张昊,男,口腔医学院20xx级口腔医学专业学生

张昊,男,口腔医学院2009级口腔医学专业学生。

磨难是一所最好的大学

20xx年的12月17日的晚上,作为一名刚入校的大一新生,我坐在湖北医药学院“勤工路,风雨行”演讲比赛的会场上听着台上的学子们讲诉自立自强的事迹,听着别人的故事,我心生感触,还在心里不停的问自己,如果没有成长在一个圆满的家庭,我也会像他们一样自强不息吗?那时,我不知道答案,因为过了十九年衣食无忧的生活,苦难对于我来说,很难想象! 西方人常说,人不能回答的问题就交给上帝吧,他会给你答案。未曾想,这句名言在我这个东方人身上得到验证。就在听完演讲的第二天,灾难从天而降。20xx年12月18日我永生难忘。父亲身体不适到十堰市太和医院检查,医生给出了诊断意见,说我的父亲得了肺癌晚期并发肺内转移,最多只剩三个月的生命。从那时起,我知道,我的大学,乃至我的人生,都变了。

从20xx年末到20xx年,我一边读书、参加学生工作,一边勤工俭学、带着爸爸治病,只要是能够读书,能够支撑住爸爸的生命,再多的苦我都不怕,因为我深深地感受到用自强撑起的天,别样的蓝。

一、为父治病,替母分忧

查出癌症之后,我们一家人带着爸爸四处求医。20xx年元月,大一上学期期末考试一结束,我就买了南下武汉的火车票,替妈妈带着爸爸去湖北省肿瘤医院接受更先进的抗癌治疗,一个寒假,我们身在异乡,我省吃俭用,隔三差五的买些营养品给爸爸补身体,整个寒假都在照看在爸爸病床前,后来下学期开学了,我不得不回学校上课,但我还是放心不下他,于是每两个星期,我就坐上夜里去武汉的火车,去医院看望父亲,给他洗洗换下的衣服,陪他说说话,给他买些营养品备着。在武汉呆得还不到一天,我又坐上凌晨的火车回十堰继续完成学业。由于积极的治疗,父亲的病情没有像医生说的那样快速恶化。但好景不长,20xx年3月,父亲开始出现右手麻木,由于两年的治疗,家中已负债很多,因为怕花钱,爸爸不听我和妈妈的劝告,执意不肯继续治疗,10月,爸爸又出现下肢麻木,不能正常行走,这才到太和医院检查,结果是肺癌颅内转移,最大肿块直径已六厘米。由于耽误了病情,病情迅速恶化,12月,爸爸已不能自理,只能躺在病床上,吃饭喝水以及大小便都得要人照顾。可是,爸爸治病还得花钱,我们 1

也还得生活。于是,我做出了一个决定,让妈妈回家,继续做她的生意,我一边读书一边在爸爸身旁照顾。带着爸爸上大学的那段日子,现在回想起来挺难的。在太和住院时,白天,我要用轮椅推着爸爸去做抗癌治疗。一天我得用心给他弄四顿饭,保证营养;他躺床上久了会浑身酸痛,我每天都要给他按摩揉腿,晚上,喂他吃完晚饭,我给他换衣服,擦身子,趁他睡着了,再去洗衣服;每天夜里一点要打甘露醇降颅内压,我得在床边看着,打完后给他盖好被子自己才能睡觉,每天夜里他都要上三至四次厕所,我就起床扶他去。25天,平均每天睡三个小时。除了照看好爸爸,我还得经常打电话撒谎骗妈妈,告诉她我这一切都好,不忙,一个人可以,好让她安心。那段日子,正逢期末考试来临,白天没时间,临考时我就在病房里熬夜复习,考前,安排好爸爸,然后精神恍惚的赶去考试。后来,用上分子靶向药后,我接受医生的建议,把爸爸送回家乡的医院接受维持治疗,为了尽力减轻妈妈的负担,我请假回家帮她照顾爸爸。请假的那段日子,也是考试科目安排的很集中的日子,那段日子里,我往返于医院与学校之间,一考完试就坐上汽车回家,隔几天再回学校考试,有时,感觉没复习好,就把考试资料拿出来,忍着头晕,在车上抢记。终于,我的孝心有了回报,爸爸病情有了好转,自己可以用左手拿勺子吃饭,自己扶着墙可以去厕所,不用时刻有人陪在身边,我终于长长的舒了一口气。

二、学海无涯,以苦作舟 作为一个医学生,我深知患有癌症的代价,这就是一个无底洞,不停地花钱还不知是否能够保住性命。除了给爸爸治病,我们一家的生活还要维持。我作为家中的男子汉,我必须得读完书,还要挣钱还债,孝顺妈妈。每当想到妈妈做着本小利薄的窗帘生意,天天剪剪缝缝,把刚刚挣到手还没捂热的钱存到卡里,留着给爸爸买天价的药,我就痛心不已。为了减轻妈妈的负担,我下定决心,自己解决自己的学费和生活费,此外,多少挣点和妈妈一起分担药费。所以,从大一起,我就开始有意识的把大量的精力放在学习上,从不参加浪费时间的娱乐活动,争取能把学习成绩搞好,能拿奖学金。大一时,除了参加必要的学校活动,我的时间大部分都是在教室度过的。每天早上六点半,我就到教室读上一个半小时的英语,上课时认真听讲做笔记,不会的向同学请教,每天晚上,我都会找个教室,把白天学过的东西复习一下,做一个系统的归纳,周六周日如果出去做兼 2

