandhypersensitiVepriIlcessmattTesses
feelthepea
and咐enty
eiderdownquits;aspidtedaIldcreativeUttle
Cla吣.t?Theheroes觚dheroinesiIltheGriⅡ1]m’tal%柚dothcrtrad“i伽alcollections
llSuallvmecttheirreward
on
eanh:they1【i11the酉强t,rescue
thepriIlce
or
p加cess'wm
a
killgdom,觚dlive
happily
ever硪er,’(砧ison4).Bycontrast,m锄y
ofAnderSen7sstones
a
cndullhappily.ThereadersmaybedearlyawarethatAndersenshowed
const锄t
enthusi勰mfortmgicplotsillhisrenowned
wo幽,
such
as“皿eRedShoes,”“皿eLittle
s0
Me皿aid.,,ccThe
mel觚choly
growiIlg
Snow
Man,’’“TheUttleMatchGirl’’and
as
0n?Dolorous
and
such
tragicplotStouchuponthemes
death,disillusio姗entof10ve,lonely
which
not
eX耐cnccs
锄d
bloody
all
pcnahzation,
only
reflect
author’scomplex?
Gerda
weather-beatenlifc,butalsogive
IIl
a
i11cisive锄d
Vividmustrationofhis
a
tra舀c
fewofhisbeststories,however,Andersenpr0VidedSnow
happyending.Little
iIl“ne
Queen,,res饥ed勋i
solid.When
fromtheicypalaceoftheenchaIltfess,wherehisheart
hadbeenf】的zenGerda,weeping,embraced
h妇,the
icyillhisheaft
dissolvedandtheyfeUintoeachother’s
a加s?
a
IllAndersen’snumerousfairytales,loveisthaIlthirtVstoriesmentionlove,whichaccountwithothers,mutual内manticloveisveryprota90nists
are
rare
a
subject
thatheusuallytalksof.More
1argeproportionofhistales.Compared
iIIAndersen’stales.Againandagain'hls
rcjected
indyingofthe
bythosewh0theyfaninlove,evenendingalwaysregaIded
as
dramaticpefsons.They
are
m
representativesoftra酉cconceptlonand
authoT.ForallhislifetiⅡle,
thesestoriestheValsosharetheunhappyexperienceoftheir
lO
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AmdersenandHisFairy’rales
AndersencontinuallyfcllinloVewithupperclassacquailltances,hehadalmost
no
or
titled
persons,thou曲hemade
many
romantic
success.
hspiteofmis,we
pursuitfor
are
stillabletofeelthespiritofsacIi6ceforloVeandinsistent
be卸tifulloVe
andmarriageallthetime.Asforthechildren,although
they
c锄notunderst锄d
whatt11eloveis,theystillremembertheUttleTinSoldierwho
undertakcsvariousfmstrationsbutisloyaltohis10Ve;theystillremembertheUttle
Memaidwhofulfillstheprince’shappiIless
seekforhappiIless觚dloVeinthe
regardleSs0fnlmillgintothe
f0锄inthesea;
theIbewhobriIlgsupthechildrenselflesslyfofherdeadloVef;Kenudewouldrather
dre锄at
costofhislifc.T1leseloVestoriestellchildrcn:
loveiswonhyyeanlingfor,howeVer,notallthe
loVe咖acllieVe
that“prillcc锄d
p血cesslivehappilyeVermer.,,Tme
A
10verequiresexperiencillg
toment柚dpaillstal【in舀
socialambition.EVen
andsometimesloVedoesnotmeangains.
reclln.entthemeiIlAndersen’stalesissocial
snobbery锄d
inanimate
objects
feelit:theDamillg-needletriestopassherSelfoff舔aSewing-needle,
锄dthe
Buckwheatconsidefsitselfsuperiortoalltheotherplantsinthe丘eld.ofAndefSen’s
Om
major
aChievementsishisabilitytocreateconvincillgStories
criticPaul
aboutinanimatecapadty
objects.缸FrenchHaz砌notes,“AnderSenis
ofthill笋”(qtd.in
flowe瑙and
asauce
uniqueinhis
for明terillgintotheVerysoulofbeings粗d
birds,butalsobugsand
one
Jon
eVen
13).Ill
his
storiesnot
only锄imalsandtoys锄d
household
a
objectshaveconlplex
h啪锄personalities.In
ofhistales
p觚觚d
bunchof
matchesrelatetheirintellectual
l讹stories,aIld柚eanhenwarepitcherproposesthatthey“have柚
entertainment”(962).In锄other
on
talea‘‘decent,respectableOldStreetLamp”
as
a
whoisaboutt0beretiredreflects
hislife.She“feltVerymuchsupera衄uated
eVer
baUet—d卸cer
whensheisdancingforthelasttime,锄d
1【Ilowsthattomorrow姐d
aftcrShewillsitaloneinhefatticuncaredforbythegenerous
chambef’moming,noon,姐dni曲t,unthou曲tof孤d
public”(352).
on
Andersen’stalesexerta酉eatinnuence
thecreationofthewriterssuch
as
Charles
Dickens,Willi锄Thackeray,0scarWilde柚dC.S.kwiS.Andersen’s
withthe
identification
unfortunate柚d
outcastmakeshistalesVerycompellingandattractiVe.Someof
Andersen’stalesreVeal
an
optimisticbeliefi11the
tri岫ph
ofgood
oVer
eViL
11
Ⅲ.IdeologicaI
ContentsofAndersen’s
FairyTales
Andersen’sfairytales
are
Vastly
di虢rent丘。m
traditionalfairytalesillthe
aspect。f
themestllatr打ely
appeari11
tothe
ide。l。百cal00ntents?Hepreferst。ch。。sesome
c。ntents柚d
仃aditionalfolktales?11hese
ideolo酉cal
a
contentsrevealAndersen,sownview
universe锄dhislifc,w血ich
constitute
distinguishingfeatllreinhis
fa时tales.
3?l
The‘‘CmeIty’’and‘‘Death’’theme
。11lou曲∞me
of舢ders明’sst嘶es
te盯ifying?Anders蜘may
a
are
brilli锄t觚d
movilIg,
most
are
sad.the
dis‘resslng
oreVen
haVebegunsome0fhis
that“.nley
fa卸taleswith
livedhappily
on
phrase“onceupontime…’’buthe
a
neVef
endsthemwith
exening
a
cver
aneL”T}a酉c
conlplexbecomes
ma百cpower
greatin丑uence
thecreation
ofAnderson’s
fairystories.XieJillqiuelevatesthe伊eatvalueoftragedy:
m柚dness
oftragedyrestswitllthe
si印i6cant
footStone:itsho、张a仃IIthful11umant0agaillst
presenta缸on0fthedarksideof
1ife,alld岫ablepeopJe
to
feel五rustrated粕d
in
depressedintheend?Tragedyu玛eswnlch
figllt
the伽eltyofd00m
when
pe叩le
are
capableofshowingt11eir
wills柚ddi印itiescon肋nted
of
丽th
Jn
the
fanure觚dtribulation.(24)
mainlyfoclls
0n
tnlspanthewriterwill
the
i11us咖tions0f柳。鹬pects
Andersen,s
tra西c
fairystories:c九leltyallddeath
seenas
CmeltyaIldViolencehaveoftenbeen
‘IIravers,theBritishwriterwho
the
creates^亿,),砌f
see
si俨atllre
0f
G锄卸f.a岫tales.but
are
findstheBrotherGriⅡlms,tales
dow盯I曲t
tamebycoⅡlparisontothestories
composedby
Anders如:
0ver
How皿IuchratherwouldI
wickedstepmotherboiledinoil.a】1agony0ftheUttle
inhalf
a
sccon‘i-th如beartheprotracted
theRed
Memaidortlle西rlwhowore
as
Shoes?髓ere,if
no
you
like,is咖elty,sustained,deliberate,contrived.
HansAndersenletsdemoraliziIIg.
b100d.Buthis
tonurcs,di唧ised
piety,aresubne,0f:ten
(229—34)
AndMariaalsostatest11at.
12
上海师范大学硕l:学位论文
Ideolo百cal
ContentsofAndersen’sFairyTales
WhiletheGrimmsmayboilst印motherilloil
or
sendthemdownhillsinban.els
studdedwithnails,theyrarelyallowchildrentoenduretorture.Andersen,bycontrast,promoteswhatmanyreaders
miglltperceiVe弱acultofsuffering,death,
觚d
transcendencefor
children由aled
oIllybywhatpassedforthespiritual
edificationofchndiIIPllritan
clllture.(212)
physical
distrcssandspirituala90ny
a
Nowhereistheeffont0eleVatetlleVinuesof
morepronouncedthanin‘‘T1leLittleMatchGirl,”whichiSstayiIlgpower,yet
a
stor),withrelnarkable
thecontrafy,
tale“hardly
desi印ed
t0
tobuoyspirit”(Maria212).On
of
AnderSenstrainshisVerbal
resource
constmct
aScene
abjectsufferillg.The“hun伊y
onIy
卸dshiVering”(344)heroine
inthestory’stitleisnotsubjected
to蠡reezing
temperature,shemustalsowitnessthegayfestiVitiesarolllldher(1i曲ts
shille
tllrougll
windows).Althou曲she
fctum
has
a
home(wiIld
a
whistlesthroughits
cracl【s),she
sure
daresnot
t0it,forshehasnot
e啪ed
sin舀epenny柚dr印orts
of
herfatherIt0beather.
Pmlctuatedwith
increasill酉y
a
urgentdroppingtemperature,AnderSen’s
na玎ationbuildsto
dimatic血ales
inwhichlittlematch
girlisembracedbyherdead
伊andmother(the彻ly彻ewhohadbeenbndt0her)(346).
a
JustwhydidAndersencompel髑toreadbody,”a
stor)rthatculn】血atesiIla“littledead
“Tofeel
酉d
“frozentoisthe
death.”
Be肌ettgives惦0ne粕swef:
a
肌thor’s
angIlish_this
What髓dorses
another’s
essencc
ofcompassion.HereiS
HansChristianAndersen’s
maste印ieCe,asinlple,仃agicstorythatstirspityineVerychild’shean”(124).
isoddabout
a
this酉oss
on
thetaleisthewayinwhichit
so
passionately
sto巧that“stirpit)r,’卸ddef.mesidentifkationwiththeVicti】咀(“t0feel
the
souI℃e
anguish")as
ofcompassion.Tbbesure,partoftheappealofthe
LittleMatchGirlisherilmocent
fra酉lity.GriffthhaspointedoutthatVinuallyallof
Andersen’scentralcharactersare“small,frail,morel设elytobefemalethanmale,aboVeall,delicate,anembodilIlentofthatinnocencewhichiscapacityfor
hamlessness,thatpuritywhichis
lust”(82).
one
Readersmayalsobedeeplydistllrbedby
ofAndefsen’smostfamoustales,“711le
“ttle
Memaid.”“Of
allAndersen’scharacters,itisprobablythelittle
memaid
whois
therealVinuosointheartofsilenttonglleisclltoutbytheSea
su饿ring’(Maria214).In
TheLittle
thistaletheheroine’s
Witch锄d
Me珊aid
giVesupherVoice,shedrinl【s
13
上海师范大学硕:}:学位论文IdeologicalContemsofAndersen’sFairyTales
a
potiondesignatedtoendowherwithlegsandfeelsa“two—edgedsword"piercingher
“delicate
body”(73)so
as
t0haVethechanceofattractillgtheloVeofprincewhomshe
a
丘rstsawathisbinhdayparty,buttheprincemarfiesofumequitedloVe,the
priIlcess.Aftersu仃eringthepains
me珊aid
dies
of面ef.Here
agaill,muchofthercpresentational
energyinthepassageis
ch锄neled
inthedirectionof
portrayillg柚gllish卸d
pain,
transfbr】幽gmonalagonyinto
transcendentalbeauty.Chshdanalsonotes:
Andersen’sstorydeViates
mafkedly舶m
the惦ualfairytales
a
fo珊ula.ne
heroillenotonlyenduresthelo豁0fhertongueandpaillfullowerbody
metamo叩hosisbutlosestheprillcc.Herhopesofunionwiththemanofher
dreamdissolVes,弱doseshe,into“foam
on
thewaves.”
(170)
water孤d
that觚
nere
emereal
is,however,partialrecompense.S00naftershe丑oatso垃sheisrescuedby
theair’—.wholiftheroutofthe
tellher
spirit卜-‘‘dau曲te娼of
immonalsoulmaystillbchersbeCause0仆er
You,poorlittle
suffe血g锄d
self-sacrifice.
memaid,have
(90)
suf托redandendufed,haVeraisedyoufself
into锄
∞rialspirit,柚dnowyollrown900dworl【smayobtainyou柚豳血onalsoul柚d
即tr锄ce
As
a
i11toHeaVen.
childtlleyare伍ghtened
a
andupsetbymany
te曲iIlg
stofiesAndersen’s,
especiallythoseinwhichTrod
ona
littlegm
misbehaves锄d
ishorriblypullished.“TheGirl
Who
IDaf’is
an
ex锄ple
ofhowa“pIDud
are
and锄gant"(694)childgetspunished
the
duet0herwrongdoiIlg.Balladsgirlwho
arc
sung“all
oVer
coun仃y,’about“the
proudyoung
trod彻the
loaft0
save
herprettyshoes”(694)柚d
storiesabout、717ickedInger
broadc蕊tthroughouttheland.Ingef’swrongdoingisthemostVileofa玎possiblesins.
on
Inordert0avoidhershoesbecomillgdirty,IIlgertreadsofbreadiIltothemudfor
a
natural柚dGod’s百lb-a
loaf
stepping?stone.As
a
result,IIlger锄d
hershoessinkdown
iIltothedarl【,muddymarsh,anddisappearf蛔mthefaceoftheearthtomaterializeintherealmofmarshwoman.
T1leProtractedagonytowhidlAnderSenrefersis
on
fulldisplay弱follows:
Hefdressw髂coveredwithclotsofnaStyslime;asnal汜hadwounditselfillher
hair卸ddan舀ed
oVer
her
an
neck;锄df如meveryfoldofher
dress柚u班y
toad
peepedout,bafl【inglike
asthmaticlapdog…herbackhadstiffened,herarms
a
andhandshadstif诧ned,andherwholebodywaslike
statueof
stone.She∞uld
14
上海师范大学硕:匕学位论文IdeologicalContentsofAJldersen’sFairyTales
onlyronhereyes,buttheseshecouldtumentirelyarollIld,s0shecouldbehindher,andthatw嬲ahorrid
acrossseesi曲t.Thentheniescame锄dcrepttoandf如hereyeballs.(696)
Theimageoflngeris
compellillgelementinthe
detailthatitbecomes
SheiSpemeatedwithnarratiVeene唱y锄dbecomesthemoststory.“T1le酉rl’sbeleagueredbodyiSdescribedillsuchloVingaa“shockin出yaestheticizeiC0nofchildsu疵rillg”(Maria214).pres锄tediIlherdeaththroes,丘omwhichsheisreleasedonlyaftefyearsof
istoment,wh明shetransfo瑚ediIltoabirdbytheprayefsofastranger.
In“T1leRedShoes,”themomentofKarcn’sdeepestpersonalde擎adationandsocialdis伊acecomeswhensheisinpe印etualmotion,afigureunable
thattoremoVetheredshoessi伊alherpride.ThedancingKarenissubjectednotonlyt0agon讫ingpaill,butalsot0publichumiliation,forsheisheldupasanexampleofmoraldepraVity:
“Danccyoushall,”saidtheangel,“danccinyourred
pale,untilyourskinshriVelsuplikeashoes吼tilyouarecoldandskeleton’s.DanceyoushallfIDmdoortodoor,锄datanthehouseswherethechildrenareVaill卸dproudyoushaUhocktilltheyhearyouandare台ightened.”(326)
by锄execIltioner,leavillgK.arenVinuallyOnly册cctheofkndillgliⅡlbsarecutoff
househollnd,istherehopeforsalVation.
