《西方文化概论》课程论文

学 院：

专 业： 班 级：学 号：姓 名：

本论文根据结课论文评分标准，应得分值课程论文的成绩评定采用五级记分制，即优秀（90-100分）、良好（80-90分）、中等（70-79分）、及格（60-69分）、不及格（60分以下）。

1、优秀（90-100分）

能熟练地综合运用所学理论和专业知识，内容丰富，立论正确，分析严密，结论合理；论文有自己独到的见解，具有一定的创新性，水平较高论文条理清楚，论述充分，文字通顺，符号统一，编号齐全，书写工整，格式规范。

2. 良好（80-90分）

按期完成论文的各项工作，能较好地综合运用所学理论和专业知识，内容较丰富，立论正确，分析正确，结论合理；论文有一定的水平。论文条理清楚，论述充分，文字通顺，符合学术用语要求，书写工整，格式规范。

3. 中等（70-79分）

在运用所学理论和专业知识上基本正确，但在非主要内容上有欠缺和不足；立论正确，分析基本正确；有一定的独立工作能力；论文水平一般。论文文理通顺，但论述有个别错误或表达不清楚，书写不够工整，格式不够规范。

4. 及格（60-69分）

在运用所学理论和专业知识上没有大的原则性错误；论点、论据基本成立，分析基本正确，内容欠丰富；论文达到基本要求。 论文文理通顺，但论述不够恰当和清晰；书写欠工整，格式欠规范。

5. 不及格（60分以下）

在运用所学理论和专业知识上出现不应有的原则性错误；在分析等工作中独立工作能力差；内容比较少，论文未达到基本要求。论文文理不通，书写潦草，格式不规范。

说明：

（1）未写题目扣2分。（2）错别字1个扣1分，至多扣3分。（3）标点错误多，酌情扣1—2分。（4）文面不整洁，酌情扣1—2分；文面整洁美观，酌情加1—2分。

两希文化对西方文化的影响

摘要：两希文化指的是古希腊罗马文化与希伯来基督教文化，希腊与希伯来两大文化体系至今对西方文化仍产生着十分深刻的影响。希腊文化中的自然与理性，希伯来文化中的宗教意识，几千年来渗透到西方社会的各个领域中，为西方文明的不断进步提供了源源不竭的动力。

关键词:希腊罗马文化 基督教文化 西方文化 影响

一、希腊罗马文化

古希腊文明是西方文明的源头，它在政治文明领域的最大遗产就是其城邦时代实行的民主制度。希腊城邦本身就是公民集体联合的国家组织，因此尽管政体存在差异，但都不同程度地实行民主政治。民主制下每个公民都是国家最高权力机关公民大会的成员，各级官职向全体公民开放。近代西方资产阶级学者提出的三权分立和民享、民有、民治等思想，都来自当时的希腊文明。雅典是希腊各城邦中实行民主政治的典型，是希腊民主政体的发源地，它所创立的差额选举制、任期制、议会制、比例代表制等民主运作方式为后世继承和发展。一位与伯利克里同时代的人曾经自豪地说：“假如你未见过雅典，你是个笨蛋；假如你见到雅典而不狂喜，你是一头蠢驴；假如你自愿把雅典抛弃，你是一头骆驼。”罗马法是罗马政治文明中最伟大的成就，它是世界史上内容最丰富、体系最完善、对后世影响最广泛的古代法律体系。它不仅严格界定了法律主体的权利和义务，而且阐明了相关的法理，为人们提供了行使权利和承担义务的法律依据。罗马法是现代资本主义法制的先声，拿破仑时期颁布的《法国民法典》、英国的《权利法案》、美国的《1787年宪法》等，都以罗马法中的理论为基础。罗马法的影响还波及到亚洲，19世纪末20世纪初，日本、中国清末和民国时期的民法，都受到罗马法的影响。我国现行的《民法通则》和《继承法》，也在一定

程度上借鉴了罗马法的原则。德国著名法学家耶林格曾说：“罗马曾三次征服世界，第一次是以武力，第二次是以宗教，第三次则以法律。而第三次征服也许是其中最为平和、最为持久的征服。”“光荣属于希腊，伟大属于罗马”，这是诗人爱伦·坡对古希腊罗马文明的高度评价。这两个国家给文明太多神秘的向往和伟大的崇拜，他们之间虽然有异同点，但都是文明学习西方历史的源头。