职,我也随身带着自制的英语生词小册,没事的时候背一下,不被人搭理的时候就把单词拿出来记几个。期末,大家都忙着复习,教室和图书馆的位子都紧缺。没教室读英语,我就跑到勤政楼前的花坛里读,冬天时,凛冽的寒风刺骨,但读着读着就没感觉了。没教室自习,我就不顾着远,一个人跑到药护学院找教室去自习,不算吃饭上厕所,平均每天自习十二个小时。大一学年,最让我骄傲的就是我学VB程序设计的经历。上大学前,由于父母管得紧,我从没碰过电脑,连怎么移鼠标都不会。大一上时,学校开了VB程序设计,老师上课时,讲的快,跨度大,VB本身又枯燥难懂,在加上我对计算机没有任何基础,又没报培训班,所以学的一塌糊涂。导致第一学期,其他几乎所有科目都上了90分,就VB考了68分。下学期,刚开学时,我一有空就在学VB,用了两个多月把整本书都弄透了,同学问我VB方面的问题,我基本都能帮别人解决。最后我一次性通过国家英语四级和计算机二级,20xx年10月,我以平均绩点全班第一的成绩拿到了校级一等奖学金及20xx年度国家励志奖学金,我留下了了一千块钱作为新学年的生活费,其他的五千都交给了妈妈,我用实际行动使妈妈感到欣慰,如今这个多难的家我已经可以帮她担,她的日子有奔头。20xx年,我仍然是一如既往的专注于学业,同年十月,我又拿到了校级三等奖学金及20xx年度国家励志奖学金。一份耕耘一分收获,我很享受学习给我的快乐,我会畅游在学海里,一直游向胜利的彼岸!

三、勤工之路,苦中作乐

20xx年3月13日,又是我人生的第一次。这一天,我第一次做兼职,发传单,一天八小时三十五块钱。其实那次经历之前,我很忐忑,也很犹豫。因为害怕那熙熙攘攘的人流会把自己湮没,人们鄙夷的眼神,无视而又冷漠的态度会把自己仅剩的那点自尊冲刷的一点不剩。但想到那么辛苦的妈妈,最后我还是把那一天熬下来了。对于做兼职,有那么一段时间,总在渴望与畏惧间徘徊,其实只是心中的那点自尊心作怪而造成的不自信而已,觉得做兼职就是明白的告诉别人自己穷,直到后来的一件事改变了我这种想法。为了找家教,我在三堰的大街小巷都贴了广告,后来一个家长给我打电话,说他儿子缺个家教,想跟我见见,我们后来在一家西餐厅见面。见了面后我把我在大一获得的荣誉证书拿给他看,他看后,就继续跟我聊,问我既然可以拿奖学金,那为什么还要出来辛辛苦苦做家 3

教,我说,家里情况不好,我想尽量挣得更多点,好让父母不那么辛苦。听完说完,他热泪盈眶,说了一句,要是他儿子将来也能像我这么懂事,他就放心了。那次,是我很受触动的一次,我没想到我一直觉得有点丢人的兼职在一个陌生父亲眼里却是一种懂事。后来,我给他的孩子当家教,他们夫妻对我很客气,孩子上课时叫我老师,下课了就以哥哥称呼我。从那以后,我彻底解开心结,满怀自信做兼职。后来的兼职工作,我做的游刃有余。除了发传单,当家教以外,我卖过优盘,耳机,推销过英语报纸,卖过考试资料,在西餐厅当过兼职工。总之,一有时间就出去找活干。做兼职,虽然很苦,挣钱也不多,但值得高兴的在无数次与陌生人交流的过程中,我的胆子越来越大,口才也比以前好很多,安排事情也更周全。

20xx年七月,我与同学合伙在房县办暑期初中生文化课补习班。印广告,宣传,租教室,招学生,招老师,上课,从头到尾,遇到的所有的问题,我们自己解决,没有让家长费一点儿心。这一个月里,我们帮52个初中学生补习功课,也教他们珍惜幸福,感恩父母。那一个月,我挣了4000块钱。除了奖学金,我第一次挣那么多钱。那次,我真的很开心,担心未来的情结也在心头得到了前所未有的释放。兼职,直到现在我还在做,坦言,做这些事,我很开心。

四、心怀感恩,服务同学 大一时,由于把全部的精力放在自己的学业兼职以及家庭上,我并未参加过学生组织为大家做些事情,可就算是这样,我们班的同学却从未吝惜过对我的关心,他们对我的付出让我感动。大二初,我参加班干部竞选当上了班级女生委员,希望通过这个小小的平台为同学们做些事情,以此感谢老师与同学们的关怀。后来,经老师介绍,我进入了第二临床学院学生会担任宣传部副部长,在宣传部时,虽然我不是能写会画,但是每次制作展板时,我都在场,帮忙调颜料上色,干些像搬桌子,展板一类的重活。后来口腔医学院成立,我又当上了口腔医学院女生部部长。在这个陌生的职位上,我努力工作,完善自我,积极配合其他部门开展了像“我为学院献计献策”“举引航之灯,领成才之路”新老生交流会,口腔医学院元旦晚会等大型院级活动,除此外,我们部门还主办了被十堰日报,十堰晚报报道的“超级牙医”综合技能大赛。当时,我把想在校本部举办口腔技能大赛的构想告诉学院团委老师,她表示支持,于是,我带着助理开始筹措,买蜡 4