Sendal【Mauriccisdisturbedbythe“disquietillgpassivit矿’inAnders锄’sbookforchildren.‘‘Athisw0瑙t,"Sendakco姗entsonAmdersen,“hedreadfullysentimentalizes
chafacterwitllwhichheendowschildren;theyr盯elyhaVespunkshrewdness,锄d
in觚:i】叽ateobjects”(33—34).IIltheLittleMe珊aid,theUttleMatchGirl,andIngerof“neGirlmo1'rodonaL0af,”hefindspanicularly“imtatiIlg,',surelyillpanofthesimplereasonthatthestoriesofanthesecreaturesendwiththeirdeath.T1leillustratorTrinaalsoobservesiIlrecollectingherchildhoodreading0fAndersen.“HisheroinesalwayswilldupgoiIlgtothebosomofGod(ifthey’regood),orelsethey缸eprayingofbeillgsavedfromHeubysomeoneelse’sprayers”(294).
tales,柚dtheAndersen’sstorieslackahappyending,illstarkcontraStt0otheffairy
her0柚dheroiIleperishattheend.Actually’oneofAndersen’smostbeloVedthemesis
aredeath.Thefe
sofewfigllresinhisworktowhomhefetumsmoreoftenorexaminesfromchildishm柚ydi虢rentall舀es.ButthedistiIlgIlishingthemeof“poeticdeath”has
上海师范大学硕士学位论文ldeologicalContentsofAndersen’sFa酊T“es
become
an
importantmeanstomanifestAmdersen’sVisionoftragedy.Inthefairytale
a
“TheAngel”ofl843,“Death”is
ljⅣerytime
a
pleas锄t
andhelpfultraVelingcompanion:
goodchilddies,oneoftheGod’sangelscomesdowntoearth,takes
thedeadchildinhis
ams,spfeadsouts
a
outhiswhitewings,andflies0Veranthe
placesthechildloVed,pickingwheretheywillbloom
wholehandfulofflowerst0beautifullythan
on
b血g
uptoGod,
ev胁morephilosophy
earth.
(227)
has柚
of
Andersen
f0姗s
hisown
towardsdeath,liketllelittlechildwho
a
etemityalleadofhim.Andersenhas锄unshakeablefaiththat
wholenew
fbm
existenceawaitshimwhenhisspirit,attheappropriatetime,wouldlivethehuskofhisbody.
hTheFair)rTaleofMyLifeAndersengivesaViVidexampleofthis
Itw硒on
a
sonofbelief.
momillgdurillgtheChfistmasholiday船Bregentvedestate.Athin
layerofsnowc0VeredthenagstonesaroundtheobeliskoutintllemanoI-housegardenandduringhismomiIlgwalk,Andersenusedthethesnow:‘Immoralityislike
a
tip
ofhis
cane
t0writeint0seeit.’
snow/Tbmorrowwe、Ⅳon’tbeable
a
Overthenextdaytherewasa孕eatthawfollowedbyh盯dfbst.Bythetime
bytheobelisk
Anders明was
on
once
againableto90outtostretchhis
legs锄dpass
hismomiIlgwalk,allthesnowhadmeltedexceptfofthelitⅡe盯eawherehe
a
hadwritteninthesnow
fewdaySearlief.Nowonlytheword“immorality”was
le百ble,andinhismemoirsAndersenwroteofhisicy,de缸sign:“1w硒deeply
moVedbythisincident,锄d
a
myVividthoughtwas:God,myGod.IhaVe
neVera
doubted.',And∞,with
waVeofthe
ma酉cwandinthesnow,heheld
fi加
belie£AndthedoserAndersencametohisowndeath,themoreimportant卸d
mCessaryitbecaⅡleforhin卜-usingmoreofless
on
heavy-h卸dedmethod卜_to
not
maintainhisbeliefthathewas
putrefaCtion.
hiswayto
sw讯resurrection加d
slow
(qtd.iIlJensAndersen538)
a
IIlfact,nearlyquite
fbw
best—hown
as
a
storiesbyAndersenculminateilldeath,butthe
momentofdeathisdepicted
distressfaint
or
gentleandpoeticeVent,withoutanysortofphysical
a
su舭rillg.IIl“The
GaloshesofFortune,”thereis
talkofpersonreceivillg
a
jointiIltheheanandthen“theliberatedsoulflieso伍onthewingsofelectricity”
Peer,”Andersenattemptst0combiIlescientificand
(116).Andill“Peitef,Peter柚d
16
上海师范大学硕:f:学位论文ldeologicalContentsofAndersen’sFaiDrTales
reli百ous
conceptsiIl
a
unifiedexpl柚ationofwherewehumancome
f如m觚d
are
going.comes
Illthisstorylifeendsfestivelywith“the伊eatbigkissofdirectlyfromthe
death”(981)which
Lord柚d
isso丘lledwith
tendemess锄d
solicitudethatyousiIIlply
disappearint0thel【iss,which),oufeellikebeingdazzledbythesun,whenever”hiIlg90esblackbefbreyoufeyes.
“Dre锄’’is
oRenemployedbyAndersen
asan
import柚tme卸sdepictingdeathillhis
fairytalesskllfhlly.“Underthe
Willow
1七ee”isthemostoutstandingpuppetloVestory
ofAndersen.TheprotagonistKenudesleepsalongwithhisloVelomdistress.1nKenude’sspifitualworldthefeisstillliviIlg
a
girlhehascaredfor
a
thou曲helost.Illthehopeof
sweetlove0c嬲lrredduringyouth,heisf|ustratedbyhis10ve.Hestilldreamsofthelittle
hardfact:hehasbeenforgottenby
girl-Joh锄naaIldwonderfIlltimetheyspenttogether
illthepast.InordertogethisloVeforretum,hewouldratherdfeamthanwakeupinthecold
winter.弛allyhc
is仃0zent0deathbeneaththewillow
tree!nougllKe肌deis
Gifl’’一the
dead,his
hisSwect
dream如ables
himtofeel“themostwonderfulhourof
life”(499),sincc
10ng甜lerishedwish
hascometme.Andalso
iIl“neUtlle
Matchlittlematch
庐1wall【sthrougll
cold卸d
mestreetwithbarefeet
are
on
thelasteVenillgoftheyear.ShiveriIlgwith
one
hunger,herhands
almostdeadwithcold,howmuch
littlematch
mi曲t
wa册her.And
scenesone
thenshehasstnlckthematchforfourtinlesiIlall,thefcare∞splendid
inherVisionof
after趾other
a
bri曲t
n锄e:a
greatbrassst0Ve;t11e910rious
r0弱tgoosewith
lasttinle,she
lmilballdforkinitsbrc弱t;themost
be肌tiful
Christmastree;forthe
evensees
her鲫d粕dbeautifIll铲andmotheL
inher
-“Shetooktlle
little酉darⅡls,觚d
up
bothofthemnewiIl
bri曲tness卸djoy
aboVetheeanh,very'veryhi曲,舳dthefewasneithercold,norhunger'nor
fea卜-theywerewithGod”(346).OntheNewYbarSday,thelittleghl“仃ozentodeath”
(346).Both
readers
Kenudeandthelittlehavefound
match百rl
dieintheirsweet
dre锄s,on
theirface
never
su虢ring
anddistressiIlsteadof”smilingmouth”andhappilless.
The“death’’themehasbeendissolvedintheir
Andersendeemsthat“Death’’isnot
a
sweet柚d
beautifuldreams.
a
painfulaIldtraumaticendillgt0
life
but姐
optimisticandpromisiIlgbegiIlning.W色fmdillAndersentheancient,pfimitiVebeliefofthe
hum柚being弱aseed
uses
thathaStobeburiedinordertoriseupfromdeath.Throu曲out
ofrenewal.”He
hisworl【s,heexpressionssuchas”thelifeofdeath”柚d“the柚gel
17
上海师范大学硕七学位论文
Ideolo酉calContentsofAndersen’sFair),Tales
regardsdeath
asa
releaseforthe
one
whohas
su虢red,柚d弱a
newchanceforthe
JensAndersen
one
whohasfailed.“Oureanhlylifehereistheseedof
as
etemity”(qtd.in539),
itsaidinthepoem“TlleOldM柚,”whichAndersenwroteinthelastyearofhislife.
hadwritten
scores
ForthefIllleralsIIl
a
ofhis师ends觚dacquaint柚ces,Anderscn
ofpoems.
are
songwrittenforthefuneralofoldFuCollinin1845,hewrote:“0hDeath,you
nota
radiant锄d
shadow”(qtd.inJe船Andersen539).1t
throu曲out
the
iSthislife-缸商rnlillgViewof
back
as
deaththathasextended1822,in
Anders%’slife锄dworks.Even弱far
Andersen
his“YDuthfulAttemptS”theseVenteen-year-old
almost
expressed
his
unpenufbed锄dexpect锄t
viewoftheendoflifc:“Deathissweet,deathisthe
reward/F0rtheangIlishoflifc…”(qtd.inJensAndersen540).
“ne“ttle
loveof
Me珊aid,,’ill砌chtheheroiIlegivesupherVo妣andagreesthateVery
0n妊Ves,s0嬲t0
haVethe
on
stepshetakeSwillfeellikewalkiIlg
a
ch觚ce
board
a
ofattractingtlle
princewhomshe6rstsawathisbinhdaypartyship.But,like
princess.Ifthe
a
wellbomyoungmanandwomanwhomAndersenloVed,hemarfies
little
a
memaid
plungestheknifeilltotheprince,Shean,herfeetwillchangeillto
fish,S
tailandshewillbeabletoliveouttherestofherdays弱a“bent
me珊aid.HoweVer,shejust
dies
down柚d
l(issedhisshapelyforehead,”and“lookedatthesha叩knife”,but“his
thougllts
wercallfor
hef[prillcess],,(88).ne
th锄des仃0ythepure
Li钍le
Me姗aid
of咖ef,but
after
deathsheis
tmsfigllred.Whatshetri髓to
over
buildisherwIorldofpe疵ctloVe,where嬲she
and
wouldratherself-sacrifice丘omher,farout
the
pe疵ctloVe.nerefore,“she
memaid
protectsthe
nungit
waves”(88),actIlally,the
littlememlaidh硒gottheinlmortal
Soul,tllou曲she
rose
upoutofthefoam.Thelinlep血ce’s
happiness,indoingso,shegivesupherlifcin班ef.wremayconcludethather
compassionatespirit.
benevolent锄d
Even
tolerantdeedselevateherloVeillt0little
universal觚d
thou曲the
memaidlosespem柚ently.
herloVeandldb,shegaills伊andeuruniVersalloVe
andsoulpeacefullyand
Althou曲these
storiesendwithdeath,theydon’tpresentthemselVesillthe
fom
of
cmeltyand酉00m.OntheC0ntraⅨdeathistotallyoVershadowedbytheetenlallife.This
l【indoffinaletotallymeetsthedeaths
majority
of
readers’psycholo百cal
expectation.Tllleirdeath.”Deathis
becomewhattheculturalhistorianshavecaUed“beautiful
allowedt0eme略eillthefairytaleswithquietandcalmmanners,forthesakeof“舀ViIlg
18
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IdeologicalContentsofAJldersen’sFhiryTaJespeoplerestingC0nclusion”(Matsumura25).
3.2The“BiblicalConsciousness’’theme
舡itishowntoall,bothCllristi锄ity卸ditsclassicwork—theBiblewhich
anprovideswestemliteraturewithnumerous仃easurcaIldiIlexhaustiblematerial,play
BibleimponalltroleiIlthehistoryofwestemwodd.Exceptits0wnlitera巧wealth,the
providesinlpon柚tpattems觚dmanyVarjousmaterials,forthetypc,theme,f0加andnallfationt0westemliterature.TheliIle
liIleintheprocessofwestem
suspend.c0衄ectedliteratIlrewithtlleBibleisthemainlitefatIlre,锄dithasbeenstretchiIlgtotoday,neVer
BesidesnoVelist,dramatistandpoetiIlfluencedbytheBiblearetoonumeroustobementioned.Andals0thisiIlnuencecomesimofairytales,whichalsoaboundinmotif.ItiswofthmentioniIlgthatreli西ousbiblicalAnders锄’sfairytal瞄盯eofthesamenatureasmotif孤d
arethereisacloserelationshipbe觚eentheBible锄dtllewofbofA丑dersen.皿eymailllyattributedt0thefollowillgtwoaspects,i.e.Andefsen’swonderfIllquotations丘omtheBibleandthematicpatteminflu胁cedbytheBible.TllleBiblecan百VeAndersen锄endlessinspirationftomthepoint、,iew0fC11ristianitydualism,itsclllturalValue弱
toweU弱itsanisticattraction.T1lerefore,itisof伊eattheoreticalalldpracticalValue
仃acetheinfluenceoftheBibleupontheworl【sof
essenceAnders皿objectiVelyso舾t0伊弱ptheofideas柚dthefegularpattemofwritingingenefaUy.
Tb0ur蛐叩fise,alargenumberof
relatet0theBible,e.g.Lord’sVocabulary卸dexpressionsinAndersen’stalesprayerS锄dhymnsoftenappearrepeatedlyinAndersen’sfa研tales.Andinsomestories,AndersenappliedthebiblicalelementStechnicany,eVendirectlycitedthesentences仃omtheBibletoconstmcthissto巧plots.Hencethesetalesare衄ledwithChristianflavorandconveyAmdersen’sreli西0us岫derst柚ding觚dconsciousness.Andersen’sabundantbiblicalquotations卸dpr0Verbsnot0nlydeepenhisfairytales’themesbutalsostren舀henuniVersalphilosophyandpoeticnaVor.AndefsenandhisfaifytalescreateabeautifuIa11danisticworld,whichiIldicatesafi姗belief.“Retumtoothers’hatredandlieswithloVeandtnlth”(Rudolf124).
AndersenwasbomiIlDenmarkiIlthe19mcentll巧.ImmersedinthestrongChristianculturalback伊ound,Andersenandhisfamilywereillnuenced伊eatlybyChristianity.19
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IdeologicalContentsofAndersen’sFairyTaJes
’I.hatAmdersenbelieVedinGod
ls
be),0nddispute.Hesaid
so
in
no
uncenaill
te咖s
atthe
be舀nning
eVerything
of刀lP助毋勋跆D,^秒L谚when
t0
a
tall【ingof
a
1【indGodwhowill
b血g
therightconclusion.Thepublicationofthe
Verysimilarstatementalongwith
a
fa研tale“A
a
Leaff幻m
a
Heaven’’containsreferencctobiblicaltextof
comparable船turetllatdeepensthemotifofthistale,inwhichJosephsayst0llisbrothers
whohaVeopposedhim:“yethoughteVilagainstme;butGodmeantituntogood,tobrillg
t0
pass,弱itistllisda矿’(Genesis50).Thequotationisslightlyadapted,tllecontinuation
aliVe”beingomitted,whileAndefsen’stextstans
“tosavemuchpeoplewith“the旷’
rather
th柚“ye.”
a
Quite
fcwAndersen’sfairytales
are
considefedt0bethe
reli舀ous
faith-related,
including:“TheGifl
WhoTrod
on
theLoaf,”“AStoryFromtheSand?Dunes,”“GodC柚
NeverDie,”“T1leChildintheGrave,”‘‘Atthe
Uttemost
PansoftheSea,”“The
Bell-Deep,”“neMarshⅪng’sDau曲ter,,,“neRedShocs”柚ds0伽.
“AttheUtte珊ostPansoftheSea,”Andersenemployed“NorthPole”to
thedestinationthat
symbolizenaVigation
their
hum锄beiIlgs
are
explo血g.After
beillgsand
are
enduring
a
long-tem
柚d
thetenible
c硫umstance,hum柚
stillnotablet0
discover
destiIlation—-the
bo岫dariesbe腑eenl锄d
sea.Hum加beillg’swills柚d
capacity
havebeen伊aduallyencfoachedillthispursuit.Atthatmomentproducethese
a
hum柚beiIlgs舳tllfally
dowesuf琵r
dollbt:、Ⅳhydowechoosesuch
a
VoyageatthebegiIlning?Why
us
di伍cIlltieS觚d
hardship?、釉y
resort
doestheGodtreat
to
so?0bse鼹edwiththese
questions,humaninevitablyholy
reli酉on
forcomfon
andre弱surance,isnecessaryfof
especiallyinwestemcountriespfofoundlyinfluencedby
Christi锄ity.It
humant0gaillGod’sdirectionandconsolation.GenerallyspeakiIlg,thosesublimewordswrittenilltheBibleoftenpr0Videhumanwith
prodi百ouscons01ation,just
likewhat
Andersenreferredtoinhisworl【S:“lfItakethewillgsofthemomiIlg,anddweniIlthe
utte皿ost
hold
pansofthesea;EVenthereshanthyhandleadme,andthyrighthandshall
spiritualcomfonis!Tlllerefore,stimulatedbythis
me”(Psalms13).whatso伊eat
illspiration,theyoungmaninthestorycloseshiseyes,fallingasleepwithhope.Thcsweetdreamscomewithsleep,withillhiscometnle
one
dre锄,all
theniceandhappythingseVentually
afteranother.
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
Ideolo酉cal
Contents
of加dersen’sFair),TaJes
Herein,AndersenextolsGodwitllhis孕.catpassion:“Andallw弱darknessinthesnowhut;buttheBiblelaybeneaththesailor’shead,whileheaIt.Godwaswith
faith卸d
hopedweltinhis
partsofthe
hopethen
him锄d
hishomewaswithhim,evenatthe
embodies
a
une珊ost
sea”(526).Asfar弱Anders明isconcemed,God
rather
ccrtaill协th卸d
lifc锄d
th柚merely锄abstractconceptof“God.”AndersenreViewedallhis
said:‘‘God咖direct
good.nis
479).