二、基督教文化精神：

希伯来民族强调人对上帝的绝对服从；重视灵魂，主张人的理智抑制肉体的欲望；轻视人的现世生命的价值和意义，重视天国的幸福。希伯来文化是一种重灵魂、重群体、重来世的理性型文化。

古希腊罗马人那种恣情纵欲、敢爱敢恨、充满疯狂的喜悦和沉重的悲伤、情感得以充分释放的飞扬动荡的生活转变为一种内敛、宁静乃至沉闷的生活。希伯来文学中虽无古希腊文学那对自然人性的张扬和裸露，却有一种内敛式的人性追求，强调理性对原欲的限制，蕴含着一种尊重理性、群体本位、肯定超现实之生命价值的宗教人本意识。

事实上，古希腊文化中的原欲和希伯来文化中的理性也是对立统一的。原欲和理性是人的不可或缺的两个侧面，因此这两种文化之间的关系也是既对立又统一，既冲突又互补相融的。

古希腊-罗马文化体现了原始初民无穷的生命活力，而希伯来-基督教文化既抑制了人的原始生命力，又表现出对人的理性本质的寻求，既有人的主体性的萎缩，又有人对自我理解的进步和升华。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。“两希”文学中对人性追寻的这种对立和互补，构成了西方文学人性探索的基本价值核心，也是西方文学贯穿始终的人文主题。

三、古希腊罗马文化对西方文化的影响

古希腊是西方文明的摇篮，人类智慧的象征。古希腊文化是西方文化的渊源，她以其独特的风采与卓越的成就享誉世界，以至有“言必称希腊”之说。古代希腊文化在文学、艺术、哲学、宗教神话、政治学以及自然科学等方面大放异彩，被西方学者称之为古典文化。古希腊文化之所以在世界文化史中占有突出地位，就是因为古希腊文化在其历史发展进程中，创造了无数璀璨夺目的文化成果，达到人类文明史上的一个高峰。由此，古希腊文化及以后作为希腊文化继承者的罗马文化，启迪了14—17世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动,对世界文化的发展起着巨大而深远的推动作用。正如恩格斯曾指出的：“没有古希腊文化及罗马帝国所奠定的基础,也就没有现代的欧洲。”希腊文明始于公元前二十世纪,在经历了几千年的积累与沉淀之后,古希腊人民创造出了无数夺目的精神财富和文化艺术瑰宝。古代希腊文化在宗教神话、哲学、文学艺术及科学等诸多方面取得辉煌成就，对其后的西方文明乃至当今的世界文化发展都起到了巨大而深远的影响。那时候所创造的艺术作品，直到现在还能给我们以艺术的享受,而且就某方面说还是一种规范和高不可及的范本；而哲学、科学思想则奠定了人类对自然、社会和思维认识的基础。 四、基督教文化对西方文化的影响

1、基督教义化对西方价值观的影响

对于西方的主流价值观所强调的内容，大部可以在基督教义化中找到其根源。我们常常以西方价值观中的个人主义与我国的集体主义进行比较，其实，个人主义的思想根源出于基督教《圣经》中基督教伦理中的戒命的第二条“要爱人如己。先自爱，次之为爱人如己。”需要强调的是，往往存在着将个人主义与自私主义联系在一起的误区，但其实真正的个人主义所体现的是一种道德的，政治的，和社会的哲学，强调个人的自由和个人的重要性，以及“自我独立的美德”，“个人独立”，一种以个人为中心对待社会或他人的思想和理论观点。个人主义在西方表现为对个人财富，权利，智慧的尊重。也正是这种价值观