块,借刻刀,策划活动流程,请嘉宾,宣传活动,联系媒体等,每一步,我都做得有条不紊!20xx年11月23日,口腔医学院“超级牙医”综合技能大赛顺利拉开帷幕,来自太和,东风以及人民三所附属医院的多位口腔专家,十堰日报,十堰晚报等多家媒体记者莅临活动现场,专家老师们对口腔学子们进行专业知识的深入指导!本次活动得到了院领导老师们的高度评价,媒体的高度关注。由于工作出色,20xx年元月,我所负责的女生部被学院评为“优秀部门”。20xx年度口腔医学院新老生交流会,我作为老生代表在会上作了“大学生如何学习”的交流。后来,每当有学弟学妹打电话要我帮助解决疑问,我总会竭尽全力帮他们解惑答疑。作为学生干部,我比其他同学付出了更多的精力,但在付出的过程中却增长了个人才干,同时也得到了更多同学的理解。进入高年级,学业更加繁重,生活压力丝毫没有减轻,但我一直会以乐观的心态为同学们做好服务。 别林斯基说过:磨难是一所最好的大学。现在,我终于明白了这句名言的含义。再回头追忆那段日子,确实很难,有时候也觉得看不到光明,在这一路上,一些人,总是在我失落的时候,让我看到希望;一些事,总在我在退缩的时候,督促我成长。

未来肯定还有更大的困难在等着我,但是我不会害怕,因为生活教会我自强不息。未来肯定还有更大的责任需要我担当,作为湖北医药学院的一名大学生,我会时刻铭记医学生誓言,刻苦学习医学知识,以高超的医师和高尚的医德为社会奉献出自己的力量!

五、所获荣誉、过级情况

20xx年度校级健身操大赛集体三等奖;

2009-20xx年度校级“五四双评”“优秀团员”称号、“优秀大学生”称号、校一等奖学金、国家励志奖学金;

2010-20xx年担任第二临床学院宣传部副部长、校级“优秀大学生”称号、校三等奖学金、国家励志奖学金、第二临床学院“泛海学舟”学科知识竞赛团体一等金、09口腔班“班徽设计大赛”优秀奖;

2011-20xx年担任口腔医学院女生部部长、女生部被学院评为院级“优秀部门”;

20xx年,英语四级,计算机二级一次性通过。

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六、个人实践经历

20xx年,十房高速公路的居民拆迁补偿情况调查的个人社会实践; 4月,“雷锋月”系列活动,组织学生到二堰学前教育中心进行口腔健康宣传教育; 6月,参与第二临床学院街头牙齿防护宣传;10月,担当第四届世界传统武术节志愿者。

20xx年,走访房县红军烈士陵园,“追寻红色足迹”的个人社会实践;7月,在房县自己开办暑期初中文化课辅导班。

现担任校党委宣传部学生助理,曾做校外多种兼职,如发报员、英语报刊推销员、家教、半秋山西餐厅传菜生等。

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第二篇:口腔医学专业英语题库-四川大学华西口腔医学院

专英重点

一、

Parapharyngeal 咽旁

Septicemia 败血病

Sialolithiasis 涎石病

Periostitis 骨膜炎

Sialoductitis 涎管炎

Fracture 骨折

Comminution 粉碎

Hyperplasia 增生

Reparative 修复性

Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜

句子翻译

1.If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.

若药液注射剂,针头及技术准备妥当,在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现,但是,医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。

2.Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛,可能为非正常情况,需特别仔细检查,其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。

3.Acute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal

急性牙槽脓肿,是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起:根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。

4.Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.

涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎,及其后遗的导管狭窄症。

5.The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中,因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。

6.The common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.

普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。

7.Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.

几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围,除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。

8.The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital

malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease.

被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。

9.It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the Radiolucent X光透射 Space 间隙 Infection 感染 Prosthesis义齿 Oblique 倾斜 Scquestrum腐骨 死骨 Biopsy 切片检查法 Sialogram 涎管X线造影片 Giant巨大 Nonmalignant良性的 Pyogenic 化脓性 Mole 胎块 Devoid 缺乏的 Laceration 撕裂 Hyperpyrexia高热 Self-reduce 自行使脱臼复位

insertion of retentive devices for dentures.

用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术

10. The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.

上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线

11. In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.

在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道。

12. The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement. 短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见 二、

anodyne镇痛剂 apiciectomy 根尖切除术 analgesic 止痛的 adenocarcinoma 腺癌 anastomosis 吻合 alveolalgia 干槽症 appliance 矫正器 aggravate 加重恶化 advious 迂回的

apprehensive 敏捷的 担心的 ankylosis 关节僵直 appliance 器具

ameloblastoma 成釉细胞瘤 advanced 晚期的 bur 园头锉

contraindication 禁忌症 chisel 凿子 cancellate 松的 cellulites 蜂窝织炎 condyle 棵突 comminution 粉碎 curettment 刮除术 coronoid 冠状喙状 crepitus 捻发音 cripple使残废

circumferential环绕周围的 chondrosarooma 软骨肉瘤 dermatitis 皮炎

devitalization失活 去生肌

detritus腐质 dammed up 阻塞的 dilation 膨胀扩大 deformity 畸形 deviation 偏向 diffuse 弥散的 discoloration 再生 dissection 解剖分析 demonstrable 可论证的 employ使用 ethyl chloride 氯乙烷 enhance 增强 epinephrine 肾上腺素 ecohymosis瘀斑 extraction拔出 erupt萌出 elevator牙挺 excision 切除 effusion渗出 exostosis外生骨疣 edentulous无牙的 extravasation外渗液 enucleation摘除术 eradicate根除消灭 flap 办片 fracture 骨折