Anders髓、7l,ould
dif诧rcntorientations,whatevefhappened,eVer”hingseemst0be
w硒deeplyrootedillmyheart卸dmakesmecheerful”(1983:320).“l血mly
belieVetllat900dluckisbomoutofnlisfortllIle,suffe血g
produces
happiness”(1983:
alsolil【et0placellisheroesandhefoinesintodifferentadVerse
situation,辄虢ring
momls.WefiIld锄d
thetwistedprocessofheadingfor
success卸d
pursingtheirhappiness,
enablingthemt0make
sman锄dgood
choices
on
thebasisofmoralcriterion——Christian
thesestoriesfollowedthe仃iplication0fthe
Red
Christi弛motif
0na
ofsin,gllilt
Bible
aton啪ent,such弱“ne
Shoes”觚d‘‘The
GirlⅥ,lloTrod
L0af.”ne
says:“ms
cordsofhis
owniniquitiesshalltakethewickcdhimself,卸d
heshallbeheldwiththe
sills”(P约Verb5:22).It
seemsdear仃omtheBiblethatitiSVanitythatcau∞s
0na
themostawfulresult,amonalsiIlillalristiantradition.Theredshoesgoowillgt0herVanity,eVenwhentheirownertale
no
d锄cing
10ngerwantsto,thusmakcs
the
mot正舡inthe
tale
of“neGirlWhoTrod0n
L0af,”theprota90nist
fa埘alsosu彘瑙
real
白0mthesinof
V柚ity,while
punishmentforthisl【indofhubrisfllnctions弱amotifin
Andersen’stales.
h“TheRedShoes,’’foriIlst柚cc,whatKarendoesissacrilege
athermother’s
funeral:shewea塔redshoes.SheisstillinIlocent,howeVer,sillccsheh弱noothefshoesthantheclumsyred
ones
thattheshoemaker’swifehassewnforheroutofleft-oVer
piecesofdoth.Butinthesecondguiltyof
inst觚ce,aftertherichladyh弱adoptedher,sheis
deception.Whyme锄time
isthis?
a
Illthe
sheh硒seen
priIlcesswearingredmoroccoshoes,and
a
she
inlagillesherselfintheprincess’splace.IIlfactshehasbothredshoes.And
rich
mother柚d
a
pairof
wh锄she
gets
aa
richfostermotherinlmediatelyafterthefunefal,shelargepartinit.Butherfostermotherdoesn’tlikethe
belieVesthattheredshoeshaVered
shoes柚ddoesn’tallowhertowearredshoestogoto
church,but勋rendeceives
the
21
oldladytobuythatpairofredshoeswhichtheredshoesrepresentshoes
even
are
a
are
thesame
a
as
theprincesshaswom.SiIlcc
wish,awishtohave
new,betterandrichermother.’11lered
iIldispensablefor
l缸en.勋ren
isthinl【ingofhernewmoroccoleathershoes
sheisiIlchurch.
Accofdillgt0thestoryl(arencommitstllreesills:shedeceivesherfostermotheraboutthecolofoftlleshoes;shewearsredshoestoherwearsthemagaillforHoIy(=ommunionforbidden.p选aresult,sheis
a
confimation:觚d血allV
exh肌stion,姐d
she
week
later,althougll
inthemto
ithasbeenexplicitly
onlVsaved
conde砌ed
to
d锄cc
whensheasksthelocalexeclltionertoChopo饪her
feet诵tha)【e.K缸锄’s
realsillisthat
shewantst0showomThismustbeduetohervanity.
Thus勋ren
soldier’smakes
triplicatesher
siIl柚d
hergIlilt,atriplicationthatisminoredillthe
shoesfor
triple
remarl【s:“0h,what
be跏tiful
d锄ciIIg’(325).~soGod’sangel
tllree印pear卸ces,twiCet0rcfIlseKarcn’scntranceilltothechurch,thethirdtime,
howeVer,t0briIlgthechurcht0her,弱asignofT1lismakes“7111eRedShoes”asto巧wimmotifofsinandatonement.
a
for西veness
afterKaren’satonement.
fai巧-talemotif,combinedwiththeChristi锄
ne
othertalesofthesame
motifis“neGirl矾oT'rod伽a【0af,”about
on
a
a‘‘proud
卸danDgam”child
calledIIlgerwrhotreads10af,a
a
storyaboutvanity弱well.Inloafofbreadintothemudfor
loafofbread.As
a
a
ordertoaVoiddinyiIlghershoeshgertfeadson,throws
steppill分stone,锄dshowscontemptfbr,natllralGod’s百ft,a
resultof
thiswastefIllbuttriVialwhere
act,Inger锄d
a
herShoessiIlkdownilltothedarl【,muddymarsh,
she血dsherselfin
livillgfilth;itwas
foul?smellingcave:
Filledwithnoisome
so
toads卸d
slimysnakes:UttlehgerfcUamongant王lish0仃id
icycoldthatsheshudderedn。omheadtofoot,andherlinlbs
toheffeetanditdrewherdown.
a
伊ewquite
sti位neloafstuckfast
a
(695)
OnemightthiIlkthatnearlymillorsill.After
centllryillheUis豫ther
heavypunishmentforthis
900d01d
m柚y
ye掷,hgeronlyescapes仇粕thetoads肋d如akes.A
child锄d
readyt0
wom觚,on
believes
herdeathbed,remembershea血lgIllger’sstory弱a
always
are
pitiesher.She
thathum锄beillgs
Red
be百Venone
ona
morechancctoc0Ⅱecttheir
youngsillnefs
are
sins.In“neShoes’’aIld“ne
Girl
Who
Trod
L0af,’’the研o
seVerelypunishedwithiIlthe丘ameworkofthestories.Tlllefirst,withtheamputationof
her
feet:柚d
thelatter,withetemalconfinementinthe
both
are
comp锄yof
theDeVil’smerciless
great.伊柚dmother,yet
t0rehabilitatethemselVes
giVenvarious0pportllllities
untilatthevervendofthestoriest11eyare铲antedabsolutionthe
througll
self-knowledgeand
to
faith’hope,柚d
charityof0thefS.Provcfbsaysthat:“ltis
is
a
His苕ory
can
p弱s
overa
tr狃sgression(19:11).This
redthreadinAndersen’sworb:all
be
for酉Ven!
Butasafairytalepoetwhoexperiencedhardshipoflifeandundenookloftytask,
Andersensp缸ed
n0
e怕ns
to
d印ict
vast
andcomplicatedreall洫,inpurI)oseof
spreadillgtheseeds0f
love卸dkilldnessint0children’shearts.Usually,Andersen’s
literanrwofksrenectthenotionofthekevtheⅡ坨thatAndersenwas
love,beneVolencc,fb晒Veness.The
uniVersalloveis
trying
t0conveyiIlhisworksallalong.Andersen’sfaith
锄abled
himto
fi姗ly
believemere
are
10ve,beauty柚d
killdnessintheworld,s0his
heanwasfilled
wim伊atitude锄d
hope.“l锄ashow
luckychild;nearlyallthepeople
lheir10vetomesincerely,whichrarelymakcsmelosecon丘denccinhearnobleheans蕾romhumble
human瑚turc?lc柚beating’(1983:320)?
peas锄tS觚d
a
honorableafistocrats
ThusthisHndofsensationconstitutesby
a
distiIlctchamcteristicofAndersen’stalesmafked
RomanticViewofSinceitis
hum锄ity.
thatrelatest0
Christi锄ity
loveis
a
10ve—allthehostilityandfaults
caIl
be
dissolved,卸d
tie
c0皿ectillgeverytllinginhannony.Wre
c趾铀d
S0
much
advicc卸daphorisms
thelawisftllfillcdiII
aboutloveintlleBible.T1lebookofGalatiallssayS:‘”nlatforall
one
word,eveniIIthis,youshallloveyollr
a
ne逗hbors
as
yourself,’
佑:14).nesethou曲ts
upon
thereal
Cllristiamdersen.And弱far弱we
th锄to
acclaiⅡl
caIl
hadundoubtemyexenedprofound锄d
suCceedin
pemaIlent谳luence
thewaytothe
a
finding
is
LoveinAndersen,sstoriesillolu6rstenC0unterswiththem,whichchildh00d,wewmresumereading
our
waybackin
firste)【citementarousedagamby
the伊eatlovegailledintilIle.HoVma皿onCe、)l,rote:
Love
release,save,redeemand丘eethe
little
soul一百Ve
giVenetemal
itetemal
life,
衄ortal“y.e.g.the
of
a
memaidwho
maybe
life劬m
or
thelovc
human,or’iIlthe
case
ofthefairies,by“atearofremorse
10vefofInger
empathy缸om
Tfod
on
thehumanhean,,,the卸gel’s
tears,which
ill“neGirl,Wh0
thc
Loaf’一?Gerda,s
tllaw勋y’s舶zen
heanin“11heSnowQueen”or
theetemal?
So玎ow,stearin‘‘TheLastPead,’’thepearlthatliftsthesoultowards
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
IdeoJogic址Contents0fAndersen’sFhiryTaJes
(95)
“LoVe
su疏reth
long,andisl【ind;bearethanthingS,belieVethallthiIlgs,hopethan
thin铲,endurethallthings”(Corinthians13).In“whattlleOldM柚DoesIs舢ways
Ri曲t”tclls
of
a
story
about卸old
peasant90estothe
a
town觚d
makcs
a
900dba塔ain
a
withmshorse.Butheexchangeshishorsefof
cow,exch柚ges
thecowfor
sheep,the
She印for
a
900se,thegoosefor
a
fbwl,缅allyheexchangesfor“awholesackofrotten
appl髂forpi笋”(816).AndthentheoldpeaS柚t吼terstheiIln.AftefheariIlgthewhoIe
stoⅨ押oEn舀ishmen
makebetsthattheold
peas锄tmustgct
a
goodbeatingfromhis
oldwomanwhenhegetshome.HoweVer,theoldpe弱antiscertaillthathewillgetkisses,
notpoundillg.Theygettotheold
m柚’s
hut.Just
as
whatthe
peas锄tpromises,whenhe
tallcstohiswifeabouteVerybargain,hisw豇le
hi曲lypraiseswhather
husb卸d
has
exch柚gedfor:“Th觚k
Godforthe
lmust
milk,’(819).“Thatcenaillly垂ve
a
isstill
bett盯’(819).‘‘nat
m柚.
w私a
丘鹏t豫de”(819).“ThenEn蛋ishmen盯e
you
a虹ss”(819).Of
cou玛e,the
quitecontenttopay
a
largeamollIltof90ldpiecest0theold
a
Andersenmade
conclusionwith
me卸ingful
sentenccinthis
fa埘tale:“Yes,it
m卸in
the
alwayspayswhenthewifcbelieVesa11dadmitsthatherhusb锄disthe、Ⅳisest
world柚d
thatwhateVcrhedoesis
ri曲t”(820).whatAnders锄triesto
expfesshereis
loVewithiIlthe
f抽ily
and
mafriage:loVe啪be
wo塔e锄d
heldtogetherbytotalacceptanceof
eachother,appreciationofeachother,tnlstofeachother锄d
considerationofeachother.
砧thou曲meoldpeasaIltmakesbargain
oVer
worse,yethe
on
just
conside璐forhis
cven
wifewithallhisheart.HethiIll【s
eVerything
thebasisofhisfamilylife
thoughhiswayof100kingatthingsseemst0beridiclllolls.ShehaSoftenSaid:“‘Ifwe
a
onlyhad900se.“Nowshec锄haVe
one”’(815).neoldcoupleiscontentwithwhatattitlldestowardsthisworld.
thelifeendows.711leycherishtheir黟atefIll
hearts姐d
afc
Perhapsthey盯edccliningintheirlives,whiletheyT1latist0say,the
sense
stillretainiIlgtheoptimisticspifit.
ofsatisfactionwiththeirliVesroots
de印lyintheoldcouple’s
hean,notrestrictedbymaterialpossession.Themutllalbetweenthe
toler锄ce趾dunderst觚ding
husband锄d
wifcis
s0
beautifulthateVeryonelongsfor.
AnderseniSalwaysengagedilldes鲥bingsuchcharacters:tlley
afe
willillgto
sacrificcthemselVestohelpothersfulfiUtheifwishesandtogainthespiritualhappiIless
atthecostof
self-denial,thomybutready.Throughout“T1leOldStreetLamp,’’a
story
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IdeologicalContents0fAJldersen’sFair),TaJes
deVelopsitsplotsreVolVingaIDundthismotif.
Al【indlamphasdoneitsdutyformanyyearsandwhichisnowgoillgt0bediscafded.TllisisthelasteVeningitgiveslightt0t11estfeet.’11lelampdfeadstobethrown
out,加dtoitssonDw,thelampwillbesepamtedfromthe
watchman锄dwatchm柚is
lliswife
whomithascomet0considerpanofitsfamily.Fortunately,thekeepthe
allowedto
lamp,锄dtheoldlampliveswiththecoupletogetheragaill.The
watchm锄tall【s
ofanhisl“.ewhenheh弱gonethrouglltogetherwiththe
l锄p
illraillandsnow.Healso
rcadsstoriest0hiswife.ThedepfessedoldlaⅡlpwishestokeepthecouplebright.One
wam柚d
day—it
ist11eold
watchm觚’sbinhday—the
it妒Vesligllt
0ldwomangoest0lightthe
lamp.ne
old
l锄pfeelsS0
happybecause
a
fortllecouple
again.nelampis
a
bumillghappily.AfIerthat,thelamphas
bemelteddowmandcastiIlto
as
a
dre锄thatitselfis
sentt0the如onfoundryto
beautifulironc卸dlestickill也ebeautiflllroomof
poet.“Icouldalmostwisht0bemelteddown!Butn0,theyloVemeformyself.1amtheir
child,锄d
Illtheend
theyhaVecleanedmeand酉Venmeoil.Thatissomethingreallyelegant”(358).
Anders蚰C0ncludeslil【e
enjoyed
this:TheoldlampwasneededonlybytheoldC0uple.moreinner
And丘ommatdayon,itpeace,卸d
thatthemodestold
l锄p
wen
deseⅣed”(358).
The
honest柚d
kind
l锄p
deservesthistreatment,bccauseitwould
togivethanto
rather酉Veli曲t
t0othcrsthanbumitsel£“ltismoreblessed
reccive”(ActS20).Fof
cveryonewh0isreadyt0spirit0f
s枷fice觚d
giveforloVeshoulddeseⅣe
i皿efpeace.nis
hum柚
dedication—givillg
m卸10viIlg
uptheirownhappinesst0fIllfinotllcf’shappiness,andthemselVes,isnot0nlythemostpreciousVinueof
10ViIlgothersrather
柚daperfect
portrait
ofhum锄natllfe嬲well.
nelove
ofJesusisself-sacrifice,sotnleloVeshouldnotbeembodiedinpossession
butfulfillmentof
other’s而sh.Andersen’s
rose
another
story一“11le
World’s胁est
on
Rose”
fullydemonstfates‘‘theisthewond’sfairestwhich
thatsprang五romthebloodofcllristshed
rose
the
cross”(439)
rose.nis
enlbodiesloveofself-sacrificeandloVeofperpetuity,
alsocall
differs舶mmund锄elove.nislove(we
of
tr柚scendentalloVe)ori酉nates
tiIIle,persisting
rose
五romiIlnuenccof“notionoflove”illtheBible.It:ill
c锄surpassdeath柚d
di伊ity
faith.Whatever
themostgloriousflowerSinQuecn’sgarden,orthe
rose
的mthe
cof!£inofRomeo锄dJuliet,orthe
thatistheexpressionofthebri曲test柚d
上海师范大学硕士学位论文Ideolo百cal
ContentsofAndersen’s
Fair),1ues
pufestloVeb100msthat
on
thecheel【sofsweetchild
on
afe
notunabletocompetewith“lherose
sprang肋m
thebloodofCllristshed
tlleaDss.”To
singhiglllyofbndness,
beauty锄dloveistobecomethemainmotifinAndersen’sfair),tales.
3.3The‘‘Female
Quest”theme
of
Fairytaleshavebeenaltematelycritic也ed弱inherentlysexistfepositoriesoffemiIlinewisdom.ThispartIlowoffersquestionofgenderinAndersen’sfairytales,foclIsingwhichwomen盯eportrayedin
a
case
on
a
celebrated弱
on
feministperspect沁e
the
thenarfatiVe
strate西esthrougll
stlldy
a
of“Thumbelina”illordert0analyzepr0VocatiVeinterpretation0fAnders锄’s
Andersen’srepresentation0fwomanandoffertales.