激励着个体的进步从而带动了整个西方的进步。

2.基督教文化对西方文学的影响

文学艺术是体现文化的最好体现。在基督教义化的影响下，西方在学显现出了独有的特点。蔡元培曾指出：宗教和文学有很密切的关系，因为两者都是感情的产物。从中世纪的宗教文学，之后的文艺复兴时期，一直到二十世纪，基督教精神一直是西方义学中潜在的暗流。 基督教文化在义学方面的体现最为明显的就是：基督宗教精神作为西方文学的核心观念，作家在作品中往往通过隐喻的基督形象来阐释自己的基督宗教思想，以及以基督精神来审理世俗社会。这使得基督文化的传播得到了巨大的推动力。霍桑通过细腻的心理刻画，设置了由原罪到忏悔，再到救赎的故事结构，把海丝特与狄梅斯迪尔放在万难忍受的境遇里来剖析他们的灵魂。《红字》的结构框架，开端就是以男女主人公道德上的堕落为出发点，经过千辛万苦的灵魂上的历练，从而获得最终意义上的解脱，实现人性的升华，在宗教的洗礼中求得心灵的平静。小说的主题在于叙述两个犯了罪的人如何走向灵魂的新生。而霍桑选择了不同以往的视角，来探索道德和善恶问题，将《圣经》里充满上帝感召精神的篇章，溶于整个故事，化作新的成分，把抽象的“原罪”的文化原型融入具体的社会问题的揭示之中。

3、基督教文化对西方政治的影响

基督教的教义所体现出的文化在西方的政治制度中也有这充分的体现。西方一些国家的立宪政治制度正是这一点的体现。基督教认为，人是按照神的形象创造的，因此每个人的天性中部有神性，天地万物，唯有人具有神的灵明。后来，尽管人因对上帝的叛离而导致了人性与人世的堕落。但在基督教的传统里，人的神性从未因此消失。这个神性赋予了人作为被创造物固有的尊荣，权利，幸福与慈爱。人生而自由、平等，因为基督教认为人人均为上帝的造物，人只受上帝的奴役。人权是天赋的，作为地上之国的人类世界必须保障这一天赋的人权，并通过立宪表现出来。通过立宪解决这一问题，也是基于基

督教对人类理性坚定不移的信赖。理性是西方宪政国家的基础：正是在每个人理性即自利自保，趋利避害本能指引下，人们才会并能够订立契约组成国家。这也解释了在政治上保护人权的主张。

17、18世纪以来欧美确立的那种自由宪政，从19世纪晚期开始有了变化：由于基督教文化的缘故，福利国家的政策取代了自由放任政策。直到目前为止，我们看到的所有福利国家都是基督教国家，而这些国家的宪法又有效地辅助了这项政策，这一切所说明的并不是一个巧合。这涉及基督教义化中关于“情”的伦理，人的自爱与博爱，以及与此相关的人的救赎与行善。基督教伦理中的戒命有两条：第一，耶稣说：你要尽心、尽性、尽意爱主你的神。第二，要爱人如己。先自爱，次之为爱人如己。基督教的爱是一种博爱。《圣经》强调对穷人的关心和爱：在你们的地收割庄稼，不可割尽田角，也不可拾取所遗落的，要留给穷人和寄居的。基督教对人类命运的普世关怀，不但肯定了个人，即自爱和自我，的价值，而且也肯定了人类有共同的价值，即个人主义和集体主义可以恪守共同的法则，共营社会政治生活。这就充分的解释了西方国家优越的福利政策。

五、结论

事实上，古希腊文化中的原欲和希伯来文化中的理性也是对立统一的。原欲和理性是人的不可或缺的两个侧面，因此这两种文化之间的关系也是既对立又统一，既冲突又互补相融的。

古希腊-罗马文化体现了原始初民无穷的生命活力，而希伯来-基督教文化既抑制了人的原始生命力，又表现出对人的理性本质的寻求，既有人的主体性的萎缩，又有人对自我理解的进步和升华。这种尊重理性、群体本位、崇尚自我牺牲和忍让博爱的宗教人本意识，是以后欧洲文化内核的又一层面。“两希”文学中对人性追寻的这种对立和互补，构成了西方文学人性探索的基本价值核心，也是西方文学贯穿始终的人文主题。

古希腊-罗马文化和古希伯来-基督教文化这两种文化的相互斗争、相互融合，形成了今日西方文化的基本面貌。

参考文献

[1]《西方文化概论》，赵林，高等教育出版社，20xx年

[2]《西方艺术精神》，王岳川，高等教育出版社，20xx年

[3]《西方哲学史》邓晓芒，赵林，高等教育出版社

[4]《古希腊文学史》吉尔伯特·默雷著，孙席珍等译。上海译文出版社。19xx年5月。

[5]《基督教哲学1500年》，赵敦华著，人民出版社，1994。

 