fibrosarcoma 纤维肉瘤 fixation固定 fibroma 纤维瘤

ganglion 神经节 glenoid 关节窝的 hypodermic 皮下 hyperthyroidism 甲抗 hematoma 血肿 hematogenous 血源性的 hyoid 舌骨的 hypertrophy 肥大 hyperostosis骨肥厚 hemangioma血管瘤 instillation滴注 inadvisable不妥当的 infraorbital眶下的 idiosyncrasy特异性质 impacted 阻生的 infratemporal 颞下的 inward 向内的 isotope 同位素 jaundice 黄疸 lessen 减少 loop 环圈 lime 石灰 laceration 撕裂 ligation 结扎

lymphangioma淋巴管瘤 lipoma脂肪瘤

lymphosarooma淋巴肉瘤 lining 榇里 medication 药疗法

maxilla 上颌骨

myxofibroma 粘液纤维瘤 malposition 错位 malposed异位的 mallet 槌 mental颏的 morbidity发病率 masseter嚼肌 melanomaco黑瘤 muoperiosteal 粘骨膜的 muoperiosteum 粘骨膜 myxoma黏液瘤 myeloma骨髓瘤 metastasize转移 marsupialization造袋术 neurasthenic 神经衰弱的 neuralgia 神经痛 neuroma 神经瘤 nedule小节结 notch 切迹

nonmalignant 非恶性的 ointment软膏 opponent 对抗肌 odontoma牙瘤 orthodontic正牙的 osseous骨的 osteomyelitis骨髓炎 osteoma骨瘤

osteoradionecrosis放射性骨坏死 osteoid骨样的

osteoclastoma 破骨细胞瘤 三、 内科

ossify使骨硬化 paralyze使麻痹瘫痪 prolong延长

pericementitis 牙周膜炎 psychically精神上地 periostitis骨膜炎 pyemia脓毒症脓血症 preanesthetic 前驱麻痹 precipitate 促使加速 premadicate术前用药 pterygomandibular翼突下颌 pterygoid翼状的 palpation触诊 periosteum 骨膜 periosteal 骨膜的 perineurium 神经束膜 parapharyngeal咽旁的 pathognomonic特殊病症的 pyogenic 生脓的 peripheral周围的 periodontoclasia牙周溃疡 pericoronal冠周的 precox 早发的 periosteum papilloma 乳头瘤 paranasal 鼻旁的 retard 延迟 retrieval取回 restricted 受限制的 retrozygomatic 颧骨后的 regeneration再生

rhabdomyoma横纹肌瘤 rhabdomyosarcoma横纹肌肉瘤 sheath 鞘

succedaneous替代的 spine刺 脊柱 symphysis 联合 sinus窦 sequestrum 死骨 supernumerary 多余的 salt盐

sepsis 脓毒症败血症 subcutaneous皮下的 sialadenitis 涎腺炎 sialoductitis涎管炎 septicemia 败血症 sialolithiasis 涎石形成 sialography 涎管X线造影技术 swallow 吞咽 splint 夹板

suprahyoid舌骨上的 tuberosity结节粗隆 trismus牙关紧闭 traumatize 受外伤 traumatism 创伤病 traumatogenic创伤性的 thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎 temporal 颞的 tendernoss触痛 torus palatinus 腭隆凸 transitonal转变的 vicinity 附近邻近

1、In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.

我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点。必须注意些微的组织变化,因为对诊断来说是有意义的。一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查。 2、当患者出现牙龈炎时,最常见的表现为牙龈的水肿和增生

When the patient suffers from gingivitis, the most common signs are edema and proliferation of the gingiva.

3、龈沟内上皮发生溃疡是急性牙龈炎的典型特征之一

Ulceration of the sulcular epithelium is one of the typical signs of acute gingivitis.

外科

L9

1、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure, presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation, then that space should be surgically explored.

然而,尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗,体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感,就需要外科手术的探查了。

2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.

急性症状缓解后,病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。

L10

1、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occurs that symptoms develop.

许多涎石是无自觉症状的,只有当发生部分或是完全阻塞的时候症状才会发展。

2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.

造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿,而造成的管腔狭窄。

修复

L13

1、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success.

再植术:再植术是指将由于某种目的或意外脱落的牙齿重新植入其脱落的牙槽窝内。这种再植完全吻合自身的牙槽窝,且具有很高的成功率。

2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth.

移植术:移植术是指将天然牙植入最近拔除牙齿的牙槽窝。

3、The autotransplant (a transplant from one place to another within the same mouth) enjoys a high success rate often with indefinite survival, by vltue of prompt transfer of the tooth to its new site.Autotransplantation’s tooth is best performed when the root of the donor tooth is almost completely formed but its apices are still open.The most commonly used donor tooth for autotransplantation to first and second molarsite is third molar.The allogenic tooth probably was the first transplanted human organ.Teeth have been transplanted for centuries.The tooth inserted may be an old reserved one which has been extracted for a long time, or it may be a freshly extracted tooth from another individual.