33.1
Mainstemo锣picalcha瑚cteristicsofhemine
a
inclassicfairytaI髑
Literatureis
productofideology,whichmusthaVereflectedtheacceptedsocial,
oftlleirdaySconsciouslyreflect
or
nomal锄dreli百ousstandardscome舶moldfolHore,锄d
experi明ce.However,弱one
unconsciously.Fairytales
shared
hum锄beings’collectiVewisdom觚d
panoftmditionalcultllre,fairytaleshaVebeen:inlp血tedby
m觚
patriarchalideology.Aspsycho锄alysts丘.omFreudandJungonwardhaveobseⅣed,
“myths锄dfairytalesoftenbomenforceculture’ssentenceswith鲈eateraccIlracy
moresophisticatedliterary
Classicfair)r
texts”(DaVidson156).
foremostwrittenbytheBrotherSGrimm,盯emostly
are
tales,first柚d
charact嘶zedby锄drocentric
as
men’ssuperioritytowomenwho
no册atiVely
waitillgfor
de伊aded
rescue
eithefviciouswitches,likestepmothers,orpametic
taleshavebeenaJldstill
are
little酉rls
as
by
men.Funhe加orc,these
IIltfaditional
used
textb00l【s
throu曲which
thatpatfiarchalideolog),isleamed.
version,young酉ds
are
socializedand
tau曲tthattheirproperroleist0
or
lookaftermenandsubmittomenlil【eslavestomasterS
or
daughterstofathers
Victinls
t0saviors.AtthesametimevariouslinguisticdeVicesareusedtoembellishmasculiIle
perspectiVeandpromotethepatriarchalideology.Consequently,thewas
an
wom卸who
once
activeheroiIleillthe
ori百nal
andmraltalesofmatriarchalpropenyandmadehef
or
ownwaythrou曲thedarkofthewoodsnowsitscryingiIltheashessleepssoundin
hercoffin
orbed,删aitingrescuebyarichPrinceCha姗ing.Whensheis
a
awakenedby
a
chastekiss,sheiscarriedto
Obviously,theiⅡlagesheroine,ssecondplaceiIlcommonrespectivelyinheroines缸ebytheir
palacebythe
p血ce,andthetaleends
withtheirweddillg.
towardsthe
oftheheroillecorfespondtothe
a
exp瞅ation
haVemuchin
patriarchalsociety.Theheroillesdepicted
Grimms’fairytales.Generally
Pemult孤d
speal血g,the
are
passive,submissive锄d
devotethemselvestodomesticity;they
oras
aw盯dedactive
as
passivity肌d
submission.Iftheheroineisdisobedient
or
brave觚d
thehero,shewnleitherbepunishedseverely
deniedofpassagetoadultllood.
Themostdistillguishingcharacteristicoftheheroilleispatientrelies
passive锄d
0r
dependent.Sheis
and岫potent,锄d
sheisunableto
pe响姗iIldependently
or
self-assenively.She
on
extemalfofceforrescIle;shesubⅡlitsherselffirst
isrewardednotbyheriIl“iative
t0thefatherthentothe
husb卸d.She
accomplishmentsbutbyherp弱siVity.
TllleheroiIleiSp弱siveespeciallyin仃ontOfherhusband;sheiswaitingfortherightmant0
rescue
herconsciously
or
unconsciously.TW0representatiVes
are
Snow-White
a
andSleeping.Beauty,whojust
liemotionlesslyandgailltlleir
beloV酣inthrou曲a
comatose
sleep.Cinderellaalsomarried.Tllefatepickedfofher
mer
going
successionof
tribulations卸dsufferillgs.n’sobviollsthattheheroineyeamstomarr),theprillce,but
a
properlyspeaking,shedoesnotlilt
fingertowardsthatendherself.Just
as
0ne面tic
mthlesslyputsit,?cSnow.white
a
is卸ovencommercialformarriage,carryiIlgwithitthe
messagethatallmattersiIlaspectsshebe
1t
caIl
womanisherappearance.Itispreferablethatinallother
dead”(walters3).
arc
benoticeabletodiscemthatprotagonistsinthetraditionalfairystories
themaleoftenseⅣes
are
as
usually
male,锄d
the
majorrole
illthestories.IntheGrinlms’
or
version,almostallthemenoccupation,
i.e.
1(ing,
named
asa
wholewhetherhisnamedeclareshisstatus
or
P血ce,
Fisher,
etc.,
conVeysthathe
isenchallted,
eVen
i?e?
F如g.PriIlce,Sea.Rabbit,Bearsl(in,etc.Someofthemalecharacters
possessfeal
n锄es:Jacl【,Harry,John,etc.And
itiswonhmentioniIlgthatmostfairytalesemphasize
are
male’sexpericnce.StorieSaboutmalegrown-up
morenumerous
th加those
about
female.Illfact,femalehasitsownpaniclllarhistory觚d
stories.
Contrastto
the
heroille’sdependence,
naturewhichafcrenectediIlthe
sublIlissi叩觚d
ilIlpotence,
thehef0is
independem,stoiC,resourcefulandadventurous.Hehasbeenconfidentandcourageous,neccssaWt0actas锄illdividual.Besides,theher0is10yal锄dfaithfllltohiSsiblings,belovedandmaster.HeisstoicandperseVe血lg.0ncehemakesadecisionorpromise,hewillnot西Veituprashly.
thehefoSupposedthatwecomparethecharacteristicsofthehefoillewiththoseof
fIlnher,wewillmakc
aspects:
Aman跚cceedsbecauseofhisact.while
marriaget0aaaconclusionthatthey甜eV硒tlydi伍erentillsomefollowingwom锄’ssuccessiSatt抽utedt0herm觚.Compafedtotheher0’sactivesuccess,theprocessoftheheroine’ssucce豁iScombilledwithhumiliationandillsult.“Exileandisolation,domesticdmdgery,rags卸duttersubmissiont0humiliatillgabusesarethele硒toffairy-taleheroiIle’splight(Ofenstein142).Cinderella’s
锄dstepfamilytreatherasaslave:sheisconfinedt0the垃chendoeshardworkn.omdaytoni曲t;shewearsrags锄dsleepsintheheanh弱hes.1n
neVeraddition,shehast0朋dureherstep-sisters’illsult姐dtaunt.I~enso,sheC0mplains
saysinatallbutacceptsthemsilently.0nner,theAmeric柚cultural锄thropol0酉st,also
herb00k肘a筋以gG明如,.,‘‘11lthemorecommonfemaletale,theheroinegetsmaⅡiedattheend.Butifshehasbeenatallactiveintheearlypanofthetale,shemustillVariablyp弱sthrough
worthyseveretrialsbeforebeillgwonhyofmarrying也eprince,0rindeedbeingof柚ym强atall”(9).
liberator,锄dtheredeemef;whilesheistheobeyer,thereceiver,Heisthedonor’the
觚dthecaptive.“SheleamsthattobehappyshemustbeloVed;tobeloVedshemust
seenawaitlove,scoming…theyoungmanisd印anillgadVentllrouslyinsearchof
awoman;heslaysthedragon,hebattles酉ants;sheis10ckediIl
atower'apalace,agarden,iscave,sheiSchailledto
rescuearock,acaptiVe,soundsleep:shewaits”(BeauVoir294).ShetheLittleRedwaitiIlgforman’siIlherlife:“isthehunterthatsavesCap蛐dthe
铲andmothefI如mthewolf’sbelly;itistheprillccthatawakensSleepingBeautyandSnowW.1lite;it
areis锄otherprincethatpromotesCinderellatopatriarchalahighersocialdass.T1leyallmen—symbolsofsociety觚dcultllfe.
It’sobviousthatthetraditionalfairytales,t0someextents,adVocatethepatriarchalideology—men’s
secondarVt0man.dominanceandwomen’stotalsubmissiontomen.Sheisinferior锄d
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
IdeologicalContentsofAⅢdersen’sFa埘Tales
lfwesaythatmanisthesubject,then
womanisthe
object.T_lle
second
place
presentedbytheheroineinfai巧talesisilla留eementwithwomen’sbeillg“tlleOther”addressedbySimonedeBeauvoir
in刀lP&cD以&款
3.3.2ThumbeIina’squestbe£weentheadVentuI℃andstruggle
Fromtheprcviouspanmentionedabove,itisnotedpossessgreat
that仃aditional黼ry
tales
reC0铲izable
stylisticpattenl,whichh硒been口eatedcelebratiIlgthedeeds0f
0vef
hefoes锄d
meirpfedominanceheroine.However,diff:erent丘.omthecl嬲sic
ofAndersen,sfairytalesconcentrate
on
ones,the
central丘gures锄d
themesill
m柚y
heroine觚d
heroine’squeststories,thusthefemalefoleisunde嘈0illg
t0avid
tmsfomation
ill
IbmpassivecreatureindiVidualismill”rsuitofnewexpcriencc,“T1lumbelina,”
‘吼e硼d
are
sw锄,”“ne
Red
Shoes,”柚d‘吼eLittleMemaid”盯e
eVen
cases
pom.,nley
not
are
just
abouthappily-eVe卜世er'劬mrags-to—riches;or
0f
course
900d
a∞rcwarded觚d
concemedwith
bad
punished.SuchfairytaleswrittenbyAndersenquiteoften
are
p晰ation,su虢血g锄ddeath,袖d
wTites:“thefairytaledestinedt0endureregal
iIl“iation.FairytalessCholarIJuthi
M觚
is卸iIlitiation;man
isc弱tinto
suffering如dw锄t,evidently
p晰ation,misunderst卸ding,蛆dmalicc,柚dyet叭mmonedint0
cXist锄ce”(61).kt’stake“uttleMemaid’’forcXaInple,ev铋beforeher15m
bmday,shedep砸s肋mthecastleoftheSeal(ing粕dherfanlilyto血dherfIlturel讧c
0n
eanh.She
s枷丘cesherbeautifIllVoice锄dtakestheSeaWitch’sma百cdraught
ma百c
goiIlg
togct
a
ridofher6shtail.Sheendures伊eatpaillwhenthet、7lro-edged
s、Ⅳofd
dfaughtworl【slike
likc
the
througll
her
on
delicate
body,whichjust
female
circllmcisiontlleA伍c柚girlshaVe
theiriIlitiationceremony.be
found
in
Male
initiationstory
are
c龇more
m”h,legend觚d
epics
whose
protagOnists
alnlostallmale.ButAndersen’sbeststoriesgenerallyinVolvequestsin
whichthefemalecharaCterSmustpr0Vetllatthey
arc、釉?n11y
0f
achieving锄inlportant
10ve觚dbravery
in
90alalldgainillgself.recognitiont0becomemature.Gerdashowsherher10ngnonhwardtrckto
rescue勋y
in“11leSnow
Queen,,;勋ren
upher
iswilliIlgtoloseher
feet柚d
have
pen锄cetoescape
fbmtheredshoeswhichsymbolizeherv锄ityin‘‘TIlle
Redshoes”;‘‘TheUttleMernlaid”illthepossibilityofannillilationt0win
stofy酉VestongIle锄dacceptsthe
immorality.WhileshedoesnotgailltheloveofprinCe,
shedOeseam
a
second
ch锄ce
t0galnasOul.
ThewriterofthispaperreferstoAndersen’saccountinhisbestfemalequeststory一
“Thumbelina’’toillustrateAndersen,Sdistillctiverepresentationoffcmalecharacters.“Tllumbelina,’ismoretheforcesofextents,it
th柚astory
about
a
romaIlticfulfillment,anditis
0ver
a
taleinwhich
love锄d
lifceme玛evictorious
typefor
a
thoseofignoranceanddeath.Tbsome
c柚beseⅣed弱a
namtive
powerofthefemaleV0ice.“Thu瑚【beliIla”
a
waspublishedin1836,whichtellsconsultssits
a
storyaboutwomandesiringtohaVe
a
a
child.She
a
witch锄d
isgivena铲ainofbarleywhichopenstoreveal
nower,illwhich
a
iscarriedo饪fi塔tby
tinygirl.Thestorynallrates711lumbeliIla’sadVentllres弱she
an
toad,th明by
a铲eeing
t0
illsect.Shetal【esrefugewith
a
a
fieldmouse,who
cajoles
a
her
mo
ma仃y
mole,butbeforetheweddiIlgTlllumbelinaisfescuedby
a
swallow
whoselifeshehaussaved.Sheistakent0bfideofatillyman,thel【in90fthe
wa珊southemlandWhercshebecomesthe
flower—angel.
submissi衄,andrebels
as锄obeyer
againstdeVotillgiIlsteadsheinsists
numbelillarejectsthecomfortablel疵and
herselft0domesticity.NolongerdOesshedefineherself
0n
reproductive舭edom卸dself-expression.What’spersonal“丘llment
a
mo陀,Tlllumbelinarcbelsagainst
passivity蛆d
for
sheprotestsagainstobediencethatisrootedillfemalebiology.Hef
suggests
needfornewandbrighthfc.1’he
dem锄d
radical
has
wom锄’s
challengct0thctraditionalportraitofalienated£rom
wom锄is
embodiedby
numbelilla,wh0
home柚d
nowroamstheworld,andwhosematurityisgainedalongwith
depanufeofhome,riskandconnicts.
‘啊umbeliIla’’records锄acc0衄tof
di疵rent
geo铲aphical
a
joumey,althou曲she
actuallytravelsnu。ou曲
locations舶m0netoanother.nejoumeyshehastakenactually
is锄卸alogyofone’sillner伊owing-up,柚ditisconcemedwiththetransfomation丘om
iIlnocencet0maturity.AndersendesignedThumbelilla’sdepanuref如mhomeinsuchway:ThumbeliIlaiscarriedo饪by
a
a
toadwhensheissleeping,whichilldicatesshehas
alreadylostherbondtofanlilyrelationship.Sheadventurewithoutany
just
hastoleaVehomet0undenaketheplotapparently
help
andinstmctions.T1lis
confoms
t0a
traditionalprincipleimpliedindetachablein
a
faifytales,i.e.meheroinein
fairytalesiseasily
sense.Generallyspeal(ing,iIl
can
fa酊tales
about
andfo¨doreshefoillemustleaVe
heroineT1lumbelina,wefind
homebeforeheradventure
be百n.ThiIll【ing
our
thatsheleaVeshomeforawanderintheoutdoors.
,nlumbelinaleaV鹊herhomeandsuch
as
exp砸曲ceS
a
seriesof£ypjcalnaturalsceneries
brooks觚d
forests.Shealsomeetstllenatllralanimalsiustlikccockchafers锄d
toads.TheseexperiencestotallymotiVateheft0depart丘Dmherfamilyand10seherhuman,sidentity.“Ifthe
si印ific柚cc0ftabngriskliesinsome
ch觚ges
whichthe
a
adVenturcrneedtounde唱oesiIltheproce鹃ofrisl【,thechaIlgesshouldbccriterion:whethertheadventllrer
encountersadVerse
can
judged仃om
0r
establishhiS
0r
her0wnidentitvwhenhe
she
enVironment”(Un79—80).Did
AndersenestablishThumbelilla’sown
identitydurillgtheproCessofher
tr锄sfbrring舶m“home’’to“adverseenv的ment’’?
totoad,shemeetsthe
触er
ThumbelillasuccessfllUyescapes丘Dmthemarriage
ladycockchafersays:
hasnot
even
cockchafcr.ne
“Why,she
“Shehas
more
th孤锕olegs!一that
has
a
wretchappearance.’’
nol舳y
fcele瑙!”
“Herwaistisquiteslender-丘e!She100l【s
l溉a
humancreature
how—ugly
she
is!”(87)
T1lumbelina’s“two
legs”卸d“sl锄der
waist’’symbol娩e
hum锄creatⅢ.e,while
merelyhuman
cockchafcrs’‘‘feele矽si弘的thenamre.nosecockChafersjudgenumbeliIla劬mtheirViewpoilltsof“锄imal,’’son岫beliIlaseemst0besou酉y.灿a
“nature.”ARercontradiction
detaching6.omtlle
creatllre,Thumbelina,sidentityobViouslycannotbeacknowledgedinthesystem0f
cockchafcrs,Amders锄fIlnher
be锕eenhum锄柚d
naturc:poor
numbeliIla
fmdsit
stren酗enedthed硒cIIlttobe盯
dreadfulC0ldwilderlifcinherdelicateclothes.HereitisobvioustllatThumbelina’s“delicatec10thes”referto“humaIl’’and‘‘wilderlife’’referstothenaturerespectⅣelv.Thus,Thumbelillais
It
can
prejudicedagaillstbythe
syst啪ofnatureonceaga证.
bepointedoutAndefsenusedthemetaphorhere.Hecomparedthesituation
whereThumbelinaiSinthenaturet0thepositionwherefemaleisinpatriarchalculture.Apparently,ThumbeliIla’sidentity
can
notbe
acknowIedgedandheractio嬲arcalso
a
detemiIled
“so
bycnV面onment.‘‘Shewepl’’owingto
showssheperceivesherself
on
fact:cockchafersdeclarcthatsheisthebasisofother’scomments;her
u舀y,”which
self—consciousnessdoesnotgetawakened.Tlllerefore,thesituationofsimilartothegeneralsituationwherefemales
are
Tlll砌beliIlaisquite
a
treatedby‘‘0ther’’ill
patriarchal
31
soclety.