第二篇：西方文化课程论文.1doc1

西方文化课程论文 课程号 140010190 成绩:

学院；

专业：

姓名：

学号：

20xx年10月27日

词条解释:

1. Oedipus the king:

Oedipus the king which was written by Sophocles was the story of a man who unknowingly committed terrible sin. An oracle said that the child Oedipus would grow up to kill his father and marry his mother.So the parents left him on a hillside,but he was rescued and brought up as a son of the king of another country. Hearing the oracle,Oedipus ran away from that country. While traveling, he met and killed his father ,king of Thebes and marry the queen of the country who was his mother.

2. Discus Thrower:

Discus Thrower was a sculpture in which the relaxation an contraction of the muscle were successfully brought out and the sense of body movement is remarkably strong,bringing out a good sense of harmony and the balance of opposites.

3. Book of Job

This is a poetic drama with the following scheme:

Part one: The prologue

Part Two: The poem proper

Job speaks --Job and his friends state their case--Job speaks again--God answer Job--Job answer God

Part Three: The epilogue

This was a book which was written by Job, a legendary figure in the distant past who is a law-abiding and God-fearing innocent man. This book described how he endured all his sufferings and still kept his faith in God.

4. Amos

Chronologically it is the earliest prophet. Amos was a shepherd living around 800

B.C who witnessed the exploitation of the poor, and corruption in the courts of justice. In Amos we can hear clearly the angry voice of the laboring people. He warned his people of the coming invasion by Assyria and Egypt and was accused of plotting revolution.

5. Code of Chivalry

As a knight ,he was pledged to protect the weak ,to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth.

6. Beowulf (700-750 A.D)

Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic ,in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature. The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero,Beowulf ,defeats the monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon.

7. Pleiade(七星诗社）

This was a group of poets who made efforts to enrich the French language by writing in a style that was clear and free from useless rhetoric.

8. The land of Cockayne(1567)

The picture shows a fool's paradise in which tables are laden with tasty fishes, houses are roofed with pies and roast pigs. The men and the tree are not sinners in the grip of Satan but they have chosen to be slaves and have given up all respect for the sake of animal satisfaction.

9. The rising of the cross

It is a painting which is made by Peter Paul Rubens . And it is heroic in scale and majestic in conception. Here in this picture, Rubens owes a great deal to Italian masters: to Michelangelo for the muscular bodies, to Titian ,for the glowing color and to Caravaggio, the dramatic lighting.

10. Cable and love

It was a play best known to the Chinese audience. It is about the

love of a young aristocrat for a girl of humble background conveying the theme of the revolt of human feeling against the social convention.

A study of the differences between Greek

and Roman mythology

Greek mythology and Roman mythology together consist an important part of the western culture. However, it is often very hard to differ Greek mythology from Roman mythology since Roman mythology has introduced many gods from Greek mythology. So it is necessary to make a comparative study between them in order to see the differences and the uniqueness in Roman mythology.

Greek mythology is a body of myths and legends belonging to the ancient Greeks. It is a collection of stories concerning many "gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cultural and ritual practices". Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories of gods and heroes, concerning with ancient Rome's legendary origins and religious system.

There is an obvious different interpretation of the construction of the world in the Greek mythology and Roman mythology. In Greek mythology, the world is in an oval

universe. There are five part in the world which are humans' land, the unknown ocean, the chaos at the end of the ocean, heaven on the Mount Olympus where gods and goddess live, and the underground where giants lives. The heaven, ocean and the chaos are governed respectively by three main gods, Zeus, Poseidon and Hardis. The land where human lives is co-governed by these three gods. But the underground is left aside with the giants keeping in the underground world.