自体移植物(同一个口腔内从一处到另一处的移植物)迅速转移到新的定植部位有着较高的成功率,但常常不确定是否能存活。当供体牙的牙根基本发育完成但根尖还未封闭时作为自体移植牙效果最好。最常移植到第一二磨牙区的自体移植牙是第三磨牙。外源性的牙可能是最早进行移植的人体器官。牙的移植已经有几世纪的历史。植入的牙可以使很早以前拔除后保留下来的牙,或者是刚从另一个个体拔除的牙。

4、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon.

种植术是将人工牙植入一个新的牙槽窝(生物替代品)。能植入的材料可以分为四类,比如金属(钛和钴铬合金)、聚合物、陶瓷(氧化铝)、以及碳。

5、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone. Compact bone transplants may be used in the form of solid pieces or in the form of chips. Cancellous bone is commonly used in the form of chips. The grafts may be taken from ribs or iliac crest.

骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。密质骨可以整块拿来移植也可以以碎片的形式来使用。松质骨通常是以碎片的形式来使用。骨移植片可以从肋骨或髂嵴上获取

L14

1、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.

第三次就诊的重点在于获得垂直距离及正中关系。这种关系固定后转移到合架上。此外,还要纪录反常的关系及髁导斜度。再这次就诊中可选择出前牙。

2、In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments.

理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比。无论是由于先天性的还是再吸收导致的根长过短的牙齿,都无法对冠提供足够的支持,也无法抵抗颔骨各种运动所产生的咀嚼力。桥体所固有的附加应力也会导致这类牙作为桥基牙时修复失败。

L16

1、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.

一个典型的可摘义齿应包括以下部分:一个或多个基托;一个或多个大连接体;一些小连接体;两个或多个直接固位体;一个或多个间接固位体;数目不等的树脂牙、瓷牙或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。当采用卡环作为直接固位体时,他通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂。

2、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.

基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。

3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.

当卡环作为直接固位体使用时,作为它的一部分,必须有一个合支托。卡环的固位端被放置在颈部倾斜倒凹区斜面上,并保持其固位,而合支托可以阻止装置对基牙的颈向运动。

4、The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is

accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as

“the height of contour”.

组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的,通常被称为外形最高点。

L17

1、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are

constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch.

即刻义齿是现今广泛应用的一种义齿修复方式。如前几章所述,这种形式与全口义齿最大的不同在于它是预先做好并在拔出上颌牙弓或下颌牙弓的所有天然余留牙后立即戴入。

2、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone. 针对拔除全部牙齿后出现的问题,可以采取各种移植物来提供义齿的支持。这优于单纯由粘骨膜来提供支持。

3、It should be appreciated, however, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.

然而,应该认识到天然牙的牙周膜是可以抵抗咬合力的理想结构。

4、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.

因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获得这种支持,就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。

5、A part from providing the possibility of increased support and retention for a denture, the presence of some modified teeth may also give to the denture wearer the advantages of alveolar ridge preservation and better intraoral discriminatory ability.

除了为义齿提供增加支持和固位的可能性,一些预备后的牙的存在也可给予戴义齿者保存牙槽嵴的优势和更好的口内辨别能力。

6、The appear to be little doubt that if a denture is in contact with or attached to roots, the patient has a significantly increased ability to discriminate between the size of objects placed between the teeth and to sense direction and to control the amount of force applied to the denture and its supporting tissues. This ability is reduced markedly when the last tooth or root is removed from the dental arch.

毫无疑问地,如果义齿接触或附着于牙根部,患者对于辨别放置于牙齿中的物体大小和感受方向,以及控制施加于义齿及其支持组织上的力的能力会显着提高。当从牙弓中移除最后一颗牙或最后一个牙根时,这种能力会显着降低。

四、

Xerostomia 口干症 matrix 基质

Alveolalgia 干槽症 contraindication 禁忌症

Carbonhydrate 碳水化合物 perikymate 采用柱横纹

Pellicle 薄膜 glycoprotein 醣蛋白

Supragingival 龈上的 subgingival 龈下的

Niches 小生境 sulcus 沟

Odontoblast 成牙本质细胞 fibroblast 成纤维细胞

Mesenchymal 间质的 ischaemia 缺血

Granulation 肉芽 hyperplastic 增生

Calculus 牙石 periodontitis 牙周炎

Probing 探查 Scaling 刮治术

Curettage 刮治 RAU 复发性溃疡性口炎(Recurrent ulcerative stomatitis)

Anodyne 镇痛剂 hematoma 血肿

Preanesthetic 前驱麻醉 paralyze 使麻痹

Elevator 牙挺 apicoectomy 根尖切除术

Cellulitis 蜂窝组织炎 periodontoclasia 牙周溃坏

Pericoronal 牙冠周 ecchymosis 皮下瘀血

Subcutaneous 皮下的

L9—L10

Sepsis 脓毒症 败血症 sialadenitis 涎腺炎

Septicemia 败血病 sialoductitis 涎管炎

Pterygomandibular 翼突下颌的 sialolithiasis 涎石形成

Parapharyngeal 咽旁的 excision 切除

Infratemporal 颞下的 pyemia 脓血症

Retrozygomatic 颧骨后的 nodule 小结节

Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎 dammed-up 阻塞的

Periostitis 骨膜炎 dilation 膨胀 扩张

Osteomyelitis 骨髓炎

hematogenous 血原性的

Fistula 瘘管

Osteoradionecrosis 放射性骨坏死

L9

1、However, if brawny massive induration which pits on pressure , presents in five to seven days with an elevation of temperature in spite of antibiotic treatment, and there is no fluctuation , then that space should be surgically explored.