1llSimonedeBeauVoir’spointofView,underpatriarchy
Other'theinessentialandthe
Themenhayebetterkeepaawomanistrcatedasmeobject;whileamanistheOne,theessentialandthesubject.fi珊handonthispowerfoffearthatwomenbecomesu巧ect觚dessential,whiletbementu玎lint0Othef(1’0ng263).
ah1theworldoffairytales,T1luD曲eliIlaisdissinlilarforcetothe柚imalsinthe
naturalcircumstance.Intheweboftheserelationships,T1lumbelinahasconf两ntedwith锄imalsillthenatufewherethemoleis
onarcpresentative,sinceAndersennamtedwithanemphasisthepanbetweenThumbeliIlaandthemole.T1lemoleiIltheston,canbe
labeledas‘‘male,”whocontrols’nl岫belinabygettiIlghimt011lumbelina,shusb柚dandarrestingheriIltothelonganddafkeanhypassaget0ftlrthefdisinte铲ate’nlumbelina’sidentity.
ButhowdoesThu功【belinabreakaway自Dmtheperipheryofnatureandplaceof“Other,’?Andhowdoessheestablishheridentity?AndersengaVe
Oneopponllnity
passageonher俯o0pponullities.is:Th啪belinasavesthe6.0z锄swallow1yiIlginthedarkearthyherowniIlitiatiVeregardless0fthemole,smisleailiIlgiIlstmctions锄dthreat.Theotheropportunityis:sheacceptsswallow,Ssalvation觚dleavesthemole、订thout
bothrevolvearoundhesitation.怠;regardstothenamtionsofthetwr0ch锄ces,they
co衄ectionThumbelina’sconisionwiththemole.Butwhat’sthebetweenthesecollisions
锄dTlllumbeliIla’sestablishmentofheridentity?
ThumbeliIla’scon仃ontationwithmoleh舔eme略edduet0theappearanceofswallow.Thewealthymolew觚tstomarrytoThumbeliIla.“Hisbeautifulblackvelvctcoat’’and
tosay,’11lumbelilla’smarriageto“la玛eroom”becomerepeatedimagesinthetext,thatis
moleensIlresthatshecanliVeahappy锄dcomfonablelife.Andwhatdoestheswallowrepresent?Ⅵ,llen’11lumbelinaw柚dersiIlthewildaimlessly,itistheswallowthat‘‘hadsung锄dsweetly研itteredtohefallthrou曲thesu姗eL’’Ⅵ,llenTllumbeIiIlalon铲forthesunshineinthepassageunde玛round,meswallowgivesherhopetoescapefIDmthedarh.ess.Therefore,themolerepresentsmaterialpursuit,whiletheswallowstandsfofspiritIlalpursuit.AndersenmotiVatedTllumbelinat0llIlderstandwhatshehaslongedforandtomakeawiser,smartdecisionbyemployiIlgthese铆ocontrastiveimagesthatthemole卸dtheswallowstandforrespectively.32
上海师范大学硕士学位论文IdeologicalContentsofAndersen’sFair),Tales
Therefore,fadngthestmgglebetween
feelTlllumbeliIla柚dthemole,Thumbelinadoesn’tfngllt锄edandcowardlyanymore.Intheproce豁ofsaViIlgtheswaIlowthatisclosetodeath,T1lumbelillaoVercomesthesenseofscarccinthepfesenceofmammoth.—mole.SheiSuIlwillingt0submittomole’s
leavethe丘eldwills柚ymofe,∞Tlllumbelinahole.Thou曲Thumbelinaisdeteminedtomouse锄dmole’sdarkisthwartedbythem,shestillyellsout“Ycs,1will90withy伽!”AtthebegillniIl昌thisfa时tale叩ens
atthewithTlllumbeliIla’spassivityandherrejectionbysurroundin萨,while
adventurc,sheexpressesherwishandthenherwishcanendofthebeflllfilledfinally.ObViously,
tof如mthebe酉mliIlg
eXperienceatotheendoftheadventllre,Ande硌en弱kedThumbeliIlasefiesoftou曲tasl【Stoextricateherself仃omtheplaceof“Other,’锄d
isableestablishherfealidentity.Afterm柚ytrials锄dtribulations,Thumbelina
at0血dsomethiIlgforher0wn,suchas“theself,”锄dshetakesatle勰t
maturity.tentatiVesteptowards
Throughoutthestory,ThumbliIlaisassociatedwithflower,sunlight,andwillgedcrcaturc:s灿olsofl讹.netoad锄dmolewhowish
gr0姗d,creatIlreofdarkness.Thet0marryherhvebeneaththefo姗eriSignomtandu酉y;thelatteroldandn姗w-miIlded.Mafry
ByfescuingatoeitherofthemwillcmshT1lumbeliIla’sdelicate,loViIlgspirit.nearly丘ozenswallow,shedisplayshersemess
acourage柚d,thfou曲hershehasagency,a玎iVesat
tlledarkparadisewhereshefiIldstheloVe觚dfulfillmenteamed,锄df.orces砌chhavetriedtocontrolherhavebeenleftbehind.
Itisworthynoticillgthat
仃aditionalfair
punishmentorbraVe,strong,curious孤drebelliousgirlsarealsofoundineitherseveretalesbuttheirdisobedienceandI.csistanoe1.csultt0inpaillfIllcost.Tllleywillbesubjectedmisfonune.
In“BlueBeard,”thehusbandleavesthew讧ealoneinthecastle觚dgiVesherthe
onekeyst0alltherooms.Heallowshertoentereachoftheroomsexceptcloset.
NeVeIrtheless,understrongcufiosity,sheopenstheclosetand丘ndsproVerbialskeleton柚dthebloodyremaillsofhisformerwiVeshangillgagaillstthewall—-thehusbandisaserialmurdeL
theWhenthehusbanddis∞versthatshehasbetrayedhim,hewalltshertojoillfomerwiVes.F0rtunately,herbrothera仃iVesintime锄dpreventsherf幻mbeingkilled.IIlthemoralattheendofstory,Pellraultdoesn’tcondemnthehusband’scrimesatall;onthecontrary,hewamsthewifetobeobedienttothehusband.33
offemaleidentity't0∞meeXtellts,AndersenRevolviIlgaroundtheestablishment
casto£fthefemaletemperamentproducedbypatriarchyillthedaSsicfairytales吼dstofies.Andersensparedn0effortsto
arccharacte血easeries0fbeautiful柚diIldependentfemaleimages.Besidestheyfemaleendowedwith∞manytmditionalVirtuesof
characte玛一beaut渤l
arcandyouthflll,moreimportantly,∞courageous,strong也attheyandlibertyfegardlesstryillgt0purslle10ve,dreamof锄ydi伍cIllties?Forexample,LittleMemaidseel【sforsavingpursueshuman’sinl】mortalsoul;GerdaGayi;舢ice
are
searcheSforfescuingher
willingt0brothefS.neyallgiveuptheircomfortablelives孤dsu|协劬mallkindsofpainsandtonllres.nisst枷g锄d丘珊spInttomsas埘kingcontrastwiththemeek,weak’submissive卸dreservedfemalecharactefSmtraditionalfairytales?
obviously,we伽∞ticethatAnderscn’snewoutl00kofrepIesentationofthefemle
chancte璐who盯e蚰satiS矗cd
defywithstatusquo'theima擘res,i.e.tlleya∞aseries0ffemalecvnforces,w血owhoexpfesstheifdesireswhentheystmgglewithhardship柚d
d卸ge璐forwhichreflectAndersen’ssakeofachievillgtheir90als.T1leserepresentations
notio璐ofgenderroIeattitlldetowardsfemalehavesu叩弱sed仃ad“ionalstereotypical
觚dnamtivestnlctIlfe.Emphasisonmobility锄dactivepanidpationforwomenm
aAnderSen,sstoriesisnoticeable,whichsee脚tor印resentdr锄aticbreal【withthe
traditiomlfairytales’stereotype?
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticFeaturesofAndersen’sFairyTaJes
Ⅳ.ArtisticFeaturesofAndersen’sFairyTales
Themainpu巾oseofthischapter
is一0fcoufse—t0
contributet0the
stylistic
desc邱tion
Andersen
ofAmdersen’stexts.“Somecriticsreal娩ed卸dacknowledgedthatAndersen’s
ofliterature
in
textsrepresentedarenewal
tems
ofboth
fom姐dcontent’’(Je璐
229).hldeed,distinctl如motherworks,Andersen,Sf越f)rtales缸epractically
oVemowiIlgwitll铲eatp舔sion
talesmailllycontfibutet0his
oflifc.TheanisticfeaturesembodiedinAndersen’sfai】叮
abund柚t
use
ofpoetic
device锄d
Spoken
l蛐gIlage
successfIllly.ms
worksshuttle
or
betwe明缸imate
andinanimateworld,eitherofwhichis
hiS∞minventionbased
0n
folkthemes,whichmadehistales
so
viVid,impressive锄d
introspectiVe.}Iistalesafc丘1ledwithmuchflaVorofpoetrythatrcade瑙oftenfcel嬲
ifthemusicnewbetweenthelillesnaturally.1nAndersen’sdeVices
are
tales,na仃ative锄dstyliStic
usedwithdifferentaimsanddifct;rente£fects.Hepossessedtheboldand
a
fantasticimagination,whichenableshisstoriest0displaypanorama.Andefsenh硒created
an
ma印mcent锄d
novel
incomparabledreamland,sinlultaneouslypene仃atiIlg
are
theprofounduniversalphilosophyi】吡ohiStalesforbothchildrenandadultswhoattradedbythese
cha珊ingStories.
are
Andersen’stales
smooth,sensitive,andVividwithmany
hisunique
descriptive
wordsand
sccnes.舢most
all
ofhis、阳rl(sshow
Zillan
ever
style—tllevivid卸d
ene曙etic
n棚tive
style.ProfessorMei
This
notesthat:
well-hownstofy-teller
iStheinitiatorwhopossessesdistiIlctnallrativestyle
inchildren’sHteratllre.Tbsomefoll【loresaIldshape
eVer
ext即ts,children’s
literature
can
st柚d
out
its嗍l
characteristicsowingtohis
use
uniqueness.Anders∞
daimedthat,healwaysmadeof“eVerypossibility”tocreatenew
an
f0珊s.
Thefeby,aUthesemotivatehinlt0proVideChildren’sliterature.hlthe
encyclopediaofnarratiVewritingin
(Mei89)
0f
following觚alysis
namtive锄d
stylisticdevicesinsomeAndersentales,
theaimisnottofiIldnewiIlterpretationsofthestoriesinquestion,butrathertoshowhowdifI晤rentiatedAndersen’siIlstrumentisandhencehowdiff色rentiatedthee圩ectof
thesemodulations
can
be.
4.1NallrationwithpoeticnaVor
t‘A10tofAndersen’sfairytales
are
in
one
way
or锄otherconcemed
with
poetolo西cal
problems,[which]a11
past
or
indudefeflections
on
theconditionsofhisownwfitin岛ontheinDenmarl【,on‘‘reality,’’“imagiIlation,”on
composed
all
presentstateofpoetryillthewo订d
so
or
“fantasy’’and
on’’(Dete血舀‘吼ePhoenix蹦nciple'').111deed,hcalways
manner,孤d
hisbouncingheanwithpoeticquality
fairytalesillpoetic
c锄befo仰d
notesthat:
throughhisworks.Deteringalso
T0
begillwitll,
we
c锄
血d
numerous
explidtly
philosophical,
mostly
metaphysicala11dparodies
P0n
0n
aestheticpassagesin
hisstoriesf而mtheearlyRomantic
NielsB巧dc
RomanticisminF0dfeisetothedialogIlesof
Esther觚d
immortalityandbe跏ty,0ntheBibleandGoethe’sFaustinthenoVel.
Phoenix
(‘‘11tIe
P血ciple’,)
a
SincehehadbeenhiStales.1’me
poet,heknewsomestylistic
essence
thatwouldlateriIl丑uencethesoulof
are
a
spont柚eousfeeliIlg柚d
richimagiIlation
are
poem,觚d
Andersen,staleshavebothcharacteristiCsatthesametilne.Theretllat
are
allthefairytales
t0poetry
deeplyconcemedwiththeconditionsofthepoetry,someequiValent
itself.Eventhepurely
poetolo百cal鼬ytales
a
have
a
complexstor)rto
tell锄d
can
bc
readbvchildrenwhodonotunderstandsiIl甜e
allusiont0
poet够
nisapparentt0noticethereisagreatdealofpoeticacCountsofthenature?For
iIlstance:
,】me
sun
hadjustset,butthedoudsweretintedwithcfimsonandgpld,and
starina11itsbeauty.The
sea
throu曲the酉hmeriIlgMiliglltbe锄edtheeVening
was
calm,卸dthe
airmildand仃esh.
(69)
firenies舀itteredlmea伊een
a
And,
Allwasquiet,theairwasflreinthe
so
mild,andhundredsof
gr弱s柚dmoss.When
shelightlybrIlshedagainst
sin91ebranch,the
shininginsectsshoweredalboutherlikefallingstars.(133)
hlsuchdescriptions,thewriter,sdeeploVefornatureisclearto
perceiVe.M卸y
he
of
Anders∞,s
proficient
fairytales
aroseon
histrips
or
hikesiIlnaturc,觚d
a
wasespeciany
illdescribingthelittlepictures卸d
scenerywith
fewwordsandsmooth
a
skctches.110depictthefreshandclearnaturalsullfoundingsconstitutes
mostremarkable
featureinAndersen,sf酊rytales,whichmakeshistalesmorepoetic.AndersenhadloVed
natIlfesincehe
w硒achild;meaIlwhile
as
naturcis
a伊eatplaceforeVeryartist
t0lon舀
paci驰gtheirsolitIlde
well.ExhibitionofnatIlrehas
become锄硫ponant
a
illspiration
foftheartist,screation.Andersenobservednatllrewith
poet’sViewpoint,andhe
naturewithhisstory-telling,sohisfair)rtales
naturallyiIltegmtedthedescriptionsof
c锄
constmct
a
pure锄dtranquilworld.T1lere
areonce
in
againimaginatiVepicturespainted
words,forexample:
The
gard锄w弱fIlU
0ftheTafest丑oweIs,andthe10Veliestofthesehadlittle
so
silverbellstiedt0themwhichtinl【lednoticingthem.
AmdnInher
on,
0n
that
noone
shouldgobywithout
(231)
in
wall【iIlg,youfoundyourself
Ifyoukept
a哲omus
woodwhichwentfi曲tsailrightinunderthebeautifIlllythat
eVen
d∞lrnt0thesea,wllichwasblucanddeep;big
shipscould
so
bmches
the
ofthetrees.Herelived
a
nightiIlgalethatsang
see
poor矗shemanwhohadso
such
muchelseto
t0,would
stop卸d
1isten.
(232)
Previously,naturewasdepictediIltraditionalwestemfairylales,too.HoweVer,theywerenotpresentedin
a
poetic
m猢er'the
desCriptionsofnatIlrcjust
laid
a
back粤ollIIdforstory.Forexample:
Closeby
the陆g’s
castlelaida伊eatdark
forest,明dunder锄old
liIIle?treein
theforestwasintothe
And,
0nceupon
a
aweU,and
wh锄me
daywasver),wam,the瞄ng’schildwentout
forest卸dsatdownbythesideofthecoolfountain.(Gri:mm1)
timeinthemiddleofwillter,whentheflakesofsnowwerefalling
thesky,aqueensatat
awindow
l龇fcathers劬msewiIlg,andthe仃ameofthe
willdowwasmadeofblackebony.Itisnoticedthattheseabove
a
(Grimm100)
exhibitnaturesilIlplywithlittlepoeticflavor.
Cclo衄ts
Wrllereas,the
natllreponrayedin
Andersen’sfai巧talesgenerallyisliVely,fIlUofVi90r
37
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticFeatures0fAndersen’s
Fa酊Tales
柚dene唱y.F0rinst柚ce:
T1le丘eldswerefullofIoVelyflowerst11atflourishedinthesunshineandnoddedinthebreeze,asiftosay,”W色lcometothe伊eenpastllres!lsn’titnicehere?