Greek mythology has recorded the origin of the world in a romantic way. It is said that the oldest god in the beginning of the universe is Chaos. He marks the beginning of the world and the myth. Then, Gaea and Tartarus were born. After that, Gaea gave birth to twelve Ouranos meaning the sky and Oceanus meaning the ocean. Also, at the bottom of the earth, Erevus, meaning darkness and Night gave birth to Light and Day. After that, twelve Titans were born. These twelve titans later became the forefathers of gods Greek mythology. The main gods in the mythology were all descents of the twelve titans. We can see that in the perspective of Greek mythology, there is a formation process of the world from the chaos and the appearance of light give brightness to the world. The personification of the nature explain the formation process of the wold. This is a romantic imagination of the world origin and the construction of the world.

However, in Roman mythology, we see no such romantic explanation of the world construction as found in Greek mythology. In fact, there are no record of the origin of the world in Roman myths. The old Rome did have its own tales about the early world before the many gods. But they were mostly related to the history of Rome. Only after the establishment of the Roman Republic, roman poets started to model the Greek mythology to write their own myths. Thus, the well-recorded part of the Roman mythology lacks the description of the world formation. It mostly concern with its own country rather than the world.

Seen from the perception of the origin of the world, Greek mythology are more of an attempt to understand the existence of the world and are more aware of the outside world. But Roman mythology are more concerned about itself, mainly dealing with what is related to themselves.

Then the second difference between Greek and Roman mythology is the gods. The gods in Greek mythology are human-shaped with very obvious personal characters. They have the emotions as human has. They can be happy, sad, good and evil. They can be jealous of each other and plotting. There is just little difference between gods and human, which is that gods are immortal while human are mortal. Greek mythology has build a world of gods which is very similar to human society. In this sense, we see that people in old Greece did worship the deity but they do not overemphasize on the sublimity of the gods and treat gods as moral standard. Gods are seen as a reflection of human life.

However, in Roman mythology, tit should be noted that the in-digetes are different in that they do not possess human character as the gods in Greek mythology do. They do not have siblings or marriage. They only have supernatural power and have mechanical function on people's daily activities. They have little influence on people's moral and thinking since they themselves are depicted as an feature without much emotion and thought. But the second group of gods, the introduced gods from other countries, names as dingetes are endowed with vivid personal characters. Since the gods are introduce from other myths, the Roman poets also model their way of personification of gods.

However, we must see that the personal characters of gods are changed a little in the process of introduction on order to meet the political and economical needs. For example, the god of war, Acres is originally a foolhardy god in Greek mythology who always cause troubles. But after introduction into Roman mythology, Acres is reinterpreted as the protector of soldiers since the Rome at that time were in the process of extending its territory and having a lot of wars. The negative image of Acres was changed into a favored god because of the need for Rome's advocacy of war for the sake of extending its land.

Thus, we see that gods in Greek mythology can be served as a reflection of the real life in ancient Greece while the gods in Roman mythology conveys political aims and are more of pragmatism.

The third difference is the legends. In both Greek and Roman mythology, they

are full of popular heroic legends. These heroic legends can often tell us about the value of the ancient people. The value they worship is often gave to the heroes in their myth.

In Greek mythology, heroic legends can be classified into three groups which are heroes of war, heroes of adventure, and heroes of culture. In most case, the heroic legends in Greek mythology describe the eager for adventure and exploration of the new world. In the adventures, heroes can do things according to their own will, but also they are manipulated by a certain god behind. It is not only a adventure of themselves but also a test from the god. The legends often emphasize on the individual achievements and growth. Very often it has a central character who behave much more brave than the others. Heroes in Greek mythology are more of individualism, more focused on their own glory of achievement.

But heroes in Roman mythology differ from the heroes in Greek mythology in the sense that they are less aware of personal achievement. In Roman mythology, patriotism is a big theme. The heroes are depicted more of a image with the sense of self-sacrifice for the sake of the country. The heroes in Roman mythology are more rational than gods in Greek mythology.

We can see the Greek mythology emphasize on individual glories. There are a lot of heroes who gain great individual achievements whereas in Roman mythology, heroes are more likely to sacrifice for the interest of the country, whose glory is usually linked with the country

Greek mythology and Roman mythology have many similarities since Roman mythology has introduced many gods from Greek mythology. But we can distinguish Roman mythology in the aspects of the view of world construction, the nature of gods and the value shown by the heroic legends.