然而,尽管经过五到七天的抗菌治疗,体温仍然高温并且某部位质实、坚硬呈现块状、扪诊无波动感,就需要外科手术的探查了。

2、After the acute symptoms have been subsided , the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.

急性症状缓解后,牙齿的原病灶必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。

L10

1、Many salivary stones are symptomless. It is only when partial or complete obstruction occur that symptoms develop.

许多涎石并不是症状,只有当部分或是全部涎石变成阻塞物时候症状才会发展。

2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.

阻碍物是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿使的管腔狭窄。 L13 — L14

Prosthesis 义齿修复术 impression 印膜

Undercut 倒凹 gingiva 牙龈

Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜 alginate 藻酸盐

Retentive 固位的 articulator 咬 牙合 架

Hypertrophy 肥大 bite rim 牙合 堤

Depressor 降肌 hydrocolloid 水胶体

Nasalis 鼻肌 mastication 咀嚼

Buccinatoris 颊肌 L15

Genioglossus 颏舌肌 abutment 基牙

Mentalis 颏肌 bridge 桥

Frenum 系带 contraindicate 禁忌

Frenectomy 系带切除术 L13

1、Replantation: replantation means the reinsertion of a tooth in the socket from which it has been removed purposely or by accident. The replant fit its socket perfectly and should enjoy a high degree of success. 再植是指牙因事故或曾经治疗故意移除重新插入牙槽。此再植体高度符合此槽以及有较高的成功率。

2、Transplantation: transplantation means the insertion of a natural tooth into the socket of a recently extracted tooth.

移植为使用邻近的无用牙植到所需的自然牙的位置上。自体移植(同一个体的口腔中从这处转植到另外一处)活络的生存力剧有高度的成功率,取决于牙移植的时机,自体移植牙的最佳时刻是供体牙根几乎完全形成,但根尖孔尚未闭合。最常使用自体移植牙为第三磨牙来替代第一磨牙和第二磨牙。异体牙移植大概是人类器官移植的开端,牙移植已经有数世纪的历史,被植入的可能是被以前拔出很久时间且存放的牙或是才刚从其它个体拔出的新鲜牙。

3、Implantation means the insertion of an artificial tooth into a new socket. Acceptable materials may be divided into four major categories, such as metals; polymers; ceramics ;and carbon.

种植为植入人工牙到新的牙槽上。可使用的材料分为四类:金属、聚合物、陶瓷和碳。 L14

1、The third visit is concerned with obtaining vertical dimension and centric relation. This relationship is fixed and transferred to an articulator. In addition, eccentric relation is obtained , and the condylar guidance path is established. During this visit , it is usually possible to select anterior teeth.

monocarious 单龋的

Reposition 复位术 polycarious 多龋的

Ankylotomy 舌系带切除术 complete veneer 全覆盖

Ankyloglossia 舌系带短缩 calcify 钙化

Alveolectomy 牙槽缘切除术 margin 边缘

Exostosis 外生骨疣 casting 铸件

Malignancy 恶性肿瘤 grind(ground) 磨

Autotransplant 自体移植物 malpose 错位

Polymer 聚合物 malrelate 错 牙合

Silicon 硅 invest 包埋

Raphe 缝 mesiodistally 近中远侧地 Contour 外形 buccolingually 颊舌地

Creat 脊

rotation 旋转

Alar 翼 etiology 病因学

Prognathia 上颌前突 esthetics 美学

Cancollous 网状骨 L16

Iliac 查骨的 connector 连街体

Torus 隆凸 porcelain 瓷料 Clasp 卡环 Resin 树脂 leverage 杠杆作用 occlusal rest 牙合 支托 L17

Overlay 覆盖物 implant 移植物 Hybrid 混合的 clench 咬紧 Threshold 阈

第三次的诊疗主要是要获得正中关系和垂直关系的尺寸。这关系要修正以及转移到咬合架上。此外,非正中关系和髁导斜度也要确认。经过这次的疗程,就可以选牙排列前牙了。

L15

1、Root Length of Abutment :In the ideal abutment a proportionate relationship exists between the lengths of the crown and the root. Where the root is excessively short, either congenitally or due to resorption, it cannot furnish the necessary support to the crown or resistance to the forces of mastication developed during the various

movements of the mandible. The additional forces in herent in a bridge will cause such teeth to fail as abutments. 理想的基牙要具备成比例的冠根比,当根的长度因天生关系或是再吸收使长度过短,是无法充分提供冠或固位体抵抗下颌骨发展的不同咀嚼力道。外力对牙槽脊的影响会使基牙损坏。

L16

1、A typical removable, extension partical denture will generally have these components: one or more bases; one or more major connectors; several minor connectors ;two or more direct retainers; one or more indirect retainers ; a varying number of resin or porcelain teeth or resin teeth with cast occlusal surfaces to replace those missing. Where the direct retainer is of the clasp type , it will usually include an occlusal rest, a reciprocal clasp arm and a retentive clasp arm.

经典的局部可摘游离端义齿大致由以下部分组成:一个或多个基托;一个或多个大连接体;一些小连接体;两个或多个直接固位体;一个或多个间接固位体;数目不同的树脂牙或瓷牙,或者有铸造合面的树脂牙来替代缺失牙。以卡环作为直接固位体者,通常包括一个合支托,一个卡环对抗臂,一个卡环固位臂。

2、The Base:The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.