(49)
Andersenendowedthenatu佗withpeculiar
hum孤pefsonalities,锄d
natureis
hamony
with
hum柚world
in
Amders%’sima舀nation.
tales.Bothofwhich
c柚comm衄icate
with
eachother盘eelybypoetryand
haddition,Andersen,spoeticna玎ationalso
丘.0mchildlikc
concentratesonhis
namti叩Viewed
profound
on
all酉es.Througllout
natufeof
hiswof:l【s
therelil【c
are
mally
acute锄d
Andersen
obseⅣationsdboutthe
Andersen
as
children,glitte血g
gold.J蚰s
r锄arl【S
f.0Ilow:
t、ⅣodifferentpathsthathaVetobetakent0entermefairy—taleworldof
see
nere缸e
HansCllristianAnderSen.Alongthewayit,Spossibletoconditions
howandunderwhat
one
m锄yofhistalescameint0beillg
or
p髂sedmusteL0n
aS
ofthe
paths,theauthorwasalwaysamongadults
aIldhadtobehaVe
grown?up
hiⅡlself…But∞the
otherpath,hew雒the“Child’,-吨playfIIlperson
individuals.
driV明by
锄otionsandima百nation,sunDundedbylike-minded
111Andefsen’stales,children丘ndforthefirSttinIetlleirnatllrebutalsolistens
a
(215)
grown?upwhonotonlyrespectS
inthefairy?taleworld
to柚dunderstandstheirlanguage.And
Anders钮raisedAnders朗had
WIote:
a
theevc巧dayunique
sense
l洫ofchildr锄up
t0thesame
levcl勰thalofadults.
forthereality0fthepsycheofboys锄d
girls.He
eVer
Thedeepso仃0win
a
child’ssoulis嬲伊eat弱the伊eatestsorrow
no
a
grown-up
a
hows.hl
hispaill,thechildhas
hope,reason
c柚not
stretchout
helpillg
handtothechild;atthemomenthehasnothiIlgbuthissorrowtod.mgt0.inJens
(qtd.
239)
11lesewordsstem
from(勋炒口冗沁捌打in
1837,ill
m锄y
placesillthisnoVel,the
adultnarrator,withthechild硒hisguide,attemptst0plumbtlleunconsciousnessofchildren.Andthisbfiefpoftraitofcapableofente血lgand
a
child’stypeof
sor姗ⅣreVeals
theillside.
thatAndefsenwas
desc曲ing
a
child’s
no
reality劬m
Quite
a
fewcriticsrecognizethatpreViousRomanticauthorhadmade
use
ofthe
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticFeaturesofAmdersen’sFairyTaleschildinsucharadicalwayinhisartasAndersenw弱nowdoing.Inreality,thistraceablelineinllisworkh硒beenunderwayandilldeVelopmentofnearlytenyears.DuringthistimeAndersenhadanimatedlyeXperimentedinhisliteraryworl【S
childh00dmoreby百Vingthechildandthepoemspace柚dbiggerstaget0ped’0姗.F0rinst柚ce,in
ona“Phantasus,”thepoet—namtorVer),clearlysaysthathisartisbasedde印lychildish
andplayfIllnatufe:
Achildmyself,1wouldratherplaywiththe)roung,
’11ley缸ebestablet0knowmymagicwodd;
IllhutsandiIlc弱tlethyunderstandme,
Ibringwithmesuchmarveloustreasllres.
Wedonotknowthestn喀酉eorsorrowoflifc,
aF0rus,thecomerofthehutbecomeshight’scastle,
l如enthestickisabraveandnoblesteed,
Thelittleswallowthecastle,Smaster?singer.
(qtd.iIlJensAmdersen232)
皿epoe仃)r锄dplayful
poetr),觚dnaturecoexistinch硼’semotionall虢,锄d出ldnotonlyneedsbeautmllpoeticnaVorbutinterestiIlggames嬲well.Andersen’sdisc0Ve眄ofbeautywithinchildisquiteprofound觚dhcexpfessedthet、)lrodistiIlctfeatIlre卜_poet巧锄dbeautyinhisstofies.Wrejustlookatthe
oVerch硼’sgamesinhistales:Thewindowsoftenf幻sted
oncompletely.ButtheywouldheatcopperpenniesthestoVeandpressthesehotcoillsagainstthehDst-coated酉ass.Then
atheyhadthe血estofpeepholes,asI.oundasarillg,andbehindthemappearedbright,
who蕾riendlyeye,oneateachwindow—itwasthelittleboyandthe
peepedout.HisnamewasKayandherswaslittle垂rlGerda.(266)
And,
PoorlittleElisastayedinthepeasanthut,andplayedwitha伊eenlea£fbrshehadnoothertoy.Shemadealittleholeintheleafand100kedthroughitatthe
sees岫.11lrou曲itsheseemedtoherbrothefsfbri班teyes,锄dwheneVerthe
warmsunlighttouchedhefcheekitremindedherofalltheirkisses.(134)39
上海师范大学硕士学位论文ArtisticFeatufesofAnderSen’sFairyTales
ThegamesdelineatedinAndersen’staleshere
are
fullofpoeticnaVor:alittle酉rl
柚d
a
littleboypresses
a
holeiIlf硒st?coatedglasswithhot
playswitha铲een—leaf扑d
can
coins,the拊obeautifIIleyes
peepout;theprettytheir
little舀rlima垂nes
a
thathef
brothers百Ve
the
l【isses.Within
tllesedescriptionsreadersenjoy
quiet
atmosphefe锄d
gam鼯arepresentedillquietma蛐er,which
as
contrarytotheSwedishUnd伊en’stales:horset0enablehert0holdup
0ne
Pippiin‘‘PippiLDngstoddng”is
st啪g鹊a
horSe.
Shemshes
on
be觚een枷f柚df100r锄dplaysgame
withpolicemen.Kaflssonin“l乙arlsson
theRoof’istryillgtoconceivevafiouswayst0playjokes
on
people缸oundhim.
0bviously,thequietpoeticqualityisbroken;instead“isrcplacedbythebustlillgchildren’s
g锄es.
natureorfortheemotionaland
Sincechildrenwefenottal【ensefiouslyiIl1830s,VeryfewadultsrespectedthechildforhiS
o、Ⅳn
ima酉native
lifethatAndersenallowedto
blossominthestor)raboutlittleIda.T1lenowe硌illthe
Vases觚d
potsthathungtheir
arcso
headsdurillgtlledaybecausetheyhavebeenoutdanciIlgillthe
ni曲t
aliveillthe
a
sto够FromtheVeryfirstsentenceinthisfairy—taleproduction,Andersenalsoused
childl龇way
speakiIlgiswith
0fspeaHng硒tllestrong,livelyfoundationofthetext.T1lewayof
languagethathadnothillgtodo
regarded蕊柚uncultivated,wild,primitiVe
the血eranfoms,butViVidlyexhibitachild’s
narmtiVestmctum
uniquelallgllagefeatllres.
4.2
R电laxing
As
a
sto巧-teller,Andersen
almost呻r0Vised
histales.Hewasa“story-tellerof
talesbothbigandsmall,whateVerhappenedt0strikethefancytohisheart”(Jens
Anders锄218).He
illusions
one
allowedhinlselftobeca玎iedawaybywildimagiIlation锄d
so
createdrichly
after柚other.Andersen’simagiIlationwasalwaySstl伽g锄d
outfittedthatheimmediatelysh叩edeVer”hillg
so
intoimagesandmoreiⅡlages.Andersen
connicts,illthe
discoVeredandgaveimpressionto0ffairytales.Herewasintimacy
senses
many
scenes,characters,柚d
fbm
be时een
the
story-teller锄d锄audience
thathadallhis
alert.
on
BesidesAndersenorigiIlatedfairytalesmade
use
thebasisofhispoeticconsCiousness,he
dogmaticnarratiVe
afe
ofeverypossibilitytocreatenew
fb皿s.Freef}om孤y
structure,AnderSe丑’snarrativesfnlctureofstoriesseemsrelaxill&which
unrestricted
clear
byprecisestor),.tellingpattemthatcharacterizes
origin,be垂nniIlg,development,
an西ewith
moren.eedom,
lda's
conclusion锄d
andhe
cVen
re星:lllarsequence.Andersenselectednarrative
narratedstorieswithhisleapinginla百nation.ForiIlst锄ce,“Little
so
Rowers,,’beginswithIda’schildishquestion:“Whydomynowers100k
illtoday?”
(25)Theimagillative柚d
thestudent
studenttellshertheyhadbeenattheballlast
poetic
ni曲t.ARerthat,lda
questionsand
arc
devel叩theirinlagiIlati仰丘eely
arc
bythe
rotati佣of
answe璐.T1leyfancythebluevioletsoldchapefones,atallyellowlilyis
thenavalcadets,thetulips柚dt谵erlilies
tlle
a“lady抽_waiting’(26).nese
aro咖d
flowersp弱sthenews
舶m
one
to锄otherbed,柚d
thattherewillbea铲eatballillthecastle.Andthenldaputsthe
covers
nowerSt0
tllcksthelittle
them.Alleveninglongshedreamsof
eVen
seeillgnowers
d锄ce
iIltlleKillg’sc筋tle.Thenextmomillg,Ida’snowers
more
faded,Ida锄d
little
hefcousiIlhold
a伊锄d
fIlneralforhisnowers.Thec0IⅣersationbetween
on
lda锄dtllestudent:Ida’sdreamandfuneralofflowe瑙盯eallestablished
ima西nation,whichcontainsbothAndersen’simaginationandchildrell’sunconsd0吣
tefrit0啦And
thethree
itiSapparentt0noticcthereseemsnotthedeafcausal
wholestor)rpurelyisbased
0n
co加ection锄ong
ima舀nation,
t0the
pans.ne
Amdersen’sfantastiC
ordeftoaddresst0
alongwithAndersen’scaptivewayofspeakin舀in
childfenwithintheadult.Andersenw弱abletopaintunknown
scenes
cllildren锄d
wodd觚dni曲ttinle
beforethe
eVes
oflittleIda
so
thatshehas
neVer
fo玛ottenthem.
An(1ers朗narratedstories硒ifhereadpoetrymther
th柚toldstoriesilltraditional
way.Hepreferredt0choosemoreadjectiVes柚d
a
descriptionofdetailstodeepen
impression.Especiallywhenhetriedtocreatepart,these
For
hndofatmosphereinthedescriptive
adjectivesanddetailshelped
a
lot.
a
ex锄ple,‘‘neSummer'Autu砌卸d
between
Sto巧oftheYear’’is
beautifulprosepoemabout
a
S面n舀
WinteLThestoryisullfbldedby
f色wcouplesofdialoglles
sparrow卸d
a
raven,whocompafeWintertotheoldman;SpringtoloVely
strong
children;Summerto
man锄d
a
beautifullady;Autumn
totheresting“Summer,’
andhisquietwife.HefecomesthewiIlter--the“Queen”ofthe
whole
willter
alone.
Hereill,Andersen
thestory
iIltroduced
one
yearissilent,spendingpersonification
andendsill
to
the
the
descriptionsofAsthe
season.alt啪ation,and
be百ns
with
winter
W证teL
Winter
thetwoloVely
approaches,everythillgislool【ingforwardtosprillg,as
41
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AniSticFealuresof加dersen’sFa姆TaJeschildrenfideonthestorks,Springiscoming.Thestoryisdepictedlikethis:
childrenwandered,伊eenbudsburStfonhonWhereverthe咐obushandtree,the
grass伊ewhigller,alldthecom-fieldsbecame10Velyindelicate伊een.Thelittlemaidenstrewedf10we硌inherpath.Sheheldhefapronbeforehef:itwasfullofnowers;itwasasiftheyspnlngintolifethefe,forthemoreshescatteredaroundher,memoreflowe璐didheraproncontaill.EagerlysheshoweredsnowyblossomsoVerappleandpeach—trees,sothattheystoodinfullbe扑tybeforeeVentheirgreenleaVeshadburstf硒mthebud.(440)
AndwrhenAndellsendescribedthesummer,hewrote:
n∞cameaflashoflight,勰ifthesunhadmshedfonhfromthe
asky,fl锄ing,bumill舀aJl—deVouring,锄d
Theraillpoureddafknessretumedamidrollillgcrashofthunder.downiIlstreams,—-nowtllerewaSdarkness,thenbliIldiIlg
0n1i曲t,——nowthrillingsilence,thendeafenillgdin.Tllleyoungbrownreedsthe
amoorwaVedt0andf如infeatllerybillows;theforcstboughswerchiddenin
wate巧mist,andstillli曲tanddarhessfollowedeachother,stillcamethesilenceafterthero码whilethecomandthebladesof铲弱slaybeaten
everdown卸dsw锄ped,so
ButafterathatitseemedinlpossibletheycouldraisethemselVesagaill.rayspiercedmewhiletherainbegantofallgently,the
lil【epearlsonsun’sc肠咄粗dthewater-drops酉itteredleafandstem.Thebirdssang,the
inthe丘shesleapeduptothesurfkeofthe
yonder,on
stllrdyawater,the萨atsd柚ccdsunshine,锄drockbytheheaVillgsaltsea,sat.Summerhimself,astrongmanwithlimbs卸dlon岛drippinghaiLStIen黟hcnedbythec00lbath,hesatinthe
anaroundhiIIlrenewednaturebloomedstrong,luxuriallt,wa姗sunshine,while
aIldbe肌tiful:itwassummer,w姗,loVelysu衄eL(442)
ltiseVidentthatthisstorysingsthepraisefbrSpringandSummer,s0Andefsen’sexcitingspifitandrichimagiIlationgainsgooddeVelopment.HecontinueddepictingAutumn,Winterandtherestpanofstoryillsuchatone.Accordingly,Andersenescapedf幻mthetypicalnarrativepattemscharacterizedbydassicalfaijfytales,andhewasliabletofomlhisownmultipleandf砖e-s£ylenarration.
Classicalfairytalesfrequentlybegillwith“0nceuponthetiIIle…,”觚daccountthoseremoteandoldstorikwhichoccurredfafawayfromthereallife.Atthebegillning,42
prota90nistspresent
themselVes锄d
n姗te
the
ori沓n
ofthe
sto珥kt,s
takeGrimm,S
“LittleRedCap’’forexampIe:
011Ceupon
a
timethercw豁asweetlitⅡe
舀r1.Eyeryonewhosawheflikedher’
bulmost0fa¨Jlefgrandmother,wrhodidnotOnceshegaVeher
a
how
what
to舀vethechildnext.
so
little
c印made0fredvelvet.Becauseitsuitedher
well.
柚dsheⅥ伽ted(167)
Thetone
t0wearita玎thetiⅡle,shecametobel【nownas
UttleRedCaD.
of加mtionseems
tobe
objective觚dprosaic,卸d
a
thenarratorslowIy西ves
卸account
ofthestory,standingf1.0m
fardist姐cc.Andersen
mi曲talsohavebegun
someofhisfaifytaleswiththe
pllf鹤e“once叩0n
use
thetinle,,’however’whenAndersen
beg卸his筋rytalcs;he
’11lefew硒0nce
alwaystriedt0
a
JlisownIivelyna玎ationt0stan,for
hadthe
ex锄pIe:
b远w觚candle、他o
a
hi曲estopiIlionofhismeritS.
(1070)T1lere
hu订edhim
was
pilot,锄dmill萨wentbadly
(1157)
witllhim。HisballoonburSt.
out,锄dwentallt0pieces.
H0weVer,mostofAndersen,s
fairytalesdon’tstanwith‘‘0nceupon
a
tinle.,,His
of
talesattachtheimportancet0the
prcsentcondition,orgivethebeautiful
descriptions
su玎。蛐dill笋with
a
poeticflaVor,ormake
a
sincefe伊eeting
t0hisaudienceorhavea
coupleofdialogues.
ofthe
dassic筋ry
tales,theirna玎ativesequencesalwaySabideby
a
cenaill触ed
nIle:彻eplotc0彻ects
wolf;the
closelywithanother
plot.ne
sto哆0f““ttleRedCap,,,∞nsists
home:sheencountersthelitⅡeRedCap:andthe
ofsevcraldose。relatedchaills:littlered
wolfdevours
c印alienates舶mher
wolf
the黟卸dmother;the
devo螂the
llunterrescueslittleredcapand
her擎柚dmotheLOnthecontrary,Andersendidn,ttake
thetI.aditionalwayof
writillglikethis:thebeginning..-themiddle..-theend.Hetoldthe
stoneswithoutany
0ne
strict锄d触ed
stipulationsaboutplots.Andefsenmigllt
evencreate
completetaleJustresoniIlgtosomedialogues.Tllledialoglleisconsidered硒one
shillingfeatureinAndersen,staIes,aIldthepagesof
diaIogues百vemeperfecteffectof
shapingcharacters’features.TheiⅡlportaIlceof“Sunshille’s
Story’’isduetothefactthat
there
afcno
actions,butdialoglleitselfbecomesfantastic,whilethestorygives
a
a
fa时lale.Only
theconditionsof
nan.ation
arc
basicallyaccoumofwish.fulfillment.On
43
上海师范大学硕上学位论文Anistic
FeaturesofA卫dersen’sFair),Tales
thewhole.
elements0fthefantastic
are
linlitedt0thenarratiVe
perspectiVe,
demonstratingnewwaysofapproachingthesto哆F0rillst觚ce:
Beginning:
“l’lltellyou
a
story,”saidthewiIld.
t0talk.You’Vebeen
“KiIldlyremember,’’saidtheRain,‘‘thatit’smytIlm
howlillgaroundthecomeratthetopofyollrVoiceqpitelong‘‘Isthatthethanl【slgetforallofthe
enough.”
f打ors
l’Vedoneyou?”theWhdblustered.
even
‘‘M柚V锄umbrella
I’vetumedillsideout,0rblownto
t甜ers,when
people
triedtoavoidyou.”