基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个组成单元,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽脊。

3、Since it prevents cervical movement of the appliance on the abutment the retentive terminal of the clasp is kept in the desiredposition on the cervically inclined infrabulge surface , and retention is maintained.

卡环的固位端被放置于颈部倾斜倒凹区的需要的位置,并保持其固位,而合支托可以避免基牙上的装置的颈向移位元。

4、The Retentive Arm:The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.

固位臂:组成卡环的第三部分是十分重要的部分,这也是为什么要设计卡环固位体。卡环至少应有一个臂能产生对抗垂直方向位移的力。这通过把卡环固位端放置于牙齿直径最大处的颈方来实现,该处通常指“外形高点线”。

L17

1、A phase of denture prosthesis widely practiced at the present time is the concentration of the immediate dentires. This type differs from the complete dentures described in the previous chapters primarily in that they are

constructed and ready to be inserted immediately after the removal of all remaining natural teeth from either the maxillary or mandibular arch.

预成义齿修复是目前义齿修复中较为广泛使用的方式。这种方式,与之前的章节中所描述的全口修复体的区别在于,它们可以在从上颌或下颌牙弓中拔除所有的余留健康牙体之后,很快制作和戴入。

L18

1、For problem cases which arise after removal of all the teeth, attempts are sometimes made by means of implants

of various types to provide a denture support which is superior to that provided by the mucoperiosteum alone. 对于拔出所有牙齿所产生的问题,有时可尝试借助不同类型的移植物,来提供义齿的支持,这种方法优于只使用粘骨膜进行支持。

2、It should be appreciated, However, that the periodontal membrane of the naturaltooth is ideally suited to give spport against occlsual stresses.

这种方法更应被选择,但是,自然牙的牙周膜是理想的适合对抗咬合压力给予支持的方式。

3、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.

自然牙的牙根因此也优于任何形式的人造植入体。如果可能使用这种自然支持,则不应该放弃这种方法,除非医生确定患者会对一副常规的完全由粘骨膜支持的全口义齿感到满意。

五、

04卷子

Parapharyngeal 咽旁 Sialoductitis 涎管炎 Biopsy 切片检查法 Radiolucent X光透射

Sialogram 涎管X线造影片

Pyogenic 化脓性

Devoid 缺乏的

Mole 胎块

Oblique 倾斜

句子翻译

1、If proper preparation of solution, syringes, needles and technic has been carried out, untoward incidents should seldom occur during or after the injection of the local anesthetic. However, one should be in a position to cope with complications in the rare cases when they arise.

若药液注射剂,针头及技术准备妥当,在局麻注射过程中或之后都将很少出现,但是,医生仍应做好应对罕见并发症的准备。

2、Postoperative pain which the patient experiences after the second and third postoperative day should be

carefully examined, since this is not a normal postoperative course. It is caused by dry socket or sharp bone spine. 患者于术后二三日之后的疼痛,可能为非正常情况,需特别仔细检查,其有可能由于干槽症或是尖锐骨刺引起。

3、Acute dento-alveolar abscess. This is an acute localized suppuration about a tooth. The infection may start in one of three ways: (a) periapical (b)pericemental (c)pericoronal

急性牙槽脓肿,是一种牙齿急性局限性的化脓表现。这种感染可能由下列三种途径引起:根尖周、牙周膜、冠周。

4、Salivary glands may be involved by tumors, cyst , sialadenitis from infection , sialoductitis with subsequent strictures of the ducts.

涎腺可罹患肿瘤、囊肿、感染所致的涎腺导管炎,及其后遗的导管狭窄症。

5、The lower jaw is more exposed to violence and consequently is more often fractured than any other facial bone. 下颌骨更加容易暴露于外界暴力中,因此比所有其它的面部骨都更经常发生骨折。 Nonmalignant 良性的 Giant 巨大 Hyperpyrexia 高热 Hyperplasia 增生 Reparative 修复性 Prosthesis 义齿 Scquestrum 腐骨 死骨 Fracture 骨折 Infection 感染 Septicemia 败血病 Comminution 粉碎 Space 间隙 Sialolithiasis 涎石病 Self-reduce Periostitis 骨膜炎 Laceration 撕裂 Mucoperiosteum 黏骨膜

6、The common diseases of the temporo-mandibular joint are subluxation dislocation and ankylosis. The infection of this joint is rare.

普通疾病会造成颞下颌关节半脱位或脱臼和关节僵直是很非常少见的。

7、Nearly all of the tumors and cysts which can arise in any part of the body may be found in or around the mouth, except those which are peculiar to certain organs.

几乎全部肿瘤和囊肿会发生在身体的任何部位或嘴巴周围,除非某些特殊的肿瘤才会发生在特定的器官。

8、The object in undertaking such reparative procedures is the restoration of function or the improvement of appearance or both. Included within the group which may require reconstructive procedures are congenital

malformations, traumatic injuries, deformations due to operation for neoplasms , destruction of tissue incident to disease, or the treatment of disease.

被用来使用修复程序的对象是为了恢复功能或是促进美观或是两者兼具。包含了天生畸形、创伤性的伤害、肿瘤治疗、去除病变的组织或是疾病的治疗。

9、It includes also those oral or extraoral operations which are indicated for the restoration of lost bone, teeth or the insertion of retentive devices for dentures.

用来修复失骨和失牙或是义齿的固位装置包含在口腔和口外的手术

10、The maxillary right central and left lateral incisors had Class 1 mobility3; the maxillary left central incisor had an oblique4 fracture line through the distal portion of the crown.

上合右中切牙和左侧切牙属于1分类松动3度;上合左中切牙在牙冠远中部分有一个斜行的骨折线

11、In the treatment of acute osteomyelitis the general rule is to institute antibiotic therapy and to surgically establish adequate drainage.

在治疗急性骨髓炎时,全身疗法可用滴注抗生素治疗,外科方法为建立开放引流管道。

12、The lower end of the short fragment is generally displaced upward and forward by contraction of the elevator muscles. In addition, Slight inward displacement is more common than external displacement.

短部分的下部通常会因为提口肌群的收缩导致向上向前移位。此外,稍微向内的移位比向外移位常见

六、

中翻英

1、Conduction anesthesia(Block anesthesia). When injected in the vicinity of a nerve trunk, an anesthetic solution penetrates by way of the perineurium into the central nerve substance, inhibiting its conducting function, and thus anesthetizing the entire peripheral areas supplied by the nerve. Conduction anesthesia is therefore ancathe ia produced by elimination of the conductivity of the nerve trunk. In inducing anesthesia in this manner, it is doubtful whether the needle often actually penetrates the nerve sheath. The injection is made in the region of the nerve and the solution then is absorbed through the perineurium.

阻滞麻醉(conduction anesthesia)。当注射神经干(trunk)的邻近区域(vicinity)时,麻药通过神经荚膜穿透进入中央神经胞质(central nerve substance),阻止(inhibit)其传导功能,从而麻醉由此神经支配的整个外周(peripheral)区域。所以阻滞麻醉通过减少神经干传导性而产生的麻醉效果。使用这种方式麻醉,不确定针头是否实际上时常穿过神经鞘(sheath)。注射在神经分布的区域内进行,然后药液通过神经鞘膜吸收。

2、An impacted third molar may press against the crown of the second molar and cause decay of the tooth, or itself becomes the seat of caries around the point of contact. It may also cause pressure absorption of the root of the second molar. Exposure and devitalization of the pulp from these causes may give rise to neuralgia. Neuralgia may be caused in another way by pressure of the impacted tooth on the inferior dental nerve or its branches.

阻生的第三磨牙会挤压第二磨牙的牙冠引起后者的龋坏,或其本身在接触周围产生龋坏。还可造成第二磨牙牙根的压

迫吸收。由这些原因引起的牙髓的暴露和失活会造成神经痛。神经痛也可由阻生牙压迫相关牙神经或其分支造成。

3、After the acute symptoms have been subsided, the tooth originally causing the trouble should be extracted in order to avoid recurrence or the persistence of a discharging sinus.

急性症状缓解后,病灶牙必须要移除以免再度复发或是持续性的窦炎。

4、Bone grafts are commonly used to restore the bone defects. Bone grafts can be composed of either compact or cancellous bone.

骨移植片常用来修复骨缺陷。骨移植片由密质骨或松质骨组成。

5、The base is a most important unit in the partial denture because through it the principal support is to the gained from the underlying ridge structure.

基托是局部义齿中最重要的一个部分,因为基托得到的主要的支持来自其下方牙槽嵴。

英翻中

1、Based on doth morphological and microbiological sequential analyses, a better understanding has been gained of the event involved in plaque formation, especially on clean supragingival enamel surfaces. For convenience of description these events can be considered as three phases:(1)initial colonization, (2)rapid bacterial growth, and

(3)remodeling. In actuality, though, these are progressive phases gradually changing and not sharply refined.

基于型态学和微生物学的相继分析下,对于菌斑的形成可获得更好的了解,尤其是在清洁的龈上釉质表面。为了明确描述这个过程,可分为三部分:1.初期定植2.细菌快速生长3.重建,事实上这些过程是渐进的,且未被明确定义的。

2、The obstruction is due to mechanical blockage because of the stones, or periductal infection causing inflammatory edema which results in the occlusion of the lumen of the duct.

造成阻碍是由于石头的机械性阻塞或是导管周围的感染导致炎症性水肿,而造成的管腔狭窄。

3、The root of a natural tooth is therefore superior to any form of artificial implant. If such support is available, it should not be discarded unless one is sure that the patient will be satisfied with a conventional type of complete denture, supported entirely by the mucoperiostem.

因此,天然牙的牙根也优于任何人工的种植体。如果可以获得这种支持,就不该放弃。除非可以确定病人对于完全由粘骨膜支持的常规全口义齿是满意的。

4、In evaluating the clinical features of gingivitis, it is necessary to be systematic. Attention should be focused on subtle tissue alteration, because these may be of diagnostic significance. A systematic clinical approach requires an orderly examination of the gingival for color, contour, consistency, position, ease and severity of bleeding, and pain.

我们必须系统性的评估牙龈炎的临床特点。必须注意些微的组织变化,因为对诊断来说是有意义的。一个系统性的临床检查途径需照顺序对牙龈颜色、外型、质地、位置、出血情况和疼痛程度进行检查。

5、The third part which makes up the clasp unit is the very essential component for which the clasp retainer reallywas devised. At least one arm of each clasp must create resistance to vertical displacement. This is

accomplished by locating the retentive terminal cervically to the tooth’s gteates diameter, commonly referred to as “the height of contour”.

组成卡环的第三个非常重要的部分是固位臂。每个卡环至少要有一个臂设计成抵抗垂直向脱位。.它是通过把固位末端安置在牙齿最大直径上实现的,通常被称为外形最高点。

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