“Besilent!Itis1whoshallspeal('’’saidtheSunshiIle,whospokewithsuch
brilliancc柚d
shook
wamth
triedto
thattheweary
rouse
Wind
fcH
flat咖his
st锄d
bac:k,卸dtheRainforit.T1lis
him锄d
him,crying:“We
won’t
to
Mad锄
Su施hineisforcv盯intermptingus.Don’tletlisten
wonh
her.Whatshesaysisnot
hea血g.”
√蝴theSunShiIlebegan…
Main
body:
“…,…”sunshinetold“…,…”su璐hinetold
“…,…”s岫shille
told
longstory,”saidtheW证d.
a
“What锄extremely
‘‘And∞awfllUyduU,’’theRailla酉eed.“F蛆me,ifyouple弱e,∞Imayre、,iVe
little.’’The
“
Willd
blewagain,andtheSunshinesaid:
…’…
"
Conclllsion:“Ithinl【'’’saidthelong
Willd,“thatthese
Verybored.,,
storiesshouldstop.TheSunshinehastalked
enough,柚dIam
“SoamI,”saidtheRaill.
Andwhatdoweothe砖whoknewthisstorysays
(1060-63)
11lewholepassageiSmainlycomposedofandSunshille.Sincethere
areno
a
few
dialogIles锄ong
the
Wind’Rain
lessthanthreenarrators,t11eleadingnarratorofthe
上海师范大学硕士学位论文ArtisticFeaturesofAndersen’sFai巧T.ales
fhmestoryisSunshine,whotellsitsstory,acertaindifferentiationillstyleboundtobefound.Anditisthe
namtorofthe舶mestorywhospeal(s
tlle
in
a
conVersational,Oralstyle.
hlfact,thisstoryismadeupofbeautifulfourpiecesofprosepoems.
Theyoungnowsboy’s
sw卸nows
oVer
occ翘,thefeathefwhichdfops
hebecomes
a
on
thecurlylight
hair0f
a
m锄becomes
oVcr
a
peninllish柚d,柚dwealthymerchant;tlleswan
me伊eenmeadow,卸dkisses佃e0ftheleavesoftree,theleaffallsillthe
into
a
hand,ch卸ged
a
wholebook;the
a
sw卸rests
awhile
on
thelakc,apoorwom如
gathers
goldenegg,inwhichlies
are
de缸littleswan,there
are
fourringsroundits
a
ne咄
sw锄
fourfiIlgs
sentt0
a
the、Ⅳ0m柚’s
foursons,herchildrenbecome
sclllptor,apainter,athebay,the
composer锄dpoetrespeCtiVely;theswanoffonuneflows
a
oVcr
b血gs
they
a
pieccofambert0fishem觚,amber
drawsheanstogether
wi咖m
thehouse,
are∞happy锄d铲atefIll
“OleLul(ie”is
fortheirpeacefIllliVes.
cxamplcofAndefSen’sconceptofthe
seven
a嘶lli柚t
dialogicwaytcxts
a
comingintobeiIlg.EventheillterIlalactionofthesill垂e
talesconsistsof
successionofdialogues.ThecondusionofeVerytaletakestherecipientbacktothedialoguc
C0re
be船een0le蛐dHjalnlar.1t
iSthecxchange
be锕e如the
on
tⅣ0that
b血gs
the
dfeamsintoexistence.Thesedreamsd0notsimplyfirstacceptthesuggestionsofthenarratorpictllreaUbyhimself;OleshouldVisit
a
be舀n
their
own:Hjalm盯must
illtothelandscape
01e.Hjalmar
hast0
cl蛔b
justlifIshimuptoit(199).when0lesuggeststhatHjalm缸
mouscweddiIl舀tlleboyinquireshowt0gctintothemousehole,causiIlg
Olet0demonstratehisillitiatiVehimsel£His
ma百cabilities(199).IIlthel弱t
three
episodes,Hjalmar
takesthehimto
inqu岫:“、Ⅳhatarewe
following
goingtohavetonight?”(200)印ables
att%d
some
the
dolls’wedding.ne
on
niglltheinlpatiennyinsists:“Shallwehave
stories?”(201),and
thelasteVeniIlghedemands:“youmusttell
on
stories”(202).
HjalmarhastofightagainstOle’sdecreaSiIlginterest,spu玎iIlghim
a
tofunheractiVity.
Anderscnwrotestoriesinsuch
boldwaythatbrought
a
freshairtostory?telling.
on
what
his
fa时talesf0IlowisnoteXtemalstorypattem,whereasitisbased
hisiIlner
artistictalent.HededicatedallhisfonhthediVersefairy
a
e脑ns
tocreationofncw
f0姗s
0ffairytales0wingtohis
on
f0皿s.Andersenbrou曲t
relaxingnamtiVeteI曲niques,andhis
iIlsometalesthereis
tales啪becalled“encyclopedia
naⅡation”(Mei89).But
lackofintemallogicalconnection,forchildrentheyhaVesomedifficIlltiesillgettillg
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticF色atufesofAndersen’sFairyTalesgoodcompfehension.ThesetalesiIlclude:“TheDoor-key,”“Poultrymeg’sfamily,”“RemoVing-Day,”“TheBishopof
Sand-Dunes,”“T1leBor舀umandHisKinsmen,”‘‘AStofy仃omthesoon.StomShiftstheSigIlboards,”‘‘7nleBell—Deep”and4.3ColloquiaInarrativedevice
AnderSen,Sworksaretotallydi骶fent如m
conte】at0fthetraditional“goodtaleS,”sinccheheemployedtheidiomsbrokenew莎0undinbothstyle缸d
l锄guagefair),tales,柚dandconstmctionsofsFIokeninawaythatwasnewillDanishwriting.“Hew弱
the五iI_stwritert0adaptthestorytelliIlgtechniquesoftheoraltraditiont0expresstheiIltimatesecretsofhislife孤dthou曲ts”(Holbek155).Andersenllsed丘equently∞110quialStylethatdisguisesthesophisticatedmoralteachingsofhistales.
AsPaulGoetschdaims:themostimportantgeneraltaskoffeignedomlityiIllitera巧tcxtsist0createtheillusionofalangllage0fproximitywhichmayiIlcrcasetheappealandreadabilityofthe
naⅡatedworldtexts.WnttenactofnaⅡationforcestherecipientt0constitlltetheathrou曲thefeadiIlg.Fei印edoralityistechniqueusedt0create锄musionⅥ札chhelpsthereaderiIlthisprocess(qtd.in.Menzel,‘‘Elements’').
aWalterJ.notesthat“Spokenlangllageisgenerallycharacterizedby
complexityandabstradionthanitswritten
speedoflowerdegreeofcounterpan”柚d“nisisduebotht0theh讪pfoduction锄dreception柚dt0thef犯ttllatillfaCe?to-facecomm咖ication.The
importantthanthemercrelationship
tr锄smissionofthespeakert0therccipientmaybemoreofcontent,andoralnarrationisthusmarkedbylowerlexicalv撕ability"(qtd.inMenzcl,“Elements”).
TllechildlikcevefydaylangIlageiseleVatedinAndersen’se雏stonaturalhehadapoet彤锄dremarkableabilitytob血gt0lifethesoundsofnatIlreiIIhistales.HerehetoldstoriesattheVeryrootofl柚gllage,柚dhis
hlanamtiVestylewasC0mpletelyhisawn.beautifulpassageillhisbookaboutAndersen,EdVardColliIltalksaboutthat:
Thestoryrichlyfumishedwithidiomaticpllfasethatwerefamiliart0thechildren.Hebrou曲tlifetoeventhedIIiestsentence.Hewouldn’tsay:‘Thechildf铋gotiIltotheCa玎iageallddr0Veo危’Rather:‘thentheygotintothecarriage,900dbyeFather,900dbyeMother’the
getwhipcracked'snip,snap,柚dof!f220)theywent,yee-ha,movillg!”(qtd.inJensAndersen
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
AnisticFeaturesofAndersen’s
Fa埘Tales
Andersen10Vedtomovements.IIlCaptainreadiIl舀
pe向咖and
Wilde’s
w弱good
atimitatingall
kindsofsoundsand
memoirs,hepr0VideddetaileddescriptionsofAndersen’s
Hismovementsbecamespokc.Ifhestretchedwith
well-bal锄ced锄d
a
intotal
hamony
lifted
a
witheVer)rwordhefinger,itwasdone
out锄锄,raised
h勰d,or
pe疵ct伊ace.(qtd.inJensAnderSen216)
storiesproduCcValious
nismakeshis
锄illusion
inlages锄d
attractchndren’sattention,which
enablechildrentohave伊eaterunderst柚dillg锄d
a
genuilleinterestillthem.Thiscreates
ona
thatcouldn’thelpbutmake
0n
strongimpression
child.ThefigIlreswho
witch
leavedeepinlpfessionreaders盯eabout:ClumsyH柚s,theprincess,the
in“ne
‰derbox,’’锄d
perfectly
theanimalswhosedroU
neVer
mom锄t锄d
funnyS0undshe
c柚imitate
althou曲he
exaggerated.Forexample:“Shew弱Veryspfyinthelegs.
Trip,trot,away
the
shewent.Howshe
hurried觚d
scurriedoffto
see
the
nigllt
raven
downin
marsh”(317).
“Shew弱veryspryillthelegs’’portrays
a
pictIlreofmoVement,“Thp,trot”records
thesoundofwalkill舀‘‘Howshehu盯ied’’expresses‘‘scu玎iedofft0
see
story-teller,s鲈at
admiration.
the
ni曲traven
downinthemarsh’’pr0Videstllesoundproofofher
曲ility
t0walk.711lus,thissmallpanbecomesadynamic
para伊aphwhichismadeupof
statement,onomatopoetic
exclamation.1t舀Ves
Vividpresentationofsomeone’sspeedy
walk血g,柚d
theincoherentsentencestnlctIlreisinhar玎10nywithchildren’sleaping
one
thillkillg.Let’slookatheopensthe
sentenceinAndersen’sanothertale——“OleLukoie,”“Softly
door,锄dnick!Hesprinl【lessweetmilkillthechildren’skeeptheireyesclosed
so
eyes—just
a
tiIlyway,
bit,butalways
enou曲totheywon’t
see
him”(199).Illthis
thesinlpleword‘‘nick’’representsOleLukoie’squietmoVement鹪ifreaderssaw
nau曲ty
OleLukoie
bliIll【ing锄d
putting
a
fingef
0n
hislip.
no
Sillcechildren,sreadingcomprehensioniSlimited,Andersenhadmade
spare
e肋fts
totellstorieswitllsimplewords,sentencesandevencommonparagraph.Does
thiSsiIllple,understandablel柚gllageresult
indrabnarration?Absolutelynot,readersstill
c锄fmd
beautyandpoeticflaVorwithiIlhissimplespol汜nlanguageillstead.Thewayof
spedkiIlgis
detemiIled
bychildren’sacceptanceoflanguage.1llofdertoenableyoung
use
readefstounderstand,hehadtoquitesimplewordsandconcepts,andtoresonto
47
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticFeatufesofAndersen’sFairyTales
d№ct
l锄gllagci11steadofsomethiIlg
abstr拟.Please
let’s100katthefollowingbeautiful
SentenCeS:
‘叮hewilldwhistlesintheoldwillowtfee.nis舔ifonewere
hea血gasong;the
leaffello地rain
响d
Herewe
singsit;thetreetellsit”;“Inthe
autu砌everysill酉e
drippedlj吣mthebarebranches”
cansec
(1162).
lucid.What
0nes.HiStheducl【s
thesewords
use
are
thedaily-usedones,which盯enaturaland
ismorc,heprefb玎edto
sentenccsarealways
somesinlpleshort.For
s%tenc鹉ntherth卸complex
thehens
simple卸d
iIlst柚ce:“But
clucked,觚d
quacked,卸d
thetIlrkeygobbler’sface
t啪ed丘eryred”(200).
little锄gel,but丽thout
tllroughthe
Anotherexample,
nis
a
little
a
child劬m
heaven,a
win萨,foritis
to
become
a
humanchild.Softly
an
it酉ides
a远柚d
thewiIldcarriesitinto
nower'whichmaybe
0rchid,a
d姐delion,a
rose,ora
cowslip,锄d
therc“
liesandrestsitself.
(977)
Some耐tics
obviouslydonot
l溉hisstyle.ney
tllinkAndefsen’stalesViolate
a
仃aditionaldo毋naofliterature:litemrytexts缸enotallowedt0beoralnarratives.0ne
嘶tic
maintaillswithheaVy-handedresolVethatitisnotacceptable,inpublishedl“eratllre,
wr!itershould‘‘expressoneselfinthesamedisordedywayin
[that]也e
p血t勰is
me锄s
of
pe疵ctly
229).1ll
acCcptablewhenexpressingoneselfinVerbalthe
discourSe”(qtd.illJe璐AnderSen
wasregarded
as
a
1830s,t0writethewaypeopletalked
undemliIlingthe仃Ile如dbeautifIllValuesofliterature.
Itof
w舔吼heafd
thougllts
t0
oftoreplacethe
st锄dard
writtenlangllagewitllthe丘ee1anguage
as
gnlmble,hum,sob,觚d
plailllyspeakyourmilld
Andersendid
intheretalesintendedforchildren.
(JensAndersen229)
just
HoweVer,theseorallanguageandsentencescreatefunhersignificancethatiscoherentwithchildren,s
understanding锄dthinl(ing.T11lemosteSsentialgiftfor
a
good
can
fairy?taleswriteriShisabilitytotellstorieswithsinlplel锄gllage
thatchildren
underst觚d.Tllis
Onthe
on
unique
fbmhas0penedthenewfairytalestr衄d
sillcethe20thcentufy.
otherhand,Anders%allowed
moreandmore
hisfairytalestosettheironomatopoeticstamp
ofstrongeraIld
one
the
l卸guage,and
ex锄ples
stronger彻omatopoetic
an
appearillAnderSen’sfairy
tales.nis
quicl【lybecomes
ofthetrademarksof
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AnisticFeaturesofAndersen’sFair),TalesAnders∞tales.Thisemphasisonthespokenlanguageissomethingquitcnewinthe
hasalwaysbeenpresentiIltheliViIlg,morerefiIledwrittenfairy-tale
oralfolkliteranlre,althou曲itl柚guage0fordinarypeopleandchildren,whowouldspontaneouslyimitatethenatllre卸dcIlltllresu玎oundillgthem.Ev明todaychildren
aandchildlil【e∞ulsuseonomatopoetict0illdicatethepersonality
caseof锄柚inlalorcertaillobject.Thisisals0theinAnderS%’sfa时tales.
Dillg-dong!”rin笋0utfromtheBeUDeepintheOdenseIllAndersen’snan.ation,hetriedhisbestt0imitatea11l【indsofthesollIlds.FcIrexample:“Dillg-dong!
RiVeL..(674);“he
bang!Uponthetouchedtheship’srig酉ngwithhisfeet,sliddownthesail,andlanded,ondeck”(199);“JustlistentoitdmmtheburdockleaVes!”criedFathef
skillfulapplicationofVafiousSnail.“Rum-dum—dum!Rum-dum—dum!”(398)His
onomatopoeticnatllrallyproducesliVelyrhymmandcadence.WithiIlthesesentences,wemayfeelthatthenarratoriStelliIlgstoriesViVidly'whowen伊弱psllis觚diencc’sthillkiIlg.、Ⅳh明children
theydon’thaVerefertothecat,theywouldprefert0use“mew,mew”becausetoenou曲abilityunderstandtlloseabstractide硒,andtheyareaccustomedt0acceptingallmeVisible卸dVocalthill笋.Thegoodfairy-talewfite瑙shouldt巧t0createstoriesalongwith弱muchonomatopoetic弱possible.
“Caim!Caim!”(965)scfeechtheblackscavengeravensand啪wsinthelesserlmowntale“neFolksong’s
wercB硼.”Andin“髓e晰ll-0’-the-whips~eTImnk,’itsaysoftheinT0wn”itsays,“wroosh!ney
howthey90ne!”(914)In‘‘neF1yillgfirewo咄“whose,nared!”(163)柚diIl‘‘Tlhe“ttleMatch
matchessay“Scritch!”(344)EvenGirl”themagicalbutquicl【lyextill咖shed
t0asometh吨assoundless勰hot的nsaystheir“fllt,foy”(1070).ncollar“scrap!”(408)whilesilenttallowcandlessputter
nerveseems硒iftheo玛yofsounds
“theendedillAndersen’sfairytales.ThewatchdoginSnowm柚”snads
onhis“sweeeeeeeeet-heans!”andin“TheElf锄dtheMistress,”theelfb10wsthecoo蜘gpot∞itboilsoVerwitha“surra-nl玎a—mp!"Illthetaleabout
“TheDropof
thesoundofaWhtef,”wehearthemysterio惦sound“baf!”whichissupposedtoiIldicatealegbeillgkickedawayduringscume.
Healsousedsomebriefandlittleisolatedsoundssuchas:hum,uh,plop,ho,andhee—ya.Thesoundsbecomemoreandmorebold,acquiringgreaterpower柚deXuberance.F0rillstancc,inthetaleabout“Peiter'Peter,andPeef,”theni曲tingalesin笋“Ⅺuk!Ⅺukl49
上海师范大学硕士学位论文AJtisticFeaturesofAmdersen’s
Fa时Tales
zi!ID,lol,li”(232).And
thebigfireddnlmiIl“TheGolden1’reasure”makesthetale
vibratewithdecibels:Dum,dum,dum!Dummelum!Bam,bambam!Bamalam!Come,come11’rammerim,1Xammerim,it’shim1Thisillcfcasing
11ummelum,tummelum,tIlmmelumsk,’(948).
uses
comprehcnsive锄dsophisticated
a
ofonomatopoeticillthistalemake
Andersensomething0f
modemist.AndersenJenscommented:“Thisw弱anewtypeof
poet彤expressed
in
a
childish
yet柚”hingbut‘sug扑coated’langIlage
that
Anders%
wantedt0createwithhis
The
tales”(238).
syllt觚0fAndersen’sfairytalesals0indicateshisendeavort0produceorality.
IIlnumerableexclamations,oftenbegiIlemphas娩etllenarrator’sHowtheTree
V岫g
wim卸inte巧ection,ViVify
thenar豫tionand
de暑乒.eeofemotionalpanicipation.Fbrexa珈【ple:“Oh!
narrator
quivered!Whatw弱t0happen?”(256)the
fir;锄d“Oh,howf的tsore
her
triesto
arouse
audience’sworfyaboutthe
andtiredshew勰!Andhowcold
expresseSthe
翘d
bleakeVerythillg
afound
100ked!”但66)this
st翘der-by,s
eXpfesses
compassion柚dpain;锄d“Hail,how丘a伊觚t锄d
extraordinarycomments
on
loVelyitwas!”(245)this
on
excitement柚d
admiration.In“ThePrincess
thePea,”thenarrator
shew舔in
theunbecomillgen仃anceofthe
p血cessherself.‘哳hatasigllt
authatrailland
wind”(23).
see
Fromthesedescriptionswemay
narratof’sfadal
are
expression,ch柚giIlg
w“h
iIltonationofhistelling.Forchildrenthey
ablet0feel
joy觚dsonDw,a90ny柚d
exdtement卸d
they
are
affectedbythesenatlIralsounds.
Narrationwi也oral
l柚guage
is
a
rcmarl【ablefcatureofAndersen'Sillhis
fairytales.
Anderscntookpioneerinusingappropriate
splok锄language
eVer
lales,柚d
hefoundthemost
l柚gllageforfairytalescfeation
sillce.
上海师范大学硕士学位论文ConduSion
ConcIusion
“Ⅵ,llydolstudyHaIlsChristianAndersen?”一Thisisaquestionthatenchantedthewritef觚oyea娼agowhenthewTitersetoutthepost铲aduatepaper.Thewriterwillbe
aregladt0hearreaders’opiIlionsaboutitafterwards.Herownconsiderationscertainly
notnewalldsensational.hlthatcasethewriter’sworkmaybecalledarepetition.Butrcpetitionofftlndamentalissuesmustbedonenow锄dthen,锄dtheproblemsshouldbereconsidered.Tllisiswhatthewritcrintendst0dointhiSpaper.
AsaD锄ishwriter,Andersenisfamousforllisfai巧taleswhicharenotmeantmerelyforchildrenbutforadults嬲well.Belovedbygenerationsofchildrcn柚dadultsaroundtheworldfortales,AndersenreVolution娩edchildren’sliterature.AlthoughomersbeforehimhadcolleCted锄drctoldfolkstories船dfairytaIes,hecouldbcse锄asmoVillgin姐inlitatiVemode,attemptingtocapturethestyleandspiritoffolktellsinhislitera巧e任bns.1Y|ethisfairytaleswithhisself-consciouslyartlessexpressionsandcalculateddidacticeffects,diVergedramatically舫mthe仃aditionaltales0ffolkcllltures.AnderSImw弱the
ajfirstt0createthestorieshimself,i11stillingpreviouslystiltedgenrewithnewhum%
wisdom,柚dpathos.What
onAndersenseemedt0havefb唱ottenisthatthefolktalethrivesconnicts柚dcontIaSt,notonsentiment柚dpathos.MaIly
lifeafIerofAndersen’sfairytalesconnicts.‘‘Thedepictcharacte塔whogaillhappinessinsuf佗血gU酉y
Duddill∥柚d“neIjttleMe姗aid,,areAndersen’smostintimateworks.
11raVersELtelliIlgregisterSherresponseasachildtoreadingAndersen’sfa岫tales:
way锄d
toAh,howpleas她ttobemanipulated,tofeelone’sheartstringpulledthisthat俩an&觚锄g,agaill卸dag血,longing,seIf-pity,nostal百c,remorse,锄d
letfallthefIlllsometearSthatwould
Thefairylale,withallitsdiverSeneVerbeshedfofGrimm(232).artis|icideas
thereli百ous,philoS0phical,scientific,andand锄bitions,reflectsthegeneralspiritdufingthefirsthalfofthe19thcentu哆IIlto
openandcolorfulfairy—talelandscape,withhisVeryownfaify-talestyle,Andersen’sstoriesexplodeda11boundariesofwhatwritersatthetiⅡlea110wedt0dowith
includinghowtheyspokeaboutafairytale,children锄dtochildren.Anycontemporarydiscussion51
上海师范大学硕士学位论文
Conclusion
ofAndersen’sstonesshouldtakeintoaccountcenaillpreliminariesthathaVetodowithhiscreatiVetreatmentofthefairytalepattem勰consecratedbythefolktradition,鹤well
as
themodemityofthisself二awaregesturethatis
so
dosetopostIIlodemreinte叩retations
oftraditionallitefary
f0胁s.№艇ry.tale
authori11theWholeworldhadeverbefore
raInbledso丘eeinwriting.Atthesametime,AndersenillVokedthethefairytaleand,throughtheretelling,to
hum锄ri曲t
touse
fe血e
it.
AndersenwasthefirStwriteftotreathisfaifytales於literary
genre锄d
toi11ventnew
as
taleswhichenteredthecollectiVeconsciousnesswiththesamem)rthicpower
the
锄cient,柚onymousones.Almost觚o
hlIIldfed
years世crAndersen
U出y
wrotethem,stories
suchas“TheEmperor’sNewClothes”and“TllleaspeCtsofthehumancondition,whiletlle“SnowQueen”or“TheUttle
Ducklillg”remain
terroror
b)啊ords
for
characte瑙印“om娩iIlgsacrifice,such弱
culture卸d
Chillese
Memaid,”are硒deeplyiⅡlbeddedillbothwestem
cultufe弱those劬mtmditionalfoll【lorel呔e“CindereJla’’or
forAndersen’scontiIluedpopularitywithyoungerand
hisstories
“Sle印illgBe卸ty.”
Perhapsthe
major
rcason
OlderreadersishiSabilityt0infusesymbolismwhichmemes.
hl
with锄unobtnlsive
yetiⅡlportaIlt
transfoms
them丘’ommereentenainm%t
into仃eatmentofuniVersaJ
Anders明’s丘ctionalreality,哲ory
andhappiness
arc
dre锄s
comiIlgtme.Kay,
Gerda,TIhumbeliIIa,Ida,theBrave
kad
Soldief'theUtⅡeMatchbox
shiIlillgin
Sellef柚dtheU酉y
ofworld—famolls
worldsendow
Ducl【lillg缸esomeofthebrighteststars
the丘m锄ent
litera巧Characte璐ofalltimes.Tllleif
destinicS,dre锄s,theirentirespiritllal
thelittlefeaderswithwisdomaIld铲ace.AUtheseefcortshaVemadehistaleswidelyread.
Therichqualityofchildren’sliteratufeiIlherentiIlAnderSen’staleshasiIlspiredChinesewritersthe
and百Ven
birthtoChinesechildren’sliterature.Hisworl【shavebecome
no瑚forwfiterst0
follow,adhereto,asthecriticWangQuangenobserVes,“LeamiIlg
an
缸胁Andersen
fairytales
hasbecomeessential觚d
integralpanofself-cllltivatingforChiIlese
wfitefs”(938).
technolo百cal
as
an
Theworldoftoday,theworldof九lshing
deVelopment,asitis,hails
Andersen,lookiIlgfortheflltureandtakinghim
iIlspirillgstar.Underhisbright
52
上海师范大学硕士学位论文ConcJusionligllt
athechild柚datheadultbecomeonespiritIlalentity,酉orifyingtherigllttobeaparent,teacher锄dchild.AnderSen’sbio伊叩hersoftencite
son’stheprediction:Adaywillcomewheninyour
becomeahonorfirewofl【swillbealit锄dhewillgreatmaIlbutglory柚dfortunewillwaitfofhim
ill10ngwayn’omhereEducation如dnow(RoussinoVa,“AndersenBulgari加Pre—School
Strate西cs’,).
TllliSpredictiontogetherwiththeartisticimpactofhisworl【smiIl舀esinoufideaofhim髓torchlight
stanyofjustice,ama垂ci柚of0verletters,ateacherofthefIltllre.Andellsen’soldagefor200yearsligllth嬲shonechildh00d,oVeradolescence,maturc锄dandwillC0ntiIluetodos0.
So陆thc
hasbecomeawriterhasalmostexclusiVelytalkedaboutAndersen卸dhisfairytales.Itlongcatalogueofproblemsforresearch.nis,however,notcomplete,tobe
onsurc.WfilerofthispapefinVitesfeaderSt0extendtheresearchAnders即趾dhis
worksfIlnher,iftheyfeeliIlterestedmthesubjeCt.53
上海师范大学硕士学位论文Conclusion
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研究生期间科研成果
本人在研究生三年学习期间,在吉林人民出版社出版的《理论探索》上发表了《安徒生童话与<圣经>的渊源关系》一文。并且协助导师王新球教授编写了由上海交通大学出版社出版的《新视角英语专业阅读60篇》一书。
论安徒生童话的深层含义及其艺术特点
作者:
学位授予单位:巨铭上海师范大学
相似文献(10条)
1.期刊论文 李红叶.LI Hong-ye 安徒生童话:中国现代儿童文学之源 -昆明师范高等专科学校学报2005,27(3) 安徒生童话是中国儿童文学最初的理想范式.中国现代儿童文学建设者们正是借世界一流的儿童文学经典作品尤其是安徒生童话所蕴有的现代儿童文学理念开启了中国文学的新形式--现代意义的儿童文学.安徒生童话所具有的纯正而丰富的儿童文学艺术因素不但深刻影响了中国现代儿童文学的诞生,而且成为中国儿童文学长期遵循的艺术典范.安徒生童话是中国现代儿童文学之源.
2.期刊论文 李红叶 安徒生童话经典品格的追寻与叩问--兼论其对当代中国儿童文学的意义 -漳州师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2002,16(1)
对安徒生童话的经典品格的追寻与叩问,成为新时期以来对安徒生童话的接受的一个总的趋势.人们对安徒生童话的接受是与当代儿童文学的自身反省联系在一起的.安徒生童话被作为文学经典从多方面为中国当代儿童文学的建构提供了一个思考的平台和参照的背景.
3.期刊论文 李红叶 叶圣陶与安徒生--兼论中国现代儿童文学对安徒生童话的接受 -中国文学研究2002,""(2) 安徒生是对中国现代儿童文学产生影响最为深刻的外国作家.作为中国现代儿童文学的奠基者,叶圣陶的童话创作深受安徒生童话的影响,但又以其深重的历史责任感和鲜明的"为人生而艺术"的现实主义特色显示了其童话创作中民族文化的积淀和时代精神的要求.叶圣陶对安徒生童话的接受作为一个典型的个案揭示出:安徒生对中国现代儿童文学的影响更多地是属于文体层面的影响,而非童话精神的渗透.
4.学位论文 强粲 安徒生童话与中国儿童教育——兼论安徒生童话作为语文教育资源 2010
儿童是民族的未来,是国家的希望,儿童是具有独立性和主体性的群体。新文化运动的兴起,为安徒生童话的引入提供了历史性契机。安徒生童话优美的语言、精巧的构思和充盈的童趣迎合了儿童的需求,成为现代儿童文学的典范。<br>
本文主要探讨安徒生童话与中国儿童教育的关系,对作为语文教育资源的安徒生童话进行理论认知。文章共分为五章。第一章旨在结合安徒生童话意义的中国性诠释,理清安徒生童话中国化的进程。第二章通过儿童性视角分析安徒生童话,展现安徒生对儿童性的观照。第三章则从语言、意境、内涵、手法等方面对安徒生童话文本进行文学性解读。第四章探寻安徒生童话对儿童的深层影响。第五章结合当今语文教育中儿童性和儿童主体性的迷失现状,寻求童话在文学教育中的定位,对作为语文教育资源的安徒生童话进行理论认知,揭示在语文教育中正确对待儿童文学的最佳途径。
5.期刊论文 李红叶 安徒生童话在"五四"时期 -湖南师范大学社会科学学报2002,31(3)
安徒生童话对中国儿童文学产生了至为深远的影响.安徒生童话被介绍进入中国并为中国儿童文学界所称誉、所推崇,有着特定的历史渊源.到了"五四"时代,随着"人"的发现而发现了"儿童",人们才发现了安徒生,选择安徒生是中国儿童文学建设初期焦虑与期待的结果.安徒生童话为中国现代儿童文学注入了新的元素.
6.期刊论文 李艳茹 简论安徒生童话在中国的译介与影响 -语文学刊2009,""(7)
安徒生童话从20世纪初被译介到中国一直到新时期的不断重译和出版,有两个关键的阶段和两位重要译者的推动.周作人在民国初年,"五四"之前首次将安徒生童话译介到中国,他也是第一个用白话文翻译安徒生童话的人,极大地促进安徒生童话在中国的译介,这一过程在"五四"之后达到顶峰,对中国儿童文学的产生与发展有巨大的影响.建国之后,叶君健的翻译使安徒生童话在中国的翻译进入一个新时期,使安徒生童话的翻译超越了儿童读物的范围.
7.期刊论文 李艳茹 简论安徒生童话在中国的译介与影响 -语文学刊2009,""(4)
安徒生童话从20世纪初被译介到中国一直到新时期的不断重译和出版,有两个关键的阶段和两位重要译者的推动.周作人在民国初年,"五四"之前首次将安徒生童话译介到中国,他也是第一个用白话文翻译安徒生童话的人,极大地促进安徒生童话在中国的译介,这一过程在"五四"之后达到顶峰,对中国儿童文学的产生与发展有巨大的影响.建国之后,叶君健的翻译使安徒生童话在中国的翻译进入一个新时期,使安徒生童话的翻译超越了儿童读物的范围.
8.期刊论文 李红叶 论安徒生童话对严文井童话创作的影响 -云梦学刊2004,25(3)
中国儿童文学追慕安徒生童话,并使自身的创作获得现代品质.安徒生童话对严文井的童话创作产生了多层次的深刻影响,其影响不止于语言与意象,更是一种精神上的渗透.严文井对童话诗性与哲理的追求及鲜明的现实关怀更直接源于他对安徒生童话浓郁诗意和人道主义精神的推崇.但由于文化背景的差异和儿童文学观念的不同,以及安徒生创作的个人性奇迹,对中国儿童文学而言,安徒生童话是一个高不可及的范本.
9.期刊论文 李红叶 曹文轩的小说艺术与安徒生童话 -湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版)2002,24(2)
追随永恒、追求文学的经典价值是曹文轩的文学理论与他的作品的最突出的特征,正是在这一个层面上,我们看到了他与安徒生同在,也正是在这一层面上,我们看到了安徒生童话与中国当代儿童文学的精神联系以及这种联系所具有的意义:安徒生童话所代表的文学的古典品格依然有效,"追随永恒"指示了儿童文学多辐向发展中充满魅力的一个辐向.
10.期刊论文 冶伟玲.YE Wei-ling 视角越界与童话翻译——以安徒生童话中英译本为例 -四川教育学院学报2009,25(6)
安徒生童话是世界儿童文学的瑰宝,其儿童读者阅读水平和审美情趣的特殊性是作品翻译的难点和重点,叙事视角的灵活运用和研究为此提供了一条出路,也对童话这一特殊文体的翻译具有参考价值.
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